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CHNG 1.

NHNG KHI NIM C BN


1: Mt s nh ngha v khi nim I/ Khi nim v sn phm, phi 1/ Sn phm - nh ngha: L danh t dng ch mt thnh phm c hon thnh khu cui cng - V d: + Nh my sn xut xe p, xe my, t.... c sn phm l xe p, xe my + Nh my sn xut bi th sn phm li l cc bi Ngoi ra sn phm c th l b phn, c cu my, chi tit dng lp rp, thay th + Chi tit my: l n v nh nht khng th tho ri c cu to nn my (VD: bnh rng, trc, vt, lp..) + B phn my (cm my): l hai hay nhiu chi tit my c lp c nh vi nhau hay tch ri nhau nhng khng thc hin chuyn ng + C cu my: l hai hay nhiu chi tit my 1 b phn hay nhiu b phn my c lin h vi nhau & thc hin c 1 chuyn ng 2/ Phi - nh ngha: L danh t c tnh quy c ch mt vt c a vo khu u tin ca qu trnh sn xut - V d: qu trnh c, l qu trnh rt kim loi lng vo khun, sau khi kim loi ng c trong khun ta nhn c mt vt c kim loi c hnh dng, kch thc theo yu cu. Nhng vt c ny c th l: - Sn phm ca qu trnh c. - Chi tit c nu khng cn gia cng ct gt na . - Phi c nu vt c phi qua gia cng ct gt nh tin, phay, bo ... II/ Qu trnh thit k 1/ nh ngha L qu trnh con ngi vn dng kin thc tch ly qua vic vn dng tin b khoa hc mi nht sng to ra sn phm mi c thc hin bng bn v v thuyt minh. 2/ c im Bn thit k l c s thc hin qu trnh sn xut
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Bn thit k l c s php l kim tra, o lng, nghim thu sn phm, thc hin hp ng

III/ Qu trnh sn xut 1/ nh ngha L qu trnh con ngi thng qua cng c lao ng lm bin i i tng sn xut v mt bn cht, trng thi, hnh dng v kch thc to nn sn phm 2/ c im - Qu trnh sn xut bao gm nhiu giai on

- thc hin cc qu trnh sn xut, nh my c kh chia thnh nhiu phn xng v b phn theo dy chuyn cng ngh nhng vi nhim v v phn vic chuyn mn khc nhau VD: ng vi nhng giai on khc nhau ngi ta t chc thnh cc phn xng nh nh: Phn xng c, phn xng rn ... IV/ Qu trnh cng ngh (qui trnh cng ngh - QTCN) 1/ nh ngha L mt phn ca qu trnh sn xut c tin hnh bng mt k thut nht nh theo mt trnh t xc nh. 2/ Mt s v d

Qui trnh cng ngh c l mt giai on ca qui trnh sn xut lm thay i trng thi t gang, thp thi thnh vt c Qui trnh cng ngh nhit luyn li lm thay i tnh cht vt l vt liu chi tit my. Qui trnh cng ngh lp rp l lin kt cc v tr tng quan gia cc chi tit my theo mt nguyn l nht nh 2: Cc thnh phn ca mt qu trnh cng ngh

I/ Nguyn cng 1/ nh ngha L mt thnh phn ca qu trnh cng ngh do mt (hoc nhm cng nhn) dng mt b dng c tin hnh lin tc ti mt thi im nht nh hon thnh cng vic. Nu ta thay i mt trong 3 yu t ny th thnh nguyn cng khc 2/ c im - Nguyn cng l n v c bn ca qu trnh cng ngh hoch ton kinh t v t chc sn xut c 2 phng hng phn chia nguyn cng: + Tp trung nguyn cng: Ti 1 ch lm vic lm nhiu cng vic + Phn tn nguyn cng: Ti 1 ch lm vic ch thc hin 1 nguyn cng - ch to 1 sn phm c th thc hin qua nhiu nguyn cng th cc nguyn cng c nh theo s La M: I, II, III,... 3/ V d tin trc bc nh hnh v trn ta c cc phng n sau: + P/n 1: Tin u C ri tr u tin hnh tin nt u A ta c 1 nguyn cng

+ P/n 2: Tin u C cho c lot n chi tit sau tin hnh tin nt u A cho c lot n chi tit Ta c 2 nguyn cng + P/n 3: Tin u C my 1 ri a sang my 2 tin nt u 2 Ta c 2 nguyn cng

II/ Bc 1/ N: L mt phn ca nguyn cng, trc tip thay i trng thi k thut sn phm bng mt hay mt nhm dng c vi ch lm vic khng i (i dng c, chuyn b mt, i ch , chuyn sang mt bc mi) 2/ V d: Tin trc bc nh trn: - P/n 1: Tin u C... Nguyn cng ny c 2 bc: + B1: Tin u C + B2: Tin u A - P/n 2 & 3: ... Mi nguyn cng l mt bc phn cng III/ ng tc 1/ N: L mt phn ca bc hoc nguyn cng. Tp hp cc hot ng, thao tc ca cng nhn thc hin nhim v ca bc (nguyn cng) 2/ V d: Bm nt, quay dao, y ng, v.v... 3: Cc dng sn xut I/ Sn xut n chic 1/ nh ngha L dng sn xut m dng sn phm ca n c sn lng nh, t lp li, khng theo mt quy lut no 2/ c im Chng loi mt hng a dng, s lng rt t, s dng dng c v thit b vn nng, b tr theo nhm, v d: nhm my phay, nhm my tin ... Yu cu trnh tay ngh, bc th cao t chc cng vic theo loi thit b hay theo phn xng l rt thch hp. Kh c kh ha, t ng ha, nng sut thp, kh thng nht ha, kh tiu chun ha dng trong sa cha, thay th II/ Sn xut hng lot 1/ nh ngha L dng sn xut m dng sn phm ca n c sn lng theo l (lot) c lp i lp li sau mt khong thi gian nht nh, s lng nhiu (vi trm n hng ngn)

2/ c im Theo khi lng, kch thc, mc phc tp v s lng m phn ra: + Dng sn xut hng lot nh + Dng sn xut hng lot va + Dng sn xut hng lot ln Qu trnh cng ngh c chia thnh cc nguyn cng ring bit. Mi my (ch lm vic) ch thc hin mt s t cc nguyn cng nht nh V d: + Lot ln: thc hin < 5 nguyn cng/ch lm vic + Lot va: 6-10 nguyn cng/ch lm vic + Lot nh: > 10 nguyn cng/ch lm vic III/ Sn xut hng khi 1/ nh ngha L dng sn xut trong vt phm c ch to vi mt s lng rt ln v lin tc trong khong thi gian di 2/ c im X nghip sn xut hng khi phn chia thnh nhiu nguyn cng nh v thc hin n nh ti tng a im Trang thit b, dng c c chuyn dng, d c kh ha, t ng ha in hnh ca dng sn xut ny l sn phm ca x nghip ng h, vn phng phm, t, xe my, xe p, bu-lng, c vt... 4: chnh xc gia cng v cht lng sn phm Cht lng sn phm trong ngnh ch to my gm: + Cht lng gia cng cc chi tit my + Cht lng lp rp chng thnh sn phm t cc yu cu k thut Cht lng gia cng chi tit gm: + Cht lng b mt gia cng + chnh xc gia cng I/ Cht lng b mt gia cng 1/ Khi nim

Cht lng b mt gia cng ph thuc vo phng php & iu kin gia cng c th. Cht lng b mt l mc tiu ch yu cn t bc gia cng tinh Cht lng b mt gia cng c nh gi bng: + nhp nh t vi ( nhm b mt) + sng + Tnh cht c l ca b mt gia cng

2/ Cc yu t c trng cht lng b mt a) nhm b mt ( nhp nh t vi) * N: Trong qu trnh ct, li ct ca dng c ct tc ng vo b mt gia cng to thnh phoi ng thi hnh thnh nhng vt xc cc nh trn b mt gia cng l nhm b mt * nhp nh t vi c nh gi bi (hnh 4.1)

Chiu cao nhp nh (Rz): l tr s trung bnh 5 khong t 5 nh cao nht n 5 y thp nht ca nhp nh t vi tnh trong phm vi chiu di chun & c o song song vi ng trung bnh. Rz = [(H1 + H3 + + H9) (H2 + H4 ++ H10) ] / 5 Sai lch profin trung bnh cng (Ra): l tr s trung bnh ca khong cch (h1,h2,, hn) t cc nh trn ng nhp nh t vi n ng trung bnh ca n (m) Ra = hi / n (i=1,n)

* Khi nim khc: - nhp nh t vi ( nhn bng): l c s nh gi nhn bng b mt trong phm vi chiu di chun
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- Chiu di chun (l): l chiu di phn b mt c chn nh gi nhp nh b mt b) sng b mt - N: L chu k khng bng phng ca b mt chi tit my c quan st trong phm vi ln hn nhm b mt

C th dng t l gia chiu cao nhp nh & bc sng phn bit: + nhm: c t s 1/h < 50 + sng: L/H = 50-1000

c) Tnh cht c l ca mt gia cng - Tnh cht c l b mt c th hin qua: cng t vi, tr s & du ca ng sut d b mt v cu trc t vi b mt - Cu trc ca lp b mt kim loi (hnh 4.3a)

+ Lp 1: l 1 mng kh hp th trn b mt to thnh rt nhanh chng khi tip xc vi khng kh rt d mt i khi t nng chiu dy lp ny khong 2-3angstrng = 10-8cm

+ Lp 2: l lp b xi ho (chiu dy = 40-80angstrng) + Lp 3: l lp kim loi b bin dng (chiu dy = 50.000angstrng), mc bin dng gim dn theo chiu su ca lp cng kh cao, cng tng khi mc bin dng ca lp tng S thay i cng ca lp b mt kim loi sau khi gia cng c kh (tin, bo) (hnh 4.3b): + cng thay i theo chiu su ca kim loi + B mt ho cng ln nht lp trn cng ca b mt (chu lc p & ma st ln nht khi ct) t0 t chc kim loi b ph hu II/ chnh xc gia cng 1/ Khi nim tnh lp ln a) nh ngha: Tnh lp ln ca mt chi tit hay b phn my l kh nng thay th cho nhau khng cn la chn v sa cha m vn bo m c cc iu kin k thut v kinh t hp l. b) c im V d: + Cc cu (m c) cng c ren phi vn vo vi bu lng cng c ren + Nhng vin n ca mt loi sng phi np va vo nng sng ca chng. Chi tit cng loi phi t 2 yu cu: * Lc thay th cho nhau khng cn la chn m ly mt chi tit bt k trong cc chi tit cng loi. * Lc thay th khng cn sa cha hay gia cng c g thm. 2/ Khi nim chnh xc gia cng L chnh xc chu c ti trng ln, tc cao, p lc, nhit ln, v.v... & l mc t c khi khi gia cng cc chi tit thc so vi chnh xc thit k ra, c biu th bng sai lch v kch thc, sai lch v hnh dng 3/ Cc v d Nu ng tm trc chnh my tin khng song song vi sng trt thn my trong mt phng nm ngang chi tit gia cng s to thnh hnh cn (hnh 4.4)

Nu sng trt khng thng trn mt phng nm ngang qu o chuyn ng ca mi dao khng thng ng knh chi tit gia cng ch to, ch nh (hnh 4.5)

lch tm ca mi tm trc so vi tm quay ca trc chnh ng tm chi tit gia cng khng trng vi ng tm ca 2 l tm c gia cng trc g t (hnh 4.6)

Nu trc chnh (my phay ng) khng vung gc vi mt phng ca bn my th khi phay, mt phng gia cng khng song song vi mt phng y ca chi tit (hnh 4.7)

Nu khng thng gc theo phng dc ca bn my th mt gia cng s b lm (hnh 4.8)

4/ Cc yu t nh gi v chnh xc gia cng a) chnh xc kch thc biu th bng dung sai b) chnh xc hnh dng (3loi) - Sai lch hnh dng hnh hc: phng, cn, van - Sai s hnh dng: l sai lch v hnh dng ca sn phm thc so vi thit k - Sai s hnh hc : / trong cc tit din ct ngang (hnh 5/1a, b, c) / tit din ct dc (hnh 5/1e, g) - chnh xc ca hnh dng hnh hc t vi ( bng b mt)

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c) chnh xc v tr tng quan gia cc yu t hnh hc VD: song song gia b mt ca 2 ng tm, thng gc gia mt u & ng tm.......

d) Tnh cht c l ca lp b mt - L mt trong nhng ch tiu quan trng ca chnh xc, n nh hng ln n iu kin lm vic ca chi tit my (nht l lm vic trong iu kin c bit) - VD: + Trng lng ca pittng trong ng c khng c c sai s qu 20g m bo tnh ng hc, ng lc hc khi ng c lm vic + cng b mt lm vic ca sng trt my < 55HRC
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III/ Cc ni dung cn tm hiu & t nghin cu 1/ Dung sai, o lng 2/ Cc phng php o & dng c o 3/ Tiu chun ha trong ngnh c kh

Gio trnh C KH I CNG CHNG 2. VT LIU C BN DNG TRONG CH TO MY 5: Gang, thp v thp hp kim
I/ Gang 1/ Hp kim Fe C Gin trng thi hp kim Fe C

+ Xementit [Xe, Fe3C]: L hp cht Fe3C c t l 6,67% C, c mng lp phng kp, n l hp cht c cng cao, khng ct gt c. + Austenit [, A, Fe(C)]: ~ Mc ha tan ln nht l 2,14% t0 = 11470C ~ Dung dch c [C]Fe c tnh do cao tn ti t0 > 7270C + Ferit [Fe hay Fe hay ]: ~ L dung dch c ca C ha tan v Fe ~ Gii hn ha tan ln nht l 0,02% 7270C, tn ti nhit thp tnh do cao, cha t C nn rt bn + Peclt [P, (Fe+Fe3C )]: L hn hp c hc ca Ferit & Xe gin
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+ Ledibuzit [Le hay (+Xe) hay (P+Xe)]: L hn hp c hc ca O & Xe t0 > 7270C, c thnh phn C = 4,43% rt gin, cng t c dng trong ch to my + Grapht (gr): L mt pha C t do, rt mm, lin kt km ht gr, hnh dng gr. S phn b gr quyt nh bn ca kim loi ~ ht ln ~ Hnh dng ht di ~ S phn b khng u bn Gr km 2/ Gang a) Khi nim - L hp kim Fe & C, c thnh phn C > 2,14%. c tnh chung ca gang l cng & dn, c nhit nng chy thp, d c - Cn cha cc tp cht: Mn, Si, S, P hay mt vi nguyn t hp kim khc: + Si trong gang ln (n lm tng tnh long), Si = 1,5 3% + Mn cn tr tinh th long lm tng bn v c kh nng chu mi mn + S = 0,5 1% + P < 0,1 0,2% Gang c s dng trong cng nghip ch to my b) Phn loi gang & nhng tnh cht c l ca tng loi gang Theo gin trng thi ta c: + Gang trc cng tinh (C<4,43%) + Gang cng tinh (C=4,43%) + Gang sau cng tinh (C >4,43%)

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Theo t chc: * Gang trng + KN: L loi gang m hu ht C dng Xe + T/c: Cng, dn, tnh ct gt (tnh cng ngh) km + Phm vi s dng (PVSD): Ch to nhng chi tit chu mi mn cao, nm bn ngoi kim loi (v chu c mi mn ca mi trng) nh bi nghin, trc cn, bnh xe lu,... i b phn gang trng c mang tr thnh gang do * Gang xm + KN: L loi gang c C dng graphit t do. Khi chng b gy, mu mang tm thc th nhng ch tm (Gr) b mi mn. C thnh phn C = 2,8-3,5% + T/c gang xm ph thuc vo 2 yu t: ~ Ph thuc vo t l P & F: nn ca gang xm ph thuc vo P, ~ Ph thuc vo ht gr, hnh dng ht gr, s phn b ht gr Gang xm c bn nn cao, chu mi mn, c bit l c tnh c tt + K hiu: GX a-b [ GX- gang xm a- Gii hn bn ko b- Gii hn bn nn ] VD: + PVSD: ~ GX12-28, GX15-32, GX18-36: bn khng cao dng lm v hp, np che ~ GX21-40, GX28-48: c c tnh cao hn nh gr nh, mn dng lm chi tit chu lc nh bnh , thn my,... GX 21-40 c ko = 210MPa, nn = 400MPa

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~ GX36-56, GX40-60: c bn cao dng ch to v xilanh * Gang cu + KN: L gang xm c bin tnh Mg, sedi cacbon c dng cu + T/c: C bn cao hn gang xm, c bit c do bo m, c c tnh cao hn mt s thp thp + K hiu: GC a- [ GC- gang cu a - Gii hn bn ko dn di ] VD: GC 42-12 c ko = 420N/mm2, = 12% + PVSD: Dng ch to bng phng php c cc chi tit my trung bnh & ln, hnh dng phc tp, cn ti trng cao, chu va p nh cc loi trc khua, trc cn * Gang do + KN: L loi gang c ch ta t gang trng bng phng php nhit luyn () + T/c: ~ Gang do c bn cao, do ln ~ Gang trng ra gang do [C]Xe (C) (vi t = 60-240h) + K hiu: GZ a- [ GZ - gang do a - Gii hn bn ko dn di ] VD: GZ 60-8 c ko = 600N/mm2, = 8% + PVSD: dng ch to chi tit phc tp, thnh mng II/ Thp 1/ Khi nim - L hp kim ca Fe&C vi C< 2,14% - Ngoi ra cn c cha cc tp cht: Mn, Si, S, P + Mn & Si l tp cht c li lm tng bn (Mn lm tng tnh chu mi mn) + P & S l 2 nguyn t c hi (P 0,03%, S 0,02%): P c tnh dn ngui, S c tnh dn nng ~ Dn nng: to ra tp cht nm bin gii cc ht. Khi t0 = 800-8500C n chy ra lin kt km tc dng lc vo n s ri ra ~ Dn ngui: t0 = 4000C c tc dng lc lin kt cc ht gy i dn ngui

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- Tnh c tnh ch yu ca thp ph thuc vo C. C cng cao bn cng cng cao. C cng thp thp do, cng mm. Ngi ta t dng thp c thnh phn C >1,3% v khi thp dn 2/ Phn loi thp C - Theo gin trng thi: + [C]0,8 : thp cng tch

+ C > 0,8%: thp sau cng tch + C < 0,8%: thp trc cng tch - Theo hm lng C: + Thp C thp : C < 0,25%

+ Thp C trung bnh: C = 0,25- 0,5% + Thp C cao : C > 0,5% - Theo phng php luyn kim: + Thp luyn trong l chuyn: c cht lng khng cao, hm lng cc nguyn t km chnh xc + Thp luyn trong l mc tanh: c cht lng cao hn trong l chuyn 1 t + Thp luyn trong l in: c cht lng cao hn nhiu, kh ht tp cht ti mc thp nht - Theo cng dng: + Thp C thng thng: / CTa (N/mm2) l con s o bn km nht VD: CT38 (CT thp thng thng, 38 ko = 380N/mm2) / Thp thng dng chia ra 3nhm (A, B &C) ~ ACTa : L nhm A ch xc nh c thnh phn c tnh ( bn, do, cng) nhng khng xc nh c thnh phn ha hc khng nhit luyn phn ln s dng nhm ny trong xy dng & t dng trong c kh ~ BCTa : L phn nhm B, c tnh khng n nh, ch xc nh c thnh phn ha hc nhit luyn c ko thp nht ~ CCTa : L phn nhm 3 xc nh c c c tnh & thnh phn ha hc nhit

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luyn c dng trong c kh c + Thp C kt cu: C hm lng C chnh xc, c hm lng S,P thp cht lng tt, c tnh cao / K/h: C20, C45 [ C ch phn vn cacbon trung bnh 45 c 0,45% C ] / PVSD: ~ Dng ch to cc chi tit my chu lc cao hn ~ Vt liu ny thng c cung cp di dng bn thnh phm + Thp C dng c: / KN: L loi thp c lng C cao (0,7-1,3%) lng P thp (P<0,035%) lng S thp (S<0,025%) / T/c & PVSD: ~ cng sau khi ti & ram t HRC= 60-62 ~ Sau khi cng t khong HB=107-217 d gia cng ct, gia cng bng p lc ~ thm ti thp (ti trong nc) d gy nt, v nht l vi nhng dng c c kch thc ln ~ Tnh chu nng km, cng gim nhanh vi t0 = 200-3000C (V=4-5m/ph) ~ Kh mi, d bin dng khi nhit luyn t dng ch to nhng dng c nh hnh / K/h: CDa ~ CD130 c [ CD thp C dng c 130 1,3%C (phn vn C trung bnh) ~ Nu thp C c thm ch A ng sau l thp C tt c bn cao VD: CD130A, CD80 Y80, CD130 Y130 III/ Thp hp kim 1/ Khi nim

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L loi thp m ngoi Fe, C v cc tp cht ra, cn c cc nguyn t c bit (Cr, Ni, Mn, Si, W, V, Mo, Ti, Nb, Cu,...) vi mt lng nht nh lm thay i t chc v tnh cht ca thp hp vi yu cu s dng, nu di mc th ch l tp cht 2/ Tnh cht - Ci thin tnh thp: Khi cho nguyn t hp kim vo d nhit luyn & hiu qu nhit luyn cao hn C - Tng kh nng chu nhit: lm vic c nhit cao, thi gian lm vic di hn thp C - To nn cc t/c ha hc, l hc c bit 3/ K hiu: k/h thp hp kim ta dng con s ch phn vn C u sau n 1 ch ci ch nguyn t hp kim (l ch ci nguyn t c vit hoa) & 1 con s ch % nguyn t hp kim (khi % nguyn t hp kim l 1 th ta khng cn vit) VD: 25Ni5Cr2Mn ngha l 25 0,25%C Ni5 5%Niken Cr2 2%Crm Mn 1%Mangan thp Niken Crom chu n mn ha hc tt, chu nhit tt 4/ c im ca tng loi thp - Theo hm lng nguyn t hp kim + Thp hp kim thp: nguyn t hp kim < 2,5% + Thp hp kim TB: nguyn t hp kim = (2,5 10)% + Thp hp kim cao: nguyn t hp kim > 10% - Theo nguyn t hp kim (gi theo ngt hp kim ch yu) + Thp Crm: Chu nhit c cng cao lm cc bi + Thp Niken: Chng r + Thp Crm Niken: Chu n mn ha hc - Theo cng dng: + Thp kt cu: / C hm lng C=0,-0,85%, lng % nguyn t hp kim thp / C bn cao, do, dai lm cc chi tit chu nhit cao

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/ Nhm thp hp kim l xo 0,5-0,7%: thp vng bi, thp xy dng, v.v... / Nhm thp hp kim thp (HSLA- High Strength Low Alloy Stell) ~ T/c: bn cao (gii hn chy 350Mpa), tnh chng n mn tt, tnh hn tt, gi thnh r ~ Mc thp HSLA (9nhm) s dng 1 s nhm thng dng: Nhm 1: dng cho kt cu hn, lm vic trong iu kin nng nhc, chu ti trng ng trc tip rung VD: 092C (09Mn2Si), 102C1 (10Mn2Si) Nhm 3: dng lm kt cu hn ca trn &mi, lm cu VD: 15XCH (15CrSiNiCu) Nhm 4: dng cho cc kt cu khng chu ti trng ng, khng rung trc tip VD: 162C (16Mn2SiV) + Thp hp kim dng c: / C thnh phn C tng i cao t 0,8-1,5% / Thp c cha cc nguyn t: ~ W, Cr, Co, V (lm vic tc 10-15m/ph t0 < 2500C) c tc dng: Lm tng tnh thm ti ca thp Lm tng tnh chu nng n 3000C Thp HK dng c nhm I: dng ch to cc loi dng c gia cng bng g Thp HK dng c nhm II: lng Cr ln (1-1,5%) tnh thm ti, tnh ct tt, chu nhit vi t0 = 220-3000C Thp HK dng c nhm III: c thm ti cao, t thay i kch thc khi nhit luyn dng ch to cc loi dng c c chnh xc cao & hnh dng phc tp: mi doa, tar, dao chut, cc loi dng c o Thp HK dng c nhm IV: c lng V ln, ht mn cng cao, thm ti thp dng ch to cc loi dng c cn li sc ct, tui bn cao, gia cng cc loi

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vt liu cng ~ C (0,8-1,9%)Vonfram & thm Vadini l thp gi T/c: thm ti ln t cng HRC = 63-66 chu nhit (6000C) ng vi V=25-35m/ph C cng cao, bn, chu mi mn Mc thp gi thng dng: P9, P18,... + Ngoi ra cn c: thp khng g, thp t tnh, thp in tr

6: Kim loi mu, hp kim ca kim loi mu & vt liu phi KL


I/ Khi nim kim loi mu & hp kim ca KL mu - St v hp kim ca n (thp v gang) gi l kim loi en. Kim loi v hp kim mu l kim loi m trong thnh phn ca chng khng cha Fe, hoc cha mt liu lng rt nh. - Kim loi mu c nhiu u im: tnh cng ngh tt, tnh do cao, c tnh kh cao, c kh nng chng n mn v chng mi mn tt, c dn nhit, dn in tt, ...Cc kim loi thng gp l ng, nhm, magi v titan. II/ Cc kim loi mu v hp kim ca KL mu thng gp 1/ ng v hp kim ng a) ng nguyn cht - dn in, dn nhit cao - ng c: + Khi lng ring: 8,94G/cm3 + Nhit nng chy: 10830C + bn: b= 160 MPa. - D ko si, ko mng - C tnh chng n mn cao. - nhit cao Cu d b xi ha, bn trong MT kim, km bn trong MT axit. b) Hp kim Cu: c 2 loi - ng thau: c k hiu + ng thau n gin:
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~ Cu Zn (v nguyn l Zn kt hp vi Cu th Zn< 49%) ~ Thnh phn Zn bn, gii hn cng. Zn ch c tng n 39%, nu >39% th ng thau s b dn + ng thau phc tp: Pb, Fe, Al lm tng t/c khc ca Cu k/h: AM ~ Al: Tng tnh chu nhit ~ Pb: Tng tnh bi trn ~ Fe: Tng tnh bn do c) ng thanh c 2 loi + ng thanh thic: p-0c663 ngha l 6%Cu, 3%thic, 3%Pb + ng thanh khng thic: L ng thanh trong thic c thay th bng cc nguyn t khc & ci thin c mt s t/c 2/ Nhm & hp kim nhm a) Nhm nguyn cht - C mu trng vi: D - Khi lng ring = 2,79cm3 t0 nng chy = 6280C - C dn in, dn nhit tt - do cao, d ko si, ko mng - bn cao b) Hp kim nhm: c 2 loi - Hp kim nhm do (gia cng p lc c) + C th rn, dp, cn p, gia cng bng cc hnh thc gia cng p lc khc + Sn xut ra vi dng tm mng, bng di, cc thi nh hnh dy nhm & ng Gin trng thi hp kim Al: A1 ... A27

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- Hp kim nhm c + Nhit luyn t0 = 520-5400C + Ho gi t0 = 170-1900C + Khun c c th l khun t, ct, khun kim loi 3/ Magi & hp kim ca magi a) Magi nguyn cht: c bn ring cao hn thp kt cu, gang, hp kim nhm b) Hp kim magi - Trong trng thi nng d rn, dp, cn, gia cng ct gt - Khng b nhim t, khng b to la khi va chm mnh hoc ma st - D hn c bit l h quang acgng dng tt cho cc chi tit chu un khi lm vic 4/ Vt liu kim loi bt v vt liu Nan a) Vt liu kim loi bt - Kim loi bt c ch to khng theo cc cng ngh (c, gia cng p lc, ct gt) m thc hin nh sau: + To bt kim loi (hp kim) bng cng ngh nu chy & phun to ht + p nh hnh trong khun to dng kt cu + Thiu kt to kt cu n nh - Sn phm ch to bng cng ngh ny c: + Cht lng sn phm cao + Tnh cht c bit (to xp tng tnh chng mi mn iu kin bi trn) + t hiu qu kinh t cao

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+ S dng vt liu trit , t gia cng b sung b) Vt liu Nano - L cc loi kim loi, hp kim vi tinh th - Dng trong lnh vc in t, cng ngh thng tin 5/ Niken & hp kim ca niken 6/ Km & hp kim ca km 7/ Ch & hp kim ca ch c SGK III/ Vt liu phi kim loi Nhng vt liu PKL thng dng trong ngnh c kh: g, cht do, cao su, da, amian, du, m, sn v.v 1/ G C khi lng ring nh (0,35-0,75g/cm3) v gi r. So vi kim loi, g c cng km hn v d gia cng (ca, bo, ct, c) hn. bn ca g khng ng u & tng i thp so vi KL, d b mc, mt, b m, chy Tu theo cht lng v cng dng, g chia ra 2 loi: + G to hnh: ~ G trn ~ G x: dng lm toa xe, thng t, cc b phn my mc nng nghip, + G t (ci) 2/ Cht do L nhng cht do cc hp cht hu c cao phn t to thnh T/c: nh, cch in, cch nhit v tnh chng n mn cao, c kh nng chng rung, h s ma st ln khi khng c du m, c hnh dng bn ngoi p Cht do thng dng trong c kh + Tctlit: tnh chng mi mn cao, tnh cch in tt dng lm bnh rng, ng lt trc, bc, + Gitinac: c c tnh km hn tctlit nhng tnh cch in cao, gi r dng lm vt liu cch in (c in cao p) ..

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+ Cc loi cht do khng chu nhit: ~ PE (polyene) dng trong cng nghip thc phm, dc liu ~ PVC (polychlorue de nyl) dng ch to ng nc ~ PA (poly amid) dng ch to bnh rng, bc trc . 3/ Composit N: L loi vt liu mi, c ch to trn nhiu loi vt liu gm: + Vt liu ct (di dng si): si thu tinh, si graphit, si thp + Vt liu c bn (nn): cht do, KL c do cao (Al, Cu) T/c: bn, nh, chu nhit tt, c tnh mi mn & chng n mn PVSD: c dng trong ngnh hng khng, xy dng ch to my N: L loi VL c tnh do cao, kh nng gim chn tt, cch in cch m cao PVSD: dng lm sm lp, ng dn, cc phn t n hi ca khp trc, ai truyn, vng m, sn phm cch in

4/ Cao su -

7: X l nhit kim loi


I/ Nhit luyn thp 1/ Khi nim Nhit luyn l phng php cng ngh tp hp cc vt phm ri nung nng n t0 nht nh, gi nhit mt thi gian ri lm ngui vi tc khc nhau thu c mt t chc mi c t/c theo yu cu: + Thi gian gi nhit ph thuc vo khi lng vt nung, cu to vt nung + Lm ngui ~ Lm ngui chm cng vi l ng ca l tt l do km ~ Lm ngui nhanh M hnh l luyn thp

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2/ Cc phng php nhit luyn a) Phng php

M: ng bt u chuyn bin Mactenxit Trustit: l t chc c gii hn n hi cao nht (GP) ng cong nhit luyn (gin ng cong ch C) c xc lp vi thp cng tch (0,8%C) N: l phng php nung nng thp ti mt nhit nht nh, gi mt thi gian sau lm ngui dn cng l t chc thu c l Peclit c cng thp, bn cao. Mc ch: c nhiu phng php m mi phng php ch t c 1, 2 hay 3 trong 5 mc ch sau: 1. Gim cng (lm mm) thp d tin hnh gia cng ct 2. Lm tng do d tin hnh bin dng (dp, cn, ko) ngui.

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3. Lm gim hay lm mt ng sut bn trong gy nn bi gia cng ct, c, hn, bin dng do. 4. Lm ng u thnh phn ho hc trn vt c b thin tch. 5. Lm nh ht thp. Cc phng php : Tu theo loi thp m ta c cc phng php khc nhau + khng chuyn bin pha c: thp, kt tinh li + c chuyn bin pha c: hon ton, khng hon ton & cu ho, ng nhit, khuch tn b) Phng php thng ho N: Thng ho l phng php nhit luyn gm nung nng thp n trng thi hon ton l austenit, gi nhit lm ngui ngoi khng kh cng cao hn (12HB) c trng ca thng ho so vi : + Nhit : ging hon ton / T0th = Ac3 + (30-500C) cho thp trc cng tch / T0th = Accm + (30-500C) cho thp sau cng tch [Ac3 t0 kt thc to thnh austenit khi nung thp trc cng tch Accm t0 kt thc ho tan xmentit th 2 vo austenit khi nung thp sau cng tch] + Tc ngui: nhanh hn, lm ngui trong khng kh tnh kinh t hn + T chc & c tnh: t chc t c l gn cn bng vi cng, cao hn Mc ch & lnh vc p dng: 1. m bo tnh gia cng ct: / Thp 0,25% phi thng ho / Thp = 0,3- 0,65% phi hon ton / Thp 0,7% phi khng hon ton ( cu ho) 2. Lm nh Xmentit chun b cho nhit luyn kt thc p dng cho cc thp kt cu trc khi ti (th tch & b mt)

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3. Lm mt li xmentit II ca thp sau cng tch (thng dng li lm cho thp gin) thng ho vi tc ngui nhanh hn t lm hi tnh do c) Ti thp N: Ngi ta nung thp t0 chuyn bin pha, gi nhit 1 thi gian & lm ngui nhanh trong cc mi trng khc nhau. thu c t chc khng cn bng, khng n nh c cng cao. Cc nt c trng ca ti + Nhit ti > Ac1 c austenit (c th ging hoc thng ho) [Ac1 t0 bt u to thnh austenit khi nung thp] + Tc lm ngui nhanh ng sut nhit, ng sut t chc u ln d gy nt, bin dng, cong vnh + T chc to thnh cng & khng n nh Mc ch: + Nng cao bn + Nng cao mt s tnh cht c bit(chng n mn t tnh...) - Cng ngh: + Nhit ti: / i vi thp trc cng tch : t = Ac3 + (30-50)0C / i vi thp sau cng tch: t = Ac1 + (30-50)0C + Mi trng ti / Nc: thng dng do gi thnh r, tc lm ngui cao, dng ti thp cacbon, do tc ngui cao nn d gy cong vnh nt

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/ Nc pha mui, kim: thng pha thm NaCl hoc NaOH tng tc + thm ti: l chiu dy lp c ti ph thuc vo thnh phn ha hc ca thp Phng php ti + Ti trong 1 mi trng (V1): Nc + Ti trong 2 mi trng (V2): ~ Nc ~ Khng kh & mui V2: MT 1 nng chy + Ti phn cp (V3): nhng chi tit vo mi trng c nhit cao hn Ms (nhit bt u chuyn bin Mactenxit), gi nhit mt thi gian ngn xong lm ngui trong du hoc khng kh nhm hn ch ng sut d + Ti ng nhit l phng php ti ngi ta gi nhit phn ho ra sn phm trung gian + Ti th tch (ti nhng) l nhng ton b vt ti vo trong MT ti + Ti b mt l phng php ti ch ti b mt, c dai ~ Nung KL n t0 ti v phun nc ~ Ti dng in tn s cao (ti cao tn) PVSD: Nhiu chi tit quan trng bng thp u ti nng cao tnh cht p ng c yu cu s dng nh cc loi trc khuu, trc v hu nh tt c cc loi dng c d) Ram KN: Ram l cng ngh lm n nh thp sau khi ti Mc ch: Sau khi ti phi nung nng li (ram) l + Gim ng sut bn trong n mc khng lm thp qu gin + Kh b hon ton ng sut bn trong + iu chnh c tnh cho ph hp vi iu kin lm vic c th ca chi tit my & dng c Cc phng php ram: + Ram thp: Nung thp vi t0 ram ri gi nhit 1 thi gian lm ngui chm (150-2500) Kh cng sut d lm gim cng sut. Tnh do dai khng c khi phc lm dng c ct

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+ Ram TB (300-4500C): lm gim cng & bn ca KL nhng li nng cao dai, gin di ln dng nhit luyn l xo + Ram cao (500-6000): kh ng lc d bn trong nng cao bn, dai

TC DNG CA PHNG PHP GIA CNG NHIT I VI BN CHI TIT MY


I/ Bu-lng thanh truyn : Tuy c kt cu n gin nhng bu-lng thanh truyn vai tr quan trng m bo iu kin lm vic lm vic ca ng c.

1/ iu kin lm vic: - Bu-lng thanh truyn lm vic trong trng thi ng sut rt phc tp: Chu ko, ct - Trong qu trnh lm vic ca ng c, bu-lng thanh truyn lm c nhim v kt ni thanh truyn vi b phn khc v truyn chuyn ng cho thanh truyn. 2/ Yu cu c tnh:

cng: Bu-lng thanh truyn khng yu cu cng qu cao. bn: Trong qu trnh lm vic bu-lng thanh truyn phi chu lc ln, =>v vy cn gii hn bn, gii hn chy cao. dai va p: bu-lng thanh truyn yu cu tng i do dai. dai va p kh quan trng i vi chi tit chu ti trng ng do phi tng ti trng mt cch t ngt m bo cho chi tit kh b ph hy gin.

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Bu-lng thanh truyn cn c kh nng chng un ph hp vi iu kin lm vic ca bu-lng thanh truyn. 3/ Chn mt mc thp ph hp ch to bu-lng thanh truyn: Do yu cu v c tnh, tnh cng ngh, kinh t ta s chn Thp ha tt (0,3-0,5%C) lm vt liu ch to bu-lng thanh truyn. Vi chi tit bu-lng thanh truyn, ta chn mc thp ha tt C40 (0.40% C ) Ngoi ra ta cng c th chn thp ha tt khc nh C45 Thnh phn ha hc ca thp ha tt C40: % C = 0.40 % % P < 0.04 % % Mn = 0.70 % %S < 0.04 %

1 s chi tit c lm t thp ha tt C40:

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4/ Phng php gia cng c kh thng c dng ch to chi tit:


Thp cy Dp nng Nhit luyn s b (Thng ha) Lm sch Cn ren

Bu-lng thanh truyn

M km

Nhit luyn kt thc (Ti + Ram)

5/ Cc bin php x l nhit trc v sau gia cng c kh

T- thi gian gi nhit (thi gian ngng nhit nung nng) M- Tc ngui (sau khi gi nhit) + NL s b (thng ha) vi mc ch l: / t cng thch hp tin hnh gia cng ct thp. / Lm nh ht Xmentit chun b cho nhit luyn kt thc / Trong xng thit k, thng ha c dng lm mm thp (nhit luyn s b) dp to hnh tin hnh ln ren, tar c thun li. / y thng ha thay cho thp v thp sau nhit luyn s b khng cn qu mm, mt khc nu dng s phi gi bu-lng thanh truyn trong l trong 1 thi gian rt di, nh hng n tnh kinh t. + Nhit luyn kt thc vi chi tit trn gm 2 nguyn cng: Ti v Ram. / Ti thp nhm mc ch t cng cao nht / Ram nhm mc ch nng cao bn, sc chu ti ca chi tit my II/ Ho - nhit luyn KL 1/ Nguyn l chung

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N: Ho - nhit luyn l phng php thm, bo ho nguyn t ho hc (cacbon, nit,...) vo b mt thp bng cch khuch tn trng thi nguyn t t mi trng bn ngoi & nhit cao Mc ch: + Nng cao cng, tnh chng mi mn & bn mi ca thp hiu qu cao hn ti

b mt c thm C, thm Ni, thm C-Ni ... c ng dng trong sn xut c kh + Nng cao tnh chng n mn in ho & ho hc (chng xy ho nhit cao) nh thm Cr, thm Al, thm Si c tin hnh theo 3 giai on + Giai on 1 (phn ho): Ngi ta lm xut hin cc chui phn t, phn tch phn t thm thnh ra cc nguyn t ho hc cao. + Giai on 2 (hp th): Nguyn t hot c hp th ln b mt KL + Giai on 3 (khuch tn): Nguyn t hot s i su vo bn trong theo c ch khuch tn to nn chiu su lp thm 2/ Cc phng php ho nhit luyn KL a) Thm cacbon (thm than) N: L phng php ho-nhit luyn lm bo ho (thm, khuch tn) C ln b mt chi tit thp thay i t chc lp b mt thay i t/c Nguyn liu thm C l than hot tnh, than g ( ht < 5mm) Cht xc tc: Dng CaCO3, BaCO3 Thit b thm: l nung, vt thm t trong hp Nhit thm: 900-9500C 2C + O2 2CO (than g chy trong kin thiu xy xt cacbon) 2CO CO2 + Cng.t (kh CO khi gp b mt thp li b phn tch) PVSD: b mt cng, li do, dai, m bo tnh chng mi mn & chu ti tt hn + Dng cho chi tit lm vic trong iu kin nng hn VD: Bnh rng hp s ca t phi qua thm C Bnh rng hp s ca my ct ch cn ti b mt + Dng cho chi tit c hnh dng phc tp, khng u n m vn cho lp thm u b) Thm Nit (NH3)

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N: L phng php ho - nhit luyn lm bo ho (thm, khuch tn) nit vo b mt thp nhm mc ch ch yu l nng cao cng & tnh chng mi mn (HRC 65-70 hn thm C) c im + Do tin hnh nhit thp, khuch tn kh khn thi gian di m lp thm vn

mng VD: t0 = 5200C th 24h t (0,25-0,30)mm 48h t 0,40mm + Sau khi thm khng tin hnh ti & mi + Thp dng thm l thp hp kim chuyn dng + Lp thm cng hn & cng rt cao gi c khi lm vic t0 5000C - PVSD: dng cho cc chi tit cn cng & tnh chng mi mn rt cao, lm vic t0 > 5000C, song chu ti trng khng ln trc, bnh rng, dng c ct, dng c o c) Thm Cacbon & Nit (xyanua) N: L phng php ho-nhit luyn lm bo ho (thm, khuch tn) ng thi c C & N vo b mt thp nng cao cng & tnh chng n mn c im: tu theo nhit thm + Nu thm xyanua t0thp = 540 6000C th N chim u th + Nu thm xyanua t0cao = 800 8600C th C chim u th PVSD: dng cho nhng chi tit c nh v c TB d) Thm kim loi L qu trnh tng cng cc nguyn t Al, Cr, Si, B, ... vo lp b mt ca sn phm bng thp c thm tnh chu nhit, chng g, chng mi mn... C th dng thp thm kim loi thay th cho nhng thp hp kim cao cp, him 3/ Cc phng php x l khc a) X l nhit khuch tn L 1 trng hp ca ho nhit luyn. S to thnh lp ph l do tc ng nhit lm nng chy vt liu ph ca b mt to s khuch tn & hnh thnh lp ph Phng php thng dng: nhng km, nhng thic, nhng ch nhm bo v b mt khi s tc ng ca mi trng

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b) Cng ngh CVD (Chemical Vapour Deposition Cng ngh bc bay trong chn khng) Cng ngh ny to lp ph kim loi & cramic ln cc b mt bng cc vt liu khc nhau ( TiC, TiN, Al2O3... to lp ph chu mi mn Cr, Al, Si... to lp ph chng n mn) to lp ph bng cng ngh CVD, nguyn t kim loi cn ph phi c chuyn thnh cc hp cht th kh nh ngun nhit ln c) Cng ngh PVD (Physical Vapour Deposition Cng ngh p dng tc ng vt l) Cng ngh ny to lp ph: lc in t, hin tng phng in, pht quang trong pha kh, s bay hi, s khuch tn.. to lp ph gm: ho hi vt liu ph, bc bay cht ph n b mt, ngng t, khuch tn to lp ph

CHNG 3. CC PHNG PHP CH TO PHI 8: Cng ngh ch to phi c


I/ nh ngha, c im v phn loi 1/ nh ngha: c KL l phng php cng ngh bng cch rt KL lng vo khun nh hnh sn (hnh dng, kch thc), t ng ngui, kt tinh li r khun theo sn phm c l vt c. Sn phm ny c chia lm 2 loi: Chi tit c, phi c u im: + c c t nhng vt liu khc nhau (gang, thp, kim loi mu &hp kim ca chng) vi khi lng vt c t vi gam hng trm tn + Ch to nhng vt c c hnh dng, kt cu rt phc tp (thn my cng c, v ng c...) + chnh xc v hnh dng, kch thc & bng khng cao (c th t cao khi thc hin phng php c chnh xc) + C th c c nhiu lp kim loi khc nhau trong mt vt c
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2/ c im -

+ C kh nng c kh ho, t ng ho + Nng sut cao so vi cc nguyn t khc gi thnh r Nhc im: + Tn kim loi cho h thng rt + C nhiu khuyt tt (thiu ht, r kh...) t l ph phm kh cao + Kim tra khuyt tt bn trong vt c i hi thit b hin i 3/ Phn loi

II/ c trong khun ct 1/ Khi nim: - Khun ct c ch to bng 1 hn hp c thnh phn ch yu l ct: + D to hnh + bng km, chnh xc km Thng sn xut n chic hay sa cha ch th Qu trnh sn xut c

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2/ Cc b phn c bn ca khun c bng ct

1- Khun trn 2- Khun di 3- Mt phn khun 4- Hm khun 5- Rnh thot kh 6- Cht nh v a) Lm khun bng tay Phn loi Mu g Mu KL bt k

7- Tai hm khun 8- Lng khun 9- Thn li 10- Gi li 11- Khe h gi li 12- Cc rt (phu rt)

13- ng rt 14- Rnh lc x 15- Rnh dn 16- u ngt (u hi) 17- Xng khun, xng li

3/ Cc phng php lm khun c im Sx n chic, lot nh, hnh dng Sx hng lot, vt c nh, TB,
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ng dng Dng thng, cht lng thng chnh xc cao, mu s dng lu

dng n gin Trong hm khun Trn nn xng Sx n chic, lot nh, vt c ln, dng bt k Vt nh, TB, hnh dng tu Nhiu hm khun, tit kim nn xng, sy khun Thiu hm khun, khun ti, c cc hp kim

b) Lm khun bng my Phn loi My p, my dn My thi, my bn ct n gin Lot nh, TB, vt c ln, hnh dng bt k VD: Nguyn l ca my p Kp cht mu 2, hm khun chnh 3, hm khun ph 4 ln bn my 1 y hn hp lm khun vo hm khun x ngang 5 lp chy p 6 c quay n v tr lm vic m van cho kh p vo rnh 7 y pittng 8 trong xilanh 9 ln ton b bn my, hm khun i ln c im Sn xut lot TB, vt c nh, ng dng Nng sut cao Hm khun 200 Kch thc ln, hm khun ln

Chy p c nh nn hn hp mt trn ca 3 m van cho kh ra ngoi phn thn h xung quay x ngang rt mu

Cc phng php c khc: T NGHIN CU


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III/ S kt tinh ca kim loi, t chc KL vt c 1/ S kt tinh ca kim loi Qu trnh kt tinh ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: + T/c l nhit ca khun kh nng dn nhit ca khun s nh hng n cht lng vt c + Bn cht ca hp kim c: vt c khc nhau (vt liu) th cht lng vt c khc nhau + Kt cu, hnh dng, kch thc + Cng ngh c Cc giai on ca qu trnh kt tinh (5 giai on) + Giai on 1: Thi gian in y KL vo khun tnh t lc bt u rt (tbr) n thi im kt thc rt (tktr) quyt nh cht lng hnh thnh hnh dng, kch thc hon chnh + Giai on 2: H nhit trong khun tnh t tktr n thi im bt u kt tinh (tbkt) (KL lng bt u kt tinh) ph thuc vo trt < tnng chy ca bt k KL no: ~ trt cng ln th kh nng h nhit khun cng lu trt cng xa nhit nng chy th kh nng h nhit khun cng nhanh ~ t/c l nhit ca khun: khun dn nhit nhanh (chm) th kh nng dn nhit trong khun cng nhanh (chm) + Giai on 3: Vt c kt tinh trong khun tnh t tbkt tktkt vt c chuyn ho hon ton t th lng sang th rn v quyt nh cht lng vt c

~ Ph thuc vo 2 yu t:

/ Bn cht vt liu c / Cng ngh c / Kt tinh theo lp / Kt tinh theo th tch


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~ Qu trnh kt tinh xy ra theo 2 dng:

+ Giai on 4: Ngui trong khun tnh t lc tkt thc kt tinh n tkt tinh li tip tc hon chnh cu trc vt c & nh hng t/c ca vt liu vt c + Giai on 5: Ngui ngoi khun t lc tkt thc kt tinh li n r khun & ngui ngoi tri, do qu trnh ngui nhanh nn d pht sinh khuyt tt 2/ T chc KL vt c Ph thuc vo: kt cu, phng php & cng ngh c Xt t chc KL vt c vi iu kin ngui bnh thng trn 1 thi c vi 2 mt ct: dc & ngang

+ Vng 1: v, ht nh c bn & cng cao + Vng 2: tinh th ht di hnh nhnh cy, theo hng vect tn nhit, vung gc, xuyn tm Nu vt c c thnh mng, tit din ngang nh, tc tn nhit ln th cc ht pht trin giao nhau tm gi l dng xuyn tm + Vng 3: gia thi c c nhng ht to, u trc, ng hng IV/ Yu t nh hng n cht lng vt c Cht lng vt c c nh gi bng cc ch tiu sau y: chnh xc hnh dng & kch thc nhn bng mt ngoi Cht lng KL ca hp kim vt c tu thuc vo qu trnh cng ngh c & yu cu sn phm 1/ Hp kim c: Mi hp kim c c tnh c khc nhau nn cht lng vt c cng khc nhau chn bin php cng ngh hp l 2/ Loi khun c & phng php c Loi khun c:
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+ Khun ct dn nhit km do hp kim lng ngui chm, to ht tinh th ln. B mt lng khun x x nhn b mt vt c thp + Khun KL dn nhit tt: t chc KL vt c c ht nh lm c tnh tng nhng do ngui nhanh nn c ng sut, nt n vt c kh khn cho qu trnh ct gt Phng php lm khun + Khun ct lm bng tay cho cht lng vt c trong khun thp hn lm bng my ( chnh xc cao, cht lng ng u) + Cng 1 loi khun KL nhng phng php in y bng rt t do to cht lng khc vi in y di p lc, in y nh lc li tm 3/ Cng ngh c Cng ngh c hp l s lm gim n mc ti thiu cc khuyt tt ca vt c km theo nng cao tay ngh, hin i ho qu trnh sn xut, thay i trang thit b Cng ngh c gm: + Cng ngh nu chy hp kim c (km thit b hin i, khng ch thnh phn, nhit ...) + Cng ngh ch to khun & li (bng tay, bng my, sy...) + Cng ngh rt (c tc ng c hc, rung, lc...)

9: Gia cng kim loi bng p lc (GCAL)


I/ Khi nim chung 1/ Khi nim L 1 phng php ch to phi bng cch dng ngoi lc tc dng ln KL trng thi rn lm cho KL bin dng do nhn c sn phm c hnh dng, kch thc yu cu. VD: nhng ph phm GCAL: v t, bnh xng xe, bnh ga (gia cng bin dng to hnh) 2/ c im Cht lng ca phi to ra bng GCAL c c tnh tt hn cht lng ca phi to ra bng c + T chc c tnh c t chc cu trc dng ht
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Cn GCAL c cu trc dng th + V chnh xc + V cht lng b mt C tnh tng i Khng gia cng c nhng vt liu KL c tnh do thp Khng gia cng c nhng hnh dng c kt cu phc tp. Nhng chi tit c kch thc ln, cng knh th cng khng l GCAL ng dng k thut c kh ho, t ng ho nng cao nng sut, cht lng, an ton lao ng. 3/ Phn loi S phn loi cc phng php GCAL

II/ Nguyn l bin dng KL 1/ Khi nim v lc Ngoi lc + Lc tc dng chnh P + Phn lc + Lc ma st N Fms
P
bo phi phi sau gia cng

Fms

Fms

N Fms Fms
de

Ni lc xut hin do: + Phn b nhit khng ng u khi nung nng


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+ Ngoi lc tc dng ln vt gia cng khng u ng sut ni lc lm gim gii hn bn, gii hn mi vt qu gii hn ny vt th s b nt n v ph hu 2/ Khi nim v bin dng ca VLKL khi chu tc dng ngoi lc Vt gia cng khi chu tc dng P th s xy ra bin dng tu thuc vo gi tr ca P c th xy ra cc loi bin dng:

+ Bin dng n hi (on oa) + Bin dng do (on ac) + Bin dng ph hu (on cd) Gia cng p dng cho bin dng do gip cho tnh ton lc dp cng sut my dp chn my tnh bn, cng, chu mn ca khun dp III/ Cc phng php gia cng KL bng p lc

1/ Cn a) Khi nim: L qu trnh bin dng KL qua khe h ca cc trc cn quay ngc chiu nhau to nn sn phm cn bng lc ma st (hnh 44a)

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b) Phn loi cc phng php cn Theo nhit gia cng: Cn nng, cn ngui Theo chiu quay & phng trc cn: Cn dc, cn ngang, cn nghing

c) ng dng Thp hnh: + n gin:

+ Phc tp:

+ c bit: Thp ng: ng c mi hn & khng c mi hn Thp tm: chim 70%, c sn xut theo tiu chun + Tm dy: 4-60mm + Cn li thp mng: ~ 2- 4mm ~ 2mm: thp l, thp cun, thp bng... 2/ Ko kim loi a) Khi nim: L phng php bin dng do KL qua l hnh khun ko di tc dng ca lc ko, sn phm c hnh dng, kch thc nh hn tit din phi (hnh 44b) b) ng dng: ~ Vt liu khun c ch to t hp kim cng (ko dy c D = 0,5mm) ~ Bng kim cng (ko dy c D rt nh) ~ Bng thp dng c hay thp gi (ko dy thanh hay ng c D ln) 3/ p kim loi a) Khi nim: L qu trnh nn KL trong khun kn qua l khun p nhn c hnh dng v kch thuc ca chi tit cn ch to (hnh44c) b) Cc phng php p p thun: chiu i ra ca sn phm cng vi chiu ca lc p

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p nghch: chiu lc p ngc vi chiu i ra ca sn phm, d bin dng do, to hnh tt hn, d rung ng, cht lng sn phm km hn

c) ng dng: sn phm p c th l thi, dy, ng vi cc tit din khc nhau (theo l hnh khun p) 4/ Rn t do a) Khi nim: L qu trnh bin dng t do di tc dng ca thit b to lc, dng c (b mt ba, e) (hnh 44d) b) c im: + Tnh nhit cao + Gia cng c vt phc tp + C tnh ca vt rn t do khng u + Tnh do KL khng cao, khng nn gc vt hnh khun, nm c) Cng ngh rn t do: Nguyn cng gm: Chn: l nguyn cng rn lm cho tit din ca phi ln ln do chiu cao gim xung Phng php chn: + Chn ton phn + Chn u + Chn gia Vut: Lm tit din vt gim i, tng chiu di vt + C 2 phng php lt phi

~ Lt phi 900 (nng sut cao)

~ Xoay phi (nng sut km) + Vut ng: ~ Lm tng ng knh trc tm () ~ Tng chiu di (L) trc vut (ng di ra) ~ ong + Vut phng: lm quay phi, lm tng chiu di, rng (L,B) c tm phng rt mng
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t l:

+ Dng c: chy & ci t + C 2 phng php: ~ t l thng ~ t l khng thng c 1 ming n vi chiu cao = chiu cao ming ci - chiu dy phi chng c chiu cao = chiu cao l cn t Un: lm cho thanh KL c th thay i

nguyn cng un lm cho 1 phn ca thanh (th, si) quay i gc lm thnh vi phn cn li 1 lng nht nh. Khuyt tt: xy ra khi chiu cao phi H/D > 2,5 Thit din tang trng Tang trng kp

5/ Dp th tch a) Khi nim: L phng php rn m kim loi bin dng trong lng khun c hnh dng v kch thc nht nh (hnh 44e) nng sut cao, khng cn t0 cao. D c kh ho, t ng ha
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b) Cc phng php dp Dp trong khun h

- Phng ca lc tc dng vung gc mt phn khun (c rnh ba-via) - Cng sut ln, tnh do km Dp trong khun kn

Lc song song vi mt phn khun: + Khng c ba-via + Tnh do cao + Cng sut nh + Ch to kh khn, d v, gi thnh t hn + Yu cu tnh ton phi khi dp cn chnh xc hn 6/ Dp tm a) Khi nim: L phng php bin dng do phi KL dng tm (hnh 44g) b) c im: bn, bng cao, chnh xc cao, kh nng lp ln cao Kh nng c kh ho, t ng ho cao Nng sut cao

c) Cc nguyn cng Pha ct phi

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Pha ct: chia 1 tm phi ln thnh 1 tm phi nh, vt ct khng khp kn. + Dao song song (hnh 6a): mi ln ct, ct ton b chiu di nng sut cao, vt ct p nhng bt li l Lct < Ldao + Dao nghing (hnh 6b): tng vt ct lin tip trn c th ct c chiu di tu , vt ct xu, nng sut thp + Dao a (hnh 6c): l dao dng a c lp trn trc quay ~ N va ct, va ko vt vo ~ B tr c nhiu cp dao ct c nhiu mt phng Dp ct phi: chu vi ct l 1 ng khp kn, ct bng chy, ci khi tin hnh dp ct phi phi b tr ct c nhiu hnh nht

Ly A b B (dp l) Ly B b A (dp ct) Hiu sut: = Fi 100%/F0 To hnh ( Fi - din tch phi i F0 - din tch tm phi)

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Dp su: l nguyn cng cu to ra cc sn phm dng ng thng hay khng thng phi + Dp su khng lm mng thnh ~ 1 phn vt liu cha c dp b nhn ~ Chiu dy phi = chiu dy sn phm ~ chng hin tng nhn phi dng 1 vnh chn gi phi + Dp su lm mng thnh S1 S0

Un vnh: thc hin trn nhiu b chy, ci khc nhau l nguyn cng to ra mi mt phng vung gc vi trc ng Tp ming: lm cho sn phm ng nh li Gin phng: lm thay i tit din 1 on no ca ng cht lng in, in t, cng nghip thc phm, dn dng, chi tit che chn, np y, v, thng cha

d) ng dng: dng trong ngnh cng nghip t, hng khng, hng hi, dng c thit b

10: Gia cng kim loi bng hn & ct


I/ nh ngha, c im, phn loi 1/ nh ngha: L phng php cng ngh ni cc chi tit my bng kim loi hoc phi kim loi vi nhau bng cch nung nng ch ni n trng thi hn (chy hoc do). + Chy chng kt tinh li + Do dng lc p chng khuch tn sang nhau gi l mi ni (mi hn). Sn phm c ch to nh vy gi l vt hn, phi c ch to nh vy gi l phi hn 2/ c im u im: + To lin kt phc tp m c, rn - dp kh hoc khng thc hin c
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+ Hn c cc vt liu cng loi hoc khc loi + Tit kim KL nhiu: so vi tn bng inh riv, lp bng bulng tit kim 20%, so vi c th tit kim 50% + Cng ngh hn tng i n gin & linh ng + Hn to ra cc kt cu kn, bn cao ch to sn phm chu p lc: b cha, thng, bnh p lc, ng ng... nng sut, cht lng hn cao, gi thnh sn phm h Nhc im: Sau khi hn vn tn ti ng sut d, vt hn d bin dng (cong, vnh) 3/ Phn loi

II/ Cc cng ngh hn 1/ Hn h quang a) Khi nim H quang hn: l ngn la sinh ra gia 2 in cc khi i qua mi trng b ion ho + Ngn la ny c nh sng chi, trng, c t0cao = 60000C + ng c tnh ca h quang hn tt nht trong khong II ti I = (102 103)A

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Hn h quang tay

~ H quang trc tip:

~ H quang gin tip: in cc hn: + Hn h quang trc tip: in cc nng chy b sung KL cho mi hn gi l que hn + Hn h quang gin tip: in c khng nng chy nn ngi ta phi dng 1 que hn ph b sung C 2 loi que hn: ~ Que hn trn khng c na, hn t ng, bn t ng c dy hn trn ~ Que hn bc thuc hn: bn ngoi li thp c p thuc dc theo que hn b) Ngun in hn & my hn Dng in xoay chiu + C sn, rt r, thit b n gin + Ngn la h quang chy khng n nh, cht lng mi hn km. Dng 1 chiu + C my pht in 1 chiu + H quang n nh, cht lng hn cao, gi thnh t.

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Yu cu k thut: + in th khng ti nh: U0 nh (50-80V) + in th khi hn: Un < U0

+ in th hn d dng thay i ph hp vi in tr (Un thay i Rn) (dng in c tnh yu cu phi l dc lin tc) + Dng in ngn mch In/m = (1,3 1,4)In (dng in ngn mch khng th vt qu dng in 2 hn 30- 40%) + In , Un c dng hnh sin lch pha + Cng dng in hn phi d iu chnh theo phn cp (iu chnh ri rc) & v cp phi hp (mi gi tr t max min) + Gn nh, d ch to, d vn hnh & c bit gi thnh r c) Cng ngh hn Cc loi mi hn

+ Hn chng:

+ Hn gc:

+ Hn ch T: V tr mi hn trong khng gian: chia lm 3 gc

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Trong 3 mi hn ny v tr hn sp l thun li nht Ch hn + ng knh que hn ~ Gip mi:

dque = S/2 + 1 (mm) ~ Hn gc:

dque = K/2 + 2 (mm) [ S - chiu dy vt hn gip mi K - cnh mi hn gc hay ch T ] + Cng dng in: In = (20 + 6dque) (A) Ch : y l i vi hn sp Nu hn ng gim i (10 15%), hn nga gim i (15- 20%) d) Hn h quang t ng & bn t ng: nng cao nng sut lao ng Hn t ng (nng sut cao, cht lng tt) nn t ng: Gy h quang Duy tr h quang Rc thuc, phun kh Hon thnh mi hn Hn t ng trong kh bo v c th dng kh tr (Argon, hli)
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Hn bn t ng T ng: ~ Gy h quang ~ Duy tr h quang Bng tay: ~ Rc thuc, phun kh ~ Hon thnh mi hn 2/ Hn kh a) Khi nim: L phng php ho hc, Phng php nng chy bng ngun nhit ht sinh ra t cc phn ng chy trong xy to ra. b) Kh hn & ngn la hn Kh xy: + Ho hc + Vt l (in phn nc) + Cng nghip (ho lng khng kh) Kh chy: l tt c cc loi hn kh khi chy trong O2 n to nhit (thng dng C2H2) Ngn la hn kh:

O2 / C2H2 = 1,1 1,2 O2 / C2H < 1,1 O2 / C2H2 > 1,2 gio O2 : I + II rt ln oxy ho: dng hn ng xanh c) Trm hn kh Thng iu ch 1: p sut P = 1atm Bnh xy 2: ~ Dung tch 40(l) ~ p sut P = 150 260atm khi c ma st, t0 cao gy n Quy nh: bnh cha xy sn mu xanh
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Van bo him 3: dp tt ngn la chy cn li trnh hin tng n, bo v an ton cho vng iu ch Van gim p 4: lm gim p sut ca xy t trong bnh ra ngoi. C nhiu loi: van thun, van nghch, van 2 bung M hn kiu ht 5 (iu ch ti ch) Hot ng: ~ m 2 kho, O2 & C2H2, nm ngoi nhau ~ m O2 trc xem ng dn c thng khng ~ khi dn thng to thnh C2H2 + O2 Dy dn kh: dy vi cao su (P = 1atm) d) Cng ngh hn kh: ~ Hn phi ~ Hn tri ng knh que hn (d) Khi hn phi: dp = S/2 (mm) Khi hn tri: dt = S/2 + 1 (mm) A = k.S (l/h) + k - h s ph thuc KL vt hn & pp hn thp k = 100-120, Cu c k = 150 -200 + S - chiu dy vt hn (mm) 3/ Hn in tip xc a) Khi nim: L phng php hn dng dng in hn c cng ln i qua ch tip xc c in tr ln to ra dng in hn Q = 0,24RtxI2t b) c im

Cng sut ngn la hn

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- Nng sut cao - Mi hn rt chc: c th hn c cc hp kim c t/c khc nhau c) Cc phng php hn - Hn gip mi - Hn im: + mi hn chc + mi hn khng kn - Hn ng 4/ Hn vy a) Khi nim: L ni 2 vt hn c t0nc khc nhau thng qua vt trung gian b) c im: Tnh kinh t cao Khng gy ra thay i thnh phn ho hc ca KL vt hn vng nh hng nhit khng tn ti vt hn khng b bin dng Hn c cc kt cu phc tp Hn c cc KL khc nhau Nng sut hn cao, khng i hi cng nhn bc cao Vy mm: t0nc < 4500C Vy cng: t0nc 8500C

c) Cc loi vy hn -

III/ Ct kim loi 1/ Khi nim: Ngi ta dng ngn la hn nung thp n chy to ra xit. Sau dng xy ct c p sut cao 6-8atm. oxh to ra x lng , sau ngi ta li dng xy ny thi x lng ra ngoi to nn vt ct

2/ iu kin ct: t0 oxh < t0 chy kim loi


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t0 ch y oxh < t0 chy kim loi nhit Q duy tr qu trnh ct H s dn nhit ca KL nh Tnh chy long ca x cao

CHNG 4. Cc cng ngh, thit b gia cng ct gt kim loi 11: Nguyn l ct gt kim loi
I/ Khi nim c bn v qu trnh ct gt 1/ Nguyn l ct gt & cc chuyn ng c bn Thc cht L ht bt i 1 lp KL trn b mt phi to nn mt vt th Dng c ct c gi l dao ct Sn phm cui cng thu c gi l chi tit Gia cng phi bng tay: Gia cng ngui, thng gia cng trn b mt (nng sut thp), yu cu trnh cao nhng lao ng nng nhc, cn chnh xc. Gia cng bng my nhng mun to ra c sn phm c chnh xc cao th ( ) phi dng th bc cao Chim 60-70% sn phm cng nghip to ra Chuyn ng ct: nh c n m to ra phoi VD: quay phi nh tin Chuyn ng dao: l chuyn ng duy tr chuyn ng ct VD: Trong tin l chuyn ng tnh tin ca dao Cc chuyn ng cn li u l chuyn ng ph 2/ Cc thng s c bn ca ch ct gt Tc ct V VD: - Khi tin: V = Dn /1000 (m/ph) - Khi bo: V = L/1000.t (m/ph) vi ~ D - ng knh phi (mm)
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c im -

Cc chuyn ng c bn (2 chuyn ng chnh) -

~ n - s vng quay phi (v/ph) ~ L - chiu di hnh trnh (mm) ~ t - thi gian ca 1 hnh trnh (pht)

Lng chy dao S VD: Khi phay: S0 = Sz . Z (mm/v) Sph = S0.n = Sz.Z.n vi ~ n - s vng quay ca dao phay (v/ph) ~ Z - s rng dao phay ~ S0 - lng chy dao vng (mm/v) ~ Sz - lng chy dao rng ~ Sph - lng chy dao pht (mm/ph) Chiu su ct t VD: - Khi tin ngoi: t = (D-d)/2 - Khi khoan: t = D/2 vi ~ D - ng knh mt cn gia cng (mi khoan) (mm) ~ d ng knh mt gia cng (mm) Thi gian gia cng 1 chi tit my Tc Tc = Tm + Tp + Tpv + Tn Tm - thi gian my VD: khi tin th Tm = L.i/S.n (pht) ~ L - chiu di hnh trnh dao (mm) ~ i - s ln chy dao Tp - thi gian ph (t, kp, tho chi tit,....) Tpv - thi gian phc v ch lm vic (chun b my, dng c, g)
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Tn - thi gian ngh N = 1/Tc (ci/pht)

Nng sut ca my 1/ Cu to dng c ct

II/ Hnh dng hnh hc & thng s c bn ca dng c ct

- Phn cng tc (phn lm vic) 1 - Phn thn 2 - Phn chui 3 phn cng tc ca dng c ct

(1) - mt trc ca dao (mt thot phoi) (2) - mt sau chnh (3) - mt sau ph (4) - li ct chnh l giao tuyn ca mt trc & mt sau chnh (5) - li ct ph: giao tuyn ca mt trc & mt sau ph + ng cong ni 2 li ct l cong nh dao + Mt sau chnh & mt sau ph ni vi nhau bi mt cong gi l mt ni tip 2/ Cc mt trn phi I - mt cha gia cng l b mt ca chi tit m t mt lp kim loi d s c ct thnh phoi II - mt ang gia cng l b mt ca chi tit ni tip gia mt cha gia cng & mt gia cng. Trong qu trnh ct mt ang gia cng lun tip xc vi li ct dng c
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III - mt gia cng l b mt ca chi tit c to thnh sau khi ct i mt lp kim loi

III/ Cc hin tng vt l trong qu trnh ct gt kim loi 1/ S hnh thnh phoi v cc loi phoi Trong qu trnh ct c hin tng lan truyn bin dng, nu ta tip tc tin th hin tng bin dng c lan truyn lm cho 1 phn kim loi trt b mt trc ca dao gi l phoi Hnh dng phoi: tu thuc vo phng php gia cng, loi dng c ct, hnh dng li ct, hng tin dao,...

C 3 loi phoi:

+ Phoi xp: c dng rng ca, gp khc, lin nhau thnh tng mnh ngn xy ra khi gia cng kim loi c cng trung bnh (thp 50, 60, 70 ; gia cng kim loi do)

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+ Phoi dy: l phoi di, xon li xy ra khi gia cng kim loi do, dai nh thp 35,40 - ng nhm cn + Phoi ht (vn): c tch ra thnh tng mnh vn gia cng cc kim loi gin (gang, ng c, nhm c) 2/ Nhit lng sinh ra khi ct (nhit ct) Nhit lng sinh ra vng ct ln t0 ct cao Nhit lng ct truyn vo: + Cho dao: (15-20)% + Cho phi (chi tit): 4% + Cho khng kh: (1-2)% + Cho phoi: i b phn truyn cho phoi (25-80)% Nhit ct c c do ph hu mng tinh th gii phng nng lng Qc = Qdao + Qphi + Qkk + Qphoi Qc gm Q1 nng lng gii phng khi ph v mng tinh th Q2 do lc ma st dao vi phi, vi phoi Nhit lng ct lm cn dao, gim bng Qc = Q1 + Q2 (bi trn) Lm gim Q1 bng cch lm ngui 3/ Lc ct P = Pz + P y + P x Pz - lc ct ch yu (lc vng)

Py - lc y dc theo trc ca dao (dng xc nh cng ca dao, c cu kp cht dao) Px - lc tnh bn tui tho ca dao Pz : Py : Px = 1 : 0,4 : 0,25

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4/ S mi mn dao

T1 : giai on mi mn ban u nhanh nhng thi gian ngn san bng cc vt nh trn b mt T2 : giai on mi n nh, tip xc mt ln lm vic trong ch na t kh nng mn chm l giai on lm vic ch yu ca dao. Cui giai on 2 khng cn vt trng cha du T3 : l giai on mn khc lit mi mn nhanh & lm vic ch ma st kh dao khng lm vic tui th dao l thi gian lm vic ca dao, tnh bng gi

IV/ Vt liu ch to dng c ct : T NGHIN CU

PHN TCH CC THNG S HNH HC CA DAO PHAY


1/ Mt s loi dao phay in hnh

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2/ S gia cng cc b mt bng dao phay

3/ Cc thng s ca dao phay a) Cc thng s hnh hc ca dao phay: - Mt trc, mt sau, rnh thot dao, cc li ct chnh, li ct ph, li ct gc ni gia 2li ct

- Ngoi ra cn cc thng s hnh hc khc: + Chiu cao rng dao (h): khong cch gia nh li ct &y ca rnh + Chiu rng li ct (f): khong cch t nh li ct giao nhau vi mt sau ca rng dao (o theo mt phng vung gc vi li ct) + Bc rng dao (p): khong cch gia 2rng lin tip nhau o theo mt ngoi ca dao phay + Bc gc (): l gc tnh t tm n mt trc ca 2 rng lin tip nhau b) Rnh dao phay Rnh thot trn dao phay c th l ng thng song song vi ng tm dao hoc rnh nghing (xon) phi (tri)

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Gc nghing (): l gc gia trc dao & ng tip tuyn vi rnh Bc php tuyn ca rng (p): l khong cch gia nh ca 2rng o theo mt phng vung gc vi li ct

ghp 2dao khi phay rnh xon gip cho qu trnh phay c m + nh hng dng phoi thot ra trong qu trnh gia cng c) Cc gc ca dao Gc sau chnh : (o theo mt phng vung gc vi trc dao phay) l gc gia tip tuyn vi ng trn qua nh dao &mt sau

Gc trc chnh : (o theo mt phng vung gc vi li ct chnh) l gc gia mt phng qua tm dao &tip tuyn vi mt trc Gc sau php tuyn n: (o theo mt phng vung gc vi li ct chnh) l gc gia tip tuyn vi mt sau &ng vung gc vi mt phng qua tm Gc trc ph 1: (o theo mt phng vung gc vi trc dao) l gc gia tip tuyn vi mt sau & hng ca bn knh dao Gc ct chnh : l gc gia hng ca li ct chnh trong mt phng qua tm &mt phng nm ngang

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Gc ct ca cnh vt 0: l gc gia hng ct chnh trong mt phng qua tm &mt phng nm ngang Gc ct ph 1: l gc gia hng li ct ph trong mt phng qua tm &mt phng nm ngang

12: Cc c cu chuyn ng v iu khin


I/ Khi nim chung v chuyn ng & iu khin Trong h thng my & thit b lun tn ti 2 h thng truyn ng: + Truyn ng chnh - mch ng lc + Truyn ng iu khin - mch iu khin

Ngun ng lc (I) (ng c xoay chiu 3pha, 1pha, ng c in 1chiu) cc c cu truyn ng (II) c cu chp hnh lm vic (III) (trc chnh quay mang phi, bn my mang dao tnh tin...) c th chuyn ng quay, thng Truyn dn phn cp: trong gii hn tc t nh nht (nmin, vmin) ln nht (nmax, vmax) c hu hn cp tc nhc im: khi cn chnh xc 1 cp tc no li khng c VD: my tin T620 c 23 cp tc t 12,5- 2000v/ph, cng bi = 1,26 Truyn dn v cp: trong gii hn tc t nh nht n ln nht c v hn cp tc u im: cn tc no trong khong y u c II/ Cc c cu truyn ng 1/ Truyn ng phn cp a) Truyn ng ai gm 2 puli: ch ng & b ng t s truyn i = D1/D2 = n1/n2. vi - h s trt D1, D2 - ng knh ngoi ca cc puli
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n1, n2 - vn tc vng ca puli 1,2

- u im: + truyn dn m + truyn dn vi khong cch ln dng truyn chuyn ng t ng c ti hp tc , trc chnh yu cu m (trc chnh my mi) - Nhc im: t s truyn khng chnh xc khng dng cho xch ct ren, xch bao hnh b) Truyn ng bnh rng - Truyn ng bnh rng gm nhng cp bnh rng tr hoc cn n khp vi nhau nhm truyn chuyn ng quay gia cc trc song song hay vung gc vi nhau nh cc bnh rng c s rng Z

t s truyn i = Z1/Z2 = n2/n1 vi Z1, Z2 - s rng ca bnh rng


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n1, n2 - s vng quay bnh rng c/ Truyn ng trc vit bnh vt

Truyn ng trc vt bnh vt l dng truyn chuyn ng quay gia 2 trc khng song song u im: c tnh cht t hm dng cho ti, palng nng h ti trng t s truyn i = K/Zbv vi K - s u mi ca trc vt (K = 1,2,3) Zbv - s rng bnh vt d/ Truyn ng trc vt me ai c

- Truyn ng trc vt-me ai c l 1dng truyn chuyn ng bin chuyn ng quay trn thnh chuyn ng tnh tin. Khi trc vt quay ti ch, ai c tnh tin di tnh tin S = n. tx vi n - s vng quay tx - bc trc vt e/ Truyn ng bnh rng thanh rng

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- Nguyn l: khi bnh rng quay th thanh rng tnh tin & ngc li khi thanh rng tnh tin th bnh rng quay Kh nng n khp S = .m.Z.n vi n - s vng quay ca bnh rng m - s mun ca rng Z - s rng bnh rng 2/ Truyn ng v cp a) Bnh ma st

Bnh ma st c dng theo nhiu dng truyn dn + Truyn dn 2 trc ng tm (hnh a) + Song song nhau (hnh b) + Vung gc (hnh c) + Ct nhau (hnh d)

- Bng cch dch chuyn ( ) hoc quay nh hnh v s thay i c v tr tip xc gia bnh ch ng & bnh b ng thay i t s truyn dn cc s trn u l truyn dn v cp trc b ng II d) C cu truyn ng thu lc u im:
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+ Chuyn ng m to ra c truyn dn v cp + Kch thc, trng lng nh to ra cng sut truyn ln + D t ng ho, d phng qu ti Nhc im: ch lm vic khng n nh khi nhit thay i S nguyn l c bn ca truyn dn du p

Nguyn l: Bm du 3 quay, du t thng 1 qua 2 y du qua 2,5,6 ti 7 , gi s 7 v tr tri du s qua ca ra A ln bung tri ca 9 (xilanh c nh) y pittng mang 8 chuyn ng sang phi vi vn tc V1, du trong bung phi ca 9 qua ca B ca 7 xung 4 v 1 Van 6: iu chnh tc ca bn my 8 Van 7: c 3 v tr iu khin = in t (nam chm in N1,N2) v tr gia bn my ko cd. Nam chm N1,N2 kh van o chiu v tr tri hoc phi Van 11: phng qu ti cho h thng 3/ Truyn ng gin on a) C cu con cc

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C cu cc n khp ngoi: + Khi nhn chuyn ng lc thun, con cc 1 lm quay bnh cc 2 quay trc II + Khi lc ngc li, con cc 1 trt trn mt bnh cc 2 trc II ngng quay

- C cu cc n khp trong: con cc 1 lp trn a 3 thc hin chuyn ng lc & bnh cc s c chuyn ng nh n khp ngoi b) C cu mantt: bin chuyn ng quay lin tc thnh chuyn ng gin on

Nguyn l: tay quay 1 (quay lin tc quanh tm O1) : + Khi cht 2 vo rnh ca a 3 quay a 3 i 1 gc = 3600/z ( z - s rnh ia 3) + Khi cht 2 ri rnh th a 3 khng quay

13: Cc cng ngh v thit b gia cng ct gt kim loi c bn


I/ Tin 1/ c im & cng dng c im: + C s lng ln trong nh my c kh (40 -50%) + Cc chuyn ng c bn: ~ Chuyn ng chnh: quay trn phi ~ Chuyn ng chy dao: chuyn ng dao (theo mi tn) ct ht b mt gia cng Cng dng: gia cng c nhiu dng b mt + mt trn xoay ngoi & trong (l) + Cc mt tr, cn hay nh hnh + Cc loi ren (tam gic, thang, vung ...) + Mt phn u hoc ct t + Khoan, doa l + cc b mt khng trn xoay nh cc c cu c bit hay g
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2/ Ch ct trn my tin Trn my tin cn chuyn ng trn xoay - Vn tc ct: Vc = .D.n / 1000 (m/ph) - Lng chy dao: S (mm) - Chiu su ct: t = (D0 D1) / 2 (mm) 3/ Cc b phn trn my tin

B phn c nh: thn my c lp hp tc mang trc chnh ( trc) & hp chy dao B phn di ng: ng ( sau) & bn dao B phn iu khin: cc tay gt, nt bm, cng tc hnh trnh, bng in iu khin H thng bi trn lm lnh, chiu sng & cc ph tng km theo: gi , mm cp, mi chng tm, bnh rng thay th

4/ Dao tin

Cc dao tin u thng dng gia cng mt tr, cn ngoi Cc dao tin u cong 2,3,4 dng gia cng mt u, mt tr trong Dao nh hnh gia cng cc b mt nh hnh

5/ g a) Mm cp

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b) Mi chng tm

c) Gi - Gi c nh (lp trn bn my) - Gi di ng (lp trn bn xe dao) II/ Phay 1/ c im & cng dng c im: + t nng sut cao + t nhn bng b mt, chnh xc xp x tin + cc chuyn ng c bn: ~ chuyn ng chnh: quay trn dao ~ chuyn ng ph: chy dao Cng dng: gia cng mt phng, cc loi rnh cong & phng, cc dng b mt nh hnh, gia cng rng 2/ Ch ct khi phay Tc ct V = .D.n/1000 (m/ph) vi D - ng knh dao phay (mm) n - s vng quay trc chnh (v/ph) - Lng chy dao S chia ra:
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+ Lng chy dao rng Sz (mm/rng) + Lng chy dao vng Sv (mm/v)

+ Lng chy dao pht Sph = Sv.n = Sz.z.n (mm/ph) vi z - s rng dao phay n - s vng quay ca dao - Chiu su phay t (mm) - Chiu rng phay B (mm) - Chiu dy ct a (mm) 3/ Cc phng php gia cng phay

N phay thun: l qu trnh phay khi chiu quay ca dao & chiu tin bn my cng chiu nhau N phay nghch: l qu trnh phay khi chiu quay ca dao & chiu tin bn my ngc nhau

4/ My phay

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III/ Khoan khot doa 1/ c im & cng dng c im: + Cc chuyn ng c bn: ~ chuyn ng chnh: chuyn ng quay trn ca trc mang dao ~ chuyn ng chy dao: chuyn ng tnh tin + Khoan t chnh xc thp, bng nh + Khot doa nng cao chnh xc & bng b mt l Cng dng: khoan l, m rng l Tc ct V = .d.n/1000 (m/ph) vi d - ng knh mi khoan (mm) n - s vng quay mi khoan (v/ph) - Chiu su ct t = d/2 (mm) - Lng chy dao Sz = 2S (mm/v) 3/ Dao ct Mi khoan rut g, mi khoan su, mi khoan tm 2/ Ch ct -

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Mi khot & doa

Ta-r & bn ren

4/ My khoan

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IV/ Bo - xc 1/ c im & cng dng c im: + Cc chuyn ng c bn: ~ Chuyn ng chnh: chuyn ng tnh tin, kh hi ~ Chuyn ng chy dao: chuyn ng gin on + Tc lm vic khng cao + Nng sut thp Cng dng: + gia cng cc mt phng ngang, ng hay nm nghing + gia cng cc rnh thng vi tit din khc nhau: mang c, ch T, dng rng thn khai + gia cng chp hnh t chnh xc thp, nhn km 2/ Cc loi dao bo - xc Theo v tr ca li ct c: dao bo phi, dao bo tri Theo v tr ca u dao vi thn dao c: dao bo thng, dao bo ngoi, dao bo mt mt, dao bo ct, dao bo nh hnh Theo loi gia cng c: dao bo th, dao bo tinh

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3/ My bo - xc a) My bo My bo ngang c cc c cu culit, c cu bnh rng (thanh rng), c cu thu lc, c cu tay quay v.v... My bo ging c loi 1 tr, loi 2 tr

b) My xc
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ch ct: Vc = L/1000 (m/ph) S - lng chy dao (mm/hnh trnh kp) V/ Mi 1/ c im & cng dng c im: ~ Chuyn ng chnh: chuyn ng quay trn ca Vd (m/s) + Cc chuyn ng c bn:

~ Chuyn ng chy dao c: / chy dao vng Vc (m/ph): chuyn ng quay trn ca chi tit / chy dao dc S (m/ph): chuyn ng thng kh hi ca bn mang chi tit / chy dao ngang (chy dao hng knh) Sn (mm/hnh trnh kp) + Tc ct nhanh + Nhit ct ln Cng dng
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Vc = ( .D.n)/ (60.1000) (m/s)

+ Mi chi tit ti cng > 30HRC + Nhng vt c cng khng u + Nhng vt khng thun tin vi cc phng php gia cng khc + Nhng l c kch thc phi tiu chun + sa cc sai lch tng quan do cc nguyn cng khc li 2/ Dng c: mi gm hn hp sau Vt liu ht mi Cht kt dnh lin kt cc VL ht mi VD: GX 20-46 [ GX gang xm 20 keo = 200 (N/mm2) 46 keo = 460 (N/mm2)

14: Cc phng php gia cng kim loi c bit


I/ Gia cng kim loi bng tia la in 1/ Nguyn l

Phng php ny ch dng gia cng nhng vt liu dn in Nguyn l: Khi dng in 1 chiu t 100- 200V t ngun qua bin tr R np vo t C. Khi 2 in cc tin gn li nhau th khe h b gia chng xut hin tia la in, thi gian l 10-4 10-7 s

2/ Cc c im ca phng php gia cng tia la in: + in cc (ng vai tr dng c) c cng thp hn rt nhiu ln so vi cng ca phi (ng, graphit), vi thp ti hoc hp kim cng + Vt liu ca phi & dng c u phi dn in + Khi gia cng phi s dng mt cht lng u mi (dung dch khng dn in iu kin thng) + chnh xc gia cng cao, sai lch 0,0150,02mm (gia cng th t 0,50,6mm)

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+ nhn b mt khi gia cng tinh t Rz40Rz20 + Hiu sut phng php ny thp, chi ph cao v dng c ct (do mn nhanh) 3/ Phm vi ng dng Gia cng cc l c d = 0,15mm ca cc vi phun cao p c nng sut cao (t 15 n 30s/chic) Gia cng l su t 60mm cho sai s 5m Gia cng l c d = 0,051mm vi chiu su ln nh cc l lm mt trong cnh tuabin lm bng hp kim siu cng Ly cc dng c b gy v kp trong chi tit (bulng, tar) Gia cng khun mu v cc chi tit cn chnh xc cao bng vt liu hp kim cng Gia cng kim loi c cng khng gii hn (v da vo tnh cht vt l). C th thay th cho cc phng php ct gt truyn thng trong nhng trng hp m phng php ny khng kinh t hoc khng t chnh xc mong mun. Trong mt s trng hp, n c th gip loi b nhng qui trnh trung gian: nhit luyn, nn thng, sa bavia, lp chi tit, dao.. II/ Gia cng kim loi bng laze 1/ Nguyn l:

Thanh rubi c cun quanh = 1 ng pht sng (KL xnon). Thnh trong hp cha c tinh phn x cao. Do phn x, nh sng pht ra thanh rubi lm thanh cng hng pht ra tia laze i qua h thng thu knh hi t tp trung vo im cn gia cng trn b mt chi tit va p vt liu bc hi & si mn Vic gia cng bng chm tia laze l kt qu ca:

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+ Tc ng qua li ca chm tia & b mt chi tit + dn nhit & s tng nhit ca vt liu + Chy lng, bc hi & si mn nhiu vt liu 2/ c tnh ca gia cng bng laze C ch ct vt liu Mi trng Dng c Tc ly VL max Mc tiu hao nng lng Thng s iu chnh Vt liu c gia cng Hn ch 3/ Phm vi ng dng Tia laze dng hn, ct, khc, khoan Khoan cc l nh c d = 10500m (d- ng knh) Khoan cc l c chiu su = 10dkhoan kim loi = 40dkhoan cht do nhit Laze cn gia cng l nh d = 0,0250,25mm trn thch anh, kim cng, rubi Laze c th ct kim loi c chiu dy ti 8mm cht do c chiu dy 40mm Laze ct thu tinh tng hp th c vt ct trong sut III/ Gia cng kim loi bng tia nc p sut cao 1/ Nguyn l lm vic: Nc t thng cp nc b lc & ho trn ng dn cht lng b khuch i tng p sut n u phun. u phun tia nc phun ra mnh hay yu nh van tit lu (c iu khin bng b iu khin) tia nc chm vo VLGC nn p lc > nn VL b mt vt liu b nt ra & tia nc xuyn qua to thnh vt ct, ct chi tit Nng chy, bc hi Khng kh thng Chm tia laze cng sut ln 5mm3/ph 100W/mm3/ph Cng nng lng ca chm tia, dng knh chm tia nhit chy Mi loi VL Mc tiu hao nng lng rt ln, khng th ct c loi VL c h s dn nhit & phn x cao

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2/ c im: C thit b to p sut cao cho nc & vi phun Gia cng cc chi tit dng tm VLGC: tm plastic, giy, thp, cc vt liu tm khc chiu dy tm 1,2- 80mm Tc ct: V = 76- 1000m/ph p sut nc: 4000- 9000bar ng knh tia nc: 0,1mm Cht lng vt ct rt cao. C kh nng t ng ha v ngi my ha rt cao. Ch ph thp. Khng c cht ha hc nh ct bng ht mi (AWJC), khng nh hng nhit t lng ph cht thi sau gia cng, mi trng gia cng trong sch t lng ph cht thi sau gia cng, mi trng gia cng trong sch Gia cng ct : dng trong cc ngnh hng khng, thc phm, ngh thut ha, cng nghip t, giy dp, cao su, nha, chi, luyn kim, ch to my... Lm sch b mt trong ngnh xy dng v ch to my. Dng trong cng ngh thc phm ct & thi mng sn phm (s dng cn, glyxrin, du n)

3/ Phm vi ng dng -

15: Trung tm gia cng CNC, dy truyn sn xut t ng, linh hot
I/ S pht trin ca con ngi & k thut sn xut 1/ Theo tnh cht phng php sn xut

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Sn xut c in: Cc phng php gia cng truyn thng (Tin, phay, bo v.v..) c thc hin trn cc my vn nng, chuyn dng. + c im: Qu trnh sn xut c lp k hoch & iu khin di dng cc vn bn, phiu cng ngh mt nhiu thi gian, tc phn hi, trao i thng tin chm & nhiu khi sai lch + V d: Truyn ni dung ca mt bn v t Phng k thut phn xng sn xut (hoc my cng c), t phn xng ny phn xng khc Sn xut hin i c s h tr ca k thut thng tin & k thut iu kin t ng di dng s (CAD/CAM/CNC/CAE...) + c im: Qu trnh sn xut c lp k hoch & iu khin di dng cc chng trnh s tit kim thi gian, nhanh & chnh xc

2/ Theo cng c sn xut (my cng c) My c in: Cc my cng c vn nng, chuyn dng, t ng ho loi 1, 2, 3 (cc my c iu khin bng cam) My cng c iu khin s (My CNC)

My phay c in

My phay CNC

II/ Trung tm gia cng CNC 1/ H thng iu khin CNC a) a d liu vo h thng Trong h thng iu khin CNC chng trnh gia cng c th a vo trong h thng iu khin thng qua bng iu khin ca h thng iu khin s khi lp trnh phn xng.
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b) X l d liu & a d liu ra

- Chng trnh gia cng a vo by gi c th gi ra bt c lc no t b phn lu gi chng trnh gia cng m khng cn phi c li bng c l - Vic sa cha thay i & ti u mt chng trnh c th tin hnh bt k lc no ngay ti my. Cc cu lnh c th b sung, thay th hoc thay i li. a d liu vo & cho ra d liu l hon thnh chng trnh vo ra. Chng trnh gii m m nhim vic kim tra tnh ton nhn bit m & tch ra thnh cc d liu hnh hc, d liu cng ngh. Chng trnh iu hnh b lu gi chng trnh s iu khin b lu gi cc chng trnh con & ni dung cc chng trnh gia cng. Chng trnh ni suy m nhim ni suy cc s liu v qu o gia cng B iu khin thch nghi trong h iu khin CNC l b iu khin chng trnh lu gi c ni vi my tnh 2/ c im ca trung tm gia cng Cc chi tit lng tr c th gia cng trong mt ln g t theo 4, 5 pha nh 4 hoc 5 trc to c iu khin theo phng php NC Tt c cc phng php gia cng u c th c tin hnh: phay, khoan, doa, khot l, ct ren & cc bin dng phc tp. Tc c trc chnh, t s tin dao c iu khin theo phng php s

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Dng c dc chn theo chng trnh & a vo v tr hot ng. S dao v mt l thuyt l khng gii hn (60-120dao) Thit b g & tho chi tit t ng rt ngn thi gian g t bng cch tho chi tit gia cng trong khi chi tit khc vn ang c gia cng

III/ So snh my cng c (MCC) thng & MCC iu khin s (CNC) 1/ Cu trc - Cc chuyn ng to hnh trn MCC thng & MCC CNC c bn l ging nhau - Khc nhau: + Cc dch chuyn ca my CNC c xc nh trong mt h to c lin quan cht ch tt nht vi my & cc trc ca my + My tnh iu khin mi hot ng ca my (iu phi cc chuyn ng to hnh thay th cho cc xch ng cng) + Mi b phn c h thng o & phn hi cc trng thi v h iu khin 2/ Chc nng Chc nng nhp d liu + MCC thng: cng ngh ca chi tit gia cng ghi trn bn v cng ngh , g phi & dng c ct cng nh iu chnh v tr tng quan gia dao & phi c ngi vn hnh my c & ghi nh + MCC NC: Chng trnh NC mang thng tin v hnh hc & cng ngh ca chi tit gia cng c nhp vo b iu khin thng qua bng giy c l + MCC CNC: Chng trnh CNC c nhp vo b iu khin bng bn phm, bng iu khin ca my, a mm, USB lu trong b nh, trong a cng hay thng qua cc cng giao tip d liu Chc nng iu khin + MCC thng: Ngi vn hnh my ci t cc tham s cng ngh (n, s, t) tin hnh gia cng bng iu khin cc tay quay & tay gt + MCC NC: B iu khin NC x l thng tin v ng dch chuyn & chc nng my trong chng trnh NC, pht tn hiu iu khin n cc c cu chp hnh tng ng nhm hnh thnh chi tit gia cng

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+ MCC CNC: My tnh & phn mm tch hp lm nhim v iu khin kt hp s dng b nh lu tr d liu my, chu trnh gia cng c bit kt hp vi phn mm phn tch li nhm ti u ho qu trnh iu khin Chc nng kim tra + MCC thng: o, kim tra chi tit trong qu trnh gia cng bng tay. Nu cn thit th phi lp li qu trnh gia cng + MCC NC: Trong qu trnh gia cng c s phn hi thng xuyn ca h thng v b iu khin nhm t c cc kch thc gia cng lp trnh NC + MCC CNC: / Trong qu trnh gia cng lin tc c phn hi ca cc cm bin & ca h thng o, nhm t kch thc ca chi tit gia cng vi chnh xc cao & cht lng b mt tt nht / C kt hp phn tch b mn dao trong qu trnh gia cng cng nh kt hp cc d liu / C th x l hu trng khi th nghim & ti u ho cc chng trnh mi IV/ H thng gia cng linh hot FMS (Flexible Manufacturing System) 1/ My cng c: l cc my NC, CNC

Trung tm gia cng (MC)


3/ g

My tin CNC

2/ Cc thit b vn chuyn & tho lp chi tit: Bng ti, Rbt, xe ra - Cc g t ng. Lc kp c to ra bi thu lc hay kh nn - Hot ng ca g c iu khin bi h thng ca FMS
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4/ Dng c ct: Dng c ct chuyn dng do cc hng ch to hay c mi li ng yu cu k thut

5/ Thit b iu khin Gm: - My tnh - Cc h PLC

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TI LIU THAM KHO


1. C kh i cng NXB Khoa hc k thut, 2006 (Hong Tng - Nguyn Tin o - Nguyn Thc H) 2. Cng ngh vt liu - NXB Khoa hc k thut, 2006 (Nguyn Vn Thi - Nguyn Hu Dng - Phm Quang Lc ) 3. C s k thut ct gt kim loi NXB Gio dc, 2006 (Nguyn Tin Lng Bi S Tu Bi Qu Lc) 4. Cng ngh ch to phi - NXB Khoa hc k thut, 2006

(Nguyn Tin o) 5. iu khin s v cng ngh trn my iu khin s CNC (Nguyn c Lc Tng Huy NXB Khoa hc k thut, 1996)

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MC LC
Trang Chng 1 1 I II III IV 2 I II III 3 I II III 4 I II III 5 I II III 6 I II III 7 I II Nhng khi nim c bn .............................................................. 1 Mt s nh ngha v khi nim ......................................................... 1 Khi nim v sn phm, phi ................................................................ 1 Qu trnh thit k ................................................................................... 1 Qu trnh sn xut ................................................................................. 2 Qu trnh cng ngh (qui trnh cng ngh - QTCN) ............................. 2 Cc thnh phn ca mt qui trnh cng ngh .................................. 3 Nguyn cng ......................................................................................... 3 Bc ...................................................................................................... 4 ng tc ................................................................................................ 4 Cc dng sn xut ............................................................................... 4 Sn xut n chic ................................................................................ 4 Sn xut hng lot ................................................................................. 4 Sn xut hng khi ................................................................................ 5 chnh xc gia cng v cht lng sn phm ............................... 5 Cht lng b mt gia cng .................................................................. 5 chnh xc gia cng ........................................................................... 8 Cc ni dung cn tm hiu v t nghin cu ....................................... 12 Vt liu c bn dng trong ch to my .................................. 12 Gang, thp v thp hp kim ............................................................. 12 Gang .................................................................................................... 12 Thp ..................................................................................................... 15 Thp hp kim ...................................................................................... 17 Kim loi mu, hp kim ca KL mu v vt liu phi kim .............. 20 Khi nim kim loi mu & hp kim ca kim loi mu ....................... 20 Cc kim loi mu & hp kim ca kim loi mu thng gp .............. 20 Vt liu phi kim loi ............................................................................ 23 X l nhit kim loi ........................................................................... 24 Nhit luyn thp .................................................................................. 24 Ho nhit luyn kim loi ..................................................................... 31
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Chng 2

Chng 3 8 I II III IV 9 I II III 10 I II III 11 I II III IV 12 I II 13 I II III IV V 14 I II

Cc phng php ch to phi...................................................... 34

Cng ngh ch to phi c.............................................................. 34 nh ngha, c im v phn loi ...................................................... 34 c trong khun ct ............................................................................ 35 S kt tinh ca kim loi, t chc KL vt c...................................... 38 Yu t nh hng n cht lng vt c .......................................... 39 Gia cng kim loi bng p lc (GCAL) .......................................... 40 Khi nim chung ................................................................................. 40 Nguyn l bin dng kim loi ............................................................. 41 Cc phng php gia cng kim loi bng p lc ................................ 42 Gia cng kim loi bng hn v ct................................................... 48 nh ngha, c im, phn loi.......................................................... 48 Cc cng ngh hn .............................................................................. 49 Ct kim loi ......................................................................................... 55 Cc cng ngh, thit b gia cng ct gt kim loi ..................... 56 Nguyn l ct gt kim loi ................................................................ 56 Khi nim c bn v qu trnh ct gt. ............................................... 56 Hnh dng hnh hc & thng s c bn ca dng c ct..................... 58 Cc hin tng vt l trong qu trnh ct gt kim loi ....................... 59 Vt liu ch to dng c ct ................................................................ 61 Cc c cu chuyn ng v iu khin ........................................... 64 Khi nim chung v chuyn ng v iu khin ................................ 64 Cc c cu truyn ng ....................................................................... 64 Cc cng ngh v thit b gia cng ct gt kim loi c bn ........... 69 Tin...................................................................................................... 69 Phay ..................................................................................................... 71 Khoan khot - doa ............................................................................ 73 Bo - xc ............................................................................................. 75 Mi....................................................................................................... 77 Cc phng php gia cng kim loi c bit.................................. 78 Gia cng kim loi bng tia la in .................................................... 78 Gia cng kim loi bng Laze............................................................... 79
89

Chng 4

III Gia cng kim loi bng tia nc p sut cao ...................................... 80 15 Trung tm gia cng CNC, dy truyn sn xut t ng, linh hot. 81 I II III IV S pht trin ca con ngi & k thut sn xut ................................ 81 Trung tm gia cng CNC .................................................................... 82 So snh my cng c (MCC) thng v MCC iu khin s............. 84 H thng gia cng linh hot FMS ....................................................... 85

90

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