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Cc cu hi n tp:
Cu 1: i vi mi trng hp sau, trng hp no l ngoi tc (tc ng
khng mong mun - externality) v ngoi tc l ngoi tc tch cc hay tiu cc?
Gii thch ti sao?
a. Mt nhm sinh vin i hc trong k tc x cng dng chung mt bp nu
n tp th. Mt s sinh vin khng bao gi dn dp rc sau khi h nu n.
b. Mt kh cu dng qung co khin ngi li xe mt tp trung nhn
ng v m vo mt trm in thoi.
c.

Vic trng hoa trong vn trc ca nh bn khin c khu ph p hn.

d. Chnh ph tng thu thu nhp c nhn lm thu nhp sau thu ca ngi dn
np thu gim. Ngi np thu than phin v mc thu sut qu cao
e.

Trn dng sng Hn, cc ca n chy tc cao lm cho nhng ngi i


bi li v cho thuyn kh chu.

f.

Ti vng ngoi thnh ph Nng, nhiu ngi nng dn t cnh ng


ca h dn gc r chun b cho ma v trng trt mi. Dn c sng
trong thnh ph than phin v nhim.

g.

Nhng ngi s dng Internet nhn chung l chu chi ph pht sinh bng
khng gi v ti thng tin (ph s dng internet). Kt qu l xy ra s
tc nghn v ngi s dng rt bc bi do s chm tr ca mng Internet.

h. Mt chnh sch hn ch nhp khu coffee vo Brazil khin gi coffee


nc ny tng ln. iu ny n lt n li khin gi tr cng tng ln.
Cu 2:
Ti tnh A, mt dng sng ang b nhim v cht thi ca cc nh my hai bn
b sng. Nhm gii quyt vn ny, chnh quyn tnh yu cu cc nh my
ni trn gim 25% lng cht thi xung dng sng trc nm 2010. Nu yu
cu ny c thc hin, tnh s gim mt loi thu c bit n mc thp nht.
Loi thu ny hin ang c thu b p cho kinh ph gim nhim dng sng

Theo bn, chng trnh trn y c phi l mt gii php hiu qu gim mc
nhim dng sng hay khng? V sao?
Cu3:
Mt hng ha c sn xut vi:
-

Chi ph cn bin l MC(q) = q + 4. Trong q l s lng sn phm hng ha


c sn xut ra.

Li ch cn bin l MB(q) = 20 q

Chnh ph nh thu 2$ trn mi n v sn phm hng ha.


1. Tnh s lng v gi c hng ha trn trc v sau khi chnh ph nh thu.
2. Tnh tn tht x hi v s thu m nh nc thu v sau khi nh thu.
Ch : p dng trong 2 trng hp chnh ph nh thu vo (a) ngi tiu
dng v (b)vo ngi sn xut
Gii:
Th1: nh thu ln ngi sn xut
1. MC=MB => q+4=20-q => q*=8 => P*=MC(q-8) = 8+4 = 12 ($)

Khi chnh ph nh thu:


MC=MC+2=q+4+2=q+6 => MC=MB
<=> q+6 = 20-q => 2q= 14 => q= 7; => p= MC(q=7)= 7+6=13 ($)
MC

T= 2

I
$12

K
H

2. MC (q=7) = q+4= 4+7=11 ($).

Tn tht x hi= S(IKH)= *(8-7)*(13$-11$)=


1$
7
8
Sn
lng

S (MC)

Tng thu = thu sut * s lng = 2 * 7 = 14.


TH2: nh thu ln ngi tiu dng
1. MC=MB q+4=20-q q*=8 => P* = 8+4 = 12 ($)

MB=MB-2= 20-q-2=18-q => MB=MC 18-q=4+q


2q=14 => q=7 => P = MB (7) = 20-7=13$
2. MB(q=7) = 18-7=11$ => S(BAD) = (8-7)*(13$-11$)=1$

T= 2*7=14$
Cau 3:
Mt hng ha c sn xut vi:
-

Chi ph cn bin l MC(q) = q + 2. Trong q l s lng sn phm hng ha


c sn xut ra.

Li ch cn bin l MB(q) = 14 q

Chnh ph nh thu 1$ trn mi n v sn phm hng ha.


3. Tnh s lng v gi c hng ha trn trc v sau khi chnh ph nh thu.
4. Tnh tn tht x hi v s thu m nh nc thu v sau khi nh thu.
Ch : p dng trong 2 trng hp chnh ph tr cp vo (a) ngi tiu dng
v (b)vo ngi sn xut
Gii:
Th1: nh thu ln ngi sn xut
3. MC=MB # q+2=14-q # q*=6 => P* = 6+2 = 8 ($)
MC=MC+1=q+2+1=q+3 => MC=MB
MC
q+3 = 14-q => 2q= 11 => q= 5,5;J p= 5,5+3=8,5
($)
P

MD= 2

I
$12

K
H

7
Sn
lng

S
(MPC)

4. MC (q=5.5) = q+2= 7,5. S(BAD)= *(6-5,5)*(8.5$-7,5.$)= 0.25$

Tng thu = thu sut * s lng = 1* 5,5 = 5,5$.


TH2: nh thu ln ngi tiu dng
3. MC=MB # q+2=14-q # q*=6 => P* = 8 ($)

MB=MB-1= 14-q-1=13-q => MB=MC 13-q=2+q


2q=11 => q=5,5 => P = MB(5,5) = 14-5,5=8.5$
4. MB(q=5,5)=MC(5,5)= 13-5,5=7.5$ => S(BAD) = (6-5,5)*(8.5$-

7.5$)=0.25$
T= 1*5.5=5.5$
Cu 4:
Vic sn xut hng ha X gy ra nhim. Gi s thit hi mi trng trn mi n
v hng ha X MD = 30 $. Khi khng c chnh sch, 100 n v X c sn xut
v gi ca mt n v X l 120 $, nhng sn lng x hi ti u ca hng ha X
da vo mc thit hi ca mi trng l 60 n v. V th v tnh:
MSC ca chnh ph.
1. Tnh tn tht x hi khi cha c s can thip

2. Nh ncPcn phi p dng bin php MD=30


g $s lng
hng ha c sn xut
S
I

(MPC)

t hiu qu x hi; S tin thu v hoc chi ra ca Nh nc sau khi p dng


$12
0

cc bin php trn.

K
H

60
Sn
lng

100

Gii
1.

Tn tht x hi = S(IJK)= * 30* (100-60) = 600$

2.

Thu thu v = 60 * 30 = 1800; Tr cp ko sn xut = 30*40= 1200 ($)

Cu5:
ng li ch cn bin ca mt hng ha c xc nh bi biu thc 12-X, trong
X l s lng hng ha c tiu dng. Chi ph cn bin sn xut hng ha
l c nh v bng $7. Mi khi mt n v hng ha ny c sn xut s ng
thi c lng kh c c thi ra, khin x hi b tn hi $3. V th v tnh:
1. Gi bn, s lng hng ha s c sn xut nu khng c s can thip ca

nh nc; v tn tht x hi
2. Nh nc cn phi p dng bin php g s lng hng ha c sn xut
t hiu qu x hi; Tnh gi bn v s lng sau i c s can thip ca Nh
nc
3. S tin thu v hoc chi ra ca Nh nc sau khi p dng cc bin php trn.

Gii:
1.

MB = MC 12-X=7 => X = 5; P= 7
MSC=MC+MD=7+3=10
MSC=MB 10=12-X => X* = 2; P*=10

S(BAD)=1/2(5-2)(10-7)=4.5$
2. T=MD=3; X*=2; P*=10
3. S TIN THU = 3*2=6$

MSC
10
MC

MB
2

Cu 6:
Mt hng ha c sn xut vi:
-

Chi ph cn bin l MC(q) = q + 4. Trong q l s lng sn phm hng ha


c sn xut ra.

Li ch cn bin l MB(q) = 20 q

Mc thit hi cn bin l MD(q) = q / 2 .


Hy tnh v th hin trn th:
a)

S lng v gi c hng ha trn th trng khi cha c s can thip

ca chnh ph
Ta c: MB(q) = MC(q) <=> 20 q = q +4 => q = 8 sn phm
p = MC(q) = MB(q) = 12
b)

Chi ph x hi cn bin ti mc sn lng ny (sn lng trn th

trng t do): MSC = MC + MD = q + 4 + q / 2 = 1,5q + 4 = 1.5*8+4 = 16

c)

Tnh S lng hng ha ti x hi c li nht v tn tht x hi l

bao nhiu
Ta c: MSC = MB Q* +4 + Q*/2 = 20 - Q* => Q* = 32/5 = 6,4
BAD = MD*(Q-Q*)= (Q/2)X(8-6,4)=1/2*(8/2)*1,6=3.2$
d)

S lng hng ha cn c iu chnh (gim bt) t mc ti u,

mc thu cn p dng (Pigouvian tax) v tng s thu thu v.


8 6,4 = 1,6
Mc thu cn p dng bng vi mc tn hi cn bin T = MD= Q*/2=6,4/2=3,2
Tng s thu thu v: Tng thu T=TxQ*= 3.2x6,4=20,48 ($)
Hay:
Vi Q* = 6,4 ta c: s thu cn p dng l (MSC(Q*) MPC(Q*)) x Q* =
(13,6 10,4) x 6,4 = 20,48 ($)
MS
C
MD=q/
2

S
(MPC
)

$1
2
MD=q
/2

Sn
lng

Cu 7:
Gi s hai cng ty H v L hot ng trong ngnh cng nghip thi ra cht thi gy
nhim mi trng A. Tng khi lng cht thi ca mi cng ty l 120 tn. Khi
cng ty H ct gim cht thi t 120 tn v 0 tn, chi ph ct gim cht thi cn bin
(MAC) ca cng ty ny tng ln t $0 n $480; khi cng ty L ct gim cht thi

t 120 tn v 0 tn, chi ph ct gim cht thi cn bin ca cng ty ny tng ln t


$0 n $120. Thit hi mi trng cn bin (MD) gy ra bi cht thi A l $96.
khc phc ngoi tc tiu cc ny, chnh ph i nh trn mi tn cht thi mt
mc thu l T. Hy tnh v th hin trn th:
1. Mc thu T v khi lng cht thi mi cng ty thi ra sau khi chnh
ph nh thu T.
2. Chi ph m mi cng ty phi tr di tc ng ca mc thu T (gm chi

ph ct gim v chi ph np thu).

480$

120
$
96$

MD

24

Yl=AXl+B; Y= 0 X=120 A=-1


X=0; Y=120 => B=120
Y1= 120-X1
!!X=0; Y=480 =>B=480
Yh=0;Xh=120=> A=-4
Yh=480-4Xh

96

12
0

Cty H: 480-4x=96=> 4x= 480-96 x= 96


Cfi: (96+120)*96/2= 10368($)
Cty L : 120-x=96 => x=24
Cfi: (24+120)*96/2= 6912 ($)
Cu 8a:
C 2 gia nh trn mt hn o l gia nh An v Bnh. chng li bn cp
bin, An v Bnh quyt nh xy dng mt bc tng bao quanh o. Li ch cn
bin ca bc tng trn i vi An l 12 - Z, v vi Bnh l 8 - 2Z. Trong , Z l
dy ca tng. Bit rng, chi ph cn bin ca mi mt dy tng l $10.
a)

V ng li ch cn bin ca An, ca Bnh v ng tng li ch cn bin


ca hai ngi .

b) V ng chi ph cn bin
c)

Nu hai gia nh An v Bnh khng hp tc vi nhau, th bc tng c c


xy khng? V sao?

d)

dy ca tng l bao nhiu l c hiu qu nht? V chi ph phn b cho


mi ngi l bao nhiu?
MBAn = 12-z= 10 => z=2 xy!

TngMBA&B=12-z+8-2z=20-3z
MBA&B=MC 20-3z=10 =>z=10/3
MB(An) = 12-z=> chi ph cho mi n v = 12-10/3=26/3 => Tng chi ph =
10/3* 26/3
MB(Bnh)=8-2z=> chi ph cho mi n v = 8-2(10/3)=(24-20)/3=4/3 => Tng chi
ph = 4/3*10/3
Cau 8b:

10

C 2 gia nh trn mt hn o l gia nh John v Peter. chng li bn cp


bin, John v Peter quyt nh xy dng mt bc tng bao quanh o. Li ch cn
bin ca bc tng trn i vi John l 12 - Z, v vi Peter l 8 - 2Z. Trong , Z
l dy ca tng. Bit rng, chi ph cn bin ca mi mt dy tng l MC=
14+z.
a)

V ng li ch cn bin ca John, ca Peter v ng tng li ch cn bin


ca hai ngi .

b) V ng chi ph cn bin
c)

Nu hai gia nh John v Peter khng hp tc vi nhau, th bc tng c


c xy khng? V sao?

d)

dy ca tng l bao nhiu l c hiu qu nht? V chi ph phn b cho


mi ngi l bao nhiu?

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