XEM LAI MOT VAN E NG AM TIENG VIET:

oan Xuan Kien

Trong khi noi nang, ngi Viet phat ra tng tieng ri nhau. Moi tieng la mot n v nho nhat cua li noi. ay la mot ac iem cua tieng Viet. Tuy vay, tieng khong phai la mot khoi am thanh duy nhat, ma moi tieng lai la mot cau truc lap thanh t nhng yeu to sau: am au + am chnh + am cuoi + thanh ieu. Ve mat ng am, ay chnh la cau truc cua mot am tiet tieng Viet. Moi thanh phan cua am tiet se do mot am v am nhan: thanh phan am au: do mot phu am au am nhan; thanh phan am chnh lam nen phan hat nhan cua am tiet, do mot nguyen am am nhan; thanh phan am cuoi do mot phu am cuoi am nhan; thanh phan thanh ieu: do mot thanh am nhan. Moi am tiet tieng Viet khong the thieu hai thanh phan can ban, la am chnh va thanh ieu. Cho en nay nhng giai thuyet khac nhau ve nguyen am xem ra con nhieu iem can ban bac them. Ngay t ten goi cung khac nhau: co tac gia goi nguyen am la nhng mau am (Le, 1968), ngi khac goi la am chnh (Nguyen 1959, oan 1977). i en nh so lng nguyen am la bao nhieu, va nhat la tnh cach am v hoc cua chung th dng nh con nhieu ieu cha giai ap thoa ang. Bai viet nay th xem xet lai mot vai van e ve nguyen am tieng Viet. Tieng Viet co bao nhieu nguyen am ? Quan niem thong thng trc nay khi au vi cac nha day ch quoc ng, cho rang nguyen am tieng Viet gom co a, a, a, e, e, i, o, o, , u, , y (JMJ 1878). Trng Vnh Ky (1883) con them vao cac to hp ai, ay, au, ao nhng lai bo y i. Loi mo ta nh tren ch xet en khia canh ch viet nen cha nhn ro ban chat cua cac n v ng am: s phan biet i va y la hai am v cho thay ro iem nay. T nhng cong trnh ng am cua Le Van Ly ve sau nay, viec mo ta he thong nguyen am a tien nhng bc dai. Trong tnh hnh th tch hien nay co the quy ve nam nhom quan iem mo ta cac nguyen am tieng Viet nh sau: (1) Le Van Ly (1948:44, 1968:15) lap thanh bang cac am v nguyen am nh sau: o m 1 2 trc gia i ie sau u uo
1

3 4

e e

(a) a (a)

o o

(2) Nguyen Bat Tu (1959:30) th sap xep he thong nguyen am nh sau:

trc

iem phat
gia

o khuech

rong trung hep keo dai

e a o e o i u ie(ia) (a) uo(ua)

sau

Nhng ong con cho rang moi nguyen am trong so 9 nguyen am n lai co the ngan cua chung. (3) Laurence Thompson (1965:20) a ra mot bang nguyen am nh sau: trc sau khong tron moi j g i e e a a sau tron moi w u o o a h

tren

ban nguyen am cao cao va thap va hi thap thap ban nguyen am

di

(4) Hoang & Hoang (1975: 81) th lai xep thanh he thong nh sau: hep trung bnh rong co nh a n oi trc i ie e e gia a sau u uo o o

(5) oan Thien Thuat (1977: 207) mo ta he thong nguyen am nh sau: nho va ln i e e bong u o o bong trung tram hoa khong co nh ie uo

trung tram hoa

Lt qua cac bang mo ta tren ay, co the nhat ra ngay mot vai iem ang chu y: 1. Trc het, tr bang mo ta cua Thompson, cac quan iem khac eu co chung mot iem la a ba nguyen am oi vao trong he thong va xem chung nh la nhng nguyen am co gia tr am v hoc ngang vi cac nguyen am khac.

Le Van Ly la ngi tien phong a ra bang phan bo nguyen am theo v tr cau am cua li. Ong cung la ngi au tien nhan ra tnh cach ac biet cua ba n v ie, va uo so vi cac to hp viet vi hai k hieu nguyen am thng thay ma ong goi la nh trung am (diphthong). iem phan biet nay c nhac i nhac lai trong cac sach ng am ve sau nh mot kinh ien. Thompson th lai cho rang ba to hp ie, va uo la ba to hp nguyen am ac biet v chung co tnh cach phat am khac vi nhng to hp thng xem la loai "diphthong" nh la ao, au, au, uaOng cho rang ba to hp nguyen am ac biet nay yeu to th nhat co khi noi ro hn, khi khac th yeu to th nh noi ro hn, va co khi th lai khong nhan ro yeu to nao noi hn. Ong khong xep chung vao cung loai vi cac nguyen am n, nhng cung khong a ba to hp nay vao cac to hp ma ong goi la "diphthong". Ong a chung vao mot loai rieng, goi la "vowel cluster" (to hp nguyen am). Van e ang ban lai ay la: the nao la mot nguyen am kep ? Nguyen am kep cua tieng Viet co phai la "diphthong" ? Hay la "vowel cluster" ? 2. Co hai nguyen am c a vao he thong nguyen am trong sach cua Le Van Ly va Thompson nhng lai khong co trong cac he thong mo ta khac, o la nguyen am a va a. Nguyen Bat Tu (1949) la ngi au tien nhan ra tnh cach cua hai am nay: ong da vao thuyet o cham e a ra nhan xet rang nguyen am co the "thng" hay "ngan" la do o cham cua phu am cuoi i sau no. Do vay ong cho rang hai nguyen am nay ch la nhng the ngan cua hai nguyen am a va ch khong phai la nhng n v oc lap. T o ve sau cac tac gia ban ve ng am tieng Viet van nhac lai luan iem nay cua ong, va cho rang a va a ch la hai nguyen am ngan cua a va . Van e at ra la: tieng Viet co bao nhieu nguyen am ngan nh the ? Trong mot ket hp y het nh the, hai tieng cong kenh /kongk kengk/ va long lanh /longk lengk/ cung co hai nguyen am ngan la o va e, va o, e. Bang nguyen am a co a va a th cung nen co ca cac nguyen am ngan khac mi phai. 3. Thompson a ra mot bang phan bo nguyen am kha ram, trong o ong a vao nhng n v ma ngi ban ng de nhan ra la chung lac ra khoi he thong nguyen am. o la nhng am ma ong cho la cac ban nguyen am. Ong giai thch rang cac ban am [ j, g ] xuat hien sau nguyen am cung nh [ h ] xuat hien khi keo dai nguyen am. Nhng roi ong cung nhan rang ve mat am v hoc th nhng hien tng tren khong phai la nhng thuoc tnh chnh cua nguyen am, nen trong mot bang khac, ong chuyen cac ban nguyen am nay sang cac phu am ca. (1965: 21) Nhn chung th tat ca nhng he thong mo ta nguyen am tieng Viet tren ay eu tha nhan 12 nguyen am, trong o co 9 nguyen am n la i e e a o o u, va 3 nguyen am kep la ie, va uo. Tuy nhien ve chi tiet cac tac gia cha thong nhat vi nhau ve so lng cac nguyen am, va quan trong hn la mot so tnh cach am v hoc noi bat cua nguyen am tieng Viet.

Nguyen am n va nguyen am kep Mot trong so nhng khac biet tren ay xuat phat t quan niem khac nhau ve n v nguyen am. Cac tac gia eu tha nhan la cac to hp nh ie, va uo co nhng tnh cach tng ong
3

ve nhieu mat: (1) trc het, chung khong tach ri nhau ma ket hp thanh mot n v duy nhat, lam thanh phan chnh cua mot am tiet; (2) sau na, cac to hp nay eu co yeu to nguyen am sau khong phai la mot am cuoi, v cac to hp nay eu co the ket hp c vi mot am cuoi ii. Tuy vay, co mot iem khac biet noi bat gia 9 n v nguyen am n va ba to hp ie, va uo la: nguyen am n ch co mot v tr cau am va am phat ra khong thay oi tnh chat, trong khi ba to hp ie, va uo eu co am phat ra trt t nguyen am th nhat nguyen am th nh. Tnh cach nay vach han mot ng phan biet hai nhom nguyen am tieng Viet, mot ben la 9 nguyen am n va mot ben kia la nhom nhng nguyen am kep. Nguyen am kep iii thng c hieu la "hai nguyen am i lien nhau, phat am cung luc nh la mot nguyen am. Trong qua trnh phat am mot am tiet co mang mot nguyen am kep th tat yeu co hien tng chuyen oi tnh cach cua nguyen am do hien tng trt t mot nguyen am sang mot nguyen am khac" ( Dubois 1973; Crystal 1987). Hieu nh the th moi nguyen am kep co gia tr nh la mot am v nguyen am. Qua hien tng trt t mot v tr nguyen am nay sang mot v tr khac, mot phan t cua to hp nguyen am kep luon luon v tr manh hn phan t kia. Neu yeu to ng trc manh hn, nh to hp / aj / trong tieng Anh pie, th ngi ta goi la nguyen am kep giam dan. Tuy vay, cung co nhng ngon ng lai co nguyen am kep tang dan, nh to hp / ai / trong tieng Portuguese pais"x s", trong o yeu to / i / manh hn. Can c tren nh nghia nay th nhng to hp ma Le Van Ly va Thompson xem la "diphthong" hay "nh trung am" c chng khong phai, v nhng to hp nh ao, ay khong phai la nhng to hp nguyen am kep. Chnh nhng to hp ma ong Ly xem la nhng n v mot am v nh ie, uo, hay nhng to hp Thompson goi la cac to hp nguyen am "vowel cluster" ve ban chat chnh la cac nguyen am kep, la "diphthong". a the th a khai niem "vowel cluster" vao e phan nhom cac nguyen am kep la tha. Trc ay, cac nha ng am a bien luan rat nhieu ve kha nang ket hp cua cac nguyen am kep ie, , uo e tha nhan chung la nhng nguyen am kep mot am v (Le 1948; Nguyen 1949; oan 1977). Tuyet nhien khong co tac gia nao quan tam en s tng ong gia ba nguyen am kep ie, , uo va sau nguyen am trt tang dan khac t nguyen am / u /. Nhng tnh cach am v hoc cua ba nguyen am kep tren cung tm thay sau nguyen am keptrt-tron moi khac la uy, uye, ue, oe, u/ua, oa. ieu can xem xet ay la tnh cach cua am tron moi m au cac to hp nguyen am tieng Viet. Khi loai bo sau nguyen am kep khac trt t am tron moi / u / ra khoi he thong nguyen am tieng Viet, cac tac gia i trc a mn en khai niem am em va ban am / u-/ va / i- / e giai thch ket hp nay. Chung toi thiet ngh ac iem phat am cac am v tieng Viet khong co hien tng cac am v em, m nhat, goi la ban am. Chnh cac tac gia nh oan Thien Thuat cung phai nhan rang yeu to /i-/ // va /u/ trong cac to hp van c nhan la nguyen am kep eu khong phai la am em. Vay th co g khac biet gia / u/ trong uo va / u/ trong ue ? C lieu thc nghiem khong cho thay khac biet nao gia cac to hp hai nguyen am ie, , uo va cac to hp khac ma cac nha ng am thng xem la mot ban am + nguyen am, chang han ua, oe, ue. (Pham, et al. 1998: 3-37). Tat ca nhng ng net cua cac nguyen am kep eu cho thay phan mang am tiet tnh eu co hai nh cao: mot nh cua nguyen am th nhat, va mot
4

nh cao hn tiep ngay sau o la cua nguyen am th nh. Khi en nh cao th am tiet bat au khep lai. o u uo u e ue

Hnh 1: oi chieu ng net phat am cua "uo", va "ue"

Anh hng cua cach nhn nhan hien tng tron moi nh trong ng am cac tieng An Au a khien viec mo ta nguyen am kep tieng Viet tr thanh phc tap, khi cac tac gia em khai niem ban am va am em vao cau truc am tiet tieng Viet. Va lai, tha nhan la co hai ban am /-i-/ va /-u-/, cach giai thch nay cung khong cat nghia c hien tng khong can oi gia cac nguyen am trt t ban am / -i-/ va ban am / -u-/. That ra, nhng phan tch tren ay cho thay nguyen am kep tieng Viet ch la nhng nguyen am trt vi nhau: ba nguyen am bac cao nhat la / i /, / /, / u / eu co khuynh hng trt sang cac nguyen am khac ma lam thanh nguyen am kep. Hien nay, tat ca cac tac gia ng am tieng Viet eu cong nhan la ba to hp ie, , uo la ba nguyen am kep, va cac yeu to au la nhng nguyen am thc thu ch khong phai la ban am. Yeu to / i / va / u / trong ie va uo khong phai la mot ban am th khong co l do g e bao cac yeu to o trong nhng to hp nguyen am kep trt tang dan khac la s trt t mot ban am sang mot nguyen am. Do vay ma ieu hp l hn ca la tha nhan rang nhng to hp nguyen am gom co / i / , / / , / u / ket hp vi mot nguyen am khac la nhng to hp hai nguyen am tieng Viet trt sang nhau. Noi cach khac, sau to hp nguyen am tron moi uy, uye, ue, oe, u/ua, oa cung la nhng to hp nguyen am trt. Trong he thong nguyen am kep tieng Viet, co mot nguyen am trt qua ba v tr cau am:/uie/. Mac du vay, ba nguyen am nay trt vi nhau van ch tao thanh mot nh am tiet la nguyen am / e /, do vay nguyen am ba nay van ch co gia tr la mot am v trong thanh phan am chnh cua am tiet. e lap luan phan bac ve tnh cach tng ong ve chc nang am v hoc cua yeu to / u / trong uo va trong cac to hp uy, uye, ue, oe, u/ua, oa co tac gia a a ra hien tng noi lai, hien tng lay t va hien tng iec-hoa (Xem, chang han, oan 1977: 203-204; Cao 1985:194). Ca ba phep tao t nay eu dung bien phap thay the cac am v trong mot am tiet. Kha nang phan xuat am v ca moi thanh phan cau tao am tiet trong phep lay t va phep noi lai cho thay am tiet ch la mot cau truc ch khong phai mot khoi n v am thanh bat kha phan. Mot iem kha quan trong lien quan en phep lay va phep noi lai, la: co the lay va noi lai ca bon thanh phan cua am tiet ch khong ch chiet xuat am au va van theo dang oi lap C|(VC) ma thoi nh cac tac gia tren van thng bien luan. Trc het, hay th xet phep lay t. Tieng Viet co phep lay ca bon thanh phan cua am tiet. Trong cac phep lay t co phep lap mot thanh phan cho thay ro tnh cach ket hp bnh ang cua cac thanh phan am tiet: -lay thanh ieu: bang qu (lay thanh 1) , lung thung (lay thanh 6) -lay am au: an -lay am chnh: let leo let
5

-lay am cuoi: chum

chum chm

en phep noi lai cung vay, mot ng oan hai am tiet co the lay bon loi bang cach chiet xuat mot thanh phan cua am tiet. Chang han, co the mn lai hai v du cua Cao (1985:194) e thao luan: i tron co the lai thanh: tri on (lai am au), o trn (lai am chnh), in tro (lai am cuoi), tron (lai thanh ieu); lnh tay co the lai thanh: tnh lay (lai am au), lenh ti (lai am chnh), l tenh (lai am cuoi), tay linh (lai thanh ieu). Tom lai, t than chung, hai phep lay t va noi lai cha u e bao rang van co vai tro nao troi hn trong cau truc am tiet. Co chang ch la da tren can c nay e nhan ra rang am tiet tieng Viet la mot cau truc gom bon thanh phan ma thoi. Co nhn nhan van e nh the mi khong lay lam ngac nhien ve hien tng lai con vt thanh vin cot ma cac tac gia thng trch dan, bi v o ch la mot trong bon cach hoan v bon thanh phan am tiet ma thoi. Kho co the dung hai kieu hoat ong ng am nay e bien giai mot hien tng nho hn la thanh phan mot am v cua mguyen am kep. Phep -iec hoa trong tieng Viet la hien tng ng am ang chu y. Trc het, la s kien lap nguyen van -iec e tao mot t mi th ch la mot phep lay ac biet khac. Van -iec co kha nang ghep thanh t kep rat rong, vt khoi le oi xng ve phat am vi cac thanh phan khac, nh am au, am chnh, thanh, va phu am cuoi, lai cang khong co tr ngai nao oi vi cac t am tiet m i kem trc no. Li the ve phat am va ket hp chnh la mot l do v sao van -iec tr thanh mot van ac biet trong phep tao t kep. That ra th tren bnh dien ng am-am v hoc thuan tuy, chung ta co hang loat n v di bac am tiet nh -iec, nhng khong v the ma phai vien dan nhng phan tch hnh v e nham neu ra tnh cach oc ao cua hien tng -iec hoa. Mot so th du di ay co the la nhng gi y cho nhng minh hoa khac ve kha nang ket hp va hoan chuyen am v trong cau truc am tiet: n v l- trong "lum xum", "l lac", "lang xang"..., k- trong "ca chn", "ca ng", "ca eo", ba trong "ba trn", "ba bua", ba lang nhang", "ba b"... trong nhng mo hnh lay t cac phng ng mien trong. Kha nang ket hp rong cua mot so to hp nh to hp -iec ch co the dan en ket luan khiem ton la co mot lan ranh gia thanh phan am au va phan con lai cua cau truc am tiet. Nhng nh the th cha u e xem the oi lap gia am au va phan con lai la co y nghia am v hoc cao hn gia thanh va ba am v khac, hoac the oi lap gia cac thanh phan khac vi nhau, nh a the hien trong hai phep lay t va phep noi lai trnh bay tren kia. Tom lai, xet tren bnh dien ng am-am v hoc, da tren ba phep noi lai, lay t va iec-hoa ch cho phep ket luan rang: am tiet tieng Viet la mot cau truc gom bon thanh phan, trong o hai thanh phan lam nen am tiet tnh la khong the thieu c, o la am chnh va thanh ieu. Ca bon thanh phan nay khi co mat trong am tiet th eu co vai tro va chc nang ngang nhau trong am tiet. Da vao ba hien tng tren th cha u thuyet phuc khi neu len tnh cach ac biet cua cac to hp nguyen kep ie, , uo ben canh cac to hp khac cung trt t nguyen am / u/. ang chu y chang la luan iem cho rang yeu to / u / trong uo khac han vi / u / trong cac to hp uy, uye, ue, oe, u/ua, oa la iem : / u / trong uo quy nh am sac chu yeu cua am tiet ch khong phai ch co tac dung tram hoa am sac cua am tiet khi mi m au, nh la trong am tiet qua / kua/ so vi ca / ka /. T o tac gia ket luan rang 'chnh v vay to hp uo van c phan bo sau cac am moi, chang han /buong/, /muong/ -giong nh nguyen am n lam
6

am chnh cua am tiet: / bu/, /phu/. Trong khi o cac to hp co / u / lam am em khong bao gi c phan bo sau cac am moi.' (oan 1977:204). Hien tng nay kha tng t nh hien tng iec-hoa nay, cho thay kha nang ket hp ac biet cua mot so v tr phat am. ay ch noi len s phan bo ket hp gia nguyen am va phu am au: phu am moi ket hp c vi ba nguyen am /i/, // va / u / hoac la cac to hp nguyen am trt o m hep va cung nhng v tr phat am. Do vay ma cac to hp ie, , uo la nhng to hp hoi u ieu kien hn cac to hp khac. Ta khong thay nhng ket hp am tiet vi cac v tr trt xa oi hoi mot co gang hn mc thng, chang han *boang /buang/ , * phue /fue/ , *voeo /vuew/. Kha nang ket hp vi am moi cua uo do vay khong phai la mot ac trng am v hoc u e vach mot lan ranh gia to hp uo va cac to hp uy, uye, ue, oe, u/ua, oa. Tom lai, tieng Viet co 9 nguyen am n, la i, e, e, , , a, o, o, u, va 9 nguyen am kep la ie/ia, /a, uye/uya, uy, ue, oe (ue), oa (ua), uo, uo. Mi tam nguyen am cua tieng Viet tren ay co the xep theo bang ch cac nguyen am vi cac dang ket hp trong phan hat nhan cua am tiet, trong o cac nguyen am kep se c lam noi ro tnh cach trt tang dan cua chung:
Bang 1: Am v nguyen am theo iem phat va o khuech

iem phat

Khong tron moi

Trc Hep Gia Sau

Tron moi
Trt t Trt t sau ra trc sau ra gia

i e e ie/ia

a /a

u o o

uy ue oe/ue u/ua oa/ua

o khuech

Va Rong
Trt t hep xuong va

uo/ua uye/uya

Bang tren ay cho ta nhan biet ay u cac net khu biet cua moi am v nguyen am. Chang han, nhn vao bang tren, ta co the biet rang / a / la nguyen am gia, rong, khong tron moi; nguyen am kep / uie / la nguyen am tron moi, trt t hep ra trung, va t sau ra trc. Nguyen am dai / ngan Quan he gia nguyen am va phu am cuoi co the la moi quan he chat hay long ma cho am sac khac nhau cho am tiet. Hai am tiet lum xum / lu:m xu:m/ iv(ket hp long), ma cung co the phat am thanh / lum xum / (ket hp chat). Ca hai ket hp eu la ket hp co y nghia trong tieng Viet, v no tao hai am sac khac nhau cua hai phng ng bac va nam. Co khi hai ket hp tao nen hai am tiet khac nghia han: tam va tam la hai am tiet khac han nhau ch t mot yeu to quan he ket hp - la mot yeu to phi tuyen tnh. Trong cach viet chnh ta hien nay, moi quan he chat gia nguyen am va phu am cuoi thng bieu hieu qua mot nguyen am ngan hay mot phu am cuoi chat. Nhng cung co trng hp chnh ta cha phan anh ung moi quan he long chat nay. Chang han am tiet / anh / ch khac am tiet / eng / tnh cach long chat cua quan he nhng a bieu hien qua mot nguyen am khac.

Trong so cac nguyen am n-dai, am / a/ va / / co the ngan / a / va / a / hoat ong tng oi rong hn ca so vi cac nguyen am khac. Tnh cach nay cua am / a / va / / la do v tr trung hoa cua hai nguyen am nay. Theo bang 2 di ay th kha nang ket hp cua / / cung khong ay u, ch co am / a / la ung v tr trung hoa nen hai the dai/ngan cua chung can oi thanh tng cap. Qua bang nay, ta thay ro s phan bo dt khoat cac ket cau cua nguyen am the dai va ngan, khong lan lon. S phan bo cua chung cung oi lap moi nguyen am. Do vay, ieu hp l la chung ta xem chung ch la nhng the dai/ngan cua cung mot nguyen am ma thoi. Co tac gia cho rang can phan biet the ngan cua nguyen am va nguyen am ngan, va cho rang nguyen am e ngan, o ngan, a va a trong cac am tieng anh, ong, ang, ac la nhng nguyen am n ngan oc lap (oan, 1977: 216 t.). That ra khong co l do nao xac ang e a bon nguyen am nay vao bang khung nguyen am tieng Viet ca, v can c tren kha nang phan bo ket hp cua chung th ngoai tr am a va a, cac am ngan khac khong co kha nang ket hp rong, ma ch tuy thuoc mot so am cuoi co gii han. Cung qua bang 2 nay, neu a tha nhan mot nguyen am ngan la mot am v oc lap th phai tha nhan tat ca cac nguyen am ngan khac la nhng am v hoan chnh. Mot giai phap nh the va cong kenh, lai va khong xac ang. Kha nang hoat ong cua cac nguyen am goi la 'nguyen am ngan' trong mot so cac sach ng am tieng Viet nh vay la rat gii han: chung khong t am nhan vai tro am chnh trong mot am tiet m v ma luon luon dang ket hp vi cac phu am cuoi hay phu am cuoi trong cac am tiet khep. Kha nang ket hp nh the la kha nang chung cho moi nguyen am n ngan, ch khong rieng g bon nguyen am ke tren. Do nhng tnh cach tren ma chung toi coi cac nguyen am ngan ch la nhng the ngan cua cac nguyen am ma thoi. Nguyen am n dai/ngan Nh a trnh bay tren, khi ket hp am tiet, nguyen am co the b rut ngan lai v tac ong cua phu am cuoi. Trong trng hp o ta co the ngan cua nguyen am. Noi cach khac, nguyen am ngan la nhng dang ket hp cua nguyen am n-dai, vi mot so phu am cuoi nhat nh ma thoi ch khong phai la nhng nguyen am oc lap. Chn nguyen am n eu la nhng nguyen am co o dai nh nhau. Cac nguyen am n nay co the b thu ngan trng o trong mot so ket hp vi phu am cuoi. Di ay la bang ke cac kha nang ket hp cua hai the ngan va dai cua tng nguyen am vi cac phu am cuoi :
Bang 2 : Cac ket hp cua nguyen am n vi phu am cuoi
Phu am cuoi: Nguyen am:

/-m/
im

/-p/
ip ep ep op op

/-n/
in en en on on

/-t/ /-ng-nh/ /-c-ch/ /-j/

it et et ot ot inh eng anh enh oong ong ich ec ach ech ooc oc oi oi

/-w/
iu eo eu 8

/i:/ /i / / e: / /e/ / e: / /e / / o: / /o/ / o: /

em em om om

/ o / / :/ // / u:/ /u/ / / / a / /a/ /a /

m um m am am am

p up p ap ap ap

n un n an an an

t ut t at at at

ong ng ung -ang ang ang

oc c uc -ac ac ac

i ui i ay ai ay

u -au ao au

Nguyen am kep dai/ngan Cac nguyen am kep cung co the ngan khi chung ket hp trong cac am tiet khep, vi phu am cuoi the ket hp chat. Di ay la bang ke cac ket hp cua nguyen am kep vi the dai va the ngan tng ng. Trong bang ch ghi lai nhng ket hp co y nghia, nghia la co t ang dung trong tieng Viet hien ai ma thoi :
Bang 3 : Cac ket hp cua nguyen am kep vi phu am cuoi
Phu am cuoi: Nguyen am: / ie: / / ie / / uye:/ / uye/ / uy:/ / uy /

/-m/
iem uom m oam

/-p/
iep uyp uop p oap

/-n/
ien uyen uyn oen uen uon n un uan oan oan

/-t/ /-ng-nh/ /-c -ch/ /-j/

iet uyet uyt uet uot t ut uat oat oat ieng uynh oanh uenh uong ng uang oang oang iec uych oach uech uoc c uac oac oac uoi i ui uay oai oay

/-w/
ieu uyu oeo ueu u oao uau

/ oe:/ / oe / / ue: / / ue / / uo: / / uo / /: / / / / u / / ua / / oa / / oa/

The ngan cua nguyen am kep phan bo khong ong eu: cac nguyen am kep ie, uye/uya, , uo khong co ket hp the ngan. The ngan cua nguyen am kep cung phan bo khong ay u: cac nguyen am va co the ngan va dai th cung khong cho thay mo hnh oi lap nh nguyen am n. Nguyen am kep rong /ua/ cung khong phan bo hoan toan vi moi phu am cuoi nh nguyen am n /u/ va / a /. The ngan cua /ua/ ket hp vi ay u cac phu am cuoi.
9

Tnh cach cua nguyen am kep Nguyen am kep: trt - tang dan Trc nay cac tac gia ban ve ng am tieng Viet eu ch chu y en hien tng trt giam dan - von la hien tng trt kha pho bien cua cac ngon ng An Au vi- nen a khong tranh khoi lung tung khi nhan dien nguyen am kep cua tieng Viet. Cac nguyen am tieng Viet co the ket hp vi nhau e cho nhng nguyen am kep trt tang dan. Dang trt tang dan la net ac trng cua loi ket hp nguyen am kep tieng Viet. Nguyen am trt tang dan la cac nguyen am kep lap thanh t mot trong hai trng hp nh sau: (a) hoac la mot nguyen am cung bac (hep, trung bnh, rong) nhng oi lap nhau iem phat am (trc, gia, sau) trt ve vi nhau theo chieu: sau gia trc ; (b) hoac la hai nguyen am khac bac va iem phat am cung trt ve vi nhau theo chieu cao thap, nghia la trt t v tr m hep sang rong hn. Di ay la phan mo ta cu the hng trt cua cac nguyen am kep tang dan: (1) Trt t sau ra trc: nguyen am sau o m hep nhat, trt ve nguyen am hang trc : / u / /i/, /u/ / e /, va / u / / e /. Trong chnh ta hien nay, cac am tron moi eu viet vi ca hai o v 'u' va 'o'. /u/ /i/ /ui/ : huy, tuy, quy, khuy
/u / /u/ /u/ / ie / / e / /e/ /uie/: khuya, nguyet, tuyen /ue/ : khuech, tuech /ue / : hoe, que, khoe

i ie e o

e a

Hnh 2 : Nguyen am kep trt tang dan t hang sau ra trc

(2) Trt t sau ra gia: nguyen am sau o m hep nhat, trt ve mot nguyen am hang gia: / u / / / , / a / , va / u / / a /, / a /. Trong chnh ta hien nay, cac am tron moi eu viet vi ca hai o v 'u' va 'o':
/u / // /u / :qu, ngun
10

/u/ /u/ / u/

/ a/ /a/ / a /

/ua/ : quan, khuan /ua/ : quan, khoan, hoa, qua, khoa /ua`/ :quan, khoan

i e a e a a o

Hnh 3 : Nguyen am kep trt tang dan t hang sau ve gia

(3)

Trt t bac cao xuong thap, nghia la t o khuech hep xuong rong hn:
hang trc hang gia hang sau

/i / / e / / ie /
V du:

/ / / / / / nm np gng lc

/u/ / o / / uo / tuon tuot buon muon

phien phien bien biet

Trong hnh di ay, hng trt that s c ke bang ng lien, va ng t la theo chnh ta hien nay: i u e o

e a

Hnh 4: Nguyen am kep trt tang dan t bac cao (o m hep) xuong thap (o m rong)

Khi oi chieu nguyen am kep tieng Viet vi loai am v tng ng trong ngon ng An-Au, co hai iem can chu y la:
11

(1) Hien tng nguyen am kep trt tang dan trong tieng Viet hoan toan tng ong ve tnh cach am v hoc vi cac nguyen am kep trt giam dan trong cac ngon ng An-Au: o la nhng nguyen am co hai yeu to trt lan nhau nhng van ch co gia tr nh mot am v. Trong tieng Anh, white / wajt/ co mot nguyen am kep trt giam dan, nhng ch co gia tr nh mot am v nguyen am. Co tac gia xem loai nguyen am nay trong tieng Anh ch la mot nguyen am thoi, nhng a b giam tnh cach trong qua trnh phat am. (Ladefoged, 1982:76). (2) Hng trt cua nguyen am kep trong hai loai hnh ngon ng cung trai ngc nhau: nguyen am kep tieng Viet trt i t hai v tr hep/cao; trong khi o nguyen am kep tieng Anh chang han, tat ca cac hng trt eu ngc lai: t mot nguyen am v tr thap, rong trt ve v tr hep, cao. So sanh hng trt nguyen am trong hnh 4 di ay va ba o hnh hng trt cua nguyen am kep tieng Viet tren kia, co the thay ro hng trt cua cac nguyen am kep trong hai ngon ng nay hoan toan trai ngc han nhau. Tr mot trng hp duy nhat: /ju/ trong you. Nhng chnh nguyen am kep nay cung b at thanh nghi van ve ban chat cua no: o la hai nguyen am, hay la mot ban am au (Gimson 1980:212) hoac mot phu am long /j-/ (Ladefoged 1982:78) ket hp vi mot nguyen am /u/ ? :

ei

iu ? ou

ai au

oi

Hnh 5: Cac hng trt cua nguyen am kep tieng Anh

Tom lai, nguyen am trt tang dan la mot ac trng am v hoc cua nguyen am kep tieng Viet. o la hai nguyen am trt sang ben nhau t mot trong hai v tr khac nhau: hoac la t v tr hep trt sang v tr rong hn bac thap hn, hoac la trt t v tr hang sau ve hang trc hoac gia. Hien tng nguyen am trt-giam dan trong tieng Viet ? Trong ket cau am tiet khep tieng Viet co phu am cuoi lam giam dan am lng cua nguyen am. Co hai trng hp nguyen am ket hp vi phu am cuoi / -j / va / -w / thng van c cac tac gia i trc xem nh la ban am. o la trng hp cac nguyen am ket hp vi u, o, i, y phia sau chung. Th du: sau, ao, nhai, thay Nhn van e nh the th co the bao rang co hien tng nguyen am trt giam dan trong tieng Viet. Nhng ban chat cua nhng loi ket cau nay khac han nhng trng hp nguyen am keptrt-tang-dan ban en phan tren. Nhng trng hp nay eu co mot ket cau giong nhau: am chnh + am cuoi. Trong ket cau am tiet cua bon t sau, ao, nhai, thay tren ay th au, ao, ai, ay khong phai la nhng nguyen am kep, v le mot nguyen am kep luon luon ch la mot n v am chnh cua am tiet, do vay no con co the ket hp them vi mot am cuoi. Ta biet rang tieng Viet co 8 am
12

v sau ay am nhan thanh phan am cuoi trong am tiet: m, p, n, t, ng (nh), c (ch), o (u), i (y). Bon to hp au, ao, ai, ay khong the ket hp them vi mot am cuoi nao trong so 8 am cuoi ke tren, v le chung a co am cuoi roi. Chang han, khong the co ket hp *au+n, *ao+n, *ai+n, *ay+n trong tieng Viet. Khi phat am th ket cau ang ban ay cho thay tc khac s khac biet cua chung: nhng to hp nay khong trt tang dan nh cac nguyen am kep. Ngc lai, chung "trt" giam dan theo ung quy cach khep am tiet khi co thanh phan am cuoi. Nhng am u, o, i, y trong trng hp nay chnh la nhng am cuoi e khep am tiet lai. So sanh hai t sau ay: thuy va thui. T tren co am chnh la nguyen am kep /uy/ trt tang dan t /u/ sang /i/; t th hai co nguyen am n /u/ la am chnh va am cuoi /i/ khep am tiet lai. Nhng to hp nguyen am + /-j / hay /-w/ nay co nhng tnh cach chung nh sau: trc het, cac ket cau co hnh thc ch viet la 'nguyen am trt giam dan' luon luon trt t mot nguyen am n hay kep (thuoc thanh phan am chnh cua am tiet) sang mot phu am cuoi (thuoc phan am cuoi cua am tiet); noi cach khac, ket cau trong to hp trt giam dan la mot ket cau cua hai am v, theo chieu: nguyen am phu am cuoi; nhng to hp ket cau co / -j / va / -w / nay khong the co kha nang ket hp vi mot phu am cuoi nao na ca, v l do gian d la chnh yeu to thng van xem la ban am cuoi chnh la phu am cuoi ong vai tro khep am tiet lai roi; trong to hp trt giam dan, am v nguyen am luon luon la nh cua am tiet. V nhng le tren, hien tng 'trt giam dan' khong c ke la nhng nguyen am kep, ma chnh la hai am v rieng re.vii ay la mot hien tng co tnh cach ngc han vi nguyen am trt giam dan trong cac ngon ng An-Au. Trong cac ngon ng nay, nguyen am trt giam dan la mot am v cua thanh phan am chnh, va do o chung co the ket hp c vi phu am cuoi. Hien tng 'trt giam dan' tieng Viet co mot net chung oi lap vi loai trt tang dan iem la hien tng trt giam dan bat au t nguyen am -la thanh phan chnh cua am tietqua phu am cuoi e ket thuc am tiet. Noi cach khac, hien tng trt giam dan chnh la hien tng giam am lng t nh am tiet trc khep am tiet lai. V the, khi the hien ra ch viet, nguyen am nay thng mang dau thanh cua am tiet: may, cay, nau, ngai, ri, nhieu, ngheu (nghen). Nguyen am kep co gia tr cua mot am v Nguyen am trt tang dan cua tieng Viet co ay u nhng net thoa ang cua mot am v nguyen am: o la nhng am v lam hat nhan cua am tiet nh cac nguyen am n khac; co the hoan chuyen nguyen am trt tang dan nay vi mot nguyen am n dai trong mot am tiet ma khong lam thay oi tnh cach cua am tiet: trng -- trang, hoan -- hon, hp -hiep; co o dai ngang vi mot nguyen am n; ket hp c vi cac am cuoi nh cac nguyen am n; co the ng cuoi am tiet nh mot nguyen am n dai. Trc het, nh a trnh bay ve hien tng nguyen am kep trt tang dan tren kia, cac nguyen am kep tieng Viet eu la nhng nguyen am trt qua nhau ch khong co vai tro nao
13

cua phu am cuoi (hay am em). Cac nguyen am kep trt t hai hoac ba v tr khac nhau trong he thong nguyen am. Th en la trong ket hp am tiet, tat ca cac to hp noi tren eu co hn mot thanh to cau tao, nhng khong phai la hai n v nguyen am oc lap. Trong ket hp am tiet, cac thanh to nguyen am trong to hp ket hp vi nhau thanh mot nh am tiet ma thoi. So sanh cach phat am cac tieng sau ay:
i - en khuy - en khu - y c - i thu - e kho - e mu - on khu - a
(a)

ien khuyen khuy ci thue khoe muon khua

(b)

Khi phat am cot (a), ta nhan ra hai am tiet, moi am tiet co mot nh do mot nguyen am n tao thanh. Trong khi o, cot (b) khi phat am ch co mot am tiet, nh am tiet tao thanh do hai nguyen am trt qua nhau rat nhanh, nh am tiet nay at nh cao thanh to nguyen am th nh. Co the bieu dien ng net am tiet cua hai tieng i - en va ien nh sau:

i i

(a)

e en

(b)

ien

Hnh 6 : o bieu am tiet cac tieng i - en va ien

ieu nay co y nghia rang: to hp nguyen am kep ch tao nen mot am tiet, do vay trng o cua nguyen am kep nay xem nh co o dai tng ng mot nguyen am n the bnh thng. Noi cach khac, moi nguyen am kep ch co gia tr am v hoc nh mot am v ma thoi. Nguyen am kep van c xem la mot nguyen am n dai, nghia la van ch la mot mot am v trong am tiet. Nhng to hp nh / ai / va / au / trong tieng Anh la nhng nguyen am kep. Nhng nhng to hp nh / aj / va / aw / , hay la cac to hp am trt gia mot am van thng goi la phu am / j- / va / w- / vi mot nguyen am e lam thanh mot nguyen am kep tang dan (chang han / ja / hay la / wa /) th co c nhan la nguyen am kep khong ? Cac nha ng am tieng Anh hay con cha thong nhat y kien ve van e nay. oi vi ket hp /u/ va /i/ sau nguyen am, chung toi xem chung la hai phu am cuoi, da tren tnh cach phu am ro ret cua chung. oi vi nhng ket hp trc nguyen am khac, chung toi nhat loat xem hai am nay la nguyen am th nhat trong to hp nguyen am kep. Chung toi can c vao s phan bo thong nhat cua cac ket hp / u / + nguyen am trong tieng Viet la mot hien tng nam trong quy luat hoat ong pho bien cua nguyen am trong moi ngon ng: hien tng
14

to hp nguyen am ( kep) trt-tang dan, va cho rang net khu biet cua nhng ket hp nay kha thong nhat trong phan am chnh cua am tiet. Cac to hp nguyen am tang dan co cung tnh cach va gia tr am v hoc nh nhau cua mot nguyen am kep, t mo hnh ket hp en trng o phat am. e thay them tnh cach n nhat cua to hp cac am tron moi (nghia la co am /u/) i kem vi mot nguyen am khac, chung ta hay xem xet mot so t lay tieng Viet, trong o co hien tng am chnh la mot nguyen am n lay vi mot nguyen am kep tron moi cung bac hay cung hang vi no: bang khuang, sung sng, ngng ngung, lung lieng... Cac t lay nay eu co mo hnh cau truc nh sau:
am au + { am chnh } + am cuoi + thanh
{nguyen am n / nguyen am kep}

Hnh 7: am chnh trong cau truc am tiet tieng Viet

Trong tat ca cac th du ve loai t lay dan tren, nhng am tiet co tron moi eu co mot ket cau am tiet vi thanh phan am chnh nh / ie /, / /, / u / : ch co mot ng ranh dt khoat gia am au va am chnh: kh-ua-ng, s--ng, ng--ng, l-ie-ng. Nghia la hien tng tron moi cua am / u / la hien tng thuoc ve am chnh, v o la mot yeu to cua cac nguyen am trong phan am chnh. Cho nen a tat ca nhng to hp hai nguyen am vao nhom cac to hp nguyen am kep la mot viec hp le. Mot ket luan khac rut ra t nhng thao luan tren ay, la: du la nguyen am n hay nguyen am kep, nguyen am ngan hay dai, cac am v nay ch la mot am v duy nhat am nhan thanh phan am chnh trong cau truc am tiet. Ket luan th ba la: v khong co loai am v goi la ban am trong tieng Viet nen cung khong co thanh phan goi la am em trong cau truc am tiet tieng Viet. S o cau truc am tiet tieng Viet do vay ma ch co bon thanh phan, khong co n v goi la am em oc lap, hoac xem la tien am chnh -hieu nh mot tnh cach cua am au. Nguyen am kep co yeu to nao manh hn ? Khi tm hieu ng am tieng Viet, cac tac gia phng tay va sau nay cac tac gia ngi Viet eu lay khai niem diphthong cua cac ngon ng phng tay e ch cac to hp nh ie, , uo va eu cho la trong cac to hp hai nguyen am kia, yeu to nguyen am ke ngay trc la yeu to "manh" hn. Nguyen Bat Tu (1949: 35-36) cho rang khi hai nguyen am i vi nhau th the nao cung co mot am yeu, va ong cho rang trong ba to hp ie, , uo th cac am e, , o co phan yeu hn cac am i, , u. Ong cung khang nh ieu nay mot lan na khi cho rang thanh nhiem manh hn cac yeu to nguyen am au i, , u. oan Thien Thuat (1977: 204) cung cho rang thanh to nguyen am th nhat trong cac nguyen am oi la thanh phan nguyen am manh hn, va do o am sac chu yeu cua moi nguyen am oi la do yeu to th nhat quy nh. Nhng cung co tac gia khac lai nhan thay yeu to au trong cac to hp kieu tren co khac nhau ve tnh cach, va phai tach ra lam hai nhom khac nhau. Le Van Ly a lam the, va ong cho rang ch co cac to hp kieu ai, ay, ao, eu, eo la cac nh trung am, con ngoai ra ba to hp ie, , uo la nhng to hp co gia tr nh nguyen am n. Phan biet hai loai to hp nay la mot thanh tu co y nghia, mac du vay tac gia Le parler vietnamien cha thoat ra khoi anh hng
15

tay phng khi ch nh nhng to hp kieu ai, ay, ao, eu, eo la cac nh trung am (diphthong), e ch tha nhan cac to hp ie, , uo la nhng to hp ac biet v rat gan tnh cach vi cac nguyen am n. Ong ch quen mot ieu la chnh v nhng to hp nguyen am kep trong ngon ng phng tay rat gan tnh cach cua nguyen am n nen chung mi c goi la diphthong. i sau ong, Emeneau (1951) van to ra lung tung trong viec phan cach hai loai to hp tren ma Le Van Ly a rat tach bach. Trong so bay nhom nguyen am ma ong ghi nhan c t nhng c lieu phat am th co nam nhom la nhng to hp nguyen am, trong o mot nhom co cac am /ui/, /oi/, /au/ la nhng nhom am ma ong goi la "falling diphthong". Con lai ba nhom sau cung eu cho phep ket luan la nhng nhom am tang-dan, hoac tang-roi-giam: /u/, /ua/, /uy/, /uoi/,/i/, /uyu/,/oay/... Rieng nhom th ba gom ba am /uo/, //, /ie/ th ong khong cho biet chung co phai la "falling diphthong" hay khong. Emeneau quan sat c tnh cach tang-giam cua mot so to hp nguyen am, nhng ong khong dt khoat c v van lung tung trong quan niem "diphthong" la phai giam dan. Nhng khang nh cua ong Nguyen (1949 va 1959) eu khong c chng minh cu the nen khong biet ong da tren c s nao. Nhng thuyet minh cua ong oan ve am sac cua am tiet c quy nh do nguyen am au cua to hp nguyen am oi va ba ch cho thay rang chung eu la nhng nguyen am ung nghia ch khong phai la ban am, nhng cha the t o khang nh c la yeu to nguyen am th nhat trong cac to hp ie, , uo la nhng yeu to manh hn yeu to th nh. Va chang, khi a xac nh la cac nguyen am oi eu bat au bang mot yeu to thuoc bac thanh lng nho roi chuyen sang mot yeu to khac cung loai am sac bac thanh lng ln hn (oan 1977:221) th kho co the ket luan la yeu to th nhat manh hn yeu to nguyen am th nh. oan thuyet minh ve cach hiep van trong thi ca gia cac nguyen am i - ie - e, hoac - - , u - uo - o cung khong chng to c la 'moi nguyen am oi hiep van vi mot nguyen am n cung am sac vi yeu to au cua nguyen am oi ay' (oan, 1977:222-223). Nh se trnh bay trong muc "hoa phoi nguyen am", s gieo van thong cho phep cac nguyen am cung cung gan gui nhau ve iem phat am, chang han cung la nguyen am hang trc i - ie - e, hang gia - , va hang sau u - uo - o, co the gieo van vi nhau, goi la nhng "van thong". That ra, ca hai ieu thuyet minh cua ong oan eu to ra bat nhat, mau thuan vi thc nghiem ng am, theo o th yeu to th nh luon manh hn -nh Le Van Ly (1948: 44) a nhan xet. Trong so cac tac gia ban ve tnh cach loai to hp nguyen am nay co Thompson (1965:30) than trong hn khi ong cho rang cac to hp ie, va uo khac han tnh cach cac to hp khac ma ong tha nhan la "diphthong", v am sac cua chung khong ro rang, co khi th yeu to nguyen am au manh hn, co khi yeu to th nh noi ro hn, ma cung co trng hp kho nhan ra au la yeu to troi hn. Trong mot bang ke tat ca cac loi ket hp nguyen am, tac gia a lung tung khi xep loai cac to hp nguyen am kep: ong a vao hai loai "vowel cluster" va "diphthong" cac to hp nguyen am khong theo tieu chuan xac ang. Gan ay chung toi a kiem nghiem lai bang c lieu thc nghiem, va cung nhan thay la hai kieu ket hp ma Le Van Ly phan biet eu co net dien bien am ieu khac nhau (Pham, et al, 1998:3-37), chang han hai to hp oa va ao co ng net am ieu nh sau:

16

a o

a o

/ oa /

/ ao /

Hnh 8: Khac biet ve ng net am ieu cua hai am oan / oa / va / ao /

Da tren nhng c lieu thc nghiem o, chung toi ngh la co the xac nhan nhng nhan xet cua Le Van Ly la ung: trong cac to hp nguyen am kep, cac yeu to nguyen am i trc la nhng yeu to trt t o m hep ve cac v tr co o m rong hn, v vay cac yeu to v tr rong la nhng yeu to manh hn, quy nh am sac cua am tiet o. en ay co the quy ket mot so tnh cach chung ve kha nang ket hp cua 9 to hp nguyen am kep-trt tang dan cua tieng Viet la: (i ) (ii ) (iii ) (iv ) chung co kha nang ket hp vi tat ca cac phu am au, tng t nh cac nguyen am n; chung co kha nang ket hp vi tat ca cac phu am cuoi hoac phu am cuoi, tng t nh moi nguyen am n; chung co kha nang ket hp vi u sau thanh; trong ket hp am tiet, cac to hp nguyen am kep cung eu giong nhau ve tnh cach: chung eu co o m t hep en rong, va thanh to nguyen am th nh luon luon manh, va la yeu to nguyen am cam nhiem thanh manh hn. Tieng Viet co tat ca 9 nguyen am kep, eu la nhng nguyen am trt tang dan cng o t mot nguyen am hep / i / hay am tron moi / u / tren hang cao nhat e sang mot nguyen am th nh bac thap hn va co o m ln hn, do o co am lng manh hn. Chnh tnh cach trt tang dan nay se la tnh cach chung nhat cua 9 nguyen am kep cua tieng Viet, tao thanh mot he thong nhat quan. V yeu to nguyen am th nh manh hn nen chung cam nhiem thanh manh hn. V the, cac o v thanh c ghi tren cac o v ghi am v manh cua am tiet: tuy luy, kia, hue,que, hoe, que, khoe, ngoeo, qu, mua, quan, khoa, tha...

Hoa phoi nguyen am Mot net ac trng cua nguyen am tieng Viet la s hoa phoi ng am. ay la s hoa phoi vi nhau nham tao am hng can oi, hai hoa. Co nhieu cach hoa phoi nguyen am: (1) Hoa phoi trong noi bo mot am tiet : ay la phep hoa phoi cua cac nguyen am kep trong noi bo mot am tiet. Chung ket hp vi nhau theo phep trt tang dan. Nh vay, phep trt tang dan trong nguyen am kep chnh la mot trong nhng phng thc hoa phoi ng am cua nguyen am tieng Viet. Hien tng trt tang dan cua nguyen am kep chnh la mot loi the hien quy luat thuan thanh am cua phep hoa phoi ng am.
17

(2) Hoa phoi trong ket hp song tiet : Hoa phoi nguyen am con co the thc hien trong phep cau tao cac to hp hai am tiet thng goi la t lay. Phep lay t cua tieng Viet la mot loi hoa phoi ng am trong ket hp song tiet. Nguyen am trong hai am tiet cua t lay tieng Viet co the hoa phoi vi nhau theo hai cach: (a) lap: nguyen am cua am tiet th hai ch lap lai nguyen ven nguyen am cua am tiet th nhat: cam cam, ham ham, sam sap, cum cum, toe loe, uon uon... (b) lay: nguyen am hoa phoi vi nhau bang cach lay vi nhau theo luat hai am. Luat hai am nay the hien theo hai loi nh sau: nguyen am cua hai am tiet hoa phoi vi nhau t v tr khac hang nhng cung o khuech: hang trc hang gia hang sau i e o u

e a

Hnh 9 : Hoa phoi nguyen am cung o khuech

V du: hang trc

) a) hang gia o) a) hang trc e) u) e) nguyen am hoa phoi vi nhau t hai v tr cung hang nhng khac o khuech: nguyen am hep nguyen am trung nguyen am rong.
ve vang (e hang sau: vang vot (a gon gang (o hang sau: ho he (o vi vu (i ngo nghe (o

hang gia: h hng ( i

i e o

18

a
Hnh 10 : Hoa phoi nguyen am cung hang

V du: nguyen am hep nguyen am trung nguyen am hep

nguyen am rong: ph pha (i nguyen am rong: ht hai ( he ha (e nguyen am trung: t te (i

ngut ngan (u ron rang ( o

a)

e) lng l ( ) ung o (u o)

a) a) a) a)

(3) Phep gieo van trong thi ca: am van hoc co ien rat chu trong en viec gieo van th. Van cua thi ca la phoi hp cua ba thanh phan am tiet: am chnh, am cuoi va thanh. Ba bo phan nay ket hp nhau thanh 'khuon van' cua am tiet. ieu kien au tien cua gieo van la van th phai cung thanh. V du: cung van bang (khi co mot trong hai thanh bang: thanh ngang va thanh huyen): Vang trang ai ce lam oi Na in goi chiec na soi dam trng (oi va soi cung thanh bang) hoac la van trac (khi co hai trong so bon thanh trac van vi nhau): Sng au nui buoi chieu nh goi Nc long khe neo loi con sau (goi va loi cung thanh trac)

ieu kien th nh la hai "khuon van" phai cung am cuoi. ieu kien th ba la ve am chnh. Luat th oi hoi la khuon van phai co am chnh giong nhau e co van chnh, hoac la am chnh gan giong nhau nh trong cac van thong. Gieo c 'van chnh' la khi hai khuon van co cac nguyen am giong nhau ve o khuech, cung iem phat. Cau th di ay gieo ung 'van chnh': Sao tua may cai nam ke Thng em t thu me ve vi cha. ( cung nguyen am e van vi nhau) Gieo c 'van thong' la khi nao hai khuon van co cac nguyen am cung iem phat (cung la nguyen am hang trc, hay la cung hang gia, hang sau). Theo quy nh nay th hai tieng lo - so (van chnh) co the thong van vi co - to, minh - tinh (van chnh) co the thong van vi thanh - chenh, ac - trac (van chnh) co the thong van vi tac - bac. Cau th di ay la mot v du ve van thong: a a: Ch tai ch menh kheo la ghet nhau Trai qua mot cuoc be dau (Kieu) 'Van thong' cung con la khi hai khuon van co mot am tron moi van vi nguyen am khong tron moi cung hang va gan gui ve o m: oa a: Sao sa sa xuong vn hoa Thng em t thu ngi ra ngi vao i uie: Sao mai thng nh ngi i
19

Thng em ch co tri khuya nhn ve

(Ca dao)

Ngoai ra, theo Nguyen Bat Tu th van thong cung con la khi hai khuon van khong cung hang nhng co cung o khuech, nhng ong cung phai tha nhan rang loi thong van nay rat hiem (theo Nguyen 1959: 51): Nhng am hep: i u Nhng am trung: e o Nhng am rong: e a o ? (chung toi van cha tm thay dan chng nao) Nhan dan nghe thau s c Sam sanh ao canh quan ho ra i (Thach Sanh) em hong thuy thm tho mui xa Bong boi hoan lap lo trong trang (Cung Oan)

Tom lai, nguyen am tieng Viet co 9 nguyen am n va 9 nguyen am kep. Moi nguyen am nay lai co the phat ra dang bnh thng hay dang the ngan tuy theo quan he ket hp long hay chat vi cac phu am cuoi. Cac nguyen am kep tieng Viet co mot tnh cach chung la nhng nguyen am trt-tang-dan. Tnh cach noi bat nay a phan cach han nhng n v nguyen am goi la "diphthong" tieng Viet va cac ngon ng An Au -trong o cac "diphthong" gan nh la toan bo cac nguyen am trt giam dan ma thoi. Mot he thong nguyen am nh the cong kenh qua chang ? Chung toi khong ngh vay. Mot he thong nguyen am c ban gom 9 am v khong phai la cong kenh, ma co the noi la tinh gian:

trc i khep

gia

sau u K

cao

na khep

e o C

na m m

F
H A Hnh 11: Nguyen am tieng Viet thap

Nhng to hp nguyen am kep nh c phan tch trong bai nay ch nen xem la nhng phan bo bac hai, t nhng n v c ban tren ay. Nhan ra tnh cach ac trng nay co y nghia ln nhieu mat. Trc het la sang len tnh he thong cua nguyen am kep tieng Viet, va giai toa nhng ngo nhan ve tnh cach ac trng cua nguyen am kep v qua ne vao tieu ch ve nguyen am kep trong loai hnh ngon ng phng tay. Nhng phan tch ve nguyen am kep tren ay con gi lai viec xem xet cau truc am tiet
20

tieng Viet. Trc ay, cac tac gia ng am tieng Viet thng ban khoan ve cac am tron moi /w-/ gia phu am au va nguyen am. o la hien tng than am hoa (Le 1948) hay o la nhng am em nam gia hai thanh phan am au va am chnh cua mot am tiet (oan 1977). Khi nhan dien c la am tron / u / va am hep / i / la nhng bo phan cua mot to hp nguyen am kep, cai goi la thanh phan "am em" trong am tiet tieng Viet khong con na. Am tiet tieng Viet c trnh bay lai vi mot cau truc on nh, sang len tnh he thong cua no.

oan Xuan Kien

Trong bai nay chung toi dung t nguyen am e ch loai n v am thanh e cau tao am tiet, va t am chnh dung e ch th t thanh phan cau thanh am tiet o. ii Cac am cuoi cua tieng Viet van thng c viet di dang la m, p, n,t, ng/nh, c/ch, u/o va i/y. iii Chung toi dung thuat ng nguyen am kep (diphthong va tripthong) e ch cac to hp ket cau co hn mot nguyen am. Cac to hp nay co the c goi bang nhieu ten khac khac nhau. Le Van Ly (1968) goi la nh trung am (diphthong) va tam trung am (tripthong). Tuy vay, nh se thay di, noi dung khai niem nguyen am kep khac han tac gia nay. Nhng to hp nguyen am ma ong cho rang ch la mot am v chnh la nhng dipthong (nguyen am kep) ung nghia, con nhng to hp ma ong goi la nhng "nh trung am" (diphthong) hay "tam trung am" (tripthong) lai la nhng to hp khac han. Chung toi se chng minh muc "Hien tng nguyen am trt giam dan trong tieng Viet ?" di. iv chung toi tam dung k hieu [:] at canh nguyen am e ch the thng cua nguyen am, phan biet vi the ngan cua chung ma ung ra nen viet vi k hieu [ ` ] nh a dung cho ch a ngan [ a ]. v Am tiet m la am tiet khong co mot am cuoi. vi Co iem kha thu v la khong phai ngon ng An Au nao cung ch co nguyen am kep trt giam dan (falling glide diphthong). Mot so ngon ng nh tieng Portuguese, Nga cung co nhng nguyen am trt tang dan. vii He thong ng am mo ta ch co mot nguyen am ba, thuoc he thong nguyen am kep; o la nguyen am /uie/ (viet la uye/uya). Ngoai ra, cac ket hp kieu "tam trung am" (tripthong) nh c trnh bay trong sach cua Le Van Ly, chang han nh khuay, khuyu, ngoai... eu co am chnh la nguyen am trt tang dan ket hp vi mot phu am cuoi.
i

Tai lieu tham khao:

Cao Xuan Hao (1985) Phonologie et Linearite. Paris: S.E.L.A.F. Crystal, D. (1987) A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics. London:Basil Blackwell. Dubois, J et al., (1973) Dictionnaire de Linguistique. Paris: Larousse. oan Thien Thuat (1977), Ng Am Tieng Viet. Ha Noi: Nxb. H & THCN. Emeneau, M.B. (1951) Studies in Vietnamese (Annamese) Grammar. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press. Gimson, A.C. (1980), An Introduction to pronunciation of English. (3e ed.) London: Edward Arnold. Hoang Tue & Hoang Minh (1975) " Remarques sur la structure phonologique du vietnamien" in Essais Linguistique. (series Etudes Vietnamiennes No 40). Hanoi: Xunhasaba JM J (1878) Notions pour servir a l' Etude de la Langue Vietnamienne. Tan nh: Impr. de Mission Ladefoged, P. (1982) A Course in Phonetics. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Le Van Ly (1948), Le Parler Vietnamien. Paris: Hng Anh. Nguyen Bat Tu (1949), Ch Va Van Viet Khoa Hoc. Sai Gon: Ngon Ng Nguyen, Bat Tu (1959), Ngon Ng Hoc Viet Nam. Sai Gon: Ngon Ng Pham Th Tu Minh, et.al, (1998), Hoc K oc ung - Sach Hng Dan I. Tilburg:Zwijsen. Thompson, L. (1965) A Vietnamese Grammar. Seattle: Uni. of Washingtn Press. Trng, Vnh Ky (1883) Grammaire de la Langue Annamite. Saigon: C. Guilland et Martiron

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