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Van e ngon ng

ch viet Cham sau 1975


!


Pgs. Ts. Po Dharma
(EFEO, Vien Vien ong Phap)

Ch viet la yeu to quan trong trong he thong ngon ng ,
la bieu tng cho tieng noi va t duy cua con ngi qua ky
hieu. Ch viet cung la phng tien e truyen at moi di san
van hoa va i song tam linh cua mot dan toc t the he nay
qua the he khac. Dan toc co ch viet luc nao cung chiem
mot u the hn ve moi mat trong tien trnh cua lch s so vi
dan toc khong co ch viet.

Ch viet Cham trc nam 1975

Tieng Cham la mot ngon ng co ch viet t lau i va
co the chia thanh hai thi ky ro ret.
Thi ky au, t the ky th 2 en the ky 15, vng quoc
Champa che bien mot loai ch viet da vao ky hieu mau t
cua Phan ng mien nam An o e khac tren bia a cua
mnh. ay la loai ch Cham co. Thanh vay cac chuyen
gia An o khong the oc c neu khong qua mot khoa ao
tao.
Ngoai mau t Phan ng nay, Champa con che them 3
phu am ma Phan ng khong co, o la phu am nja (nh
njap phai), phu am nda ) (nh ndih ) ngu), phu
am mba (nh mbeng an). Noi ung ra, Champa khong
che bien 3 phu am nay ma ch tong hp lai hai phu am cua

!
Bai tng trnh trong hoi thao Van hoa ch viet khu vc ong Nam
A luc a to chc tai Osaka, Nhat Ban ngay 3-4 thang 2 nam 2006.

Van e ngon ng ch viet Cham sau 1975
82
ch Cham co e bien thanh phu am nja , nda ) va mba
. V rang :
nja ch la ky hieu tong hp cua hai phu am :
nya tren va ja " viet phan di. V l do nay nen
Vien Vien ong Phap phien am thanh nja.
nda ) la tong hp cua hai phu am : na tren va
da " viet di. V l do nay nen Vien Vien ong Phap
phien am thanh nd.
mba cung la tong hp cua hai phu am : ma
tren va ba J viet di. V l do nay nen Vien Vien
ong Phap phien am thanh mb.

Ke t the ky th 16, vng quoc Champa con che them
mot loai ch viet na goi la akhar thrah co nguon goc t
ch Cham co xuat hien lan au tien tren bia ky thap Po
Rome, quoc vng Champa tr v t nam 1627 en na m
1651. Ke t o, akhar thrah tr thanh mot loai ch viet
thong dung cua vng quoc nay. Tat ca nhng van ban
hanh chanh, ton giao, van chng, v.v. cua cua vng quoc
Champa sau the ky th 16 eu viet bang akhar thrah.
So vi mau t cua ch Cham co dung tren bia a, he
thong akhar thrah con them 4 phu am : nga ;, nja , na _,
ma { nhng no khong co gia tr g tren phng dien ng am
va loi chnh ta. Th du ch nan oi luc viet la nan _ o
va oi luc viet la nan . Cung nh ngap lam, oi luc
viet la ngap va oi luc viet la ngap ;.
Cung trong he thong akhar thrah nay, ngi ta con them
mot nguyen am na o la takai kak ( ). Nhng trong tai lieu
hoang gia, tc la van ban chnh thc cua vng quoc
Panduranga-Champa viet t nam 1702 en 1810, takai kak
a xuat hien, nhng ch dung cho mot va i ch rat la ac
biet, nh jia " thue hay ten ho cua ngi Cham. Con
nhng t thong thng ma ngi Cham hom nay dung takai
kak nh anak ) , ama ) , tai lieu hoang gia Champa
ch viet la anak ) ; ama ) ma thoi. Ngc lai, trong
akhar thrah hom nay, takai kak tr thanh mot ky hieu thong
Van e ngon ng ch viet Cham sau 1975
83
dung, nhng cach dung cua no oi luc khong nhat thiet. Th
du, ama ) cha, oi luc viet la ama ) va oi luc la ama
) .
Ngoai tr trng hp bat quy luat ve cach dung cua 4
phu am nga ;, nya , na _, ma { va ban nguyen am takai
kak ( ), ch viet Cham trong cac van ban t trieu ai Po
Rome (1627-1651) cho en na m 1975 eu co mot qui luat
kha ro rang t cach viet en cau truc chnh ta.

Trng hp bat qui tac trong ch viet Cham

Ch viet Cham co mot nguon goc lch s phat trien lau
i, on nh va co mot so qui luat ro rang t the ky th 2
cho en nam 1975. Tuy nhien, ch viet Cham, cung nh bat
c ch viet nao tren the gii, co mot so trng hp bat qui
tac, v mot so am to (phoneme) co ky hieu nh nhau nhng
oc khac nhau, the hien qua 3 cach phat am ma chung toi
tam goi la am thap, am cao va am trac. V la trng hp bat
qui tac, thanh ra cach phat am cua no pha i da vao ngha
cua t vng nam trong mot cau ma thoi.

ay la 7 trng hp bat qui tac trong he thong ch viet
Cham:

Trng hp 1: am to (phoneme) aok
laok lot vo (am thap)
laok am ruong (am cao)
laok nay ra (am trac)

Trng hp 2: am to aong

caong ( ) trong caong jalan m ng (am thap)
caong ( ) trong caong tagok ao c (am cao)

baong ( J ) trong baong kra mai con rua (am tram)
baong ( J ) trong gai baong cay gay (am cao)
Van e ngon ng ch viet Cham sau 1975
84

Trng hp 3: Am to ak, uk.

yak gi tay (am thap)
yak kien tung (am cao)

luk ngu an (am thap)
luk tha, tam (am cao)
luk trong luk mata lom mat (am trac)

Mot so bo lao ngi Cham giai thch rang, muon cho a m
to ak, uk co am tram, th phai them baluw, th du:
yak gi tay (am tram, co baluw)
yak kien tung (am cao, khong co baluw)

luk ngu an (am tram, co baluw)
luk tha, tam (am cao, khong co baluw)

Tiec rang ay ch la ly thuet, v trong van ban Cham
khong ai ton trong qui luat nay. The la qui luat hua baluw
van con la mot van e can nghien cu lai.

Trng hp 4: Am to aik

aik -) rau que, amaik )- me (am thap)
maik - thoi ma, taik - rach (am cao)

Trng hp 5: takai kik va takai kik tut takai mak

Trong Phan ng, takai kik tng ng vi ( i ) ngan va
takai kik tut takai mak tng ng vi ( i ) dai. Hai ch i
nay co mot gia tr tuyet oi. Neu viet sai ve i ngan va i dai
trong ngon ng Phan, th ngha cua t o se b thay oi. Th
du:
agatika ) (takai kik) co ngha la sinh lc cuoi
cung
Van e ngon ng ch viet Cham sau 1975
85
agatka ) (takai kik tut takai mak) co ngha la con
ng cam s dung

Cung chung mot he thong cua Phan ng, tieng Cha m
cung co takai kik ( ) tc la i ngan va takai kik tut takai mak
( ) tc la i dai, nhng cach dung cua no khong cha ng
mot gia tr tuyet oi ve ng ngha, co ngha la cung mot t,
ngi Cham oi luc viet takai kik va oi luc viet takai kik tut
takai mak, nhng ngha cua t nay van con nguyen ven. Th
du kami chung toi, ngi Cham viet hai cach khac nhau
kami va kami .
Theo thong le cua ch viet Cham, takai kik thng nam
tren phu am chnh gia, nh labik J, gilac . Ngc
lai, takai kik tut takai mak thng nam tren phu a m cuoi
cung, th du ni , kami , nhng tren thc te, ngi ta
cung co the viet ni , kami .

Trng hp 6: Quy luat baluw

Ky hieu baluw (am dai) rat quan trong trong he thong
Phan ng, v baluw la yeu to e nh ngha t. Bo baluw tren
mot phu am co the bien t nay thanh mot ngha khac. Th
du:
viha (khong co baluw) co ngha la mui ten
viha (co baluw) co ngha la bo, quat i

Tieng Cham cung co baluw, nhng mot so bo lao Cha m
cho rang no co the dung e bien am to ak, uk am cao
thanh am to ak, uk am thap. Th du: jak " khon (am
cao) va jak " ru nhau (am thap) ; tuk gi khac
(am cao) va tuk trong cu m t tuk dan " thuoc
dan (am thap). Tiec rang, ay ch la mot gia thuyet, v
trong van ban Cha m, ngi ta khong thay qui luat nay xuat
hien mot cach ro ret.
Ngoai gia tr tuyet oi nay, cac bo lao Cham con cho
rang baluw con dung tren phu am cuoi cua mot t nh taha
Van e ngon ng ch viet Cham sau 1975
86
gia, ln tuoi, tada " ngc, nhng ay cung khong
phai la quy luat nhat nh, tuy theo tac gia muon dung hay
khong. V taha co baluw hay taha khong co baluw,
ngha cua no van la gia, ln tuoi.

Trng hp 7: Quy luat ch noi, ch viet

Tieng Cham cung nh tieng Ma Lai nam trong gia nh
ngon ng a ao, chia lam hai he thong : ch noi va ch viet
hoan toan khac nhau.
Tai Ma Lai hom nay, ngi Ma thng dung ch noi e
giao te hang ngay, nhng khi viet th ho phai ton trong qui
luat chnh ta truyen thong. Trc nam 1975, ngi Cham
van ap dung phng phap nay, co ngha la khong the a p
dung noi sao viet vay trong ngon ng ch viet Cham
c.
Ch noi va ch viet trong ngon ng Cha m va Ma Lai
hoan toan khac nhau. Khi noi, ngi Cham va Ma thng
n tiet hoa mot so am to, nhng khi viet ho phai viet ung
chnh ta, khong n tiet hoa c. Th du :

Cham noi la mai - en, nhng viet phai la marai
mr
Cham noi la rang ngi ta, nhng viet phai la
urang ur=
Cham noi la tai - tim, nhng viet phai la hatai
-
Cham noi la ndoc ) chay, nhng viet phai la
nduec )

Ngi Ma Lai cung the :

Ma noi la mai en, nhng viet phai la mari
Ma noi la gang ngi ta, nhng viet phai la orang
Ma noi la hti tim, nhng viet phai la hati

Van e ngon ng ch viet Cham sau 1975
87
e ly giai cho hien tng n tiet hoa trong ngon ng
Cham, a so nha ngon ng Viet Nam cho rang, v anh hng
tieng Viet, ngi Cham thng n tiet hoa tieng noi cua
ho. ay la quan iem sai lam. V ngi Ma Lai cha bao
gi thay ngi Viet au nhng ho cung n tiet hoa tieng
noi cua ho.

*
Hn 5 the ky, akhar thrah Cham co mot he thong cau
truc vng chac khong b chi phoi bi boi canh ben ngoai.
Ch can oc lai t lieu hoang gia Champa t nam 1702 e n
1810 con lu tr Cong Hoa Phap va nhng van ban Cham
con lu lai trong cac thon xom ngi Cham hom nay, chung
ta co the khang nh rang, akhar thrah Cham co mot quy
luat kha on nh trong phan cau truc ch viet. V rang, sau
ngay sup o vng quoc Champa vao na m 1832 cho e n
nam 1975, du trong giai oan lch s nay ngi Cham khong
co trng lp e giang day, nhng ho van duy tr c ch
viet truyen thong va ho luon luon xem akhar thrah la mot di
san van hoa quy bau thieng lieng can c bao ton.

Ngon ng Cham sau 1975 va
nhng sai lam trong sach giao trnh tieng Cham

Nam 1978, Viet Nam cho thanh lap Ban Bien Soan Sach
Ch Cham (BBSSCC) e soan sach giao trnh giang day
tieng Cham danh cho con em dan toc Cham cac trng
tieu hoc. ay la mot chnh sach hu ch ma nha nc Viet
Nam a danh cho dan toc Cham nham duy tr va bao ton di
san ngon ng ch viet cua ho va nhat la tao ieu kien e
con em Cham tiep thu kho tang van hoc ma cac bac tien
nhan cua ho lu lai. Chnh sach nay a c ngi Cham
ong tnh hng ng va ho khong bao gi quen cong lao cua
nha nc Viet Nam.
e thc hien nhiem vu cua Nha nc Viet Nam giao
pho, bc au chac chac BBSSCC gap phai kho khan ve vat
Van e ngon ng ch viet Cham sau 1975
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chat va tinh than, nhng bang no lc cua mnh, BBSSCC a
vt qua va thc hien c giao trnh day tieng Cham cho
con em ngi Cha m. ay la viec lam ang hoan nghenh va
tran trong ma khong ai co quyen phu nhan. Nhng tiec rang
ben canh cong lao to ln o, thay v BBSSCC a nguyen
ch viet truyen thong cua ngi Cham vao giao trnh e
giang day cho con em ngi Cham, th BBSSCC lai lam
ngc lai. o la BBSSCC t sang tao ra mot bo ch Cham
mi qua phng phap cai bien va lt bt ch viet truyen
thong Cham e lam giao trnh giang day cho con em Cham.
Hau qua nay a a giao trnh giang day tieng Cham cua
BBSSCC (do Bo Giao Duc va ao Tao Viet Nam an hanh)
vap phai mot so sai lam. Trong nhng sai lam noi tren, co 4
sai lam mang yeu to he thong va 3 sai lam mang yeu to
chnh ta.

Bon sai lam mang yeu to he thong

Yeu to he thong trong cach cau truc ch viet la qui luat
bat di bat dch khong the sa oi hay cai bien c. V lt
bo mot yeu to he thong co the lam ao lo n ca mot di san
ngon ng ch viet. Bon sai lam mang yeu to he thong o la:

1). Che tao ch Cham co paoh gak

Ch viet Cham phat xuat t Phan ng, khong bao gi
dung phu a m ga lam akhar matai cuoi t, nh kak matai
(), tak matai (), lak matai () v.v.

e giai quyet van e mot am to trong tieng Cham, viet
giong nhau nhng phat am khac nhau nh trng hp: laok
lot vo, laok am ruong, laok nay ra,
BBSSCC t tien che bien phu am gak e lam akhar matai.
ay la phng thc hoan toan i ngc lai nguon goc ch
viet Cham.
Van e ngon ng ch viet Cham sau 1975
89
Ngon ng ch viet Cham la mot di san tinh than cua cua
mot dan toc. Tha nh vay, khong ai co quyen che bien mot ky
hieu mi e a vao he thong ch Cham c. Tai sao
BBSSCC lai quen i yeu to vo cung quan trong nay ?

2). Lc bo dar tha ra khoi nh trung am craoh aw

Trong he thong ch viet cua Phan ng hay Cham ng ,
nhom traoh aw luon luon phai co dar tha hay noi mot cach
khac, dar tha (o) la ky am c ban trong nhom nh trung a m
traoh aw (ao), chnh v the ma khong the bo c. V a m to
ao trong traoh aw phat xuat t ky hieu dar tha (o) ma ra.
Neu bo traoh aw th con lai la dar tha oc la o . Nhng ne u
bo dar tha tc la bo ky hieu o, th traoh aw khong co gia tr
na va khong biet oc nh the nao. Thanh vay, trong tat ca
van ban ch Cham, Phan, Campuchia, traoh aw (ao) luon
luon phai co dar tha.
Da vao ly do cac con em Cham khong phan biet c
am thap va am cao cua nhom ao, BBSSCC quyet nh bo
dar tha. Th du : caong () c muon, BBSSCC viet
thanh caong ( ) khong co dar tha ; baoh (J) trai,
BBSSCC viet thanh baoh (J) khong co dar tha. Nhng
cung trong sach giao trnh nay, BBSSCC van tiep tuc duy tr
traoh aw co dar tha nh daok (") ngoi, malaow ()
cam. ay la cach che bien tuy tien, nhng BBSSCC
khong co li giai thch tai sao.

S sai lam nay a lam cho ngon ng Cham von co quy
luat on nh lau i tr thanh mot ngon ng rac roi, khong
theo mot quy luat nao ca. V ngi ta khong biet trng hp
nao co am to traoh aw co dar tha va trng hp nao la
khong co dar tha.




Van e ngon ng ch viet Cham sau 1975
90
3). Hua baluw tren nh trung am dar tha dar dua

Tren nguyen tac, dar tha dar dua (= ai) trong ch Cha m
va ch Phan khong bao gi co baluw. Ngc lai, BBSSCC
dung baluw tren dar tha dar dua mot cach tuy tien, nhng c
quan nay cung kho ng cho biet nguyen nhan nao lai phai
dung baluw. Th du nh kanain - co baluw, ngc lai
hagait - khong co baluw.
S sai lam nay co the a hoc sinh Cham va o con ng
kho x. La m sao ho biet khi nao dar tha dar dua co baluw
va khi nao th khong dung baluw.

4). a ra qui luat noi sao viet vay

Sach va giao trnh tieng Cham cua BBSSCC la loai sach
soan theo kieu ngon ng noi sao viet vay ch khong phai
la soan theo van ban ch viet cua ngi Cham. ay la hai
th du ien hnh cua phng phap noi sao viet vay cua
BBSSCC :

nduen ()) non, BBSSCC viet thanh ndon ()).
juai (-" ) ng BBSSCC viet thanh joy (").

Trng hp nay cung nh cac gii tre ngi Viet thng
noi vi nhau : i de, hom va, noi day, v.v. Nhng
giao trnh hoc tieng Viet luc nao cung phai viet i ve,
hom qua, noi vay. ay la qui c chnh ta cua tieng
Viet bat buoc hoc sinh va ngi s dung tieng Viet phai viet
ung. Chnh o mi la yeu to c ban ma giao trnh giang
day cua BBSSCC phai ton trong.
Noi sao viet vay la cong thc ch ap dung cho ngon
ng khong co ch viet nh tieng Churu, Raglai, v.v. Tieng
Cham cung nh tieng Viet la ngon ng co ch viet. Noi
sao viet vay, co ngha la viet theo cach phat am hang ngay
cua ngi Cham e lam va long hoc sinh la mot phng
Van e ngon ng ch viet Cham sau 1975
91
phap sai lam. Va s sai lam nay, v vo tnh, co the lam bien
dang i di san ngon ng va ch viet Cham.

Ba sai lam mang yeu to chnh ta

Nhng sai lam mang yeu to chnh ta khong lam ao
lon he thong cau truc ch viet, nhng th ng gay ra nhng
xao tron quan trong trong phan cau truc cua chnh ta.

1). Che tao qui luat cho takai kik tut takai mak

Tieng Cham co takai kik, tc la i ngan va takai kik tut
takai mak tc la i dai, nhng cach s dung cua no khong co
qui luat ro rang.
Theo thong le, takai kik thng nam tren phu am chnh
gia nh labik J , gilac . Ngc lai, takai kik tut takai
mak thng nam tren phu a m cuoi cung, th du ni n va kami
km.
Lien quan en phan nay, BBSSCC che ra mot qui luat
mi cho takai kik tut takai mak mot cach t do khong da
vao mot minh chng khoa hoc nao. Th du ma-in _,
lingik viet co takai kik tut takai mak, nhng ri trong
ariya ) lai khong co takai kik tut takai mak.
Cach dung takai kik tut takai mak mot cach tuy tien cua
BBSSCC se a cac con em ngi Cham va ngay ca ngi
ln tuoi hoc tieng Cham cung khong the hnh dung noi trong
trng hp nao phai phai viet takai kik tut takai mak va t
nao khong mang ky hieu nay.
Ch Cham co qui luat kha ro rang ve takai kik va takai
kik tut takai mak. Tai sao lai che bien them qui luat mi e
bien ch Cham cang rac roi them.

2) Che bien quy luat hua baluw

Cung nh Phan ng, tieng Cham cung co baluw, nhng
no ch dung, theo ly thuyet bo lao Cha m, e chuyen mot so
Van e ngon ng ch viet Cham sau 1975
92
am to nh ak, uk "am cao" thanh a m to ak, uk "am thap" ma
thoi. Th du: jak (") (am cao) khon va jak (") (am
thap) ru nhau ; tuk () (am cao) gi khac va tuk ()
(am thap) trong cum t tuk dan thuoc dan. Ngoai gia tr
o, baluw con dung tren phu am cuoi cua mot t nh taha
() gia, tada (") ngc. Tiec rang, ay ch la li giai
thch cua cac bo lao Cham, v tren thc te, qui luat dung
baluw cha c qui nh ro rang ngoai tr mot so trng
hp baluw thng i vi pak praong nh pak " so 4
patagok " cho len tapay " con tho, v.v. ma
tai lieu hoang gia Champa thng s dung.

Trong giao trnh cua BBSSCC, ngi ta thay baluw c
dung khap ni va tuy tien, nhng c quan nay cung khong
cho biet tai sao. The th lam sao ma cac con em co u tr
nh e biet cho nao phai viet baluw va cho nao khong viet
baluw. Ch can xem mot hang trang 33 cua Kadha Pathrem
Sap Cham 5 (NXBGD, 2002), oc gia co the hnh dung c
au la qui luat cua baluw do BBSSCC a ra. Theo gia o
trnh nay, ikan _ - panan _ - paban J - hajan
" phai co baluw, trong khi o cac ch thong dung nay
c dung trong van ban Cham ca hang the ky khong bao
gi co baluw.
Neu cho rang co hai t hajan trong tieng Cham nhng
oc khac nhau, thanh vay BBSSCC quyet nh cho hajan
" ma co baluw. Tiec rang ch Cha m ch co mot t
hajan duy nhat la ma.
Theo truyen thong, likuk ang sau khong bao
gi co baluw, ngc lai BBSSCC viet likuk (trang 32)
lai co baluw, tai sao ?
Dung baluw mot cach tuy tien tren phu am, khong co
qui luat nhat nh ro rang e a va o giao trnh giang day
tieng Cham cho con em Cham hoc a gay ra mot hau qua
khong lng c, o la BBSSCC vo tnh t che bien ngon
ng ch viet Cham hoan toan mi la, khong lien he g vi
Van e ngon ng ch viet Cham sau 1975
93
ch viet Cham truyen thong ma cac gii tu s, bo lao va tr
thc Cham hom nay ang s dung.

3) a ra quy luat pak praong ()

Trong ngon ng Cha m co hai phu am pak goi la pak
praong () va pak asit (). Ngoai tr ch po () ngai,
ngi Cham luon luon viet pak praong. Con mot so t khac,
ngi ta cung dung pak praong nhng khong co qui luat ro
rang. Thanh vay, BBSSCC can nghien cu ro rang cach
dung pak praong trc khi a ra mot qui luat trong trng
hp nao dung phu am nay.
Trong t ien Cham-Viet-Phap cua G. Moussay, phu am
pak praong dung e lam tien to trong he thong bien t. Th
du : manei () tam ra > pamanei ( ) cho tam ;
matai (-) chet > pamatai (-) giet.
Theo G. Moussay, ay ch la ly thuyet cua nhom ngi
Cham lam trong ban bien soan t ien ma thoi, v ho khong
da vao mot d kien nao ca.
Theo chung toi, tha giai thch cho con em biet cach dung
phu am pak praong la nhng trng hp ngoai le, nen hoc
thuoc long, con hn a ra qui luat cho pak praong ma qui
luat nay khong lien he g en nguon goc lch s cua ch viet
Cham.

Nguyen nhan cua s sai lam

Nguyen nhan nao a a en nhng sai lam nay, nhat la
4 sai lam mang yeu to he thong co the tan pha ca mot di
san ch viet ma khong ai co the o lng c hau qua cua
no. o la e tai ma chung toi muon a ra ban bac ay.
Theo chung toi, van e loi lam a xay ra trong giao trnh
phat xuat t hai nguyen nhan chnh ang o la :

Khong ton trong di san akhar thrah Cham truyen
thong cua ngi Cham.
Van e ngon ng ch viet Cham sau 1975
94
Chon la sai lam muc tieu giao duc cua giao trnh day
tieng Cham.

1). Khong ton trong qui luat ch viet truyen thong

Tat ca 7 trng hp sai lam cua BBSSCC neu tren xuat
phat t viec BBSSCC khong tuan theo nhng quy luat va
nhng trng hp bat quy tac cua tieng Cham truyen thong
noi rieng va ngon ng ch viet cua nhan loai noi chung. V
bat c mot loai ch viet nao tren the gii eu co nhng
trng hp bat qui tac. Khi gap trng hp bat qui tac th
ngi s dung, ngi hoc ngon ng o phai hoc thuoc long,
khong con cach nao khac.
Trong tieng Anh, co rat nhieu trng hp mot ky hieu
nhng lai oc khac nhau, cha tnh hn hang tram ong t
bat qui tac khong theo qui luat nao ca nhng ngi hoc
phai hoc thuoc long ma thoi. Tieng Ma cung nh the.
Nguyen am e, khi oc la , khi oc la e, tuy cum t ma
nhan dien. Trong khi o, tieng Cham ch co 7 trng hp
(tam cho la bat qui tac), tai sao BBSSCC khong giai thch
o la trng hp bat qui tac va buoc con em Cham phai hoc
thuoc long, ma lai i cai bien theo quan iem rieng t cua
mnh.

BBSSCC ly luan rang che bien, thay oi va lt bo mot
so ky hieu ch Cham la e cho hoc sinh Cham de hoc. a y
la ly luan hoan toan phi khoa hoc, khong khac chi mot ngi
Cham ng ra soan thao giao trnh day tieng Viet e ngh
bo i dau nga ch con lai dau hoi, e cho con em Cham hoc
nhanh hn. Chung toi tin rang nha nc Viet Nam khong
bao gi chap nhan dung giao trnh nay e day tieng Viet
cho con em ngi Cham tai Viet Nam. Ne u cong ong bo
lao va tr thc Cham hom nay phan oi sach giao trnh giang
day tieng Cham cua BBSSCC cung la v ly do o.

Van e ngon ng ch viet Cham sau 1975
95
Theo qui luat giang day akhar thrah Cham, ngi soan
sach giao trnh phai a ra nhng trng hp bat qui tac
trong ch viet Cham va buoc ngi hoc tieng Cham phai
hoc thuoc long, ch khong phai cai bien va lt bo no. La m
c viec nay mi la muc tieu chnh yeu cua BBSSCC
nham bao ton nguyen ven di san ngon ng ch viet Cham
truyen thong va t o giup the he tre co c hoi tiep can vi
kho tang van hoc Cham cung nh tm lai nhng tinh hoa b
an trong kho tang van hoa nay do bac tien nhan cua ho e
lai.

2) Sai lam muc tieu giao duc

Cung nh cac sach giao trnh cua cac ngon ng khac nh
tieng Viet, Campuchia, Lao, Ma Lai v.v, mu c tieu giang day
tieng Cham cua BBSSCC la ao tao con em ngi Cha m
biet oc van ban tieng Cham do cac bac tu s, bo lao va tr
thc Cham ang s dung ho m nay, tiep thu va khai pha
nhng kho tang van hoc Cham vo cung qu bau hien con lu
tr trong cac gia nh va lang xa cua ho. ay mi la muc
tieu quan trong hang au ma BBSSCC phai ton trong triet
e, va o cung la mot ngha vu cao ca cua BBSSCC nha m
bao ton di san ngon ng va ch viet cua dan toc Cham a
truyen t the t the he nay sang the he khac.
The nhng, khi nhn qua noi dung giao trnh giang day
tieng Cham cua BBSSCC, chung toi nhan thay rang c quan
nay a chon muc tieu giang day tieng Cham hoan toan i
ngc lai vi muc tieu ma chung toi va a ra. Thay v
BBSSCC tm phng phap e lam the nao cho cac con em
hoc tieng Cham co the oc lai van ban viet bang tieng
Cham cua mnh, th c quan nay lai chon mot phng phap
trai ngc, o la tm cach lam the nao e con em Cha m o c
va hieu that nhanh tieng Cham do BBSSCC thc hien e lay
thanh tch vi nha nc. Chnh v the ma a en hau qua la
con em hoc xong giao trnh cua BBSSCC trong nhieu nam,
nhng khong the oc c th t cua cha me ho viet bang
Van e ngon ng ch viet Cham sau 1975
96
tieng Cham co truyen cha noi en tac pham van hoc
Cham.
S chon la sai lam muc tieu cua BBSSCC a a cong
ong Cham ng ra phan oi sach giao trnh nay. Theo
chung toi, s phan oi cua ba con Cham co mot ly do ro ret,
o la ho khong muon con em cua ho hoc ngon ng ch viet
Cham cua BBSSCC hoan toan ngoai lai vi ch Cham
truyen thong cua ho. Ho thng at van e, t the ky th 15
cho en nam 1975, tat ca con em ngi Cham eu hoc akhar
thrah Cham truyen thong va ho oc c ngon ng ch viet
Cham co truyen nay. The th tai sao con em ngi Cha m
di che o Xa hoi Chu Ngha sau 1975, v ly g ho khong
con au oc thong minh e hoc tieng Cham theo loi co
truyen e roi BBSSCC phai che ra mot kie u ch Cham mi
cho ho de hoc. Chung toi khong tin la con em Cham di
che o Xa hoi Chu Ngha u viet nh the ma lai thieu thong
minh. Neu van e nay co xay ra la ch v BBSSCC a chon
sai muc tieu cua giao trnh, o la thay v day tieng Cham e
cho con em ngi Cham biet oc ch Cham trong nhng tac
pham van hoc truyen thong cua ho, BBSSCC lai ch day con
em ngi Cham ch biet oc duy nhat giao trnh cua
BBSSCC ma thoi.

Mot khi a chon muc tieu sai lam, BBSSCC ch chu tam
en logic cua nganh giang day theo quan iem cua mnh e
roi quen i mot yeu to vo cung quan trong o la ch viet
Cham co mot lch s lau i gan vi nen van minh
Champa : ch viet Cham co mot cau truc rat khoa hoc ; co
qui luat han hoi ; mang tnh ben vng, on nh va nhat quan.
Thanh vay, khong ai co quyen thay oi, cat xen, them bt
ma khong a ra mot minh chng ro ret.

Hau qua cua viec cai bien ch Cham

Viec cai bien ch Cham cua BBSSCC a mang lai 5 hau
qua ln lao ma chung toi xin ghi nhan ay :
Van e ngon ng ch viet Cham sau 1975
97

1). Bay sai lam trong cong trnh cai bien cua BBSSCC
a lam cho ch viet Cham von co quy luat on nh trai qua
hang tram nam trong lch s, tr thanh ch viet rac roi,
khong theo mot quy luat nao ca.

2). a cac con em ngi Cham hoc tieng Cham cua
BBSSCC tr thanh ngi tai mu ch Cham. V hoc xong
giao trnh cua BBSSCC, ho khong the o c c van ban
viet bang tieng Cham truyen thong con lu lai trong lang
xa, trong gia nh cung nh th t cua cha me ho viet.
Mot khi khong con ai oc c tieng Cha m co truye n
na, kho tang van hoa Champa co gia tr nh van hoc, lch
s, tn ngng, y hoc, v.v se b chon vui vao d vang trong
mot mot vai the he sau.

3). Tao ra moi ran nt tram trong trong cong ong ngi
Cham phat xuat t s mau thuan oi nghch gia hai the he:
The he ngi ln tuoi van tiep tuc s dung ch Cham truyen
thong va the he tre em hoc tieng Cha m cai bien cua
BBSSCC khong oc c ch Cham do cha me ho viet. Ke
t o, dan toc Cham hom nay noi cung mot th tieng nhng
co hai he thong ch viet khac nhau. ay la bien co cha
tng xay ra trong khu vc ong Nam A.

4). S ra i sach giao trnh day tieng Cham cua
BBSSCC a lam cho mot so chc sac, bo lao va tr thc
Cham co trach nhiem oi vi di san van hoa dan toc rat
hoang mang ve tng lai cua ngon ng va ch viet truyen
thong cua ho. Mot so cu gia Cham con noi rang neu ma y
cho tao sach tieng Cham viet theo kieu BBSSCC th tao
khong lay. ay la s phan ng cong khai va cung la li
cham biem khoi hai noi len mot cach ro re t quan iem cua
ngi Cham hom nay kho ng chap ch Cham cai bien cua
BBSSCC.

Van e ngon ng ch viet Cham sau 1975
98
5). S lt bt, cai bien trong sach giao trnh day tieng
Cham cua BBSSCC khong phai la lam giau va phong phu
them ngon ng va ch viet Cha m ma vo tnh tr thanh hanh
vi tieu cc gop phan pha huy ca mot di san ngon ng va ch
viet truyen thong cua dan toc Cham a lu truyen t the he
nay sang the he khac.

Thay l i ket luan

Cong ong ngi Cham ho m nay khong bao gi quen
cong lao Nhanc Viet Nam, Bo Giao Duc va ao Tao va
BBSSCC a giup con em cua ho co c hoi hoc tieng
Cham trong trng lp. Tiec rang, sach va giao trnh day
tieng Cham cua BBSSCC lai vap phai mot so sai lam, nhat
la 4 sai lam mang yeu to he thong, a a ngon ng ch
viet Cham mot di san van hoa a ton tai va on nh qua
hang tram nam gan lien v nen van minh Champa i vao
bc quanh co cua lch s, o la sau 1975, di san ch viet
Cham bat au bien oi theo a cai tien cua BBSSCC va xu
hng se lai cang e roi dan dan t bien mat neu khong kp
thi ieu chnh.
Nha nc Viet Nam luon luon chu trng lam viec cho
dan va v dan. Do vay, ong bao Cham tin tng rang Bo
Giao Duc va ao Tao se co chnh sach thch hp, ch ao
BBSSCC chnh on lai 4 sai lam mang yeu to he thong
trong giao trnh day tieng Cham noi tren e thong nhat
akhar thrah Cham truyen thong cang sm cang tot.
Neu Bo Giao Duc va ao Tao chnh on lai 4 sai la m
mang yeu to he thong o th giao trnh day tieng Cham cua
BBSSCC se tr thanh mot tac pham hoa n hao va cong o ng
Cham se khong con hoang mang ve so phan di san ngon ng
va ch viet cua ho trong tng lai na. Theo chung toi biet,
cac sach giao khoa va giao trnh giang day tieng Viet cua
Bo Giao Duc va ao Tao giang day cac Trng pho thong
va ai hoc Viet Nam cung a c nhie u lan chnh on.
The th, giao trnh day tieng Cha m cua BBSSCC cung can
Van e ngon ng ch viet Cham sau 1975
99
c chnh on e phu hp vi nguon goc ngon ng ch viet
truyen thong cua ngi Cham hom nay. ay la viec lam rat
bnh thng va can thiet.

Tat ca moi van e neu tren ch nham muc tieu bao ton
ngon ng ch viet Cham truyen thong mot di san van hoa
qu gia cua nen van minh Champa hoan toan phu hp vi
hien chng cua UNESCO ma Nha nc Viet Nam la thanh
vien cua to chc quoc te nay.



























Van e ngon ng ch viet Cham sau 1975
100

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