XEM LAI MOT VAN E NG AM TIENG VIET: CAU TRUC AM TIET

oan Xuan Kien

I 1 Trong sinh hoat hang ngay, chung ta ch noi nang vi nhau qua tng cau noi. Moi cau noi la mot chuoi dai ngan nhng mau am thanh cat ri nhau, goi la tieng. Cau noi: Cai ban nay hnh ban nguyet co sau tieng. Moi tieng nh the, ng tren bnh dien ng am, la mot am tiet. Am tiet la mot cau truc c ban cua mot cau noi ve mat phat am. Am tiet la mot khai niem thuoc ng am hoc phng tay e ch mot n v li noi c phat ra. Trc kia, chung ta ch goi n v nay la mot tieng. Mot "tieng" trong tieng Viet c noi len la mot n v ng am, va cung la mot n v ng phap. Mot "tieng" la mot n v phat ngon, va la mot n v cua li noi e tao ra nhng ket cau li noi trong hoat ong noi nang giao tiep. ac tnh nay cua tieng chnh la mot tnh cach loai hnh cua tieng Viet, trong o moi n v phat am trung kht vi n v ng phap (hnh v, va t). Khi xet tren bnh dien ng am, tieng la mot n v cua ng am, tc la mot am tiet. Cau tieng Viet sau ay la mot tap hp 6 am tiet: " treo len cay bi hai hoa ", va la sau t, moi t la mot hnh v -neu nhn t cap o ng phap. Tnh cach nay cua tieng cua tieng Viet se khong tm thay trong ngon ng thuoc loai hnh ngon ng bien hnh cua An-Au, trong o ba cap o n v ke tren hoan toan khong trung nhau. Cau noi " I climbed the grapefruit tree picking some of its flowers " co 10 t nhng 13 am tiet va 15 hnh v. Ba cap n v nay c xem xet ba cap o ngon ng khac nhau. Am tiet / klaimd / co hai hnh v, va phai can c vao hai hnh v o mi hieu ung y nghia cua t 'climbed'; do vay, cap bac am tiet trong ngon ng An-Au la mot cap o phan tch khong ay u. Trong cac ngon ng nh the, viec phan tch am v se co vai tro kha quan thiet: am v / d / sau am tiet va ke la mot am v khong the bo qua, v no la c s cua phan xuat hnh v ch th qua kh cua ong t 'treo' trong tieng Anh. Vai tro cua am tiet trong loai hnh ngon ng An-Au khong co y nghia am v hoc ac biet, cho nen trong mot cong trnh ng am hoc ve tieng Anh trc ay, Chomsky va Halle (1968) a khong he nhac nh g en am tiet ca. Vai tro cua am tiet trong tieng Viet co khac vi am tiet trong cac ngon ng An-Au. Moi am tiet tieng Viet la mot cau truc on nh, va la c s e phan xuat cac thanh phan cau tao trc tiep. Trc khi tiep xuc vi phng tay, viec tm hieu "tieng" cua chung ta theo truyen thong am van hoc Trung Hoa ma phan xuat mot "tieng" la hai thanh phan: khuon thanh (thanh mau) va khuon van (van mau). V du: tieng ban gom thanh mau la bva van mau la -an. Viec chiet xuat mot "tieng" ra hai thanh phan nh the co y nghia rat
1

ln trong giao duc t han, v kien thc ve van mau la c s e gieo van trong thi (th ca) va phu (van bien ngau). Cac nha am van hoc Trung Hoa ve sau con chia khuon van thanh cac nhiep va t thanh. Nhiep la nhng van bo co am cuoi nh nhau, co am chnh giong hoac gan giong nhau. T thanh la he thong thanh thuoc khuon van. T thanh gom co thanh "bnh" (bang), "thng" (len), "kh" (i), "nhap" (vao). Thanh "nhap" la nhng thanh i vi cac am cuoi nhap ( tc la cac am /-p,-k, -ch, -t/. He thong t thanh lai chia hai bac bong tram ma cac nha am van hoc Trung Hoa goi la bac "thanh" (trong) va "troc" (uc). He thong thanh co the sap xep nh sau:
Bnh thanh ngang thanh huyen Thng thanh hoi thanh nga Kh thanh sac kh thanh nang kh Nhap thanh sac nhap thanh nang nhap

Phu Tram

Tuy vay, viec tm hieu am van hoc Trung Hoa thi co cha giai quyet nhng moi quan he ben trong cau truc cua cac "tieng". Khi bat au cuoc giao tiep vi phng tay, viec tm hieu ng am tieng Viet tien sang mot hng khac. He thong ch viet theo mau t Latin a dan en s kien la "ch quoc ng" la mot he thong ch viet ghi am la mot thuan li, cong them vao o la nhng thuan li ve nhng tien bo cua viec nghien cu ng am cua phng tay. Cac nha ng am a co nhng co gang mo hnh hoa cac quy tac chung ve hoat ong cua am tiet (Hyman, 1975: 189). Nhng quy tac o co the c dien giai khac nhau, nhng chung khong ngoai mot so tnh cach chung sau ay: (a) am tiet phai co tnh vang; (b) moi am tiet phai co bo phan hat nhan gom t nhat mot nguyen am; (c) am tiet luon co khuynh hng tang kha nang ket hp cua am au, va khuynh hng han che kha nang ket hp cua am phu cuoi. ia v cua am tiet trong phan tch am v hoc phng tay a trai qua nhieu thang tram, vi rat nhieu quan iem khac biet nhau. Ngoai tr mot trng hp duy nhat la Chomsky va Halle (1968) trong o am tiet khong he c nhac en mot cach minh nhien, nhn chung th cac khuynh hng khac nhau eu co chu y en vai tro cua am tiet trong phan tch ng am-am v hoc. 2 Am tiet la mot cau truc, nghia la mot tong the c cau tao t cac n v am thanh, goi la am v. Moi ngon ng co the chon la trong kho am v t nhien cua ngon ng loai ngi, e lap rieng cho mnh mot he thong am v phu hp vi loi phat am cua ngon ng mnh s dung. Cac am v trong tieng Viet co ba loai: nguyen am, phu am va thanh. Nguyen am va phu am la nhng am v tuyen tnh, nghia la nhng am v ket hp vi nhau theo trat t trc sau trong qua trnh phat am. Chung la nhng am v co the phan tach ra thanh tng n v nho hn, nen con goi la nhng am v oan tnh. Trai vi loai am v tren, thanh la am v phi tuyen tnh, v no la mot am v bao trum toan bo am tiet, va gan lien vi am tiet trong suot qua trnh phat am mot am tiet. Thanh khong the chiet ra khoi am tiet c, ma nhat thiet la no phai gan vi am tiet, v the nen thanh con goi la am v sieu oan tnh. Tom lai, am tiet , hay "tieng" cua tieng Viet la mot n v cua li noi nhng am tiet tieng Viet cung la mot n v ngon ng. Am tiet la mot chnh the ng am. Am tiet la c s phan tch cau truc ket hp cac am v, nhng chnh am tiet la mot chnh the n v nho nhat cua phan tch li noi.
2

II. Cac quan iem ve cau truc am tiet Cho en nay, trong truyen thong phan tch ng am phng tay, co t nhat la nam quan iem khac nhau ve cau truc noi tai cua am tiet. Sau ay la phac hoa cac mo hnh cau truc am tiet: (a) cau truc CV, nghia la khong co thanh phan ket cau theo tang bac, ma ch co cac thanh phan cau tao trc tiep nen am tiet, tc la cac am v nguyen am (V=vowel) va phu am (C=consonant). ien hnh cho quan iem cau truc phang la mo hnh cac cau truc am tiet goi la pho bien cho moi ngon ng, do Clements & Keyser (1983) e ngh trong cong trnh quan trong cua hai ong:
Loai 1: Loai 2: Loai 3: Loai 4: CV V CVC VC

Trong so cac tac gia Viet Nam, co Le Van Ly (1948) cung dung cong thc nh vay khi mo ta cac am tiet tieng Viet. (b) cau truc phan nhanh, gom co ba nhanh vi cac thanh phan cau tao lien quan en tng nhanh. Theo mo hnh nay, am tiet cau truc nh sau (theo McCarthy, 1979, Vennemann, 1984): phan chnh cua am tiet la to hp cua phan am m au va phan hat nhan cua am tiet, phan phu la phan con lai cua am tiet:
Phan chnh Phan m Phan phu Hat nhan
: Am tiet Syllable Phan chnh: Body Phan phu: Coda Phan m: Onset Hat nhan: Nucleus

Hnh 1: Mo hnh am tiet co cau truc tang bac

Mo hnh cau truc phan nhanh con c the hien theo chieu ngc lai: trc het la phan lap gia phan au cua am tiet va phan con lai cua no la phan van, ke o la phan lap gia hai thanh phan cua van la phan hat nhan va phan cuoi van. ay la mo hnh cau truc am tiet c cac nha am van hoc Trung Hoa ap dung, chang han cac hoc gia i Tong khi bien soan bo ang Van Th. Mo hnh nay c trnh bay trong Chao (1948) va Karlgren (1954), Pike & Pike (1947), Halle & Vergaud (1978), Selkirk (1982). Di ay la mo hnh cua Pike & Pike (1947):
Am tiet Am au Hat nhan
Amtiet: Syllable Am au: Onset Hat nhan: Neucleus Cao iem: Peak Am phu: Coda

Cao iem

Am phu

Hnh 2 : Cau truc am tiet theo Pike & Pike (1947)

Mo hnh am tiet nay ve sau a tr thanh mot cong thc quen thuoc trong cac sach giao khoa ng am-am v hoc, vi mot vai thay oi ten goi. Chang han, thanh phan goi la "hat nhan" trong s o cau truc cua Pike a chuyen thanh "van", va thanh phan "cao iem" nay thng goi la "hat nhan" trong s o am tiet c dung hien nay.
Am tiet Am au Van Hat nhan Am cuoi

Hnh 3 : S o cau truc am tiet a ieu chnh t s o cua Pike

(c) cau truc phan nhanh hnh re quat: mo hnh nay a ra thanh phan cau thanh am tiet xep hang ngang nhau. Mo hnh nay cung c nhieu nha nghien cu ap dung, nh Hockett (1955), Haugen (1956), Davis (1985), Noske (1992), Hall (1992). Mo hnh re quat thng c trnh bay nh sau: O C N V C C
Phan m O: Onset Hat nhan N: Nucleus Phan phu C: Coda Phu am C: Consonant Nguyen am V: Vowel

Hnh 4 : Mo hnh am tiet co cau truc re quat

(d) cau truc "Mora" (la cac yeu to co y nghia am v hoc trong am tiet, xet t quan iem menh danh la ng am hoc can phng - metrical phonology). Cac nha ng am hoc Hyman (1985), McCarthy & Prince (1986), Hayes (1989) a dung mo hnh nay e phan tch am tiet cua cac ngon ng co nhieu dau nhan (nh tieng Nhat, tieng Nga, tieng Anh, tieng Phan Lan), ma nhng s o am tiet quen thuoc xa nay eu khong bieu hien c. Cau truc 'mora' se lam noi len nhng yeu to mang trong am hay keo dai hn so vi nhng yeu to khac. Di ay la mot th du ve mo hnh cau truc am tiet vi cac 'mora' (Hayes, 1989):
t a

Syllable: am tiet Mora

Hnh 5: Mo hnh am tiet 'mora'

4

Nhng mo hnh cau truc am tiet tren ay du co khac nhau chi tiet, nhng eu co mot iem chung la: chung ch nham mo ta cac cach ket cau am v trong am tiet, va quan trong hn na la am tiet trong nhng trng hp nay ch la mot cau truc trung gian gia cac am v va cac cau truc cac cap o tren am tiet, la "t". Mot iem na la cac mo hnh cau truc am tiet tren ay khong co cho ng cho cac yeu to ket hp ben ngoai yeu to lien hp (chang han cac moi quan he tiep hp trong am tiet, hoac la thanh ieu). Do vay, cac mo hnh cau truc am tiet nay ch la mo hnh cua mot loai hnh ngon ng khong phai la ngon ng n tiet, trong o am tiet co vai tro trung tam cua phan tch am v hoc. III. iem lai mot so quan iem ve am tiet tieng Viet Tieng Viet va cac ngon ng thuoc loai hnh cach the, trong o moi am tiet la mot n v hoan chnh ng oc lap, va la mot n v cuoi cung trong viec phan xuat cac n v cua li noi. Mot ac tnh quan trong khac cua am tiet tieng Viet la no co thanh ieu hieu la mot yeu to co gia tr ng am quan yeu trong viec phan biet cac am tiet vi nhau. Khong the co am tiet tieng Viet hoan chnh ma khong co yeu to thanh ieu. Thanh la mot am v phi tuyen tnh, no xuat hien cong thi vi cac am v tuyen tnh e lam thanh mot chnh the la am tiet tieng Viet. Nhng mo hnh cau truc am tiet ch ghi lai cac am v tuyen tnh eu to ra khong phan anh ung am tiet tieng Viet, trong o thanh co vai tro rat khac biet yeu to ieu tnh cua ngon ng An Au. Chang han, khi muon a thanh ieu vao cau truc am tiet tieng Viet bien /bien/, quan iem ng am phi oan trnh bay mot mo hnh nhieu lp nh sau: (a) lp th nhat co the goi ten la tang khung, trnh bay mo hnh am tiet; (b) lp th nh i vao chi tiet ve mat am ieu cua am tiet, co the goi ten la tang am oan cho thay cac am to phan bo trong cau truc nh the nao; (c) lp th ba ghi lai cac am to xep at theo trat t tuyen tnh cua am tiet, goi la tang chiet oan; (d) lp cuoi cung la tang ngon ieu, the hien tuyen ieu cua thanh trong am tiet nh the nao.
O C X b V XX ie HLH R C X n tang khung tang am oan tang chiet oan tang ngon ieu

Hnh 6: s o am tiet bien

Mo hnh nh tren cho thay ng net cua thanh trong am tiet la ng net caothap-cao (HLH), nhng mat khac lai khong cho thay c tnh cach cu the cua thanh 4 (thanh hoi), va v tr cua no trong toan bo sau thanh cua tieng Viet ra sao. Noi cach khac, mo hnh am tiet nh tren van khong the hien c thanh ieu cua loai ngon ng co thanh. T nhng ac tnh tren ay cua am tiet tieng Viet, viec xac nh cau truc cua am tiet la mot phan viec quan trong khong ch co y nghia oi vi nghien cu ng am hoc, ma
5

con rat co y nghia ve mat giao duc, cu the la viec day hoc tieng Viet cho tre giai oan au tien. 1 Trong cong trnh nghien cu ve tieng Viet, Le Van Ly ban ve cac cach ket hp cua am v tieng Viet thanh nhng am hieu co y nghia, tc la mot am tiet (1948: 42). Va ong cho rang co bon loai am hieu tieng Viet nh sau (1948:123): 1. Ch co nguyen am; 2. Nguyen am + Phu am; 3. Phu am + Nguyen am 4. Phu am + Nguyen am + Phu am. Mac du tha nhan rang moi am hieu tieng Viet ch co the mang mot thanh (tr.126), tac gia van cho rang moi am hieu tieng Viet khong the co qua ba am v. S d the la v ong cho rang thanh ch la mot yeu to ngon ieu nh trong ng am tieng An Au, va do vay khong phai la mot am v gan lien vi am tiet. Noi cac khac, am tiet tieng Viet -theo nh mo ta trong Le Parler Vietnamien - ch gom ba am v tuyen tnh nh c ghi lai tren kia. Trong mot cong trnh khac xuat ban hai mi nam sau, Le Van Ly van ghi lai ung nhng quan niem cua ong nh a tng ban en trong tap trc. (Le 1968: 21-24). V le o chung toi xep quan iem cua ong vao quan iem mo ta theo cau truc CV hieu theo nghia rang quan iem cua tac gia la ch chu trong en cac yeu to tuyen tnh ma bo ra ngoai cac yeu to phi tuyen tnh:
Loai 1: Loai 2: Loai 3: Loai 4: V VC CV CVC

Nguyen Bat Tu cung ban ve am tiet, ma ong goi la "van". Tac gia nh nghia "van" la mot hay nhieu am cung phat ra mot hi ma lap thanh mot tieng hay mot phan tieng. Ong cung lu y oc gia la ng nen lan vi "van" -la s tr lai cua cung mot am cuoi hai hay nhieu cau th. (Nguyen 1949: XII). Khi mo ta cac dang ket hp "van", tac gia cho rang "van" tieng Viet co ba loai ln (sd : 78-85): 1. van chnh la van co toan am chnh ghep thanh; 2. van ban la van do am chnh va am ban ghep thanh; 3. van phu la van do am chnh va am phu, hay am chnh, am ban va am phu ghep thanh. Tac gia co ban ve viec ghep thanh vao moi "van", nhng quan niem cua ong khong that ro rang. Mot ang tac gia van cho rang thanh gan lien vi am chnh, va ong cho cac am chnh mang thanh khi ghep "van"; ang khac, khi phan loai cac "van" th ong lai ch nhac en ba thanh phan am v la am chnh, am ban, am phu ma thoi, nghia la cac am v tuyen tnh -neu nhn t quan iem ng am hoc loai hnh ngon ng An Au. Trong nhng buoi au cua ng am hoc tieng Viet, mot tac gia khac cung ban ve cau truc am tiet tieng Viet, la Emeneau (1951). ang chu y la tac gia nhan ra la t cua tieng Viet trong nhieu trng hp a trung kht vi am tiet. Va v the, t co the la mot hat nhan chu yeu gom mot trong nhom cua 11 nguyen am , hay nhng ket hp khac nhau cua hai hay ba am v cua nhom o. Trc phan hat nhan nay co khi khong co g, hoac la co mot trong 21 am v phu am. Sau phan hat nhan co the khong co g (mot so to hp nguyen
6

am khong cho them g na ca), hoac la co mot trong 8 phu am ma trong o co 7 tng t vi nhom 21 phu am au. Tac gia cung nhac en vai tro cua thanh ieu, va cung nhan thay la cac to hp am v eu co mot trong 6 thanh va trong am at nguyen am au hay nguyen am th nh. Tuy vay, s o cau truc am tiet tieng Viet c tac gia mo ta la mot to hp cua "phu am + nguyen am + phu am". ieu o cho thay quan iem cua tac gia van khong ra ngoai quy ao cua quan iem ng am An Au, xem am tiet ch la mot ket hp cua nhng am v tuyen tnh ma thoi. Laurence Thompson (1965) la ngi tiep thu nhng bien giai cua cac tac gia trng phai Nga (nh Andreev va Gordina) nhng a ay xa hn ma nhn nhan vai tro cua thanh ieu nh la mot thanh phan khong the thieu trong ket cau am tiet tieng Viet. Ong nhan ra cau truc am tiet tieng Viet ch n gian la mot ket cau gom ba thanh phan: am au + hat nhan + thanh ieu, trong o hat nhan la nguyen am va bat k am v nao i theo sau no. iem nay, tac gia khong noi them la "hat nhan" cua am tiet co phai la mot ket hp bac hai cua cau truc, hay ch la s m rong cau truc ba phan o. Cho khac ong lai cho thay rang mot am tiet co t nhat la mot nguyen am va mot thanh. (Thompson 1965:45). Sau o, khi mo ta cau truc cua thanh phan hat nhan am tiet, tac gia cho biet la hat nhan am tiet tieng Viet co the la gom mot yeu to ( mot nguyen am), hoac hai yeu to (bao gom mot nguyen am va mot ban am hay mot phu am cuoi), cung co the la mot ket cau ba yeu to (gom mot nhom nguyen am va mot phu am cuoi). Tac gia khong trnh bay them ve moi quan he th bac cua cac "yeu to" va neu oi vi cau truc am tiet. Mac du vay, ay la mot bc tien rat ln trong viec tm hieu am tiet tieng Viet. t ra la cung t ay a hnh thanh mot quan iem khac ve cach nhn cau truc am tiet tieng Viet. Cac tac gia i sau van thng noi tiep ong ma phat trien them quan iem cho rang am tiet tieng Viet la mot cau truc hai bac:
Am tiet Thanh ieu Am au Van / Hat nhan Nguyen am Phu am cuoi

Hnh 7: Cau truc am tiet tieng Viet theo tang bac

Cau truc am tiet tieng Viet c mo ta nh tren to ra rat khp vi khuon mau chung cua am tiet ma Pike lap ra, ch khac chang la mo hnh Pike a ra trc kia khong co yeu to thanh ieu. 2 Trong so nhng tac gia ngi Viet nghien cu ve am tiet tieng Viet co Nguyen Quang Hong chu trng khac han cac tac gia khac. Trong mot bai nghien cu da theo luan an e trnh nam 1974, tac gia da tren c s tieng Viet va tieng Han ma chu trng rang tiet v (syllabeme) la n v am thanh c ban cua ngon ng. Ong co nhan xet ve tnh cach khac biet cua hai loai hnh ngon ng An Au va ngon ng n tiet: trong khi cac ngon ng loai tren nhng n v c ban cua ngon ng la am v, cac ngon ng loai di lay am tiet lam n v phan tch cuoi cung. Ong theo truyen thong am van hoc Trung Hoa va cac nha ong phng hoc Nga ma xem am tiet tieng Viet la mot cau truc chung, "n nhat" - hieu theo nghia cua tac gia la mot n v phan tch ng am nho nhat, mot tiet v . Tac gia cho rang am tiet tieng Viet ch gom co hai yeu to cau thanh, la khuon thanh va
7

khuon van, ket hp nhau theo the lng phan. Khuon thanh co the vang mat, nhng khuon van luon luon co mat. Khuon thanh va khuon van lai co thanh ieu la yeu to sieu oan tnh thc hien chc nang khu biet cac hnh tiet; ngoai ra, hnh tiet tieng Viet con mot dang am sac rat ac biet, goi la "ho". Tac gia cho mot vai trng hp th du ve "ho": s oi lap ro ret ve "ho" (khai khau/hp khau) trong cac cap am tiet nh ke-que, lan-loan, xienxuyen... va noi them la thanh va ho ch la nhng yeu to phu tr, khi th gan lien vi khuon van, khi th vi khuon thanh, co khi gan vi ca hai. (Nguyen 1976: 36). S o cau truc am tiet tieng Viet theo Nguyen Quang Hong la:
thanh ho khuon thanh khuon van

Hnh 8: S o cau truc am tiet tieng Viet theo Nguyen (1976)

Quan iem ve am tiet la n v c ban cua tieng Viet that ra a c biet en t sm hn the. Cao Xuan Hao a trnh bay "quan iem phi oan ve am v va cau truc am tiet tieng Viet" (1965), trong o ong a khang nh la "am v t ban chat la phi oan". Tac gia a neu ra ba yeu to cua am tiet phat sinh ong thi: thanh ieu, am chnh va tnh chat cua moi quan he cau am. S ket hp phi tuyen tnh nh vay cho thay la am tiet tieng Viet khong phai la mot ket hp cung tnh chat nh trong cac ngon ng an au. Trong mot cong trnh quan trong ve cau truc am tiet tieng Viet ra i mi nam sau, Cao (1975) lai khang nh tnh khong phan lap cua am tiet tieng Viet. Ong a ra mot minh hoa ve tnh cach phi oan cua am tiet tieng Viet so sanh vi am tiet an-au qua th du ve mot am tiet [lun] nh sau:
tieng phng tay
1 2 3 4 5

tieng Viet b c d

l
C V

u
C

am au am chnh thanh

l< u '1'
a- phu am au c- nguyen am e- phu am cuoi b- m d-khep

n>
am chnh thanh

am cuoi

1-s moi-cua hoa khong ac trng 2- chuyen tiep 3-chuyen tiep 4- s moi-cua hoa khong ac trng 5- am cam

Hnh 9: s khac biet ve c cau cua hai loai hnh am tiet

Trong bai nghien cu in trong tap san Etudes Vietnamiennes 40 (1975), Hoang Tue & Hoang Minh a ra mot cau truc tang bac, trong o ang chu y la tac gia a moi quan he ket hp gia am chnh va am cuoi vao trong s o cau truc. Khi tha nhan vai tro khu biet am tiet cua yeu to tuyen ieu trong cau truc am tiet (thanh ieu va quan he ket hp) la tha nhan nhng yeu to phi tuyen tnh ben canh nhng ket hp tuyen tnh cua cac am v tieng Viet. ay la mot iem mi trong nghien cu tieng Viet.

S I R T

Pr.

Tle

-L-

Hnh 10: Cau truc am tiet tieng Viet theo Hoang & Hoang (1975)

S: am tiet (syllabe) T: thanh (ton) I: am au (initiale) R: van (rime) C: phu am au (consonne) Pre: am em (pretonale) Tle: am chnh (tonale) L: moi quan he (liaison) F: phu am cuoi (finale)

Quan iem phi oan ve am tiet tieng Viet ve sau c ket tap trong mot cong trnh l thuyet quan trong cua Cao Xuan Hao, Phonologie et Linearite (1985). L thuyet phi oan ve am tiet tieng Viet co y nghia ln cho a neu len c tnh cach ac thu cua am tiet tieng Viet so sanh vi cac ngon ng loai hnh khac. Mac du nhng ong gop quan trong ve l thuyet ng am hoc phi oan, cho en nay, cac nha ng am Viet Nam dng nh van dng lai viec mo ta am tiet tieng Viet theo quan iem "truyen thong", la quan iem chnh thong di ay. 3 Hien nay quan iem tang bac ve cau truc am tiet tieng Viet van con ang la mot th quan iem "chnh thong". o la quan iem c trnh bay trong cuon sach giao khoa ve ng am tieng Viet cua oan Thien Thuat (1977). Tac gia trnh bay s o cau truc am tiet tren di hai dang: bieu o hnh cay va hnh hop. Di dang hnh hop, s o cau truc cua tac gia cho thay ro tnh cach bao trum cua thanh ieu len toan bo cau truc am tiet:

Am tiet Thanh ieu Am au Van Am cuoi

Thanh ieu Van Am au Am em Am chnh Am cuoi

Am em Am chnh

Hnh 11: Cau truc am tiet tieng Viet theo oan (1977)

Tac gia ch chu trong len s o cac am v tuyen ieu va phi tuyen ieu ket hp thanh am tiet ma xem cac moi quan he la mot yeu to ben ngoai thanh phan am v. Trong s o cau truc cua tac gia, nhng am tiet khi au bang mot nguyen am nh dang di ay: (a) nguyen am + thanh: A ! O ! ! Ua ! va (b) nguyen am + thanh + phu am cuoi: Ay ! Oi ! c tac gia xem nh la cac am tiet co "am au zero" ve mat bieu hien ra ch viet, nhng tac gia lai cho rang cac am tiet o that ra van co am au - ay la am tac hau / Z / ng lam am au. Mot net khac biet na la thanh phan am em cua am tiet nay a tr thanh mot bo phan van cua am tiet. Quan iem ve cau truc am tiet tieng Viet trnh bay trong quyen Ng Am Tieng Viet (1977) a tr thanh quen thuoc trong hoc gii trong vong hai mi nam qua. Quyen sach nay c xem la mot th "kinh ien" e tham khao nghien cu va giang day trong nc.

IV

Lt qua nhng quan iem khac nhau ve mo hnh cau truc am tiet tieng Viet cua cac tac gia tren ay, co the thay rang chung phan anh a tien chung cua viec nghien cu am tiet noi chung: s phat trien viec tm hieu am tiet tieng Viet t Le Van Ly en nay ghi nhan mot s phat trien t quan niem ch mo hnh hoa nhng ket hp cua cac am v tuyen tnh (nguyen am va phu am), en s quan tam en nhng yeu to phi tuyen tnh (thanh, moi quan he ket hp gia nguyen am va phu am cuoi). Tuy nhien, cho en nay, cac s o cau truc am tiet tieng Viet kieu tang bac eu to ra con lung tung ve mot so iem ln, khien cho viec mo ta cau truc am tiet tieng Viet cha giau tnh thuyet phuc. Nhng iem con can tm hieu them co the quy ra nh sau: 1. am tiet tieng Viet la mot cau truc, nghia la mot chnh the ket hp t nhng thanh phan. Nhng co bao nhieu thanh phan ket hp ma thanh ? Cho en nay, cac tac gia co the ong y vi nhau ve ba thanh phan can ban cua am tiet tieng Viet, la thanh phan ng lam am au, am chnh, am cuoi, va thanh ieu. Nhng khi i vao phan tch chi tiet, cac quan iem khac nhau la van e di ay: 2. am tiet tieng Viet co thanh phan goi la am em hay khong ? Tra li cau hoi nay khong tranh khoi viec xem xet lai ban chat cua hai am v thng goi la ban am /-u-/ va /-i-/ . 3. Moi quan he gia cac thanh phan trong cau truc am tiet tieng Viet la moi quan he tang bac hay la moi quan he ngang hang ? Co the mo hnh hoa v tr cua cac am v tuyen ieu c khong ? Di ay la mot so ong gop thao luan ve ba cau hoi tren ay. e tra li cau hoi 1, chung ta se thao luan ve vai tro cua van trong cau truc am tiet. Cau hoi 2 dan en viec xem xet lai he thong nguyen am tieng Viet -la loai am v am nhan vai tro am chnh trong cau truc am tiet tieng Viet, va he thong phu am cuoi cua tieng Viet. Cau hoi 3 se at trong pham vi van e vai tro cua thanh ieu va moi quan he ket hp ben trong am tiet. Van cua am tiet ? Khi a ra mo hnh cau truc am tiet hai bac (Hnh 7, 10 va 11), co tac gia a lap luan rang ay la mot cau truc co that trong cam nhan cua ngi ban ng, va nh vay no la mot cau truc t nhien (Cao, 1985). Viec nhan biet van cua tieng Viet nh vay la s nhan biet t cau truc khai quat hoa trong tam l cua ngi ban ng. Bao rang van cua am tiet tieng Viet la mot thanh phan cau truc co that trong tam thc cua moi ngi ban ng co nghia rang van cua am tiet khong phai la tnh cach cua chnh ta, neu nh rang ch viet o vuong cua tieng han va kieu ch nom cua tieng Viet trc kia cung eu khong can tr viec gieo van trong phep lam th phu; ma viec nhan ra van la mot viec can thiet e co the tap lam cau oi, lam th phu, nghia la mot phan rat quan trong trong giao duc trng quy. Cam nhan t nhien ve 'khuon van' trong tam l ngi ban ng la mot tri giac ngon ng chung cho moi ngon ng. 'Khuon van' am tiet loai hnh ngon ng n tiet th a c cac nha am van hoc quan tam Trung Hoa va Viet Nam co ai. Khuon van la phan con lai cua am tiet khi a tach khoi am au. Dung khai niem ng am ngay nay th co the noi: khuon van la tap hp cua am chnh, am cuoi (hai am v tuyen tnh) va thanh ieu (am v
10

phi tuyen tnh) cua mot am tiet. S nhan biet khuon van rat can he oi vi viec gieo van trong phep lam th, v gieo van chnh la s thc hanh phep hoa phoi ng am trong nghe thuat thi ca vay. Khai niem 'khuon van' nh the co phan khac vi 'van' trong thuat ng ng am phng tay, v van cua am tiet cac ngon ng kia ch la ket hp cua hat nhan am tiet va phan am cuoi, la hai loai am v tuyen tnh ma thoi. Cho du co ong nhat hai khai niem van cua am tiet va 'khuon van' trong am van hoc co ien phng ong th van hay con mot van e can xem xet: au la lan ranh phan cach khuon van va thanh phan ben canh no ? Chung ta thng cho rang khuon van la phan con lai cua am tiet sau phan am au. Ngay trong so cac tac gia nghien cu ng am loai hnh ngon ng An Au cung a thay quan niem khac ve thanh phan goi la hat nhan am tiet. S o cau truc am tiet cua ho a a thanh phan am au va am chnh vao hat nhan cua am tiet. Vay th cau truc van co phai la mot cau truc co nh, hay ch la nhng ket hp lam thi ? Nhng nhng c lieu tam l ngon ng cho thay la 'khuon van' co the co hn mot lan ranh phan cach. Tre con khong quan niem hoc van theo nh nhng quy nh truyen thong. Chung toi ghi nhan c mot so cach ghep van cua mot so chau be Viet Nam, theo nhng mo hnh nh sau:
ba nhau tenh ba -- @ nha -- u te -- nh ba nhau tenh

Hoat ong ghep tieng cua tre trong trng hp ke tren la t mot am tiet m tien ve mot am tiet khep, ung theo tien trnh hoc tap phat am t nhien cua tam l ngon ng. Tha nhan rang y niem van la mot tri thc t nhien, th cung khong v the ma bao la van cua am tiet tieng Viet la khoi cau truc chat che oi lap vi thanh phan am au. Hien tng noi lap khien cho mot ngi Viet co the noi tieng lop thanh chuoi am /lE-lE-lElop/, nhng mot ngi Nga noi lap th co the noi tieng lob thanh mot chuoi /lo-lo-lo-bE-bEbE/. S d the la v lan ranh phan cach cac bo phan cua am tiet khong nhat thiet la co nh, va ngi noi khong the phat am theo dang phan xuat C+VC [C: phu am-V: nguyen am] nh mot ngi Viet, ma lai phan xuat CV+C (Cao, 1985:194). Vay th s nhan biet van cua am tiet tieng Viet la thuoc ve nhan thc ve mat cau truc hay ve mat tam l ? Khai niem cau truc chm va cau truc noi cua Chomsky cho en nay van ch dung trong ng phap tao sinh. Nhng neu hieu cau truc chm quyet nh y nghia cua cau va cau truc noi hieu nh la yeu to ng am, th hai tang cau truc nay la nhng tang bac khong ch rieng g cho cu phap, ma la nhng pham tru pho bien cho ca cac lnh vc khac cua ng phap. Khai niem "yeu to quyet nh y nghia cua cau noi" trong ng phap bao ham y niem khai quat ve nhng yeu to c nhan thc trong hoat ong ngon ng nhng khong minh nhien bieu hien tren cau truc vat l cua am thanh. Van la hat nhan cua am tiet, la yeu to quyet nh tnh am tiet cua am tiet; do vay nhan thc ve van nam cau truc tam l ngon ng (cau truc chm) cua am tiet. Trong khi o, ket hp am v cua am tiet du co phan thanh nhieu ang trat, van la cau truc noi cua am tiet, la nhng bieu hien ve mat ng am. Va chnh cai cau truc noi o la oi tng cua phan tch ng am-am v hoc. Am tiet /ban/ co hai bac cau truc mat cau truc: bac 1 gom co thanh huyen T + am au + khuon van V, bac 2 la cau truc cua van gom co am chnh lam hat nhan N + mot am cuoi C, Ve mat ng am, cau truc cua am tiet / ban / ch gom co nhng thanh phan + N +C | T. Hai mo hnh am tiet di ay co the cho thay s tng quan gia hai cau truc nay:

11

A N V C T N

cau truc tam l-ngon ng cau truc ng am Hnh 12: Cau truc tam l ngon ng va cau truc ng am cua am tiet

e chng minh bo phan van la mot lp cau truc co y nghia trong viec phan xuat am tiet, cac tac gia Viet Nam con thng vien dan nhng phep thay the thanh phan am v cua am tiet trong cac phep lay t, phep noi lai, va phep tao t vi van /-iek/ ma ho goi la phep -iec hoa ( Vu 1976: 42, oan 1977:84-85, Cao 1985: 194). Ca ba phep tao t nay eu dung bien phap thay the cac am v trong mot am tiet. Kha nang phan xuat am v ca moi thanh phan cau tao am tiet trong phep lay t va phep noi lai cho thay am tiet ch la mot cau truc ch khong phai mot khoi n v am thanh bat kha phan. Mot iem kha quan trong lien quan en phep lay va phep noi lai, la: co the lay va noi lai ca bon thanh phan cua am tiet ch khong ch chiet xuat am au va van theo dang oi lap C|(VC) ma thoi nh cac tac gia tren van thng bien luan (Vo,1982: 41-42). Trc het, hay th xet phep lay t. Cac sach ng am thng da vao loi phan xuat am au | van e noi en hien tng lay bo phan am au, lay van, va lay thanh ieu. Trc het, tach thanh ra khoi khuon van la mot thao tac khong hp l, v thanh la yeu to gan bo vi khuon van nay. Sau na la co nhieu t lay khong lap lai toan bo van ma ch mot bo phan cua no thoi: thom them chang han, khong lap lai am /e/ ma lai bien am thanh /o/. Xem vay th dung khai niem van hay khuon van trong khi phan tch hien tng lay t khong tranh khoi lung tung. Quan sat cac trng hp lay t se de dang nhan thay khong phai ch co mot hai loi, ma co en bon cach lay: -lay thanh phan thanh ieu: bang qu (thanh - + -) , lung thung (thanh %+%) -lay thanh phan am au: an -lay thanh phan am chnh: let leo let -lay thanh phan am cuoi: chum chum chm Chung toi thay phai phan xuat am tiet lam bon thanh phan th viec phan tch hien tng lay tr thanh sang to va rat he thong. Bon thanh phan nay chnh la bon thanh phan cau thanh mot am tiet tieng Viet vay. Trong cac phep lay t co phep lap mot thanh phan cho thay ro tnh cach ket hp bnh ang cua cac thanh phan am tiet en phep noi lai cung vay. Cac tac gia giao khoa ng am tieng Viet thng da tren s phan xuat am au | van e phan tch hien tng noi lai.Va ho khong cho rang noi lai con vt thanh vin cot la hien tng bnh thng (oan 1977). Thu thap cac loi noi lai se co the nhan ra tnh cach nhat quan va he thong cua phep noi lai, theo o th co toi a bon cach noi lai, can c tren s hoan chuyen v tr cua cac thanh phan cau thanh cua am tiet. Chang han, co the mn lai hai v du cua Cao (1985:194) e thao luan: i tron co the lai thanh: tri on (lai am au), o trn (lai am chnh), in tro (lai am cuoi), tron (lai thanh ieu);
12

 lnh tay co the lai thanh: tnh lay (lai am au), lenh ti (lai am chnh), l tenh (lai am cuoi), tay linh (lai thanh ieu). Cho nen, co the noi mot cac chnh xac rang mot ng oan hai am tiet co the lay bon loi bang cach chiet xuat mot thanh phan cua am tiet o. Tom lai, t than chung, hai phep lay t va noi lai cha u e bao rang van co vai tro nao troi hn trong cau truc am tiet. Co chang ch la da tren can c nay e nhan ra rang am tiet tieng Viet la mot cau truc gom bon thanh phan ma thoi. Co nhn nhan van e nh the mi khong lay lam ngac nhien ve hien tng lai con vt thanh vin cot ma cac tac gia thng trch dan, bi v o ch la mot trong bon cach hoan v bon thanh phan am tiet ma thoi. Phep -iec hoa trong tieng Viet la hien tng ng am ang chu y. Trc het, la s kien lap nguyen to hp -iec e tao mot t mi th ch la mot phep tao ra mot t mi thuoc nhom ma Durand goi la "cam t" mi ac biet khac. To hp -iec co kha nang ghep thanh t kep rat rong, vt khoi le oi xng ve phat am vi cac thanh phan khac, nh am au, am chnh, thanh, va phu am cuoi, lai cang khong co tr ngai nao oi vi cac t am tiet m i kem trc no. Li the ve phat am va ket hp chnh la mot l do v sao to hp iec tr thanh mot to hp ac biet trong phep tao t kep. That ra th tren bnh dien ng amam v hoc thuan tuy, chung ta co hang loat n v di bac am tiet nh -iec, nhng khong v the ma phai vien dan nhng phan tch hnh v e nham neu ra tnh cach oc ao cua hien tng -iec hoa ma cac tac gia trng phai Nga a theo chan Gordina trong bao lau nay. Mot so th du di ay co the la nhng gi y cho nhng minh hoa khac ve kha nang ket hp va hoan chuyen am v trong cau truc am tiet: n v l- trong "lum xum", "l lac", "lang xang"..., k- trong "ca chn", "ca ng", "ca eo", ba trong "ba trn", "ba bua", ba lang nhang", "ba b"... trong nhng mo hnh lay t cac phng ng mien trong. Kha nang ket hp rong cua mot so to hp nh to hp -iec ch co the dan en ket luan khiem ton la co mot lan ranh gia thanh phan am au va phan con lai cua cau truc am tiet. Nhng nh the th cha u e xem lan ranh gia am au va phan con lai la co y nghia am v hoc cao hn lan ranh phan cach gia thanh va ba am v khac, hoac gia cac thanh phan khac vi nhau, nh a the hien trong hai phep lay t va phep noi lai trnh bay tren kia. Tom lai, xet tren bnh dien ng am-am v hoc, cha co luan c nao co ay u tnh cach thuyet phuc ve vai tro ln cua thanh phan goi la van trong cau truc am tiet tieng Viet. Can c vao nhng bien giai ve phep lay t, phep noi lai va phep tao t vi to hp iec ch cho phep ket luan rang: am tiet tieng Viet la mot cau truc gom bon thanh phan, trong o hai thanh phan lam nen am tiet tnh la khong the thieu c, o la am chnh va thanh ieu. Ca bon thanh phan nay khi co mat trong am tiet th eu co vai tro va chc nang ngang nhau trong am tiet, ma phep lay t va phep noi lai la nhng the hien cac loi hoan chuyen v tr cac thanh phan cua cau truc am tiet ma thoi. Co am em trong am tiet tieng Viet hay khong ? Cac cong trnh mo ta ng am tieng Viet trc nay thng tranh luan nhieu ve mot n v ng am thng xuat hien gia am au va am chnh cua am tiet. Qua s phan tch tren ay th co the thay cau truc am tiet bao gom bon thanh phan. Neu nh vay th cho ng cua mot thanh phan goi la am em thng c nhac en trong cac sach giao khoa trc ay la au? Van e c at ra ay la: am tiet tieng Viet co mot thanh phan nam gia am hai phan am au va am chnh hay khong ?
13

ay la mot van e con ng gay nhieu tranh cai gia cac tac gia khi mieu ta am v hoc tieng Viet. Co the ghi nhan c ba giai thuyet chnh ve van e nay. (1) Hien tng than am hoa (moi hoa): Le Van Ly (1948, 1968) cho rang hien tng chum moi i kem vi am au la tnh cach cua am au, va ong cho o la hien tng "than am hoa" (labialisation). Tac gia cho rang hau het cac phu am au eu co hien tng than am hoa, va la mot tnh cach cua phu am au ch khong phai la mot net khu biet lam cho mot phu am au co the tr thanh hai am v oi lap nhau ve tnh cach, chang han /t/ oi lap vi /tw/. (2) Am /w/ la bo phan cua mot thanh phan am tiet: Phan ong cac tac gia eu cho hien tng chum moi o la hieu qua cua mot ban am / -w- / chen gia phu am au va nguyen am. Emeneau (1951) xem am /w/ la mot am v han hoi. Tuy nhien, ong cho rang co the xem vai tro cua / w/ nay la mot vai tro nc oi: hoac la mot phan cua hat nhan am tiet, hoac cung co the la mot phan cua cum am au. Cung xem hien tng chum moi nay la hien tng 'moi hoa', cac tac gia khac (Hoang et al., 1962) lai ket hp vi quan iem th nh ma cho la chung co tnh cach nc oi: co the xem nh la mot tnh cach cua am au, hoac la mot thanh phan trc am chnh. Tac gia a ra cong thc cua am tiet khong co phu am au la WV, trong o /w-/ la mot am v am nhan vai tro nh mot am au cua am tiet. Ban am nay thuoc ve am au hay am chnh cua am tiet ? Y kien cua cac nha nghien cu kha phan tan: co y kien cho ban am /-w-/ thuoc ve am au (Thompson 1965); nhng ngi khac lai xem ban am /-w-/ la mot am v rieng kem theo sau phu am au (Hoang & Hoang 1975). (3) Am chum moi /-w-/ la am v oc lap, lam thanh phan cua am tiet: mot so cac nha nghien cu trng phai Nga (theo oan 1977), cho rang am /w/ la mot am v rieng, co chc nang vai tro rieng trong am tiet tieng Viet: o la nhng am em nam gia thanh phan am au va am chnh cua am tiet. Va v vay, nhng am tiet nao khong co am em th ch la v chung co 'am em zero' (oan 1977:187). Xem the th y kien cua cac nha ng am ve van e ban am (hay am em) /w/ rat khac biet. Moi giai thuyet eu e lai rat nhieu van nan cha co giai ap. Trc het, xem /-w-/ la mot hien tng than am hoa (moi hoa) mi ch la da tren s cau am ma cha giai ap ro hn e xac nh hien tng cau am nay la hien tng chnh hay ch la phu th. Neu la hien tng ng am chnh va la mot net khu biet cua am au hay am chnh, th chung phai c a vao he thong phu am au hay nguyen am; neu ch la hien tng ng am phu, mot net hoa m cua cac am au hay am chnh ma thoi, va nh the th chung khong phai la thanh phan am tiet. Noi khac i, giai thuyet th nhat khong lam sang to vai tro cua am /-w-/ trong am tiet. Quan iem ngc lai, xem /w/ la thanh phan cua am au cung khong u sc thuyet phuc, v lan ranh gia am au va am chnh trong mot so am tiet cho thay la hien tng chum moi khong nhat thiet thuoc ve am au: b-ang kh-uang, l-ay h-oay, s-ng s-ung, thue th-iec, l-an q-uan.... Mot luan iem khac cua quan iem nay la s bien biet gia am /-w-/ trong am tiet " qua" / kua / va "cua" / kuo/. Tac gia cho rang o la hai am v khac nhau: am /-u/ trong to hp / -ua/ la mot am em, v no la mot am yeu hn nguyen am chnh, va v tnh cach ket hp cua no khong ben vng ma co the b tach khoi ket hp (trong phep noi lai va -iec hoa, am /u-/ co the tach khoi to hp /ua/). Trong khi o th am / u-/ trong to hp /uo/ la yeu to cua mot am oi, v no co hai tnh cach ngc han: tnh ben vng trong ket hp, va la mot am to manh cua to hp. (oan 1977:186, 197).
14

Nhng bien giai ve tnh ben vng cua cac to hp /ie/, /KC/, /uo/, va ve tnh manh yeu cua am /-u-/ trong cac to hp nay va cac to hp am chum moi khac co the la nhng y kien can phai xem xet lai, v khong sat vi thc te. That ra, d kien thc nghiem eu xac nhan y kien cua Le Van Ly la xac ang: ong cho rang yeu to th nh trong cac to hp /ie/, /KC/, /uo/ la nhng yeu to cam nhiem thanh manh hn (Le 1948:44). Am /-w-/ trong hai ket hp /uA/ va /uo/ khong co g khac nhau ca: ng bieu dien am tiet eu cho thay nh cao cua am tiet la nguyen am th nh, trong khi am /-w-/ ch la mot nh thap hn. Nhng c lieu thc nghiem do chung toi thc hien khong cho thay net khac biet ve tnh cach em hay tnh cach am oi cua am /-w-/ nay (Hnh 13). Bao rang ket hp cua /-u/ trong cac to hp /ie/, /KC/, /uo/ la ben vng hn cac to hp hai nguyen am khac cung thieu c s: trong phep lay, phep noi lai, phep -iec hoa eu

Hnh 13: ng bieu dien phat am hai am "oa" va "uo"

cho thay la am /u/ co the b tach ra khoi to hp nh trong cac to hp khac: phep lay: lan quan = luan quan, lay hoay = loay hoay; phep noi lai: qua ay quay a - ca uay... ; cua a ca ua - qua o phep -iec hoa: thue thiec - * thue thuyec, nc niec - * nc nuyec, cua kiec *cua quyec Tnh cach tng ong nay khong ch gia hai am /-w-/ ang ban ay, ma con pho bien moi to hp hai nguyen am tieng Viet. 1 Tat ca cac c lieu thu nhat c eu cho phep chung toi xem xet lai ban chat cua am thng goi la ban am /-w-/ va ca /-i-/ na. Nhng luan iem tren ay cua cac tac gia i trc hau het a b anh hng cua loi nhn nhan cua ng am hoc phng tay, ma y kien cua Emeneau (1951) a phan anh mot cach ay u. Tuy vay, t ra Emeneau con to ra phan van nc oi, mac du ong a co gang nhieu e thoat ra anh hng cua loi nhn nhan am tiet tieng Viet theo quan iem tay phng. Ong va nhan ra tnh cach trt t am em /w/ sang mot nguyen am th nh v tr trong am (cac am xep vao loai t am sau-cao-tron sang am sau-khong tron- hay am trc-khong tron: /u~DC~, u~A%, u~i, u~e, u~BF~/, hoac cac am ong goi la am ba len-xuong / u~Dj, u~Aj, u~A%j, u~Au~, u~iu~, u~Bu~/, nhng ong lai cho rang am/-w-/ trong cac to hp / uD~, KD~/ la mot am manh. Ch co the cat nghia rang viec cam nhan phat am cua mot ngi nc ngoai a dan tac gia en nhng mau thuan nay.
Xem oan Xuan Kien (1999) "Xem lai mot van e ng am tieng Viet: nguyen am" Hp Lu so 45 (th. 2&3.1999), tr. 5-31. 15
1

Mot iem vng khac cua loi nhn hien tng /-u-/ nh la mot ban am cua phng tay, la cac tac gia eu co y bo sot mot 'ban am' khac: /-i-/. Ban am trong ng am hoc la g ? o la nhng am rat phu nhng lai khong u tnh cach cua mot phu am ma lai rat gan tnh cach mot nguyen am. Khi phat am th ban am trt nhanh t mot v tr phat am rat phu va rat yeu en v tr mot nguyen am. Ban am thng la / w / va / i /. Nhng cac bang mo ta ban am tieng Viet thng co tnh quen ban am trc / i / nay. Mot nhc iem khac na ma chung toi a nhac en trong bai viet ve nguyen am 2 , la cac tac gia Viet Nam eu b anh hng cua loi phan tch nguyen am kep (dipthong) theo nhan quan phng tay, von xuat phat t tap quan ngon ng An-Au. Chnh loi nhn khien cng nh the a hn mot lan dan nha nghien cu en mot thu phap khien cng khac la xem nhng hien tng lac ra ngoai mo hnh cua ho la 'am v zero'! Chung toi can c tren c lieu thc nghiem e e ngh mot giai thuyet mi ve vai tro cua cac 'ban am' ( hay 'am em' ) 3 , da tren mot loi nhn nhan khac vi tap quan ngon ng phng tay. V the ma chung toi e ngh ay mot mo hnh cau truc am tiet tieng Viet a khong co thanh phan th nam la cac 'am em'. Chung toi xem hien tng goi la ban am hoac phu am cuoi tron moi / u-/ hoac bet / i-/ khong phai la mot n v am v hoc oc lap vi he thong nguyen am va he thong phu am cuoi, va do o khong the xem la mot thanh phan rieng re cua cau truc am tiet tieng Viet. Cac am nay chnh la mot yeu to lam thanh mot nguyen am kep trt tang dan 4 . Trong am tiet, cac nguyen am trt tang dan nay hoan toan co gia tr mot am v lam thanh am chnh cua am tiet.
Thanh phan am chnh co bao nhieu am v ?

Mot van e ang at ra cho ng am tieng Viet, la: ti chng mc nao th nguyen am c tha nhan la mot am v ? Noi cach khac, nhng to hp nhieu nguyen am trong mot am tiet la mot am v hay nhieu hn ? e tra li cau hoi at ra tren kia, trc het can lu y mot ieu la rat nhieu ngon ng tren the gii eu co hien tng nguyen am ngan va nguyen am dai. Ve mat am hoc, th mot nguyen am dai dai xuyt xoat gap oi mot nguyen am ngan, cho du la tnh cach cua s khac biet con tuy thuoc vao cac yeu to ng am khac trong luc phat am. Neu van e dai/ngan cua mot nguyen am la hien nhien, th van e nguyen am n hay nguyen am kep se co c nhn nhan cung mot cach ? Nguyen am kep - hay co tac gia goi la nh trung am (Le, 1968)- thng c hieu la "hai nguyen am i lien nhau, phat am cung luc nh la mot nguyen am". Hieu nh the th moi nguyen am trong to hp nguyen am kep la "mot na" nguyen am. Mot iem rat ang chu y khac la nguyen am th nhat thng chuyen nhanh sang nguyen am th nh. Mot phan t cua to hp nguyen am kep luon luon v tr manh hn phan t kia. Neu yeu to ng trc manh hn , nh trong cac to hp / aj / trong tieng Anh, th ngi ta goi la nguyen am kep giam dan. Tuy vay, cung co nhng ngon ng lai co nguyen am kep tang dan, nh to hp / iA /, trong o yeu to / A / manh hn. Tnh hnh nghien cu ve nhng ket hp nguyen am vi hai am /w/ va /i/ trc hay sau no cung co nhieu giai thuyet khac nhau. oi vi ket hp /w/ va /i/ sau nguyen am, chung toi xem chung la hai phu am cuoi, da tren tnh cach phu am ro ret cua chung.
oan Xuan Kien, Bd, tr. 11. Xin e y la chung toi dung hai thuat ng nay vi hai noi dung khac nhau: ban am la e ch mot loai am v, va am em la e ch mot thanh phan chc nang trong cau truc am tiet. 4 oan Xuan Kien, Bd, tr. 11-12. 16
2 3

Hnh 14: oi chieu ng net phat am cua "ie", "", "uo" va ""oa", "ue", "uye"

oi vi nhng ket hp trc nguyen am khac, chung toi nhat loat xem hai am nay la nguyen am th nhat trong to hp nguyen am kep. Chung toi can c vao s phan bo thong nhat cua cac ket hp / w / + nguyen am trong tieng Viet la mot hien tng nam trong quy luat hoat ong pho bien cua nguyen am trong moi ngon ng: hien tng to hp nguyen am ( kep) trt-tang dan, va cho rang net khu biet cua nhng ket hp nay kha thong nhat trong phan am chnh cua am tiet. Cac to hp nguyen am tang dan co cung tnh cach va gia tr am v hoc nh nhau cua mot nguyen am kep, t mo hnh ket hp en trng o phat am. Chang han, c lieu thc nghiem khong cho thay khac biet nao gia cac to hp hai nguyen am / ie, KC, uo /, va cac to hp khac ma cac nha ng am thng xem la mot ban am + nguyen am: / uA, ue, uie / (Hnh 14). Tat ca nhng ng net cua cac nguyen am kep eu cho thay phan mang am tiet tnh eu co hai nh cao: mot nh cua nguyen am th nhat, va mot nh cao hn tiep ngay sau o la cua nguyen am th nh. Khi en nh cao th am tiet bat au khep lai. Cho nen a tat ca nhng to hp hai nguyen am vao nhom cac to hp nguyen am kep la mot viec hp le. Mot ket luan khac rut ra t nhng thao luan tren ay, la: du la nguyen am n hay nguyen am kep, nguyen am ngan hay dai, cac am v nay ch la mot am v duy nhat am nhan thanh phan am chnh trong cau truc am tiet. Ket luan th ba la: v khong co loai am v goi la ban am trong tieng Viet nen cung khong co thanh phan goi la am em trong cau truc am tiet tieng Viet. S o cau truc am tiet e ngh ay khong
17

co n v goi la am em oc lap, hoac xem la tien am chnh -hieu nh mot tnh cach cua am au. Tom lai, moi am tiet tieng Viet gom co bon thanh phan am v hoc. Bon thanh phan cua cau truc am tiet tieng Viet se co gia tr am v hoc nh nhau. Am tiet tieng Viet c sap xep theo cau truc nh sau:
Am tiet
Am au

Thanh ieu
Am chnh

Am cuoi

Am au

Am chnh

Am cuoi

Thanh ieu

Hnh 15: S o tong quat cau truc am tiet tieng Viet

Moi thanh phan cua am tiet se do mot am v am nhan: thanh phan am au: do mot phu am au am nhan; thanh phan am chnh lam nen phan hat nhan cua am tiet, do mot nguyen am am nhan; thanh phan am cuoi do mot phu am cuoi am nhan; thanh phan thanh ieu: do mot thanh am nhan. Co the lap lai s o tren di dang cong thc nh sau, trong o cac thanh phan am tiet c bieu hieu bang cac nhanh hnh cay va mot o trong s o hnh ch nhat:
A

A: am tiet T : am au N C N: am chnh am cuoi C: thanh ieu C T T: Hnh 16: Cong thc cau truc am tiet tieng Viet

S o cau truc am tiet tieng Viet tren ay cho thay bon thanh phan co vai tro chc nang ngang nhau trong viec xac nh am tiet. Trong bon am v th ba am v: phu am au, nguyen am va phu am cuoi la nhng am v tuyen tnh, nghia la phat am tng oi theo trat t trc sau, va khi phan tch am tiet, chung cung c phan cach theo th t cau thanh am tiet. Ngc lai, thanh la mot am v phi tuyen tnh, v no co mat ngay lap tc cung vi khi phat ra am tiet, va do vay tnh cach cua thanh la bao trum toan the am tiet. S o cau truc am tiet trong hnh 17 di ay la mot cach the hien khac, co the cho thay s phan biet hai loai am v am nhan thanh phan am tiet.
S o am tiet
thanh ieu am au am chnh am cuoi

Loai am v
thanh phu am au + nguyen am + phu am cuoi

} am v phi tuyen tnh } am v tuyen tnh

Hnh 17: s o cau truc am tiet tieng Viet

Am tiet tieng Viet khong the thieu hai thanh phan chnh yeu lam nen am tiet tnh cua no, la: am chnh, va thanh ieu. Am chnh co the gom t nhat mot nguyen am, hoac la mot to hp nguyen am. Am tiet "nguyet" / Puiet / co s o cau truc nh sau :
18

/P /

/uie /

/t/

/./

Hnh 18: Cau truc am tiet cua tieng "nguyet" /Puiet/

Cau:' A ! Me ve ! ', khi phat ngon, cho ba am tiet nh trong o hnh di ay:
A N T A N T A N T

/A

-/

/m

%/

/v

@/

Hnh 19: Phan tch cau truc am tiet cua cau noi 'A ! Me ve !'

Nh the, trong mot am tiet tieng Viet co bon thanh phan am v. o la mot cau truc pho bien va on nh. Cac kieu cau truc am tiet tieng Viet S o cau truc nh trnh bay Hnh 17 tren kia c xem la mo hnh cau truc ay u nhat. Tren thc te th mot am tiet tieng Viet co the bieu hien ra di mot trong bon dang thc: (a) am tiet gom am chnh + thanh: ay la mot dang am tiet m, trong o am chnh khong b phu am cuoi can tr lan hi; (b) am tiet gom am chnh + am cuoi + thanh: ay la dang am tiet khep, trong o phu am cuoi co mat e khep lan hi noi cuoi moi am tiet. (c) am tiet gom am au + am chnh + am cuoi + thanh: ay la mot dang am tiet m khac bat au vi mot phu am au trc khi phat ra am chnh; (d) am tiet gom am au + am chnh + am cuoi + thanh: ay la dang am tiet khep vi ay u bon thanh phan cua mot am tiet tieng Viet. Trong tat ca bon kieu ket hp tren ay, am chnh va thanh la thanh phan bat buoc phai co e am tiet co am tiet tnh. Tieng Viet khong co dang am tiet cau tao toan phu am -du la phu am vang nh tieng Tiep chang han. Theo nh bon mo thc the hien am tiet tieng Viet tren ay, chung ta co the thay la, tuy theo v tr quan sat, am tiet tieng Viet co hai loai cau truc ln. Bon dang am tiet tieng Viet co the tom tat trong hnh di ay:

19

I/ Am tiet khong co am au A N T
V du:

II/ Am tiet co am au A A T N A C T

A N C T

A N C T

N T N C

/ A /
a (a)

/ Au /
ao (b)

/ AP` /
ang

/ bA /
ba (c)

/ bAj* /
bay (d)

/ bAP /
bang

1 Am tiet m

2 Am tiet khep

Hnh 20: Cac dang cau truc am tiet tieng Viet

truc: I/ Am tiet khong co am au: loai cau truc nay bao gom cac dang cau truc (a) va (b) trong hnh 19. II/ Am tiet co am au: loai cau truc nay bao gom cac dang cau truc (c) va (d) tren kia. Neu xet tieu ch co hay khong co am cuoi, am tiet tieng Viet lai co the co hai loai cau truc nh sau: 1. Am tiet m: la nhng am tiet khong co thanh phan am cuoi, va bao gom cac dang (a) va (c) trong hnh 19. 2. Am tiet khep: la nhng am tiet co thanh phan am cuoi, va gom cac dang cau truc (b) va (d) tren kia. VI Am tiet tieng Viet khong ch la s ket hp cua cac am v tuyen tnh, ma con cac yeu to phi tuyen tnh cung lam nen net ac trng co y nghia cua am tiet. Quan he ket hp gia nguyen am va phu am cuoi Hai am tiet / tAn/ va / tA*n~/ eu co bon am v giong nhau. Trong trng hp nay, moi quan he ket hp gia nguyen am /A/ vi phu am cuoi /n/ lam nen s khac nhau gia hai am tiet nay. Quan he gia nguyen am va phu am cuoi co the la moi quan he chat hay long ma cho am sac khac nhau cho am tiet. Hai am tiet lum xum / lum sum/ (ket hp long), ma cung co the phat am thanh / lum~ sum~ / (ket hp chat). Ca hai ket hp eu la ket hp co y nghia trong tieng Viet, v no tao hai am sac khac nhau cua hai phng ng bac va nam. Co khi hai ket hp tao nen hai am tiet khac nghia han: tam / tAm/ va tam / tA`m~ / la hai am tiet khac han nhau ch t mot yeu to quan he ket hp - la yeu to phi tuyen tnh. ay chnh la l do khien Hoang & Hoang (1975) a quan he ket hp vao s o cau truc am tiet
20

Neu xet tieu ch co hay khong co am au, am tiet tieng Viet co the co hai loai cau

tieng Viet, xem nh la mot am v ieu tnh co y nghia, ben canh cac am v tuyen tnh va thanh ieu. S o cau truc am tiet ma chung toi trnh bay ay khong a quan he nay thanh mot yeu to cau tao am tiet, v le rang trong noi bo am tiet tieng Viet, co nhieu moi quan he khac na: quan he gia thanh phan am au va thanh phan am chnh, quan he ket hp trong noi bo thanh phan am chnh, quan he gia phu am cuoi va thanh. Nhng yeu to phi oan nay cua cau truc am tiet co tnh cach khac vi thanh ieu, la yeu to phi oan khac co y nghia am v hoc noi bat. Va chang, cac moi quan he nay eu a c bieu hien ben canh cac yeu to oan tnh: chang han quan he chat gia nguyen am va phu am cuoi thng bieu hieu qua mot nguyen am ngan hay mot phu am cuoi chat. Am tiet anh /F`Pk~/ khac am tiet eng / FP / qua phat am va qua cac o v khac nhau. V the s o cau truc am tiet bon thanh phan a ch ghi nhan thanh la mot yeu to phi tuyen tnh co y nghia cap am tiet ma thoi. V tr cua thanh ieu trong cau truc am tiet Cho en nay co the nhan ra hai cach nhn nhan vai tro cua thanh ieu trong am tiet: hng th nhat xem thanh ieu la mot yeu to ngon ieu, tao am sac cho am tiet nhng khong phai la mot thanh phan cau thanh am tiet. Loi nhn nhan th hai xem thanh ieu la yeu to phi tuyen tnh cua am tiet ben canh cac yeu to tuyen tnh khac, va nh the th thanh la mot thanh phan cau tao cua am tiet tieng Viet. Hai hng nhn nhan se dan en hai quan iem khac nhau ve cau truc am tiet. Quan niem rang thanh la yeu to ngon ieu la can c tren tnh cach tao am sac cho am tiet. ay la net ac trng cua am tiet loai hnh ngon ng a tiet, trong o cac am v tuyen tnh ket hp vi nhau. o la nhng ket hp on nh va lam nen net khu biet cua am tiet nay vi am tiet khac. Trong khi o th yeu to ngon ieu nh trong am cau noi co the thay oi tuy theo ng canh, cho nen ch c xem la yeu to tao am sac cho am tiet ma thoi. So sanh ba loi nhan trong am trong cung mot cau noi ngan di ay:
1 How are you ? 2 How are you ? 3 How are you ?

Thanh cua tieng Viet khong the. Moi am tiet ch co the mang mot thanh on nh, tao nen net khu biet cua am tiet. Thanh la mot yeu to gan lien vi am tiet, va khong the tuy tien thay oi no ma khong lam mat net khu biet cua no ben canh cac am tiet khac. Nhn lai cac s o cau truc am tiet tren kia, co the thay nhng co gang e lam bat len tnh cach rieng cua thanh trong am tiet tieng Viet, t cho no ch la yeu to ben le, thanh a c nhn nhan nh mot am v cua am tiet, co chc nang am v hoc ro ret. Mot ac trng khac cua thanh la no gan vao yeu to am tiet tnh cua am tiet, tc la nguyen am. Va cung la mot s kien co y nghia khi he thong ch viet tieng Viet hien nay anh dau thanh len nguyen am -la nh am tiet. Tuy vay, nh v tr cho no trong cau truc am tiet lai ang con la mot van e cha nga ngu. Co t nhat la hai giai thuyet chnh ve vai tro thanh ieu trong am tiet tieng Viet: (a) Thanh la yeu to cua am chnh: Nguyen Bat Tu (1949:63) cho rang thanh la yeu to cua am chnh. Ong cho rang thanh nhiem vao phan am chnh cua am tiet, hn na vao nguyen am manh cua am chnh.
21

(b) Thanh la yeu to cua am tiet: Le Van Ly (1948) cho rang thanh ieu la yeu to thuoc ve ngon ieu, va moi am tiet ch co the mang mot thanh nh la mot yeu to quyet nh tnh cach thoa ang cua mot am tiet, v no lam nen y nghia cua am tiet. Le Van Ly cung la ngi co ong gop quan trong khi ong khang nh la thanh nhiem manh tren nguyen am manh trong cac to hp nguyen am kep tang dan. Do o khi viet dau thanh phai at tren nguyen am manh. Tng cung can ghi nhan la trong Le (1968), tac gia lai xem thanh la yeu to cam nhiem vao thanh phan am chnh cua am tiet ma thoi. Cac nha nghien cu khac (Cao 1975, oan 1977, Nguyen 1978) eu theo chu trng la thanh la yeu to cua am tiet ch khong phai ch la yeu to cua am chnh. Nhng c lieu thc nghiem ng am cho thay la thanh nhiem vao phu am au rat yeu t so vi phan con lai cua am tiet. Thanh "nhiem" manh nhat nh am tiet va con gan vao ca am cuoi na. Khi phat am mot am tiet nao o, ch so o o cao cua phan cuoi am tiet trc khi dt am tiet xac nhan ieu o. iem nay co y nghia hn khi oi chieu vi nhng phan tch xac ang da tren c lieu ng am lch s (Haudricourt 1954, in lai trong 1972): thanh cua tieng Viet hnh thanh khi am tiet tieng Viet co rung cac phu am cuoi tac hau/ Z /, am xat / s /, va am hau / h /. Co the can c tren hien tng chuyen oi phu am cuoi sang thanh e tm hieu tnh nhiem thanh cua phu am cuoi khong? Vo Bnh (1982:4244) a ra mot giai thuyet ve tnh nhiem thanh tang dan t thanh phan am au sang am cuoi, nh dien ta trong s o di ay:
A cau truc am tiet

N X1X2X3

C X

T X

thi gian phat am

Hnh 21 : am sac cua thanh trong am tiet (phong theo Vo Bnh)

Tac gia co vien dan s hiep van trong th (vi s biet loai "van thong" va "van chnh") chng to trat t tang dan cac kieu ket hp cac thanh to ng cuoi am tiet neu i t "van ep" en "van thong", roi "van chnh". Thiet tng da tren phu am cuoi e so sanh gia tr hiep van thi ca e noi ve trat t tang dan cac kieu ket hp cac thanh to ng cuoi am tiet ch la mot cach nhn, bi v cung co the t hien tng nay ma noi en vai tro chu ao cua am chnh, bi v s hiep van trong thi ca phai la s hoa phoi cua khuon van -noi theo thuat ng am van hoc thi co ien. Tac gia cung da tren mot l luan gia nh e cho rang cac phu am cuoi co rung i e tr thanh thanh, roi thanh lai tac ong lai cac am v tuyen tnh gan no (?), va ong cho rang thanh nhiem manh dan t thanh phan ket hp tuyen tnh t au en cuoi am tiet. Tuy vay, chnh tac gia cung thay rang s o nh tren thch hp nhat vi am tiet khep; oi vi cac am tiet m th con can xem xet them. Noi cach khac, cach giai thch cua tac gia ve moi quan he gia thanh va cac thanh phan am v tuyen tnh cha u tnh thuyet phuc ve cai trat t tang dan s ket gan gia cac thanh to cuoi am tiet. Tom lai vai tro cua thanh trong am tiet la mot van e cho en nay cha c giai quyet can ke. Nghien cu thc nghiem ng am co the la c s e co nhng ket luan ro rang them na ve chc nang cua thanh trong ket hp am tiet. La mot am v tuyen tnh, thanh khong ch tac ong len mot am v tuyen tnh nao ma la yeu to tao am sac chung cho ca am tiet. Tuy vay, am chnh van la thanh phan am tiet "nhiem" thanh mc o cao
22

nhat. Am au va am cuoi khong co ay u am lng e co the "nhiem" thanh manh hn am chnh c. Khi keo dai mot am tiet, co hien tng thanh gan ro net am cuoi neu so vi am au. Nhng am lng giai oan khep am tiet a giam rat nhieu roi, kho ma co the noi en s ket hp chat dan phia cuoi am tiet vi ham y rang thanh nhiem manh vao am cuoi. Thanh nhiem manh nhat la nh am tiet, va ch nh ma thoi. Neu am tiet khep co cac phu am cuoi /p, t, k/ ch mang thanh sac va nang, la v nhng phu am o phat ra eu kem theo hien tng nghen thanh hau, nh hai thanh sac va nang.

VII Cau truc am tiet tieng Viet a c mo ta theo nhieu quan iem khac nhau, t quan iem phan lap ch chu trong en yeu to tuyen tnh en quan iem khong phan lap, roi quan iem phan lap theo tang bac co bao gom yeu to ieu tnh la thanh. Xem xet lai cac quan iem mo ta cau truc am tiet, chung toi a chon mo hnh bon thanh phan ang lap. S o cau truc am tiet tieng Viet ma chung toi e ngh ay bao gom trc het la co ca hai yeu to oan tnh va phi oan tnh, the hien s phan nhanh trong s o hnh cay. Trong s o hnh ch nhat, yeu to phi tuyen tnh c trnh bay mot o rien biet at tren hoac di to hp tuyen tnh:
1 2 2 1 1 2 2 yeu to phi tuyen tnh

1 yeu to tuyen tnh

Hnh 22: s phan lap yeu to tuyen tnh va phi tuyen tnh trong gian o cau truc am tiet

Trong s o cau truc am tiet tieng Viet tren co toi a ba thanh phan am v tuyen tnh: am au, am chnh va am cuoi. V tr cua cac am v c sap xep theo th t chung xuat hien trong cau truc am tiet. Sap xep theo hnh cay nh the th cha lam bat len c vai tro cua am chnh trong cau truc am tiet. S o cau truc hnh ch nhat the hien s kien nay ro hn, khi o v thanh c at trong mot khung trai dai suot trat t cac am v tuyen tnh, ngay v tr o v nguyen am. Mo hnh am tiet e ngh ay the hien c tnh he thong nhat quan cua cau truc am tiet tieng Viet, va ong thi to ra n gian hn nhng mo hnh tang bac trc ay. Cung la ieu thu v khi nhan ra rang khoa hoc that ra cung khong phai la oi lap vi gian d. oan Xuan Kien

Th muc
Ve tieng Viet
Cao, Xuan Hao (1975) "Le probleme du phoneme en vietnamien" in Etudes Vietnamiennes No: 40: Essais Linguistiques. Ha Noi: Xunhasaba, pp. 98-127. Cao, Xuan Hao (1985) Phonologie et Linearite. Paris: SELAF. 23

inh, Le Th (1982) "Ban ve am tac thanh hau m au am tiet tieng Viet" Ngon Ng so 3 (1982), tr. 4751. oan, Thien Thuat (1977), Ng Am Tieng Viet. Ha Noi: Nxb. H & THCN. Emeneau, M.B. (1951) Studies in Vietnamese (Annamese) Grammar. Berkeley & Los Angeles: University of California Press. Hoang, Tue (1962) "He thong ng am va ng phap tieng Viet" trong Hoang Tue et. al.(1962), Giao Trnh ve Viet Ng (s thao), tap I. Ha Noi: Nxb. Giao Duc. Hoang, Tue & Hoang Minh (1975) "Remarques sur la structure phonologique du vietnamien" in Etudes Vietnamiennes No: 40 : Essais Linguistiques. Ha Noi: Xunhasaba, pp. 66-98. Le, Van Ly (1948) Le Parler Vietnamien. Paris: Hng Anh Imp. Le, Van Ly (1968) S Thao Ng Phap Viet Nam. Saigon: Trung Tam Hoc Lieu. Nguyen, Bat Tu (1949) Ch va Van Viet Khoa Hoc . Sai Gon: Ngon Ng. Nguyen, Bat Tu (1959) Ngon Ng Hoc Viet Nam. Sai Gon: Ngon Ng Nguyen, Phan Canh (1978) " Ban chat cau truc am tiet tnh cua ngon ng: dan luan vao mot mieu ta khong phan lap oi vi am v hoc Viet Nam" in Ngon Ng so 36 (2.1978), pp. 5-18. Nguyen, Quang Hong (1976) "Am tiet tieng Viet, chc nang va cau truc cua no" in Ngon Ng so 29 (3. 1976), pp. 29-36. Thompson, Laurence (1965) A Vietnamese Grammar. Seattle: Uni. of Washington Press. Vo, Bnh (1982) "Vai y kien ban them ve am tiet tieng Viet" in Ngon Ng so 52(2.1982), pp. 38-48. Vu, Ba Hung (1976) "Van e am tiet cua tieng Viet" in Ngon Ng so 29 (3.1976), pp. 37-45.

Blevins, Juliette (1995) "The syllable in phonological theory" in Goldsmith, John (ed.) (1995) The Handbook of Phonological Theory. Oxford: Blackwell, pp. 206-244. Bloomfield, Leonard (1935), Language. London: George Allen & Unwin. Chomsky, N. & Halle, M. (1968) The Sound Pattern of English. New York: Harper & Row. Clements, Georges & Keyser, Samuel (1983) CV Phonology - A Generative Theory of the Syllable. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Hall, Tracy Alan (1992) Syllable Structure and Syllable-Related Process in German. Tubingen: Niemeyer. Hayes, B. (1989) 'Compensatory lengthening in moraic phonology', Linguistic Inquiry 20 : 253-306. Hulst, Harry van der & Smith, Norval (1984) (eds.) Advances in Nonlinear Phonology. Dordrecht: Foris Publications. Hyman, Larry (1985) A Theory of Phonological Weight. Dordrecht: Foris. McCarthy, J.(1979) 'Formal problems in Semitic phonologyand morphology'. PhD Dissertation, MIT. McCarthy, J. & Prince, A. (1986) 'Prosodic morphology' MS, Uni. of Massachusetts. Noske, Roland Gabriel (1992) A Theory of Syllabification and Segmental Alternation - With Studies on the Phonology of French, German, Tonkawa, and Yawelmani. Ph.D. Dissertation, Uni. of Brabant. Pike, Kenneth & Pike, Eunice Victoria (1947), " Immediate Constituents of Mazateco Syllables" International Journal of American Linguistics, XIII (Apri. 1947), pp. 78-91.

Cac sach khac

24