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Knh tha qu Thay

Trong giao trnh Luan ly c ban, chung ta iem qua nhieu trng phai Luan ly khac nhau. Thiet tng cung can co mot tai lieu tham khao mang tnh truyen thong va theo sat Giao huan cua Giao hoi. Tac pham An Introduction to Moral Theology cua William E. May, nxb. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing Division Our Sunday Visitor, Inc. 1994, ap ng c nhu cau chnh ang neu tren. Viec chuyen ng tac pham tren ra tieng Viet do mot so Thay khoa IV phu trach, ngoai gi hoc qu Thay o a hy sinh thi gi e thc hien cong viec kho nhoc nay. Phan toi vi s han che ve Anh ng, toi cung a co gang oc lai va ieu chnh viec chuyen ng tren ve mat noi dung va y tng. Chac han cung con nhieu cho cha c hai long, mong qu Thay khi x dung ong gop them y kien. Tai lieu tham khao nay ch mang tnh chat lu hanh noi bo cho qu Thay a tng hoc qua giao trnh Luan ly c ban. Xin Chua chuc lanh cho qu Thay hy sinh thi gi chuyen ng va an hanh tap tai lieu tham khao nay. Go vap ngay 22 thang 05 nam 2000 LM. Giuse Nguyen c Quang

Li Noi au
Toi han hanh gii thieu cuon DAN VAO THAN HOC LUAN LY cua tien s William May. Vi loi trnh bay ngan gon va sau sac, tien s May gii thieu vi oc gia nhng khai niem can ban cua giao huan luan ly Cong giao. Toi xin gi cuon sach nay en hang giao sy, cac chung sinh, cac giao ly vien va tat ca nhng ai muon kham pha sau hn ve ieu ma quyen sach nay nham en e i theo Chua Giesu. Chung ta ang song trong mot thi ai dng nh a anh mat nhng ky cng luan ly. Co qua nhieu ngi that s lan lon gia ieu nao la ung va ieu nao la sai, mot so khac th nghi ng s ton tai mot tieu chuan ch thc cho viec anh gia hanh vi nhan linh. Nhng giao huan cua Giao Hoi, ac biet nhng ieu co lien quan en s thong truyen va bao ve s song con ngi, th thng b t choi. Toan bo nen luan ly Kito giao thng b xem nh la mot loat nhng bon phan oc oan khong co lien quan g en pham gia chung ta nh nhng con ngi c keu goi vao cuoc song vnh cu trong Chua Giesu Kito. Cuon dan nhap nay chong lai lan lon o cach minh nhien va sac ben. No giup chung ta hieu giao huan luan ly cua Giao Hoi c bat re the nao trong ban tnh con ngi a c tao nen giong hnh anh Thien Chua. Qua thc, khi an sung cua c Kito bao trum cuoc song chung ta, chung ta thay ro hn s khon ngoan trong giao huan luan ly cua Giao Hoi. Tien s May a cong hien i mnh e nghien cu giao huan luan ly cua Giao Hoi va truyen at giao huan o cho ngi khac. 2

Ong la ngi co niem tin sau xa va rat uyen bac, chung toi lay lam vinh d c ong chia se s khon ngoan cua mnh cho chung toi. Quyen sach mi nhat nay cua ong xng ang c on nhan cach nhiet tnh. HONG Y JAMES HICKEY TONG GIAM MUC WASHINGTON

DAN NHAP
CHO AN BAN LAN TH NHAT CO SA OI
Trong mot thi gian ngan ke t khi tac pham nay c xuat ban lan th nhat, a co hai van kien cua huan quyen, co tam quyet nh quan trong oi vi than hoc luan ly, a c ban hanh. Van kien th nhat la Sach Giao Ly cua Giao Hoi Cong Giao c c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II long trong ban hanh vao dp Le c Me Vo Nhiem , nam 1992, luc an ban Phap ng cua Sach Giao Ly c pho bien. Van kien th hai la thong iep Veritatis Splendor (Anh chan ly rang ngi) cua c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II khi ngai ngo li vi Toan the giam muc cua Giao Hoi Cong Giao ban ve mot vai van e c ban trong giao huan luan ly cua Giao Hoi, c ban hanh vao ngay 05 thang 10 nam 1993. Thong iep cua c Thanh Cha a minh nhien danh het cho nhng van e cot yeu a c e cap en trong than hoc luan ly can ban va c nghien cu trong tuyen tap nay. Vi loi trnh bay ngan gon va hap dan , mot cai nhn bao quat ve toan bo giao huan cua Giao Hoi, sach Giao Ly bao gom nhieu phan danh cho nhng e tai quan trong trong than hoc luan ly can ban. Nh vay, muc ch cua an ban Dan vao than hoc luan ly co sa oi nay la phai phoi hp giao huan cua hai van kien huan quyen quan trong mang tnh phe bnh nay vao an ban trc.

Toi a them vao ban cu hai chng. Th nhat la chng VII a ra mot ban tom lc ve toan bo giao huan luan ly cua Sach Giao Ly va tap trung chu y vao nhng phan cua Sach Giao Ly co lien quan en nhng van e a c e cap trong ban cu. Chng mi th hai la chng VIII a ra mot cai nhn bao quat ve thong iep Veritatis Splendor cua c Thanh Cha Gioan Phaolo II. Them na, toi a tm cach phoi hp vao trong nhng chng khac cua ban cu, chat lieu lay t thong iep Veritatis Splendor co lien quan e nhng van e a c e cap trong nhng chng o. Trong nhng chng khac cua ban cu, toi a cung cap nhng tham khao cac oan van cua Sach Giao Ly thch hp vi e tai a thao luan. Hy vong cua toi la vi viec them vao nhng chat lieu nay se lam cho cuon sach them hu ch cho oc gia. Theo nhan xet cua toi, ca Sach Giao Ly va thong iep Veritaits Splendor eu la nhng van kiet tuyet vi cua huan quyen hien nay. Ca hai eu bam re sau trong Thanh Kinh va theo y kien toi, chung co gang to cho thay cuoc song luan ly la mot no lc, ve pha con ngi, e hoan toan tr nen nhng con ngi nh long Chua mong c. Ca hai van kien nhac nh chung ta ve pham gia vi t cach la nhng con ngi c tao nen giong hnh anh Thien Chua, trong c Kito, va c keu goi e nh hnh cuoc song mnh cho phu hp vi ke hoach khon ngoan va yeu thng cua Thien Chua danh cho s hien hu cua con ngi. c Thanh Cha Gioan Phaolo II nham en c Kito chu ong inh nh cau tra li cuoi cung cho nhng van nan ve i song luan ly va ngai thach thc chung ta yeu thng nhau nh chung ta a va ang c Thien Chua yeu thng trong c Kito vi tnh 5

yeu hoa giai va cu o, ngi ta san sang chu ng s d hn la lam ieu d. Trong khi nhac nh chung ta ve n goi chia se cong trnh cu o cua c Kito, nh hnh cuoc song va nhng chon la cua chung ta nh chan ly, s anh gia ay niem tin va khon ngoan cua c Thanh Cha ve s hien hu cua chung ta nh la nhng con ngi luan ly co the giup tat ca chung ta tr nen nhng ngi con that s trung thanh va ang tin cua Thien Chua. Toi muon cam n nhieu ngi a giup toi trong viec oc lai tac pham nay :Germain Grisez, John Finnis va Ramon Garca de Haro. Toi cung muon nhan c hoi nay e ghi nhan rang cuon hai trong tac pham Con ng cua Chua Giesu cua Grisez, vi nhan e Song i song Kito hu, a c xuat ban t lan xuat ban lan th nhat cua tac pham nay. Them na, ong ay va Russell Shaw a xuat ban mot an ban c rut ngan lai cua cuon mot, Nhng nguyen tac luan ly Kito giao, vi nhan e S vien man trong c Kito. Hn na, toi cung muon ghi nhan rang toi a phien dch mot tac pham quan trong cua Ramon Garca de Haro, Hon nhan va gia nh trong cac van kien cua huan quyen. Toi cung muon cam n nhng sinh vien tai Hoc vien Gioan Phaolo II qua nhng bai nghien cu ve hon nhan va gia nh cung vi nhieu ngi khac a cong tac giup toi. ac biet, toi rat biet n Hong Y Hickey a viet li m au that thanh lch cho cuon sach nay. Ngay 14 thang 01 nam 1994

DAN NHAP
CHO AN BAN LAN TH NHAT
Toi tin chac rang i song luan ly cua chung ta co the c mo ta nh mot no lc vi nhan thc, e biet chung ta la ai va phai lam g va nh mot no lc co thng phat, e lam ieu chung ta biet mnh phai lam, neu chung ta thc s la nhng con ngi ma chung ta c d nh phai la. D nhien viec mo ta i song luan ly theo cach nay da tren vai gia nh. No gia nh rang chung ta khong biet, luc chung ta bc vao hien hu, chung ta la ai va phai lam g neu chung ta thc s la nhng con ngi ma chung ta c d nh phai la, nhng chung ta co kha nang kham pha ieu o. No con gia nh xa hn na rang khi bc vao hien hu, chung ta cha hoan toan la nhng con ngi ma chung ta c d nh phai la, nhng co the tr nen nh vay. Them vao o, no gia nh rang chung ta co mot so menh, mot ket cuc, ma chung ta a c keu goi en t trong tham sau con ngi chung ta, va chung ta co the kham pha nh menh, ket cuc nay la g. Va cuoi cung, no gia nh rang chung ta chu trach nhiem ve so menh cua mnh, va co the nh hnh cuoc song mnh thong qua nhng chon la t quyet cua chung ta. Trong ca hai, no lc co nhan thc e biet chung ta la ai va phai lam g neu chung ta hoan toan la nhng con ngi ma chung ta c d nh phai la va no lc co thng phat e lam ieu chung ta biet mnh phai lam neu chung ta hoan toan la nhng con ngi ma chung ta c d nh phai la, 7

chung ta co the : va b h hong hay tan tat va va c giup hay c cung cap phng tien. Toi nguyen to, ca nhan, xa hoi, nh chung ta se thay, la nhan to ln lam mat kha nang hoat ong oi vi nhng no lc nay. Nh cung se thay, chung ta biet c Thien Chua trong Chua Giesu Kito la nhan to ho tr cho nhng no lc nay. Mot nhan to tr lc khac la Giao Hoi, Hien the yeu dau cua Chua Giesu. Tat ca cac van e nay se c nghien cu trong sach nay. No lc co he thong e kham pha chung ta la ai va phai lam g neu chung ta thc s la nhng con ngi ma chung ta c d nh phai lam la, khi ch s dung ly tr con ngi, la lanh vc cua triet hoc luan ly hay ao c hoc. Khi ngi ta vi ly tr c c tin Cong giao hng dan, am nhan cach co he thong nhng no lc nay, o la cong viec cua than hoc luan ly. Vi t cach la bo mon than hoc, than hoc luan ly tm khang nh moi quan he gia cac chan ly c tin va nhng van e khac khong c mac khai nhng dng nh lai la chan ly. La mon than hoc, than hoc luan ly nghien ngam nhng nguon mach qua o ta tm thay c cac chan ly c tin o la thanh kinh va truyen thong. iem chnh xac hn na cua than hoc luan ly khi no c phan biet vi cai thng goi la than hoc tn ly va ieu ma ngay nay thng c goi la than hoc he thong hay chiem niem, nham khang nh la lam the nao ma nhng chan ly c tin Kito giao co the giup chung ta nh hnh cuoc song mnh theo cach ma chung ta co the that s tr nen nhng con ngi ma chung ta c d nh phai la loai ngi ma Thien Chua keu goi chung ta tr nen.

Cong ong Vat. II keu goi canh tan than hoc, Cong ong khang nh rang nen day bo mon nay trong anh sang c tin va di s hng dan cua Huan Quyen (Optatam Totius, so 16). Cong ong keu goi ac biet canh tan than hoc luan ly, mot s canh tan nen co mot tiep xuc linh ong hn vi mau nhiem Chua Kito va lch s cu o va than hoc luan ly nen tham nhuan giao ly Thanh Kinh nhieu hn. Nh o s cao quy cua n goi va bon phan ngi Kito hu e mu cau li ch cho i song the gii trong c ai co the c anh gia ung mc hn (ibid). Toi tin rang nhng chu e Thanh Kinh co y ngha cot yeu oi vi than hoc luan ly va i song luan lyla s sang tao, toi loi, nhap the va cu chuoc, va canh chung. T Thanh Kinh, chung ta biet rang con ngi hoan toan oc ao trong vu tru vat chat, v duy con ngi trong tat ca cac loai thu tao vat chat, c sang tao theo hnh anh Thien Chua. Ho la ngi ma Thien Chua muon v chnh ho. Chnh xac bi v ho la ngi, c phu cho ly tr va chon la t do, t ban chat ho co kha nang lanh nhan t Thien Chua an hue s song than linh cua Ngi. ay la mot chu e chnh trong cac van e ang tranh luan c ban trong chng I. Hn na bi v con ngi co ly tr va t do, ni ban than ho co kha nang tham d vao chng trnh cua Thien Chua ve cuoc song cua con ngi, mot chng trnh c hoach nh trong s khon ngoan va tnh yeu. Viec tham d chu ong cua ho trong chng trnh khon ngoan va yeu thng cua Thien Chua, luat vnh cu cua Ngi, qua thc ngu y la luat t nhien, mot van e se c thao luan ky hn trong chng II va III. Thc tai khung khiep cua toi la mot chan ly trung tam khac co t au trong 9

Thanh Kinh va chng IV danh nghien cu ve toi va anh hng trc tiep cua no len i song luan ly cua chung ta. Nhng ai giao huan cua Thanh Kinh la Thien Chua a that s lam ngi e cu chuoc chung ta khoi toi va lam cho chung ta co the thc s tr nen nhng con ngi ma Thien Chua a keu goi chung ta tr nen. Y ngha cua mau nhiem Nhap the va cu chuoc chung ta trong va qua c Kito la trong tam cua chng V, no cung lien quan en chu e canh chung hay nhng ieu sau het. Chua Giesu en e khi s Nc Thien Chua. Nc nay a hien dien trong the gii roi va se ch c hoan tat vien man khi c Giesu tr lai trong vinh quang e phan xet ke song va ke chet, va n goi Kito hu cua chung ta la cong tac vi Chua Giesu vao cong trnh cu chuoc cua Ngi va bang cach nay chung ta xay dng Nc Thien Chua. Chu e nay cung la trong tam cua chng V. Cuoi cung, Chua Giesu ch than hien dien tren the gii hom nay trong va qua Hien the cua Ngai la Giao Hoi, Than The Mau Nhiem cua Ngi, lam thanh dan Ngi, i.e., nhng ke a tr nen mot vi Ngi qua Phep Ra. Nh vay, vai tro cua Giao Hoi trong i song luan ly cua chung ta la chu e chnh cua chng VI. Ke t Cong ong Vat. II, co nhieu sach ve than hoc luan ly a xuat hien : Mot so cuon rat tuyet vi ; nhng cuon khac, theo anh gia cua toi th cha at. Theo y toi, nghien cu quan trong va hu ch nhat cua than hoc luan ly xuat ban sau Cong ong la tac pham v ai : Nhng nguyen tac luan ly Kito giao cua Germain Grisez, quyen mot trong bo sach Con ng cua c Giesu Kito (Chicago : Franciscan Herald Press, 1983). Tac pham oc ao cua Grisez, ma toi c vinh 10

d cong tac, hoan toan tham nhuan trong Thanh Kinh, truyen thong Cong Giao, ac biet la t tng cua thanh Toma Aquino, va giao huan cua Cong ong Vat. II. o la mot tac pham oc ao va co tnh sang tao cao, phong phu ve tai lieu va tranh luan, va hoan toan phu hp vi giao huan luan ly cua Giao Hoi. No la mot nguon tai lieu quan trong va bat c ai yeu thch than hoc luan ly Cong Giao nen nghien cu no cach can than. Cac tap khac se tiep theo e ban nhng chu e ac biet hn trong than hoc luan ly. Mot nghien cu tuyet vi khac trong than hoc luan ly la tac pham cua Servais Pinckaers : Nhng nguon mach luan ly Kito giao : phng phap, noi dung, lch s cua no (Fribourg: Editions Universitaires Fribourg / Paris : Editions du Cerf, 1985). Tac pham uyen bac nay cung cap cho oc gia mot lch s tuyet vi ve s phat trien cua than hoc luan ly trong truyen thong Cong Giao va trien khai rat hay quan iem i song luan ly ben re sau trong t tng cua thanh Toma, Thanh Kinh va nhng ieu hay nhat cua truyen thong Cong Giao. Trong so nhng tac pham rat hu ch khac ve than hoc luan ly, vi ac iem ve no lc canh tan lanh vc nghien cu nay theo giao huan cua Cong ong Vat. II, la cac tac pham : Song trong Chua Kito cua Carlo Caffarra (San Franciseo : Ignatius Press, 1987) va mot vai tac pham khac cua than hoc gia Tay Ban Nha Ramon Garca de Haro, co tac pham : Lng tam luan ly (second edittion Madrid : Editiones Rialp, 1987 ; c dch va sa oi them sang tieng Y : Legge, conscienza & Liberta [ Milano : Edizioni Ares, 1984]) va tac pham bang tieng Y, LAgire Morale e le Virtu 11

(Milano : Edizioni Ares, 1989). Nhng khong may, khong co tac pham nao cua Garca de Haro xuat hien bang Anh ng ; hy vong cua toi la trong mot thi gian ngan vai nghien cu cua ong se c dch qua Anh ng do tam quan trong cua ieu ong ay noi. Vai tac pham than hoc khac trnh bay ieu c biet en nh trng phai duy can xng mot trng phai ma, theo toi, rat sai lam trong s hieu biet ve i song luan ly Kito giao. Trong pham vi nao o, nhieu tac pham cua E. Curran phan anh ly thuyet luan ly xet lai nay, mac du tac pham cua Curran, c ghi nhan la than hoc thoa hiep, khong phai la tieu bieu nhat cua t tng duy can xng. Nhng tac gia tieu bieu nhat cua thuyet duy can xng la Franz Bockle, Bruno Schiiller va Josef Fuchs c, Louis Janssens B va Richard Mc Cormick Hoa Ky. Hai cuon sach ve than hoc luan ly c s dung rong rai Hoa Ky bam re sau t tng can xng, o la tac pham Cac nguyen tac luan ly Cong Giao cua Timothy E. OConnell (first edition ; New York : Seabury, 1978) va tac pham c tin hng dan ly tr cua Richard M. Gula (New Yord : Paulist Press, 1989 ; trong nam 1990, O Connell a xuat ban mot an ban co sa oi cuon sach cua ong ta [N x b. Harper and Row]. Trong o, may man, ong phu nhan thuyet duy can xng. Tuy nhien, co nhng s toi ngha va nhng lon xon trong tac pham nay). Trong chng mc nao o, tac pham hien tai nham cung cap mot cai nhn luan ly co nhieu chieu hng a c cac tac gia nh OConnell va Gulla cung cap. Tap sach hien tai, chu n nhieu tac pham cua Grisez, c trnh bay nh mot dan nhap vao than hoc luan ly. No la mot no lc e 12

tra li van nan : Chung ta la ai va phai lam g neu chung ta thc s la nhng con ngi ma chung ta phai la ?. Toi tin rang nhng van ve ban bac c tham nhuan tinh than Kinh Thanh theo Giao Hoi hieu va cung tham nhuan t tng thanh Toma Aquino khi chung c cac hoc gia Cong giao ng thi nh Grisez, Garca de Haro va Pinckaers phat trien va ao sau. No da tren nen tang chac chan rang con ngi la nhng hu the ac biet duy nhat trong vu tru vat chat. Con ngi la nhng hu the c phu bam ly tr va chon la t do, i.e., ho la nhng ngi co kha nang hieu biet triet e chan ly va phan biet c gia chan ly va sai lam va quyet nh i mnh bang nhng chon la t do. Toi tin chac rang nhng chan ly nay co the c thiet lap cach chac chan nh thao luyen ly tr, va toi ngh rang cac tac pham nh : S khac nhau cua con ngi va s khac nhau cua viec ho lam cua Mortimer (New Yord : Meridian Books, 1968) va tac pham : Con ngi : may vi tnh, kh khong uoi hay thien than ? cua Larry Azar (Hanover, MA : Christopher Publications, 1989) th rat hu ch cho viec thiet lap nhng chan ly nay. Nhng, them vao o, nh a ghi nhan, c tin Cong Giao day chung ta rang con ngi la nhng hu the c sang tao giong hnh anh Thien Chua. Con ngi la, nh a la, nhng li c Thien Chua sang tao, nhng li c sang tao nay ma Li T Hu cua Ngi, Ngoi Hai trong Ba Ngoi Thien Chua, a that s tr nen nham to bay cho chung ta thay Thien Chua yeu thng chung ta biet la dng nao. c Tin Cong Giao day chung ta rang Thien Chua lam chung ta thanh mot loai hu the, o la con ngi ung nh vay e ta co the c dng nen thanh 13

nhng hu the ma Thien Chua co the thong ban s song va tnh yeu cua Ngai. Sang tao lien quan en giao c ; t nhien lien quan en an sung. So menh chung ta la i song vnh cu trong s hiep thong vi Thien Chua. Qua s thong hiep vi Chua Giesu, Con cua Ngi va Anh Ca cua chung ta, chung ta thc s la con cai Thien Chua, co the song mot i song mi, mot an hue danh cho nhng thanh vien trong gia nh cua Thien Chua. Nh vay i song luan ly cua chung ta la mot ap tra li keu goi cua Thien Chua e that s tr nen hnh anh cua Ngi, la chan ly oi vi Ngoi Li ma Ngi a giao pho cho chung ta. Chung ta hng ti n goi cao ca ma chung ta a c keu goi, va chung ta co the lam nh vay bi v Ngi Con duy nhat cua Thien Chua a en e cu chung ta khoi toi va giup chung ta hoan toan tr nen nhng con ngi ma chung ta c d nh phai la. Trong chng III toi a ieu chnh va sa oi lai tai lieu ban au a c xuat ban nam 1989 trong bo sach Pere Marquette Lecture in Theology, tac pham : Nhng quy tac Luan ly Tuyet oi : Truyen thong Cong Giao, nhng khuynh hng hien hanh va chan ly (Milwauke : Marquette University Press, 1989) Chng IV sap nhap tai lieu c xuat ban lan au tien trong bai cua toi vi nhan e Toi, xuat hien trong T ien than hoc, do Joseph Komonchak va cac cong s vien an ban (Wilmington, DE : Michael Glazier, 1987). Toi that s biet n ve viec c phep s dung nhng tai lieu nay. Hy vong cua toi la cuon sach nay se giup oc gia bc au hieu c i song luan ly Kito giao chu yeu la g. c mong no 14

cung dan ho tiep tuc ao sau cac chu e c e cap trong o nh vao nhng bai viet cua cac tien s trong Giao Hoi nh thanh Augustino va thanh Toma va nh vao cac tac gia ng thi nh Germain Grisez, Ramon Garca de Haro, Servais Pinkaers va Karol Wojtyla/c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II. Trong moi kha nang co the co, c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II se ban hanh mot thong iep ve i song luan ly Kito giao trong mot ngay gan ay. Vao luc viet cuon sach nay, 12/1990, thong iep ay cha xuat hien. Toi han hoan mong i no va co y nh trong lan bo tuc cuon sach nay, ket hp vi giao huan cua thong iep, ma toi tin chac rang, se khong co mau thuan vi nhng g c ban en ay. Toi muon cam n nhng ngi a giup toi trong viec chuan b tac pham nay. Germain Grisez a oc ban nhap hoan chnh trc va a ra nhieu gi y tuyet vi e hoan chnh cuon sach. John Finnis rat co cong trong viec lam vng them chng e cap en nhng quy tac luan ly tuyet oi. Nhng v khac a giup toi la Ramon Gerca de Haro, Aurelio Ansaldo va Ronald Lawler. Toi xin chan thanh cam n tat ca.

15

CHNG I

NHAN PHAM, HANH VI T DO CUA CON NGI VA LNG TAM


1. Hai loai pham gia con ngi Theo truyen thong Cong Giao, chang han ni thanh Toma Aquino1 va giao huan cua Cong ong Vat. II, chung ta nhan thay co mot pham gia kep rieng ni con ngi : th nhat la t ban chat va la mot ieu phu bam hay an ban ; th hai cung la t ban chat, nhng la mot thanh tu hay ieu thu ac c c. Pham gia rieng au tien ni con ngi la pham gia n gian la cua ho v ho la thanh vien cua nhan loai ma Thien Chua a sang tao vao luc khi au khi Ngi sang tao con ngi giong hnh anh Ngi Ngi a tao ra ho, an ong va an ba (St 1,27) 2. Moi ngi, bat au hien hu luc c thu thai, eu la hnh anh song ong cua Thien Chua ch thanh. Hn na, trong viec tao dng con ngi, co nam va n, Thien Chua a sang tao mot hu the trong ban chat co kha nang lanh nhan s song than linh cua Ngai. Thien Chua khong the nhap the trong mot con heo hay mot con bo hay mot con kh v nhng tao vat nay trong ban chat khong co kha nang cua hu the c than linh hoa. Nhng, mac khai cua Thien Chua cho chung ta biet, Thien Chua co the nhap the trong con ngi thu tao cua Ngai, va qua that Ngai hoan toan t do chon la e tr nen mot ngi that s gia chung ta, v Li Hang Hu va T Hu cua Ngai, Thien Chua that bi Thien Chua that, 16

a tr nen va la mot con ngi, mot ngi an ong. Nh vay, moi ngi eu co the c goi cach chnh xac la mot li c tao dng cua Thien Chua, va Li T Hu cua Thien Chua a tr nen va that s la li c tao dng e cho chung ta thay Thien Chua yeu thng chung ta biet la dng nao, Ngai la ang a tao nen chung ta trong long me (tc Tv 139,11-19). Do o, moi ngi t ban chat eu co gia tr, co pham gia troi vt toan the vu tru vat chat, moi ngi phai c knh trong ngay t giay phut au hien hu 3. Pham gia rieng noi tai va ca biet nay oi vi con ngi la qua tang cua Thien Chua, v the, moi ngi, du la tuoi hay gii tnh hay ieu kien nao, eu la mot con ngi co gia tr luan ly, mot ca nhan khong the thay the va oi cho c. Do pham gia nay ma mot ngi, theo nh Karol Wojtyla, la loai thien hao nen khong cho phep s dung no va coi no nh la mot phng tien e at muc ch. Do pham gia nay, mot ngi la mot ieu thien ma oi vi no tnh yeu la li ap tra thch hp nhat 4. Chnh v pham gia von co nay ma khi chung ta bat au hien hu, chung ta a la nhng con ngi roi ; chung ta khong tr thanh nhng con ngi sau mot thi ky phat trien. Nh nhng li c sang tao cua Thien Chua, nh nhng con ngi, chung ta co kha nang thien phu kham pha s that va khang nh chnh cuoc song mnh bang chon la t do e thch ng cuoc song va hanh ong vi s that. Mot a tre (a sinh hay cha sinh), le d nhien, khong co kha nang a phat trien e suy ngh chn chan va chon la t do, nhng no co kha nang t nhien e lam the bi v no 17

la mot con ngi va co ban tnh ngi5. Mac dau khi mi bat au hien hu chung ta van cha hoan toan la nhng con ngi ma chung ta c nham ti. ieu nay a chung ta xem xet loai th hai cua pham gia con ngi cung noi tai nhng do at c ch khong do thien phu. Loai pham gia th hai la pham gia ma chung ta c keu goi at en vi t cach la nhng con ngi co ly tr va t do, co kha nang quyet nh chnh cuoc song mnh bi nhng la chon t do. ay la pham gia ma ta em lai cho chnh mnh (vi n Chua tr giup luon ay u) bang chon la t do e nh hnh cuoc song va hanh ong cua mnh cho phu hp vi chan ly. Noi cach khac, chung ta cho chnh mnh pham gia nay va hoa nhap vao no bang viec thc hien nhng chon la luan ly tot, va nhng chon la nh vay, en lt no, lai phu thuoc vao nhng phan oan luan ly ung an. Cac ngh phu cua Cong ong Vat. II va c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II, ac biet trong thong iep Veritatis Splendor a trien khai ban chat cua pham gia nay cach tuyet vi va mot ban tom tat ngan ngon giao huan nay se giup chung ta thau triet iem quan trong chnh yeu cua nhng phan quyet luan ly ung an va nhng chon la luan ly tot neu chung ta ton trong pham gia ma Thien Chua a ban tang va tham d vao pham gia ma chung ta c keu goi en vi t cach la nhng con ngi co ly tr va t do. Trong mot van kien c moi ngi ngng mo nh la mot trong nhng tai lieu quan trong nhat cua toan bo Cong ong, o la Tuyen ngon t do ton giao (Dignitatis 18

Humanae), cac ngh phu Cong ong tuyen bo rang : Khuon mau toi thng cua i song con ngi la luat vnh cu, khach quan va pho cap cua Thien Chua. Qua luat nay, Ngai xep at, hng dan va ieu khien ca hoan vu cung nh cac hng i cua cong oan nhan loai trong y nh ay khon ngoan va yeu men cua Ngai. Ngay ca sau khi khang nh chan ly nay, cac ngh phu Cong ong tiep tuc noi : Ngai a cho con ngi c tham d vao le luat cua Ngai, e con ngi, nh s an bai yeu thng cua Thien Chua quan phong, ngay cang co the nhan biet chan ly khong he oi thay (Dignitatis Humanae, so 3). Chnh v con ngi ngay cang co the nhan biet chan ly khong he oi thay, nen, moi ngi eu co bon phan, va do o, co quyen tm kiem (S). Chan ly trong van e at ra ay th hien nhien khong la mot chan ly suy t hay suy oan nhng la mot chan ly e nh hnh va hng dan nhng chon la va nhng hanh vi nhan linh, i.e., mot chan ly thc hanh. Tuyen ngon nay cung noi rang nh lng tam, con ngi nhan thc va hieu biet nhng menh lenh cua le luat Chua (S). Vai tro cua lng tam trong viec giup chung ta nhan biet chan ly khong oi thay cua le luat vnh cu va luat thanh cua Thien Chua va nhng menh lenh cua luat o c trien khai trong mot van kien khac cua Cong ong, Hien che muc vu Giao Hoi trong the gii ngay nay (Gaudium et Spes). o chung ta tm thay oan van quan trong sau ay : Con ngi kham pha ra tan ay lng tam mot ve luat ma chnh con ngi khong at ra cho mnh, nhng van phai tuan theo, va tieng noi cua lng tam 6 luon luon keu goi con ngi phai yeu men va thi hanh ieu thien cung nh 19

tranh ieu ac. Tieng noi ay am vang ung luc trong tam hon cua chnh con ngi : hay lam ieu nay, hay tranh ieu kia. Qua that con ngi co le luat c Chua khac ghi trong tam hon. Tuan theo ve luat ay chnh la pham gia cua con ngi, va chnh con ngi cung b xet x theo le luat ay na. Lng tam la tam iem sau kn nhat va la cung thanh cua con ngi, ni ay con ngi ch hien dien mot mnh vi Thien Chua va tieng noi cua Ngai vang doi trong tham ho. Nh lng tam, Le luat c thc hien trong s yeu men Thien Chua va anh em va c bieu lo cach ky dieu (so 16). Trung thanh vi lng tam co ngha la tm kiem chan ly va tm giai quyet trong chan ly cac van e luan ly. oan hien che nay ghi nhan lng tam, co the lam lac v vo tri bat kha thang, nhng cung khong v the ma mat het pham gia (mien la co u mong muon tm kiem chan ly va ieu thien) ; nhng oi vi pham vi ma mot lng tam ngay thang cang thang the th nhng ca nhan va cong oan cang tranh c mu quang va cang no lc tuan phuc nhng tieu chuan khach quan cua luan ly (S). Theo Cong ong Vat. II, o la loai th hai cua pham gia rieng ni con ngi. Ta co c pham gia nay bang s nhan nai tm kiem chan ly ve ieu chung ta nh lam neu chung ta muon hoan toan la nhng con ngi ma chung ta c nham ti va bang viec nh hnh cuoc song mot cach t do cho phu hp vi chan ly nay. Theo Cong ong, con ngi co kha nang tham d vao luat thanh va vnh cu cua Thien Chua Khuon mau toi thng cua i song con ngi. Cong ong khang nh rang kha nang nay cua con 20

ngi lien quan en lng tam cua ho, v nh trung gian lng tam ma con ngi ngay cang nhan biet menh lenh cua luat Thien Chua. Suy t ve lng tam nh tam iem sau kn nhat cua con ngi, ni con ngi mot mnh oi dien vi Thien Chua, c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II trong thong iep Veritatis Splendor a viet nh sau : Khong bao gi con ngi co the anh gia cho phai le tam quan trong cua cuoc oi thoai mat thiet gia con ngi vi chnh mnh. The nhng, that ra, van e ay la cuoc oi thoai gia con ngi vi Thien Chua, tac gia cua le luat Nh the co the noi rang lng tam lam chng cho chnh con ngi ve s ngay thang va ve manh li cua con ngi, nhng ong thi va tren tat ca, lng tam la chng t cua chnh Thien Chua, tieng noi va phan quyet cua Ngai tham nhap vao coi tham sau cua con ngi cho en tan coi re linh hon, mi goi con ngi mot cach manh me va du ngot e con ngi tuan phuc (so 58). Hn na c Giao Hoang con khang nh rang pham gia cua lng tam van luon luon bat nguon t chan ly (S, so 63). Sau chng I, toi se tr lai e tai lng tam e nghien cu van e ay u hn va trong chng II toi se khao sat y ngha cua luat t nhien nh la viec tham d cua con ngi vao luat thanh va vnh cu cua Thien Chua. ay toi muon nghien cu ky hn y ngha cua viec chon la t do v chnh khi t do chon tuan theo luat Chua nh no c to ra cho chung ta biet la at c nhng pham gia ma chung ta c keu goi en vi t cach la nhng con ngi co ly tr va t do. 2. Chon la T do 21

Mot chan ly trung tam cua mac khai Kito giao la con ngi, c tao dng theo hnh anh va giong nh Thien Chua, co quyen chon la t do. e tao dng mot hu the ma Thien Chua co the trao ban s song Ngai cho no, Thien Chua a tao dng nhng ca the (thien than va loai ngi) la nhng ke co quyen thiet lap hay pha v s song chung bang chnh chon la t do. Con ngi la cua chnh mnh, sui iuris, i.e., trong quyen han hoac lanh a cua chnh mnh. Nhng chon la va hanh ong la cua chnh ho, ch khong phai la cua mot ai khac. Neu Thien Chua a ban tang s song va tnh bang hu cua Ngai nh mot an hue, an hue ay phai c on nhan mot cach t do ; No khong the ap at tren ngi khac hay c nh oat bi bat ky ieu g khac hn la nhng chon la t do ve pha ke cho cung nh ngi nhan. Con ngi co kha nang quyet nh i song mnh thong qua nhng chon la t do la mot van e thuoc c tin Cong giao. Chan ly ay la trung tam cua Thanh Kinh, nh oan sach huan ca sau ay, c cac ngh phu cua Cong ong Vat. II trch dan trong hien che Gaudium et Spes (so 17), ch ra rang : Ch noi: Toi toi tai Thien Chua V ieu Ngi ghet, Ngi a khong lam. Ch noi: Chnh Ngi lam toi sa nga V ngi au can nhng tay hung thu. Yave ghet d dang can r; Ngi khong e nhng ke s Ngi vap phai. T au Thien Chua a dng nen con ngi, Ngi trao cho no tam thuat no 22

Neu con muon con se gi lenh truyen, Va trung tn la lam theo nha y cua Ngi. Trc mat con, a bay la nc, Con thch g, th cha tay lay. Song chet oi nga trc mat con ngi : No thch g, th se c ban cho. S khon ngoan cua Yave, that van nang, Hung cng manh me va thay biet moi s. Mat Thien Chua nhn xuong nhng ke knh s Ngi. Moi viec cua con ngi, Ngi eu biet. Ngi khong truyen cho ai pham toi, Ngi khong uy lao ke doi tra. (Hc 15,11-20) Thc tai cua chon la t do, la trung tam oi vi viec hieu biet Thanh Kinh ve con ngi, c cac Giao phu nh thanh Augustino 7 va tat ca cac nha kinh vien ln khang nh ro. Theo nh thanh Thomas at van e, ch qua chon la t do ma con ngi la chu nhan hanh ong mnh va bang cach nay con ngi c tao dng theo hnh anh va giong vi Thien Chua 8. Con ngi t do chon la ieu ho lam va, qua nhng chon la o, ngi ta lam cho mnh tr thanh nhng con ngi ma ho la, chan ly v ai nay a c Cong ong Trento chnh thc cong bo 9. Cong ong Vat. II con nhan manh rang quyen chon la t do la mot dau ch cao ca nhat cua hnh anh Thien Chua trong con ngi (Gaudium et Spes, so 17). Germain Grisez a cung cac cong s vien xuat ban mot tac pham quan trong bao ve 23

thc tai cua chon la t do chong lai s cong kch cua cac triet gia cung thi theo thuyet tat nh10, ong ghi nhan chnh xac rang chon la t do la mot nguyen ly hien sinh hay la nguon mach cua luan ly tnh. No la mot nguyen ly hien sinh cua ieu thien va ieu d luan ly v chung can en quyen chon la t do e hien hu. S the la nh the bi v ieu ta lam la viec lam cua ta va co the la viec lam xau hoac tot ch khi nao chung ta chon la cach t do lam ieu o 11. Mot con cho hay mot con meo hay mot con tinh tinh khong the tot xau ve mat luan ly ; nhng con ngi th co the, va ho co the bi v ho co quyen chon la t do. Nh chon la t do ma con ngi lam cho mnh la loai ngi mnh la, ho lam cho mnh thanh nhung con ngi tot hay xau luan ly. V ly do nay ma chon la t do la mot nguyen ly hien sinh cua luan ly tnh. c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II cung nhan manh ac tnh t quyet cua chon la t do, yngha cua no c xem nh la nguyen ly hien sinh cua luan ly tnh. Do o ngai viet rang t do khong ch he tai cho la chon hanh ong ac thu nay hay ac thu kia ; nhng, ni tam iem cua nhng chon la, t do la mot quyet nh ve chnh mnh va la mot phng cach e hng dan i song mnh theo S Thien hoac chong lai S Thien , theo Chan Ly hoac chong lai Chan Ly, va noi cho cung, theo Thien Chua hoac chong lai Thien Chua (Veritatis Splendor, so 65). Chon la t do c cam nghiem khi ngi ta y thc ve mot s xung khac. Nhng kha nang chon la khac nhau cua hanh ong th co san oi vi ho, nhng chung khong the thc hien toan bo c cung mot luc. Mot 24

ngi can nhac ky lng ve nhng kha nang nay, nhng s can nhac khong the giai quyet c van e. S can nhac khong the khang nh ieu nao trong cac chon la ha hen ro rang ieu thien ln hn (mac du, nh chung ta thay sau nay, ngi ta co the khang nh nhng chon la nao la ieu thien luan ly va ieu nao la xau), va ngi ta khong the lam mot cach chnh xac nh the bi v moi chon la, c yeu cau va thch hp nh mot kha nang chon la, phai ha hen tham d vao ieu thien nao o ma n gian no khong tng xng vi ieu tot c ha hen bi nhng chon la khac. Chang han, neu mot ngi ang suy tnh mua mot can nha va muon co mot can nha : trong mot pham vi gia ca nao o. vi bon phong ngu va mot phong khach. trong khoang cach i bo en nha th va trng hoc. gan ke vi phng tien di chuyen cong cong tot. Va neu mot trong bon can nha c xem xet ha hen u ca bon ieu thuan li tren (, , , ) trong khi khong co can nao trong ba can nha kia co u nh the, th khong the co ngay ca khong can thiet co s chon la, chng nao ma ngi ta van muon mua mot can nha ap ng u nhng ieu kien nay. Trong nhng chon la co san ch co mot chon la co u tat ca nhng thuan li ma ngi ta ang tm kiem ; do o sc hap dan cua nhng can nha khac ieu lam nhng can nha co nhieu kha nang la chon hoan toan bien mat. Chung khong con thch hp 25

hay co the chon la c na bi v chung chang ha hen ieu g tot ep. ieu nay khong co ni can nha co u tat ca nhng thuan li ma ngi ta ang tm kiem. Nhng neu co mot ngi trong th trng nham mua mot can nha va thc s phai mua mot can nha ma khong co mot can nha nao co u tat ca nhng ieu tot hay nhng thuan li ma ho muon, ho se phai i en mot chon la trong so nhng ngoi nha ap ng u vai tieu chuan a e ra ; mot mot can nha trong so nhng can nha nay co the c chon v moi can a ra mot vai ieu tot hay thuan li khong tng ng vi ieu tot hay thuan li nhng can nha khac a c trng ra. Va roi cuoi cung van e c giai quyet bi chnh chon la. Theo Grisez, ngi ta thc hien mot chon la khi ngi ta oi dien vi nhng chon la va tin tng thc tien ma ngi ta co the va phai dan xep xem chon cai nao, va ngi ta phai chon mot trong so o. Chon la la t do khi viec chon la t no khang nh s chon la nao ma ngi ta co Ch co chon la cua mot ngi mi khang nh chnh ho ang co cong hoan thanh mot ieu co the hn ieu co the khac. V khi mot ngi khang nh chnh mnh theo cach nay, ho la chnh ho 12. Kinh nghiem cua chon la t do co the c tom tat cach sau ay. Trc het, mot ngi trong mot tnh huong ma ho b nhng kha nang chon la thu hut va khong co cach nao khac e loai bo s xung khac cua nhng chon la khac nhau hay e gii han cac kha nang vao mot chon la. Mot ngi co the lam ieu nay hay lam ieu kia, nhng khong the lam ca hai ; chung la nhng kha nang thc s, i.e., co the chon 26

la nhng lai xung khac nhau.. Th hai, ho nhan thc rang viec giai quyet van e va khang nh kha nang nao nen thc hien th tuy thuoc vao ho. Th ba, ho y thc hanh ong cua s chon la va y thc rang khong co g ep ho phai lam ieu o. Noi cach khac, ho nhan thc rang ho t do trong viec giai quyet van e, trong viec thc hien ieu mnh chon la trong so nhng kha nang chon la (Ve s t do chon la xin xem Sach Giao Ly Giao Hoi Cong Giao, cac so 17301748). 3. Y ngha cua hanh vi nhan linh va cua nhan cach Nhng chon la t do lien quan en nhng hanh vi chung ta co the lam. Nhng nhng hanh vi ang c ban en khong n gian ch la nhng bien co vat ly trong the gii vat chat xuat hien roi lai bien mat, giong nh s viec ma ri hay la cay oi mau. Nhng hanh vi theo nguyen tac khong phai la ieu g o xay ra oi vi mot ca nhan. ung hn, chung la nhng dien at be ngoai s chon la cua mot ngi, la viec bieu lo hay bay to can tnh luan ly cua ngi o, la ban chat cua ngi o nh la mot con ngi luan ly. V cot loi cua mot hanh vi, xet nh la hanh vi nhan linh va co tnh ca v, la mot chon la t do, t quyet ma theo ngha hep la ieu g o thuoc tinh than va ton tai ni ngi ay, khang nh chnh ban chat con ngi. Kinh Thanh, ac biet trong Tan c, noi rat ro ieu nay. c Giesu a day rang khong phai la cai i vao ngi ta lam ngi ta ra nh ban nhng la nhng g xuat phat t ngi ta, t ben trong, t ay long ho, t chon la cua ho (Thien Chua Mt 15,10-20 ; Mc 7,14-20). Chung ta co the noi rang mot hanh 27

vi nhan linh i.e., mot hanh ong t do, co ly tr, du tot hay xau la s chap thuan, qua chon la, mot e ngh nao o nhan thc c va la viec thc hien chon la nay thong qua hanh vi ben ngoai nao o. Nhng cot yeu cua hanh vi la chon la t do t quyet, ton tai ni con ngi, lam cho ho la loai ngi nao. Nh vay, toi tr thanh mot ke ngoai tnh, nh c Giesu a day ro rang (Mt 5,28), khi toi nhn mot ngi phu n vi long ta dam, i.e., khi toi chap nhan qua viec chon la e ngh pham toi ngoai tnh hay tng tng vi s thoa man ve hanh ong o, ngay ca khi toi khong thc hien ra ben ngoai chon la nay. ieu nay to ro ac tnh t quyet cua chon la t do. Chnh trong va qua nhng hanh vi chung ta chon la lam cach t do ma chung ta em lai cho ban than mot can tnh, e c hanh phuc hay kho s. Can tnh nay ton tai trong chung ta cho en khi chung ta lam ieu khac, ngc lai nhng cach the a chon. Nh vay, neu toi chon la pham toi ngoai tnh toi a lam cho toi thanh mot ke ngoai tnh va toi van la mot ke ngoai tnh cho en khi, do mot chon la t do va t quyet khac, toi hoan cai (metanoia) va that long an nan v loi lam mnh. Khong may, mac du toi van la mot ke ngoai tnh v toi a t do cho mnh can tnh o, nhng gi ay toi la mot ke ngoai tnh an nan, thong qua chon la t do, cho chnh mnh mot can tnh mi, can tnh cua ke choi bo hanh vi ngoai tnh a chon la cach t do, an nan ve ieu o va bay gi a quyet nh thong qua chon la t do va vi an sung khong he thieu cua Thien Chua, e sa lai i song va tr thanh mot ngi ban i chung thuy, biet yeu thng. 28

Y ngha cua cac hanh vi nhan linh nh mot s t quyet c c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II lam sang to cach ly thu. Sau khi ghi nhan rang chnh nh cac hanh vi cua mnh ma con ngi kien toan chnh mnh vi t cach la ngi, ngai tiep tuc noi : Cac hanh vi nhan linh la nhng hanh vi luan ly bi v chung bieu lo va an nh long tot hoac manh li cua con ngi, chu the cac hanh vi ay. Chung khong ch gay nen mot s oi thay tnh trang cua nhng yeu to ben ngoai con ngi, nhng vi tnh cach a c chon la mot cach co suy tnh, chung tham nh con ngi a thc hien chung ve mat luan ly va boc lo dien mao thieng lieng tham sau cua ngi hanh ong (Veritatis Splendor, so 71). Tiep tuc, c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II keu goi chu y en mot ban van rat ac biet cua thanh Gregory thanh Nyssa (De Vita Moysis, II,2-3) : Tat ca moi hu the lu phuc bien dch eu khong bao gi ong nhat vi chnh mnh, chung khong ngng chuyen t mot tnh nay sang tnh trang khac do mot s thay oi luon dan ti hau qua hoac tot hoac xau Lai na, lam moi cho oi thay ngha la khong ngng sinh ha Nhng ay sinh ha khong phai do mot s can thiep t ben ngoai, nh trong trng hp hu the the ly Sinh ha ay la ket qua cua mot chon la t do va do vay, hieu theo mot ngha nao o, chung ta lam cha me cho chnh mnh, bi v chung ta t tac tao chnh chung ta nen nh chung ta muon va bi v y ch cua ta, chung ta khuon uc chnh mnh theo mau mc ma chung ta chon (trch trong Veritatis Splendor, so 71). Chung ta co the noi rang nhng hanh ong cua chung ta giong nh nhng li ma chung ta noi va qua nhng li nay chung ta 29

cho chnh ban than mnh nhan cach luan ly va can tnh cua chung ta vi t cach la nhng con ngi luan ly13. Nhan cach, theo nh Grisez ghi nhan, "la can tnh hien sinh toan bo cua con ngi con ngi toan bo trong tat ca moi chieu kch cua ho khi c nh hnh bi nhng chon la tot hay xau luan ly c xem nh la mot s sap xep e i ti nhng chon la xa hn" 14. Chung ta nh hnh ca tnh, ac tnh chung ta nh la nhng con ngi luan ly, bi ieu chung ta t do chon la hanh ong. Chung ta t do chon la ieu chung ta lam va, bi chon la nh vay, lam cho chung ta la loai ngi nao. Nhng chung ta khong t do lam cho ieu ma chung ta chon thc hien tr thanh tot hay xau, ung hay sai. Nhng chon la cua chung ta tot hay xau trong chng mc chung thch hp, vi ieu ma Cong ong Vat. II goi la chuan mc cao nhat cua i song con ngi, luat thanh va vnh cu cua Thien Chua, va nhng menh lenh cua luat o ma chung ta biet c qua trung gian lng tam. Nh vay chung ta buoc phai hieu vai tro cua lng tam trong i song luan ly va cach the chung ta tham d vao luat thanh va vnh cu cua Thien Chua thong qua trung gian lng tam (Ve y ngha cua hanh vi nhan linh xin xemsach Giao ly Giao Hoi Cong Giao, so 1749). 4. Lng tam va i song luan ly Ngay nay, thuat ng lng tam co nhieu y ngha, trong so o co mot y ngha la lng tam tam ly. Khi lng tam c hieu theo cach nay no thng c ong nhat vi sieu nga cua trng phai Freud, co the noi rang, no la tinh hoa nhng anh hng cua 30

cha me tren con cai. Sieu nga c Freud mo ta nh sau : Trong suot giai oan cua thi th au a be ln len song le thuoc vao cha me, giai oan nay e lai cho tre mot dau an ma no c nh hnh trong cai nga cua tre mot nang lc ac biet ma anh hng nay cua cha me keo dai tren nang lc o. Nang lc nay c goi la sieu nga. Anh hng cua cha me cach t nhien bao gom khong ch la nhng ca tnh cua cha me ma con tat ca nhng truyen thong thuoc chung toc, quoc gia va gia nh ma ho a trao lai, cung nh nhng luat le cua moi trng xa hoi trc tiep ma ho hien dien 15. Lng tam hieu theo ngha nay lien he mat thiet ti nhng cam thc chap thuan hay cam oan luan ly. Theo ngha nay, lng tam la mot ket qua cua tien trnh ieu kien hoa ve mat tam ly ; va nhng phan ng, xung ong, cam xuc t phat i kem vi lng tam hieu theo ngha nay co the la thc te va lanh manh hoac vien vong va benh hoan. Lng tam theo ngha nay phan ln c nh hnh bi cac yeu to phi ly tr, va no thng xuyen tm cach len an ieu khong sai va ung ho ieu khong ung. Do o, lng tam tam ly khong the t mnh cung cap ch dan luan ly cho mot ngi va co the khong co bon phan theo lng tam hieu theo ngha nay. Hien nhien cac ngh phu cua Cong ong Vat. II, trong viec s dung thuat ng lng tam e dien ta moi gii ma bang cach o con ngi tham d vao luat thanh va vnh cu cua Thien Chua, a s dung no theo ngha khac nhieu. oi vi cac ngh phu, lng tam dien ta trc tien va tren het nhan thc chan ly luan ly cua chung ta. Hn na, cac van kien ma t o cac ban van c 31

trch dan o la, Tuyen ngon T do ton giao va Hien che Muc vu lam sang to : co nhng mc o khac nhau trong nhan thc cua chung ta ve chan ly luan ly. Nhng van kien nay s dung thuat ng lng tam e dien ta nhng mc o khac nhau trong nhan thc cua chung ta ve chan ly luan ly. e hieu ung cac mc o khac nhau cua nhan thc chan ly luan ly ma lng tam am ch en, nh cac van kien cua Cong ong Vat. II a s dung, toi tin, rang se hu ch khi lu y ti mot vai li bnh luan sac net ve lng tam cua than hoc gia John Macquarrie ngi Scotland va khi lien he nhng nhan xet cua ong vi viec s dung thuat ng lng tam trong cac van kien cua Cong ong. Sau khi ghi nhan s toi ngha ma oi khi bao quanh thuat ng lng tam, Macquarrie nhan xet co the phan biet mot so mc o c ban cua lng tam khi thuat ng o c s dung e mo ta nhan thc ve chan ly luan ly cua mot ngi. mc o th nhat, no am ch mot phan quyet thc tien ket thuc mot qua trnh suy ngh ky mang tnh luan ly. mc o nay no ch en phan quyet hp ly, ca v cua mot ngi rang mot ng hng hoat ong ac thu la ung va do o c chap thuan ve mat luan ly hay mot ng hng hanh ong ac thu la sai lam va do o b ngan cam ve mat luan ly 16 . Gaudium et Spes s dung lng tam theo ngha nay khi noi rang oi khi qua lng tam chung ta biet c tieng noi cua luat Chua bao chung ta hay lam ieu nay, hay tranh ieu kia (so 16). Lng tam theo ngha nay khong am ch nhng cam thc cua mot ngi ve s ung ho hay chong oi, cung 32

khong am ch nang lc phi ly tr b an nao o ; ung hn, ay no am ch phan quyet luan ly co suy ngh ma phan quyet nay nham a mot qua trnh suy ngh ky ve luan ly en mot ket luan. Bi v phan quyet luan ly cua lng tam la ket qua viec anh gia co suy ngh va co ly luan cua mot ngi ve tnh luan ly cua mot tien trnh ac thu cua hanh vi, lng tam theo ngha nay co the c goi la lng tam luan ly ac thu. Phan quyet mot ngi thc hien co the la ve mot hanh vi ma mot ngi ang suy tnh hanh ong hay khong (va trong trng hp nay vai than hoc gia noi ve tien lng tam) hoac no co the la ve tnh luan ly cua mot hanh ong ma ngi ta a thc hien roi (va trong trng hp nay no c goi la hau lng tam) 17. Theo c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II a cho biet, phan quyet cua lng tam la mot phan quyet thc tien, mot phan quyet mach bao cho con ngi ieu phai lam va ieu khong c lam, hoac anh gia mot hanh vi con ngi a lam (Veritatis Splendor, so 59). That quan trong e nhan manh ay rang lng tam, c hieu mc o tren ve viec nhan thc luan ly, la mot phan quyet hoac hanh vi cua ly tr. Nh vay no khong the ch la mot tnh cam hoac chon la chu quan e hanh ong va song theo mot cach nao o. Khi noi ieu nay toi khong co y phu nhan tam quan trong cua nhng tnh cam va nhng cam xuc co the co trong i song luan ly cua chung ta, toi cung khong co y noi rang chung khong thch hp trong viec thc hien nhng phan quyet cua lng tam 18. Quan iem cua toi n gian ch la i song luan ly ngay thang oi hoi ngi ta phai quan niem rang nhng hanh ong a phu hp 33

hoac khong phu hp vi nhng chuan mc luan ly ung an. ay viec quan tam ti chan ly mi la ieu cot yeu. Phan quyet cua ly tr khong phai la nhng cam xuc hay s thch phi ly tr, se hng dan nhng chon la va hanh vi nhan linh. Mot ngi c yeu cau hanh ong theo lng tam chnh v mot trong nhng y ngha chnh cua lng tam la phan quyet tot nhat cua con ngi ve ieu ho phai lam hay khong c phep lam 19. Van e nay se c hieu cach tron ven hn na sau khi a xem xet nhng y ngha chnh ang khac cua lng tam. mot mc o khac, Macquarrie viet, lng tam co the co ngha la mot kien thc rong hn c khai quat hoa hn ve ieu ung va ieu sai, ve ieu tot va ieu xau 20 . Theo ngha nay lng tam la nhan thc ca nhan cua con ngi ve nhng nguyen tac hay chan ly luan ly can ban. Cong ong Vat. II e cap en lng tam theo ngha nay khi khang nh rang thong qua trung gian cua lng tam ma con ngi co the ngay cang nhan biet chan ly khong he oi thay va nhan ra nhng oi hoi cua le luat thanh va vnh cu cua Thien Chua (Dignitatis Humanae, so 3). Quy cho lng tam mc o nay, hien che Gaudium et Spes phat bieu rang tieng noi cua luat Chua thong qua lng tam ta biet c, keu goi con ngi yeu men va lam ieu lanh tranh ieu ac (so 16). Theo y ngha cua thuat ng nay lng tam co the c goi la mot nhan thc ve luat Chua a c ghi dau ni tam hon con ngi (Rm 2,14-16 ; Gaudium et Spes, so 16). mc o nay lng tam co the c goi cach chnh xac la lng tam luan ly tong quat, v no la mot nhan thc chan ly luan ly khong mc o cua nhng hanh vi va tnh huong ac thu nhng 34

mc o cua nhng nguyen tac tong quat. Cac nha than hoc Trung co chang han nh thanh Thomas co mot thuat ng ac biet nham mo ta mc o nhan thc chan ly luan ly nay, o la synderesis hoac nhan thc thng xuyen cua chung ta ve nhng nguyen tac au tien cua ly tr thc tien va cua tnh luan ly.21 Lng tam luan ly dac thu, hoac lng tam mc o phan quyet thc tien ma ngi ta a ra ve tnh luan ly cua nhng hanh vi a lam, la ket cuoc cua mot tien trnh suy ngh chn chan luan ly. Lng tam luan ly tong quat, hoac lng tam mc o nhan thc cua mot ngi ve nhng nguyen tac luan ly lien he vi nhng chan ly luan ly nh la nhng yeu to hoac nguyen tac khi au cho suy ngh chn chan luan ly, nhng nguyen tac ma ngi ta co the vien en e ch ra chan ly cua nhng ket luan luan ly ac thu a at c trong nhng phan quyet ket thuc tien trnh suy ngh chn chan luan ly. Trong Veritatis Splendor, c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II kheo leo cho thay phan quyet thc tien cua lng tam lien quan nh the nao oi vi dieu ma ay toi goi la lng tam luan ly tong quat hay nhan thc cua chung ta ve nhng nguyen tac can ban cua luan ly. iem nhan cua ngai ve ieu ma ay toi goi la lng tam luan ly ac thu hoac lng tam mc o cua mot phan quyet thc tien ve tnh luan ly cua nhng hanh vi a lam, c Thanh Cha nhan nh rang phan quyet nay ng dung vao trong mot hoan canh cu the niem xac tn cua ly tr la phai yeu men ieu lanh va tranh ieu d. Nguyen ly au tien nay cua ly tr thc tien thuoc ve 35

luat t nhien, that vay no con la nen tang cua luat t nhen bi v no bieu lo anh sang nguyen thuy ve ieu thien va ieu d, la anh phan chieu cua s khon ngoan sang tao ni Thien Chua, ang ta nh mot tia sang bat kha huy diet (Scintilla animae) chieu len trong long moi ngi. The nhng, trong khi luat t nhien neu bat nhng oi buoc khach quan va pho quat cua s thien luan ly, lng tam ap dung luat vao trng hp ac thu, va nh the lng tam tr thanh mot menh lenh noi tai cho con ngi, mot li mi lam nhng ieu thien trong nhng tnh huong cu the (Veritatis Splendor, so 59). Mc o th ba cua lng tam ma Macquerrie e cap en la mot kieu t nhan thc ac biet rat c ban nhan thc ve lng tam tng quan vi ngi ta nh the nao 22. mc o nay qua that theo tinh than cua c Pio XII, nh cac ngh phu cua Cong ong Vat. II a trnh bay, lng tam la tam iem sau kn nhat va la cung thanh cua con ngi, ni ay con ngi ch hien dien mot mnh vi Thien Chua (Gaudium et Spes, so 16) 23. Nguon goc cua t ch cho thay ac tnh cua lng tam nh la mot kieu t nhan thc ac biet. Thuat ng Anh ng nay co nguon goc t La ng conscientia, no mang ca hai y ngha y thc (consciousness) va lng tam (consciene). Nh la mot kieu t nhan thc ac biet, lng tam vi chc nang c ban cua no phi bay chung ta vi chnh chung ta nh nhng con ngi luan ly. Nh Macquarrie trnh bay : Ro rang, lng tam phi bay khoang cach gia cai toi thc s cua chung ta va hnh anh ma chung ta co ve chnh mnh can c vao khuynh hng t nhien hng ti s vien man cung ch cua 36

con ngi. Nh vay lng tam khong ch la mot s phi bay ; no con la mot tieng goi hay nhng lenh goi. No la mot li mi goi hng en nhan tnh sung man ma chung ta t nhieu a co y tng hoac hnh anh ve nhan tnh nay bi chnh s kien chung ta la ngi tron ven, va ban chat chung ta la hien hu, la vt khoi cai khong gian ni ma chung ta hien hu bat ky giay phut nhat nh nao o. Mac du thong thng chung ta ngh ve lng tam nh la mot menh lenh oi hoi chung ta lam mot ieu nao o, menh lenh nen tang cua lng tam la hien hu.24 Noi cach khac, mc o nay, lng tam la mot kieu t nhan thc qua o chung ta nhan thc ve chnh mnh nh nhng con ngi luan ly, c keu goi trao ban cho chnh mnh pham gia ma chung ta c keu goi en nh la nhng con ngi co ly tr va t do. ay la mc o cua lng tam ma Dignitatis Humanae a e cap en khi cong bo rang : moi ngi do ban tnh t nhien thuc ay, cung nh do bon phan luan ly oi buoc, con ngi phai tm kiem chan ly ve ieu thien ho phai lam (so 2). o la viec chung ta y thc rang mnh cha hoan toan la nhng con ngi ma Thien Chua a keu goi chung ta la va chung ta co kha nang tr nen hoan hao bang viec thiet nh i song va hanh vi chung ta cho phu hp vi chan ly. o chnh la nhng li mi goi sau lang ni con ngi chung ta e hoan toan tr thanh nhng con ngi ma Thien Chua mong c chung ta la va t lam cho mnh thanh nhng ngi yeu men chan ly va s thien bang nhng chon la va hanh vi. mc o nay, lng tam la mot thuc giuc nang ong trong con ngi hng ti chan ly luan ly. 37

V lng tam mc o nay nh hng cho con ngi mot cachnang ong vt len chnh mnh nh viec thang tien lien tuc hng en con ngi hoan hao, mot so ngi goi lng tam o la lng tam sieu viet. Qua thc ay la mot y ngha co c s cua lng tam. ay cung vay, nh mc o lng tam luan ly ac thu va lng tam luan ly tong quat, lng tam co lien quan vi nhan thc cua chung ta ve chan ly luan ly, ve chan ly ma chung ta c keu goi e lam cho i song va hanh vi cua mnh phu hp vi nhng tieu chuan luan ly khach quan nh o ma chung ta hoan toan co the tr nen nhng con ngi ma chung ta c nham ti. Tuy nhien, co vai than hoc gia phat trien mot ly thuyet lng tam sieu viet a b lam sai lac nghiem trong. Walter Conn la ngi ai dien cho nhng than hoc gia nay. Ong khang nh rang lng tam sieu viet la s thuc ay nang ong nham en viec t sieu thang mnh, no bieu lo qua viec oi phai co nhng quyet nh ay tnh trach nhiem cho phu hp vi phan quyet hp ly 25. Tuy nhien, ong lai tiep tuc cong bo rang i song luan ly ch thc c khang nh khong phai bi nhng nguyen ly tuyet oi hay s sang tuy tien co lien quan vi moi tnh huong ; ma ung hn, i song ch thc c xac nh bi mot cau truc y thc co tnh chuan mc no oi hoi trong moi tnh huong ngi ta phai ap tra lai nhng nguyen tac ao c bang s sang tao va nhay cam, va co tnh phe phan, co trach nhiem va yeu thng26. Hien nhien Conn co ly khi phu nhan i song luan ly chan thuc c xac nh bi tnh sang che tuy tien oi vi tng tnh huong. Tuy nhien trong oan van nay, ong 38

phu nhan nhng chuan mc hay nhng nguyen tac luan ly c ban ma ve mat nay ngi ta co the xac nh bi li ap tra nhay cam, co tnh phe phan, co trach nhiem va yeu thng hay khong. Cach hieu cua ong ve lng tam sieu viet dng nh khien no thanh oc lap hoan toan va khong lien quan chi ti nhng y ngh khac cua lng tam nh a c e cap en. Khi choi bo vai tro chu yeu cua nhng nguyen tac luan ly c ban ma chung ta biet c qua trung gian cua lng tam mc o a c e cap en trc ay, Conn a lam cho lng tam sieu viet giong vi mot cam giac vui ti noi tam hn la mot kieu nhan thc luan ly. Tr phi co nhng nguyen tac chan ly c ban, ma ta biet c qua trung gian cua lng tam, that kho biet lam the nao ma s thuc ay nang ong hng ti viec t sieu thang lai co the hng en nhng ieu hoan hao thc s cua con ngi. Theo y toi, ay chnh la s hieu biet co tnh sang tao cua lng tam ma c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II phi bac trong Veritatis Splendor. Ngai ghi nhan rang vai tac gia, v nhan manh ac tnh sang tao cua lng tam (Veritatis Splendor, so 55), a i en qua nhan manh tnh chat oc ao cua mot nhan quan hien sinh mang chieu kch cu the vt len cap o hoc thuyet va tru tng. Nhan quan hien sinh mang chieu kch cu the nay, theo cac tac gia nay, se co the la nen tang mot cach hp phap cho nhng trng hp ngoai le oi vi quy tac tong quat Bi o ma trong mot so trng hp ngi ta lap mot s tach biet, tham ch mot s oi khang, gia hoc thuyet ve gii lenh noi chung la co gia tr vi chuan mc ni lng tam cua moi ngi, ma trong thc te, se thc hien quyet 39

nh toi hau ve ieu thien ieu d (ibid., so 56). Mot ngi co bon phan theo lng tam mnh , i.e., hanh ong theo phan quyet tot nhat cua chnh mnh ve ieu phai lam, chnh v phan quyet nay cua lng tam la phan quyet cuoi cung ma mot ngi thc hien ve ieu thien hay ieu d luan ly trong nhng chon la co the co oi vi ng s. Neu mot ngi muon hanh ong ngc lai vi phan quyet nay, th ho muon lam ieu ho a phan quyet theo ca nhan ho, ieu ngi ta khong c chon e lam. Nh vay, mot ngi muon tr thanh ke pham toi neu ho a chu tam san long lam ngc lai vi phan quyet tot nhat cua ho. Thc vay, co mot moi lien he gia cac mc o khac nhau cua lng tam a c e cap, va qua viec nhn vao moi quan he nay ma chung ta co the thay ro rang ly do tai sao ta co bon phan theo lng tam cua mnh vi ngha la hanh ong cho phu hp vi phan quyet cua lng tam. Chung ta a thay rang, mot trong nhng mc o nay, lng tam la nhan thc cua chung ta ve chnh mnh nh la nhng con ngi luan ly, c mi goi hanh ong phu hp vi chan ly va bay to chnh mnh la nhng ngi yeu men chan ly va ieu thien, bang cach nay ta hoan toan tr nen nhng con ngi nh long Chua mong c. Nhng e tr thanh ieu ta c nham ti la ngi tron ven hn ta phai lam lanh va lanh d. Phan quyet ma chung ta thc hien mot cach y thc cho rang hanh ong nay ay va bay gi la ieu thien ma toi co bon phan lam hoac la ieu d ma toi co bon phan phai tranh neu toi trung thanh vi cai toi vi t cach la con ngi trc het ; 40

phan quyet nay la cach hieu biet mang tnh ca nhan cua chnh chung ta ve ieu phai lam neu muon ap lai li keu mi e tr nen loai ngi ma chung ta c d nh ti. Hn the na, chung ta thc hien phan quyet ve ieu chung ta lam ay va bay gi trong anh sang cua nhng chuan mc luan ly c ban ma chung ta nhan thc ra. Nh vay ca ba mc o cua lng tam co moi quan he ho tng co hu, va moi quan he cua chung giup chung ta thay ro ly do tai sao chung ta co bon phan hanh ong theo phan quyet hp ly nhat cua chung ta. Truyen thong than hoc Cong Giao va, nh chung ta a thay, cac ngh phu cua Cong ong Vat. II khang nh cach dt khoat rang thc s ay la mot bon phan luan ly nghiem tuc 27. c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II nhan manh : Phan quyet cua lng tam mang mot tnh chat truyen lenh : con ngi phai hanh ong bang cach uon mnh theo o. Neu con ngi hanh ong ngc lai vi phan quyet nay hoac ne`u khong nam chac c s chan chnh hoac s tot lanh cua mot hanh vi nhat nh nao o ma con ngi van c lam, luc o con ngi se b chnh lng tam mnh len an, lng tam von la chuan mc kha chac chan cho i song luan ly cua mot con ngi. S d yeu cau thuc bach hp ly nay co the gia, s d tieng noi cua lng tam va nhng phan quyet cua no co uy quyen, o la bi v chung bat nguon t chan ly ve thien d luan ly ma lng tam c mi goi on nghe va bay to (Veritatis Splendor, so 60). Dau vay nhng phan quyet cua chung ta ve ieu chung ta phai lam van co the b sai lam. Cac ngh phu cua Cong ong Vat. II va c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II nhan manh 41

rang nh vay chung ta co bon phan nghiem tuc la phai tm kiem chan ly. Phan quyet cua lng tam chung ta khong lam cho ieu chung ta chon la lam tr nen ung va tot ve luan ly ; noi cach khac, thong qua phan quyet cua lng tam, chung ta khong phai la nhng tham pha ve thien, d. Bon phan cua chung ta la lam cho nhng phan quyet cua lng tam phu hp vi nhng chuan mc luan ly khach quan, va nh Tuyen ngon t do ton giao a e cap, nhng chuan mc nay lay luat vnh cu, khach quan va pho cap cua Thien Chua (so 3) lam nguon mach toi thng cua chung. V ly do nay ma cac ngh phu Cong ong a noi ve mot lng tam ung an, khi tuyen bo, lng tam ngay thang cang thang the th nhng ca nhan va cong oan cang tranh c oc oan mu quang va cang no lc tuan phuc nhng tieu chuan khach quan cua luan ly (Gaudium et Spes, so 16). Neu co sai lam trong phan quyet cua lng tam th ng s khong b quy trach nhiem, ng s hanh ong theo phan quyet nh vay khong lam cho ho thanh ke pham toi, bi v trong tham tam ho a khong tan thanh s d trong luc chon la hanh ong. Hanh vi th sai, va sau o ho biet rang phan quyet cua lng tam mnh sai, ho se co ly do hoi tiec (nhng khong an nan), va d nhien phai chan chnh lai i song mnh cho phu hp vi hieu biet chan ly. Ban ve nhng sai loi thuoc loai nay, cac ngh phu Cong ong Vat. II ghi nhan : Lng tam nhieu khi lam lac v vo tri bat kha thang, nhng cung khong v the ma mat het pham gia (Gaudium et Spes, so 16). Cac ngai tiep tuc trnh bay : Nhng khong the noi nh vay khi con ngi t lo lang tm 42

kiem ieu chan va ieu thien cung nh khi v thoi quen pham toi ma lng tam dan dan tr nen mu quang (ibid.). Theo c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II, vi t cach la phan quyet cu the toi hau, lng tam ang tam phan boi pham gia cua mnh khi no lam lac ma khong vo toi c Giesu am ch ti nguy hiem cua lng tam a b bien dang, khi Ngai canh cao : Con mat la en cua than xac ; do o, neu mat ngi lanh manh, toan than ngi se rc sang. Con neu mat ngi benh hoan, toan than ngi se mi toi. Vay neu anh sang trong ngi ma lai la bong toi th hi oi, se ch toan la m mt ! (Mt 6,22-23) (Veritatis Splendor, so 63). Trong nhng trng hp nh vay, goi la an nan, ch khong phai la hoi tiec, hoac nh cac sach Tin Mng goi la metanoia hoac hoan cai28. Trong th muc vu ve i song luan ly, Song trong Chua Giesu Kito, cac giam muc Hoa Ky at van e nh sau : Chung ta phai co mot lng tam hieu biet ung an va phai theo no. Nhng nhng phan quyet cua chung ta mang tnh nhan loai va co the b sai lam ; chung ta co the b mu quang do quyen lc cua toi trong i song ta hoac b lam lac do duc vong loi cuon. Anh em than men, ng c than kh nao cung tin nhng hay nghiem xet cac than kh xem co phai bi Thien Chua hay khong (1Ga 4,1). Roi, chung ta phai ro rang lam moi th trong kha nang cua mnh e bao am chac chan rang nhng phan quyet cua lng tam cua mnh la co hieu biet va phu hp vi nhng luat le luan ly ma Thien Chua a sang tao. Y ngha thong thng oi hoi ngi ta phai co lng tam ci m va khiem ton, san sang hoc hoi kinh nghiem va s hieu biet sau sac cua ngi khac, san long chap nhan 43

nhng thiet hai va ngay ca thay oi nhng phan quyet cua ho trong anh sang soi ng tot hn.29 Ni ay cac giam muc noi ve bon phan e co c lng tam hieu biet. Nh vay, e a ra ket luan cho phan ban luan nay ve lng tam, can a ra vai nhan xet ve y ngha cua mot lng tam Cong Giao co hieu biet. Muc ch cua lng tam luan ly ac thu hoac lng tam theo ngha phan quyet tot nhat cua mot ngi ve ieu ma ng s phai lam ay va bay gi, la s hieu biet ung ve ieu phai lam trong tnh huong cu the nay. Neu mot ngi thc hien mot phan quyet hp ly loai nay, ng s can nhan thc trc het, ve nhng nguyen tac luan ly c ban va nhng nguyen tac nay lien he nh the nao vi tnh huong sap xay ra. Nh vay ho can biet cac d kien cua tnh huong. Do o, viec hnh thanh lng tam cua mot ngi lien quan en nhng ieu sau : trc het, ng s phai nam c nhng he luy cua nhng nguyen tac luan ly c ban ; ke en, canh giac oi vi tat ca nhng ac iem co y ngha luan ly cua tnh huong, ngi ta phai hoc cach ap dung nhng chuan mc nay e thiet lap nhng phan quyet lng tam hp ly. Ngi hao hc thc hien nhng phan quyet luan ly ung an, d nhien, se chu tam hoc hoi ieu co the hoc c t nhng ngi co van luan ly ang tn nhiem. Nh vay ai ang tm cach thc hien mot phan quyet co hieu biet ung an cua lng tam se san long lang nghe chan ly va tm kiem no t nhng nguon mach ma t o at han ngi ta 44

tm c chan ly. Ngi Cong giao, y thc Giao Hoi la mon qua cua Chua danh cho mnh, tru cot cua chan ly, do o se san sang chap nhan nhng giao huan luan ly cua Giao Hoi, v ngi Cong giao nhan ra c Kito a noi vi mnh qua huan quyen cua Giao Hoi la hien the va la than the cua c Kito. That vay, nh cac ngh phu cua Cong ong Vat. II a nhac cho chung ta, trong viec huan luyen lng tam, cac Kito hu phai luon luon chu trong en giao ly thanh thien va vng chac cua Giao Hoi. That vay, theo y nh cua Chua Kito, Giao Hoi Cong giao la thay day chan ly va co nhiem loan bao va truyen day chan ly la Chua Kito mot cach chnh thc, ong thi phai lay uy quyen mnh ma cong bo va xac nhan nhng nguyen tac thuoc pham vi luan ly, phat sinh t ban tnh con ngi (Dignitatis Humanae, so 14). c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II, sau khi trch dan ban van quan trong nay cua Cong ong, a noi : c van dung e a ra nhng cong bo ve cac van e luan ly, uy quyen cua Giao Hoi khong lam thiet hai t do lng tam cua cac Kito hu chut nao : mot ang, t do lng tam khong bao gi la mot t do c nang len khoi chan ly, nhng t do luon luon va ch trong chan ly : ang khac, Huan quyen khong cung cap cho lng tam Kito hu nhng chan ly xa la vi ng s, ma ngc lai neu dan nhng chan ly ma lng tam von a s hu trc roi bang cach pho bay nhng chan ly ay khi i t hanh vi au tien la c tin. Giao Hoi luon hien than va ch hien than e phuc vu lng tam, giup cho lng tam nhat la trong nhng van e gay can nhat, at c chan ly mot cach chac chan va lai trong chan ly (Veritatis Splendor, so 64). Do o, ngi Cong giao hoan toan t nhien, co khuynh hng chap nhan trong lanh 45

vc luan ly nhng ieu Giao Hoi a day nh la chan ly. oi vi ngi Cong giao, giao huan luan ly cua Giao Hoi khong phai la hnh thc luat le nao o ap at t ben ngoai mot cach oc oan tren ngi Cong giao. ung hn, ngi Cong giao xem hoac phai xem giaohuan luan ly cua Giao Hoi nh nhng chan ly co y nhac chung ta ve pham gia cua mnh nh nhng ngi c tao dng theo hnh anh va giong Thien Chua va c keu goi e thiet nh trong tam tr nhng chon la va nhng hanh ong phu hp vi chan ly. Giao huan luan ly cua Giao Hoi co y giup nhng ngi Cong giao i ung hng vi n goi ma ho a c keu mi nh la con cai Chua va nhng ngi em ke tuc cua c Kito, Vng quyen cua Ngi co quyen oi hoi nh vay, oi hoi ho yeu thng en mc nh ho a va ang c Thien Chua yeu thng trong c Kito. Ngay nay, mot so ngi coi giao huan luan ly cua Giao Hoi nh la mot loat nhng chuan mc quan lieu va oc oan, ap at t ben ngoai tren con ngi. Ho xem nhng giao huan nay nh la mot chnh sach a thiet nh ma Giao Hoi chnh thc e ra. Cach nhn nay oi vi giao huan luan ly cua Giao Hoi la hoan toan sai lam. Khi mot ngi, qua mot hanh vi c tin song ong, tr thanh mot thanh vien cua Giao Hoi, hien the va than the cua Chua Kito, ngi ay t nguyen cam ket song hiep nhat vi Chua Kito va Giao Hoi Ngi. Nh vay, nhng ngi Cong giao ao c on nhan nh la chan ly nhng g Giao Hoi e ra va lu tam thiet nh i song mnh phu hp vi nhng chan ly luan ly ma Giao Hoi a cong bo.

46

Chung ta a thay rang trong viec ao tao lng tam, trc het, ngi ta can phai nhan thc nhng nguyen tac luan ly c ban. That vay, mot trong nhng mc o cua lng tam a c xem xet trong chng nay la y thc ve chan ly luan ly mc o nhng nguyen tac hoac nhng khi iem cho viec can nhac ve luan ly. Trong chng ke, vi chu e ve luat t nhien, chung ta se lu tam en viec nhan dang nhng nguyen tac nay. Trong chng nay chung ta a thay rang ngi Cong giao, trong viec nh hnh lng tam mnh, ch co the lam nh vay khi chu tam ti giao ly thanh thien va chac chan cua Giao Hoi. Trong chng cuoi cua cuon sach chung ta tiep tuc ban chi tiet ve vai tro cua Giao Hoi nhb la thay day luan ly va nhng bat ong quan iem vi Huan quyen cua Giao Hoi ve cac van e luan ly. ay ch can ghi nhan rang oi vi ngi Cong giao quyen cua nha giao huan nhan danh c Kito la mot quyen vttren-bnh-dien-nhan-loai va nhng chan ly ma nhng nha giao huan nay a ra can phai c tham nhap vao con tim e giup i song con ngi trong Chua Kito tr nen sau sac va phong phu (Ve van e Lng tam va i song Luan ly, xin xem Giao ly Giao Hoi Cong Giao, cac so 1776-1802).

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CHNG 2

LUAT T NHIEN VA I SONG LUAN LY


DAN NHAP
Nh chung ta a thay Cong ong Vaticano II day rang chuan mc toi thng cua i song con ngi la luat than linh cua Thien Chua- vnh cu, khach quan, pho quat, qua o Thien Chua sap at, hng dan va ieu khien ca vu tru va moi bc ng cua cong ong nhan loai theo mot ke hoach c cu mang trong s khon ngoan va yeu thng. Them vao o, Cong ong cho rang con ngi a c Thien Chua tao dng e tham d vao luat nay, ket qua la di s an bai yeu thng cua Thien Chua quan phong con ngi ngay cang co the nhan thc c chan ly khong he oi thay (Dignitatis Humanae, so 3). S tham d cua con ngi vao luat than linh va vnh cu cua Thien Chua chnh la ieu ma truyen thong than hoc cong giao hieu la luat t nhien, luat ma con ngi kham pha ra ni ay sau lng tam mnh (Gaudium et Spes, so 16). Mac du cac Ngh phu khong dung dien ng luat t nhien e ch s tham d cua con ngi vao luat than linh va vnh cu cua Thien Chua trong nhng oan tren trch t Dinitatis Humanae va Gaudium et Spes, nhng ro rang cac ngai a co y tng ve luat t nhien v ngay sau khi noi rang con ngi c Thien Chua tao dng e tham d vao luat nay, ro rang cac ngai a e cap en ba ban van cua thanh Thomas ; va han nhien, theo y cac ngai, mot trong cac van ban nay la toi quan trong, v trong o Aquinas khang nh rang tat ca moi ngi 48

eu biet chan ly bat bien cua luat vnh cu t ra la mc o ho biet nhng nguyen tac pho quat cua luat t nhien 1. Nhng luat t nhien la g ? Toi e ngh chung ta bat au nghien cu chu e nay bang cach xem xet hoc thuyet cua thanh Thomas ve luat t nhien sau o chung ta se xem xet giao huan cua Cong ong Vat. II, giao huan cua c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II, va t tng cua mot vai tac gia ng ai ang tm cach xay dng tren nhng nen tang ma thanh Thomas a thiet lap.

LUAT T NHIEN TRONG HOC THUYET THANH THOMAS AQUINAS.


Thanh Thomas xem xet van e luat t nhien cach chnh thc trong tong luan than hoc cua ngi, nhng nhng cho qui chieu ti luat t nhien va nhng y niem tng t nh lng tam, lng nang, s d phong, cung nh luat vnh cu va than linh c thay trong khap cac tac pham cua ngi, t tac pham au tay chu giai hay t Scriptum ve cuon Libri Sententiarum cua Peter Lombard tr i 2 . Trong tuyet tac Tong luan than hoc cua ngi, Thomas ban ve luat noi chung, cac loai luat khac nhau (bao gom luat t nhien) va luat vnh cu cua Thien Chua trc khi khai trien cac y tng ve luat t nhien va moi tng quan cua no vi luat tch cc cua con ngi va ca vi luat cua Thien Chua nh la luat c Chua Mac khai. V luat t nhien la Luat hieu theo ngha thc va thch ang, nen trc het chung ta can phai xem xet t tng cua Thomas ve luat t nhien trong Tong luan than hoc bang cach tom tat ngan gon hoc thuyet cua ngi ve y ngha cua luat theo 49

ung ngha cua t. The roi toi e ngh ghi nhan cach suc tch cach hieu cua ngi ve luat vnh cu cua Thien Chua. Sau o toi se quay sang xem xet phan trnh bay chi tiet hn cua ngi ve luat t nhien. 1. Hieu biet can ban ve luat trong Tong luan than hoc. Trong tac pham nay, khi au Thomas noi luat la mot nguyen tac ngoai tai cho nhng hanh vi cua con ngi, phan biet vi cac nhan c va tat xau la nhng nguyen tac noi tai cua cac hanh vi nh the. au tien Thomas mo ta luat nh mot qui luat hay thc o cho cac hanh ong, no thuc ay hay ngan can ngi tahanh ong. T o (since this is so), ngi noi rang luat thuoc ve ly tr, trong chng mc ly tr- nguyen tac e nhat cua cac hanh ong ni con ngi- la qui luat va thc o cua cac hanh ong ni con ngi 3. Vay luat ung nghia la cai ma ly tr tao ra : o la mot ordinatio rationis, mot s sap at cua ly tr. Nham tra li cach sang to oi vi s phan bac cho rang luat khong the thuoc ve ly tr. v thanh Phaolo a noi ve mot Luat trong cac chi the cua ngi (Rm 7,23). Thomas a lu y rang: co the bao luat ben trong cai g o hay thuoc ve cai g o bang hai cach : Mot cach (bao rang luat trong cai g o) v no trong iei ch dan va can nhac. Va v ieu nay phu hp vi ly tr, nen suy ra luat ch ton tai trong ly tr. Ngi noi tiep, theo mot cach thu ong va, thong d nhieu hn, co the noi rang luat trong ieu g o, trong bat ky cai g c luat hng dan hay can nhac : Va chnh bang cach nay ma luat trong moi ieu hng chieu ve ieu g o vi tnh cach la luat the nao o, khong 50

phai cach thiet yeu, nhng co the noi theo ngha thong d 4 . Khi tra li cho mot phan bac khac, thanh Thomas a cho thay ro la ve thc chat va hnh thc, luat thuoc ve ly tr va nh the no la ket qua t hanh ong cua ly tr. Theo phan bac nay, luat khong the thuoc ve ly tr bi v no khong the la nang lc cua chnh ly tr, cung chang phai nang lc cua nhng thoi quen hay kha nang cua ly tr, cung chang the la nang lc cua cac hanh vi ly tr. e tra li cho ieu phan bac nay, thanh Thomas noi rang ly tr thc tien, nghia la ly tr hng en hanh ong, tao nen nhng menh e pho quat hng en hanh ong. Nhng menh e pho quat cua ly tr thc tien nay ong vai tro trong suy t thc tien co the so sanh vi viec nhng menh e thc s pho quat cua ly tr suy ly lien quan en nhng ket luan ma no at ti ong vai tro trong van mang suy ly. Va Aquinas tiep tuc, nhng menh e pho quat thuoc loai nay, cu the la thuoc ly tr thc tien hng en hanh ong, mang y nghia cua luat 5. T tat ca ieu nay, hien nhien la theo y cua thanh Thomas luat ung nghia khong ch thuoc ve ly tr ma con bao gom nhng menh e hay nhng gii luat ung do ly tr tao nen. Trong nhng menh e tiep theo cua Tong luan than hoc (1-2,90), thanh Thomas mo ta nhng tnh chat khac cua luat theo nghia tong quat. No phai nham en thien ch chung 6 , no phai phat xuat t toan the loai ngi hoac t nhng ai chu trach nhiem ve toan the loai ngi va hanh ong nhan danh ho 7, va no phai c cong bo hoac lam cho ngi ta biet 8 . 51

2 . Luat vnh cu Thomas a day rang moi tao vat- vu tru va moi vat ben trong- chu s cai quan cua than tr Thien Chua. Nh the luat vnh cu la ke hoach cua Thien Chua hay qua ly tr cai quan moi vat mc o ke hoach nay hien hu trong tam tr cua chnh Thien Chua vi t cach Ngi cai tr the gii 9. Luat vnh cu nay hng dan toan bo vu tru thu tao va hanh ong cua moi vat thu tao,bao gom hanh ong cua con ngi. Nh vay luat vnh cu la ly tr cua s khon ngoan Thien Chua trong chng mc no hng dan moi hanh vi va hoat ong 10. Muc tieu ma luat vnh cu hng dan moi tao vat ti la ieu thien thao chung pho quat cua toan bo vu tru thu tao, va no c cong bo cung vi s sang tao11. 3. Luat t nhien : Y nghia chnh va ac tnh. Thomas day rang moi thc tai thu tao eu tham d vao luat vnh cu. Nhng chung tham d cach khac nhau, phu hp vi ban tnh cua chung, nhng hu the khong co ly tr tham d vao luat vnh cu mot cach hoan toan thu ong chng mc ma t o chung nhan mot dau an, bi o chung hng ve hanh vi va cu canh rieng cua chung 12. Luat vnh cu ben trong chung bi v chung c luat nay ieu khien va quy nh 13. The nhng v con ngi la nhng tao vat thong minh, co ly tr tham d tch cc vao luat vnh cu, s tham d thong minh tch cc o la luat t nhien 14 . Luat vnh cu trong ho va bi v ho c no ieu khien va quy nh va cung bi v ho chu ong ieu khien va quy nh nhng hanh vi rieng cua ho phu hp vi luat vnh cu. Nh the no trong ho cach ac thu va 52

chnh thc vi tnh chat la luat. oi chieu cac cach the khac nhau ma cac tao vat khong ly tr va co ly tr tham d vao luat vnh cu cua Thien Chua, Aquinas noi : Ngay ca thu vat khong ly tr cung tham d vao ly tr vnh cu theo cach rieng cua no, nh tao vat co ly tr (tham d theo cach rieng cua mnh). Nhng bi v tao vat ly tr cho nen s tham d vao luat vnh cuu ni tao vat ly tr (intellectualiter et ratinaliter) thong d cua luat vnh cu nh tr nang va ly tr c goi cach chnh ang la luat v luat la cai g o gan vi ly tr Nhng ni tao vat phi ly tr khong thong d vao luat mot cach co ly tr, v the khong the noi no la luat (trong tao vat phi ly tr ) ngoai tr bang cach noi tng t 15. Luat t nhien ve phng dien thc te hien hu ni tao vat co ly tr th khac vi luat vnh cu hien hu ni Thien Chua ang Tao Hoa thng tr. Nhng no khong phai la cai g khac luat vnh cu. No la chnh luat vnh cu c ban cho tao vat co ly tr hay c tao vat co ly tr chia se 16. Luat t nhien va ac trng cho s cao quy cua tao vat co ly tr nh la hu the c tao dng theo hnh anh cua Thien Chua va cho ca tnh yeu ln lao ma Thien Chua danh cho tao vat co ly tr la ke ma Ngai cho tch cc tham gia vao s khon ngoan quan phong cua Ngai. Thomas lam sang to cai cach ma luat vnh cu trong tao vat co ly tr khi xem xet luan iem c nhieu v tien boi thi trung co a a ra, theo o luat t nhien la mot nang lc hay mot thoi quen, ac biet la thoi quen cua lng nang (synderesis) hay cua nhng nguyen tac e nhat cua ly tr thc tien 17. Ngi tha nhan rang luat t nhien theo nghia th cap va phat sinh, co the 53

xem c nh mot thoi quen trong chng mc cac phan oan cua ly tr thc tien cung tao nen th lai thng xuyen co trong tr. Nhng theo nghia ac thu, luat t nhien khong phai la mot thoi quen, cung khong phai la mot nang lc. ung hn, no la mot thc tai c tao nen (constitutum) nh ly tr. No la mot cong viec cua tr nang con ngi nham en hanh ong (ratio ractica), cung nh mot menh e cua tr nang suy ly la mot thanh tu cua tr khon con ngi nham en hieu biet e co c s hieu biet. Do o luat t nhien la cai (g o) ma t nhien chnh chung ta lam cho co nh cach van dung t phat tr nang cua chung ta khi nham en hanh ong. No la cai (g o) ma chung ta lam cho co nh viec chung ta thc hien (cai ma Thomas goi la mot quod quis agit), khong phai la cai cho phep chung ta lam cho cai g o hien hu nh viec cua chnh ta lam (cai ma ngi goi la mot quo quis agit) 18. Nh vay oi vi thanh Thomas luat t nhien theo ung ngha la mot thanh tu cua ly tr thc tien. No bao gom mot tap hp hay mot bo th t hay nhng menh e ung c ly tr thc tien lam nen ve ieu c thc hien 19. Nhng nhng menh e nay la g va chung lam nen mot bo th t nh the nao? Thomas bat au e cap en trong khoanth hai rat quan trong thuoc cau hoi 94 cua Prima Secundae cua Tong luan than hoc. Trong e muc nay ngi e cap en nhng khi iem hay nhng nguyen tac e nhat cua luat t nhien, la bo au tien cua cac menh e hay menh lenh thc hanh a lam ra no. Trong e muc nay ngi bat au bang cach lap ra mot loai suy quan trong gia nhng menh lenh cua luat t nhien thuoc ve ly tr 54

hng en hanh ong (ratio) vi nhng nguyen ly e nhat cua luan chng thuoc ve ly tr hng ti van nan thuan ly hay nhan biet e co tri thc (Radio speculativa). Ngi noi rang cung nh hu the la vat au tien ma tr tue chung ta nam bat co lien quan en s hieu biet thc tai cua no. Vay ieu tot la cai ma trc het c tr khon hng en hanh ong cua chung ta nam bat. The roi ngi tuyen bo : Do o, nguyen tac e nhat trong ly tr thc hanh la cai c xay dng tren y ngha (ratio) cua s thien, ngha la, ieu thien la ieu ma moi vat eu mong muon. Do o, ay la menh lenh au tien cua luat [t nhien], ay la ieu thien th c thc hien va eo uoi, con ieu ac th phai tranh. Va ieu nay (menh lenh hay menh e cua ly tr thc tien lam nen tang cho tat ca cac cham ngon khac cua luat t nhien, ay la tat ca moi ieu thuoc ve luat t nhien ma ly tr thc tien t nhien nam bat c nh la nhng ieu thien phai lam (hoac nhng ieu ac phai tranh) 20. Tiep theo, Thanh Thomas noi rang ieu thien co y ngha cua cu canh, trong khi ieu ac co y ngha ngc lai. Nh the, ieu tiep theo la ly tr ng nhien hieu tat ca moi ieu ma ngi ta co thien hng t nhien ve no la nhng ieu thien va do o phai c theo uoi khi hanh ong va (ly tr ng nhien hieu) tat ca moi ieu oi nghch lai la ieu ac phai tranh 21. ieu quan trong nhat ay phai lu y la Thomas khong noi rang nhng thien hng t nhien nay cau thanh luat t nhien. ung hn, ngi noi rang nhng ieu chan thien cua cuoc song con ngi ma loai ngi ng nhien hng ve th c ly tr con ngi nam 55

bat mot cach t nhien, ngha la, mot cach mach lac, la ieu thien phai lam va theo uoi. Trong nhng ieu thien nay ly tr thc tien hieu ro cai cu canh hay muc ch cac chon la va hanh ong cua con ngi. at van e mot cach khac, nguyen tac thc tien can ban la ieu thien th phai lam va eo uoi va oi nghch vi no, ieu ac, phai tranh c s nhan biet cac ieu chan thien cua loai ngi nh ro. Theo Thomas, trong chung ta ton tai nhng thien hng t nhien hng dan chung ta mot cach nang ong en nhng kha canh cu the cua hanh phuc va s trien n cua con ngi 22, va tr thong minh thc tien cua chung ta t nhien hieu nhng thc tai ma nhng thien hng t nhien nay hng dan chung ta en la ieu thien va do o c eo uoi khi con ngi chon la va hanh ong. Khi Thomas noi rang ly tr thc tien t nhien hieu ro nhng ieu thien ma con ngi t nhien hng en, ngi muon noi rang khong can phai ly luan lan man, kieu tam oan luan e chung ta hieu chung la ieu thien. Nhng hieu biet ve ieu thien nay khong phai la bam sinh, nhng no kinh nghiem trc tiep, mach lac, c trao cho con ngi Nhng ieu tng ng vi nhng thien hng t nhien cua chung ta va nhng ieu thien can ban cua con ngi hay nhng kha canh cua hanh phuc con ngi la g? Trong cau hoi 94 khoan 2 (q 94, a, 2) Thomas phan biet ba mc o cua cac thien hng t nhien can ban va nhng ieu thien can ban cua con ngi. mc o au, trong chung ta co mot thien hng t nhien ve ieu thien phu hp vi ban tnh ma chung ta co chung vi moi ban the. mc o nay ieu thien chung ta hng ti la ieu thien cua chnh hu the, va nh mot cho khac Thomas a lu y, v 56

hu the cua nhng vat song la chnh s song, nen ay ieu thien thch ang cua con ngi la chnh s song. cap o khac, chung ta co mot thien hng t nhien ve nhng ieu thien ac thu hn theo ban tnh ma chung ta co chung vi nhng ong vat khac. ieu thien thch ang ay la s ket hp c va cai, viec truyen sinh va giao duc con ngi. Cuoi cung, Thomas noi chung ta co mot thien hng ve ieu thien theo ban chat cua ly tr la mot ban tnh rieng cua con ngi : nh vay con ngi co mot thien hng t nhien nhan biet chan ly ve Thien Chua va song trong xa hoi va ve kha canh nay bat c cai g gan lien vi thien hng nay th cung thuoc ve luat t nhien, chang han con ngi tranh ngu dot, con ngi khong c xuc pham nhng ngi ong loai (ngc lai, conversari) va nhng ieu khac tng t nh the. Noi cach khac, nhng ieu thien thch ang cua con ngi ma thien hng nay nham cho chung ta va khi c ly tr thc tien nam bat, chung co chc nang nh nhng gii lenh au tien cua luat t nhien th cung la nhng ieu thien, nh nhng hieu biet ve Thien Chua, tnh ong ch, tnh bang hu vi nhng ngi khac va tng t nh the. Khi a ra danh sach nhng ieu thien can ban cua con ngi trong e muc nay Thomas khong co y liet ke toan dien hay lap thanh he thong, ung ra o la mot danh sach minh hoa nh a c cho thay bi viec la ngi da dung nhng dien ng nh va cung nh the (Et similia) va thuoc loai nay (huiusmodi) khi noi ve nhng ieu thien ma ngi ke ten ra. Ngi ch ra rang nhng ieu thien nay, ieu ma chung ta t nhien hng ti, khi c ly tr thc tien nam bat, c dung nh nhng khi iem hoac nhng nguyen tac cua ly tr 57

thc tien, cua luat t nhien, cua viec can nhac xem phai lam cai g. Tom lai : T nhng ban van a c nghien cu ky, ro rang la trong Tong luan than hoc cua thanh Thomas quan niem luat t nhien nh sau : (1) o la s thong d tch cc cua tao vat co ly tr vao luat vnh cu cua Thien Chua ; (2) No thuoc ve ly tr trong mc o no la cai ma ly tr thc tien tao thanh hay lam cho co ; (3) ieu ma ly tr thc tien lam cho co la nhng gii lenh hay nhng nh e thc tien phai-thi-hanh-cai-g, bat au bang gii lenh au tien hay gii luat e nhat cua ly tr thc tien, mot gii lenh thanh lap tren khai niem s thien. Gi ay toi e ngh xem xet thau ao hn giao huan cua thanh Thomas trong tac pham nay ve nhng loai gii lenh khac nhau cung tao thanh luat t nhien. 4. Nhng gii luat e nhat cua luat t nhien, nhng gii luat gan vi gii luat e nhat, va nhng gii luat khac cua luat t nhien. Theo thanh Thomas co ba cap o hay ba mc o cua gii lenh luat t nhien. Mc o th nhat hay nhng gii lenh cua luat t nhien he tai nhng nguyen tac chung va au tien 25 khong can bat c s phat hanh nao, bi v chung c viet ra trong ly tr t nhien va co the noi rang chung c viet mot cach t hien nhien 26 .Thuoc ve loat nhng gii lenh luat t nhien nay la nhng nguyen tac ma chung ta a tng xem xet ay la gii luat ieu thien th phai theo va lam, va oi nghch vi no, ieu 58

ac, th phai tranh va nhung ieu thien can ban cua con ngi, nh la chnh s song, s truyen sinh va dng duc, nhng hieu biet chan thc ve Thien Chua, cuoc song trong tnh bang hu, than thien vi nhng ngi khac, tat ca la nhng ieu thien phai lam va theo uoi. Nhng ieu thien nay la nhng nguyen tac ma Thomas giai ban trong cau hoi Q 4 khoan 2 cua phan 1 quyen II. Nhng Thomas cung a vao trong so nhng gii luat e nhat va chung cua luat t nhien, gii luat nh : khong c hai ke khac 27, hay lam cho ke khac nh la anh muon ho lam cho anh; khong lam cho ke khac cung nh anh khong muon ho lam cho anh 28, vaanh phai yeu Chua, Thien Chua cua anh va anh phai yeu ngi lan can cua anh 29 va ngi ta yeu ngi lan can khi mong muon nhng ieu thien cua nhan sinh, trien n trong ngi ay, o la ieu ta a noi en. T nhng ieu a noi tren, ro rang la Thomas a ke ra trong so nhng nguyen tac e nhat, khong the chng minh hay nhng gii lenh cua luat t nhien hai loai nguyen tac. Loai au tien hng dan chung ta ti viec lam va eo uoi viec thien va tranh ieu trai ngc vi no va ti viec noi len ro rang nhng qui nh tong quat ve s thien cua con ngi bang cach nh ro nhng ieu thien phai lam hoac theo uoi (chnh s song cua con ngi, s truyen sinh va dng duc, hieu biet chan ly ve Thien Chua, song thuan hoa vi ngi khac, ). Loai th hai cua nhng nguyen tac e nhat cua luat t nhien lien quan en cach chung ta theo uoi nhng ieu thien nay, chung ta phai lam nh the bang cach hanh ong trung thc (luat vang), t choi lam hai bat ky ai, yeu Thien Chua 59

va ngi lan can. Thc te thanh Thomas lap luan rang gii luat yeu men Thien Chua va ngi lan can th chnh la gii luat hay nguyen tac ma t o nhng gii luat kia lam thanh cap o hay loat th hai cua nhng gii luat t nhien c phat sinh ra hay trong anh sang cua no nhng gii lenh nay c biet la ung 30. Nhng gii lenh t nhien mc o II nay bao gom nhng gii luat ma ly tr t nhien cua moi ngi tc thi phan oan hay t chung phan oan la c lam hay khong c lam 31. Nhng gii luat nh vay la nhng ket luan gan ung rut ra t nhng gii luat au tien khong the chng minh cua luat t nhien, va chung co the c hieu la ung mot cach tc thi, vi mot chut xem xet 32. Chung xac nh hn so vi nhng gii luat e nhat cua luat t nhien 33, nhng chung co the de dang c nam bat bi tr khon cua mot ngi bnh thng nhat 34. Nhng gii luat nay nhng ket luan gan ung rut t nhng nguyen tac e nhat cua luat t nhien th tuyet oi thuoc ve luat t nhien 35. ung la, nhng gii luat nay co the b xuyen tac trong mot vai trng hp do bi toi hay nhng thoi quen xau, va chnh v ly do nay ma chung can phai c an hanh them 36, cu the la, qua luat (tch cc) cha, v nhng gii luat nay la nhng gii luat ma chung ta thay trong ban Thap Gii. Theo Thomas nhng gii lenh luat cua luat t nhien cap o III la nhng chan ly ve hanh ong cua con ngi ma ch c biet bi s suy xet tinh te hn cua ly tr 37. Chung giong nh nhung ket luan rut ra t nhng gii lenh luat t nhien cap o II va chung ch c biet bi hien nhan, ngha la, oi vi Aquinas, bi nhng ngi co nhan c khon 60

ngoan hoan hao ni ho. e biet c nhng gii luat cua luat t nhien nay, can phai suy xet nhieu ve nhng trng hp khac nhau, va viec suy xet nhng ieu nay mot cach cham ch thuoc ve bac hien nhan, nhng ke khiem khuyet ve mat nhan c can phai c giao duc ve nhng gii luat nay bi nhng ngi khon ngoan 39. Nh the, theo Thomas, co mot cau truc xac nh oi vi luat t nhien. No bao gom (1) mot so nhng nguyen tac c ban e nhat khong the chng minh ; (2) nhng gii luat chuan mc bat nguon trc tiep t nhng gii luat e nhat nay va vi rat t s suy xet ; (3) nhng gii luat chuan mc ch co the c biet sau nhieu suy ngh va ch bi ngi khon ngoan, hay nhng ngi co nhan c khon ngoan hoan hao. Cau truc nay cua luat t nhien c trnh bay trong nhieu Tong Luan Than Hoc 40. Mot trong nhng oan noi bat nhat la 1-2, Q.100, a.3, ni ma Thomas hoi lieu tat ca nhng gii luat luan ly trong luat cu co the c thu gon thanh mi gii luat cua Thap gii hay khong. Theo Thomas moi gii luat cua thap gii, mac dau c Thien Chua mac khai, van co the c biet nh s van dung cua ly tr t nhien cua con ngi vi ngoai le cua ieu ran th ba, ve ngay Sabbat, viec an nh cua ieu ran nay ve mot ngay ac biet th ly tr t nhien khong the biet c 41. Noi cach khac, nhng ieu luat cua thap gii thuoc ve luat t nhien. Nhng chung khong nam trong so nhng gii luat e nhat cua luat t nhien. S o sau ay cho thay cau truc cua luat t nhien nh thanh Thomas a mo ta trong van e nay 61

Cu the la nhng gii luat au tien va chung khong can c an hanh them na, v chung c viet trong ly tr t nhien, co the noi la, c biet mot cach t hien nhien Nhng ket luan gan ung trong so nhng gii luat cua thap gii co hai loai ieu luat khong c ke en. Nhng ket luan xa va cung la nhng gii luat ma chung c kham phala phu hp vi ly tr qua s tra hoi can man cua bac khon ngoan. V chung t Thien Chua en (cho) loai ngi bi s day do cua bac khon ngoan 42 . ay Thomas noi ro rang la co hai loai gii luat phan biet vi gii luat cua thap gii. Nhng gii luat e nhat cua luat t nhien, v chung t hien nhien ung, c viet trong ly tr con ngi va khong oi hoi s mac khai than linh. Cung khong nam trong so nhng gii luat cua Thap Gii, o la nhng gii luat ac thu hn ma e nam bat c can phai suy ngh nhieu ve chan ly cua chung. Tuy nhien ca hai loai gii luat cua luat t nhien nay cung co moi quan he mat thiet vi nhng gii ran cua Thap Gii. Thc vay, ay Thomas lap luan rang trong chng mc nao o Thap Gii gom ca hai loai gii luat cua luat t nhien nay. Thomas trnh bay no theo cach nh sau : Nhng gii luat e nhat nhng ket luan gan ung- nhng ket luan xa. Nhng ca hai loai gii luat nay eu c bao ham trong nhng gii lenh cua Thap Gii, nhng mot cach khac nhau. V nhng gii luat au tien va pho bien 62

c bao ham trong (nhng gii lenh Thap Gii) cung nh cac nguyen tac c bao ham trong nhng ket luan gan ung cua chung, c bao ham trong chung- ngc lai, trong khi cac gii luat c biet bi bac thong thai cung nh cac ket luan trong cac nguyen tac cua chung 43. Toi tin rang vao luc nay s hieu biet ve luat t nhien cua Thomas th kha ro. oi vi ngi, luat t nhien la viec lam cua ly tr con ngi, o la mot chuoi hay mot loat nhng gii luat co c sap xep. Loat gii lenh luat t nhien au tien bao gom nhng e muc t hien nhien la ung ve ieu phai c lam, chung c ly tr thc tien nam bat. Nhng gii luat e nhat hay nhng nguyen tac au tien nay cua luat t nhien bao gom hai loai gii luat khac nhau. Mot loai th hng dan chung ta lam hay theo uoi ieu thien, tranh ieu ngc lai va nhan ra nhng dang thc can ban lam trien n con ngi la nhng ieu thien phai theo uoi (s song, s truyen sinh, giao duc, hieu biet chan ly ve Thien Chua va nhng ieu tng t). Loai kia th lien quan en cach chung ta theo uoi nhng s thien nay: chung ta phai lam nh vay bang cach hanh ong trung thc (luat vang) yeu men Thien Chua va ngi lan can, khong lam ac cho bat ky ai. Nhng gii luat hay nguyen tac e nhat nay cua luat t nhien khong bao gi co the b tay xoa khoi tr oc cua con ngi (trng thanh). Moi tac nhan luan ly eu nhan biet chung v chung c viet trong tam hon con ngi 44. Loat hay mc o th hai cua cac gii lenh luat t nhien bao gom nhng gii lenh gan sat v nhng nguyen tac e nhat. 63

theo quan iem cua Thomas, chung gan vi cac nguyen tac nay en noi chung co the de dang c moi ngi nhan biet, ngay ca ngi tam thng nhat, tr khi ly tr thc tien cua mot ngi b meo mo v toi loi hay ke song trong mot xa hoi lech lac 45. Nhng gii lenh phat sinh nay cua luat t nhien, mac dau de nhan biet, van la nhng gii lenh luan ly cua Thap Gii. theo Aquinas, nhng gii lenh cua luat t nhien nay la nhng chuan mc tuyet oi, khong co ngoai le ma ngay ca Thien Chua cung khong the cho phep mien tr khoi nhng chuan mc nay 46. Cuoi cung, loat hay mc o III cua cac gii lenh luat t nhien bao gom nhng chuan mc luan ly xa hn nhan c t nhng gii ran, Thap Gii nh la t nhng nguyen tac cua chung, va ch c biet sau nhieu xem xet cua bac hien nhan, ngha la nhng ngi hoan thien ve nhan c khon ngoan hay theo ngon ng Ki-to giao, la cac ang thanh. Ro rang ay la cau truc cua luat t nhien theo thanh Thomas.

64

PHU CHNG SO MOT


Thanh Toma va nh ngha cua Ulpian ve luat t nhien
Ulpian, mot luat gia La ma the ky II, a nh ngha luat t nhien nh la luat ma t nhien a day cho moi loai vat. Nhieu than hoc luan ly cong giao hien ai, trong so o co Charles E. Curran, Timothy E. Connell, va Richard M. Gula, qua quyet rang Giao Huan cua thanh Thomas ve luat t nhien qua la m ho. Mot mat, no nhan manh vai tro cua ly tr trong viec tao nen luat t nhien. Mat khac, ho noi v chu anh hng cua Ulpian, cuoi cung t tng cua ngi co khuynh hng ong nhat nhng oi hoi cua luat t nhien vi nhng qua trnh vat ly va sinh hoc 47 va a en cai ma ho coi la mot s hieu biet vat ly ve luat t nhien 48. Ve s qua quyet nay cua mot so cac nha than hoc cong giao hien ai, viec xem xet cach ma Thomas a ieu chnh nh ngha cua Ulpian ve luat t nhien cho phu hp vi t tng cua rieng ngi la mot ieu ang lam. mot trong nhng trc tac au tay cua ngi la tac pham Scriptum super IV Libros Sententiarum, Thomas e cap en van e luat t nhien co lien quan en s ban luan cua ngi ve mot van e a gay kho khan cho cac bac tien boi khi ho co gang lien ket luat t nhien vi giao huan cua Thanh Kinh. Lam sao che o a the cua cac to phu thi Cu c lai co the hoa hp c vi luat t nhien 49? ieu quan tam cua toi khong phai la van e cu the nay nhng ung hn la t tng cua Thomas ve luat t nhien va viec ngi van dung nh ngha luat t nhien cua 65

Ulpian. Phan tch ve van e nay, trc het Thomas lu y rang moi hu the co trong chnh chung, bi chnh ban tnh cua chung, nhng nguyen tac ma bi o chung khong ch co the tao ra nhng hanh ong thch ang vi chung nhng con hng dan chung ti nhng cu canh rieng. Nhng hu the thieu hieu biet th hanh ong cach tat yeu, nhng trong cac hu the co hieu biet, cac nguyen tac hanh ong la s hieu biet va ham muon. Do o, ni nhng hu the co kha nang hieu biet, phai co mot khai niem t nhien (naturalis conceptio) trong kha nang nhan thc va phai co mot khuynh hng t nhien (naturalis inclinatio) trong kha nang ham muon, bi o nhng hu the nay b buoc phai hng ti nhng hanh ong va cu canh thch hp vi chung.V con ngi ve c ban khac loai vi cac loai vat khac, tuy nhien, trong kha nang con ngi biet ve cu canh ung ngha va ve moi lien he gia phng tien va cu canh, khai niem t nhien trong trng hp cua loai ngi, c goi la luat t nhien, trong khi ni cac loai vat khac, no c goi la s lng gia t nhien (aestimatio). Nhng loai vat khong co ly tr b mot sc manh t nhien ep buoc thc hien nhng hanh ong thch ang vi chung hn la hanh ong bang cach c qui nh, co the noi nh vay, bi bat ky loai phan oan nao, ung nh no c goi nh the. Roi Aquinas tiep tuc : Do o luat t nhien khong phai la cai g khac hn lakhai niem c in vao con ngi mot cach t nhien nh o ho c lenh phai hanh ong phu hp trong cac hanh vi thch ang vi ho, hoac nhng hanh vi nay thuoc ve ban tnh chung loai chung, nh truyen sinh, an va tng t nh the, hoac chung thuoc ve ban tnh ac 66

thu cua ho vi t cach la ngi, nh suy ngh va nhng viec thuoc loai nay 50. ieu quan trong nhat ve khai niem luat t nhien c dien ta trong oan van c trch ra t mot trc tac khi au nay cua thanh Thomas o la luat t nhien ro rang co lien quan en tr khon con ngi, ti viec con ngi, duy nhat trong moi loai, co kha nang biet c cu canh ung ngha, va co kha nang lien ket phng tien vi cu canh. T tng nay c dien ta ay hay ni nao khac trong cuon Chu Giai nhng Luan e Than Hoc cua thanh Thomas chac chan la phu hp vi t tng c trnh bay trong nhng oan trch t Tong Luan Than Hoc ma chung ta a xem xet : luat t nhien, vi tnh chat la luat ch thch ang rieng cho con ngi va, chnh nh la luat, luat t nhien lien quan en nhan thc cua con ngi. Nh a c lu y, s luan ban ve luat t nhien trong oan trch t cuon Chu Giai nhng Luan e Than Hoc a c gi len bi che o a the cua cac to phu. Van e at ra la lieu luat co nhieu v co trai vi luat t nhien khong ?. Trong phan trien khai cua chu e nay ma cac trch dan ben tren a c rut ra t o, Toma khang dnh rang che o a the chong lai luat t nhien theo ngha la t nhat no can tr phan nao s thien cua long chung thuy trong hon nhan va s hoa thuan, hoa hp ma le ra phai ng tr trong gia nh. Ngi cung ghi nhan rang no hoan toan pha huy s thien cua b tch hon nhan. Tuynhien, ngi tha nhan rang no khong pha huy muc ch chnh cua thiet che hon nhan, ay la sinh san va giao duc con cai, theo nghia nay no khong chong lai luat t nhien 51. Mot trong nhng phan bac quan iem ma thanh Thomas 67

chu trng rang che o a the chong lai luat t nhien a nhan manh rang a so cac ba v tuyet nhien khong chong lai luat t nhien chng mc la luat t nhien la ieu ma t nhien a day cho moi loai, ay la nh nghia luat t nhien cua Ulpian va hien nhien la trong the gii loai vat chang phai la khong t nhien khi mot con c co nhieu hn mot ban tnh. e tra li cho phan bac nay, Thomas phan biet nhieu cach ma ngi ta co the hieu ve luat t nhien, va khi phe bnh nhng cach hieu luat t nhien nay, Thomas e cap en nh nghia noi tieng nay cua Ulpian. Thomas noi rang luat t nhien co the c hieu, trc het, e noi en ieu g o la t nhien do bi nguyen ly hay can nguyen cua no. Cicero a hieu luat t nhien theo cach nay v, oi vi ong o la mot loai can nguyen hay nang lc bam sinh, mot nguyen tac noi tai oi vi cac vat (ius naturae est quod non opinio genuit, sed quaedam innata vis inseruit). Ngi tiep tuc ghi nhan rang nguyen ly ma luat t nhien phat xuat t o co the la ngoai tai oi vi hu the c luat t nhien qui nh, va theo ngha nay ngi lay lai nh ngha cua Gratian (trong van ban cua Thomas, a sai lam khi gan no cho Isodore) theo o, luat t nhien la cai bao gom trong luat va Thanh Kinh (ius naturale est quod in lege et in Evangilio continetur). Cuoi cung, ngi lu y rang luat t nhien co the c hieu e e cap en ieu g la t nhien khong bi nguon goc hay nguyen ly cua no nhng, ung hn bi t nhien, ngha la, bi noi dung chu the (subject matter) ma luat t nhien co lien quan en (tertio dicitur iu naturale non sum a principio, sed a natura, quia de naturalibus est). Neu luat t nhien c hieu theo ngha nay, th t nhien tng phan hay oi nghch vi 68

ly tr. Do o khi hieu luat t nhien theo ngha hep nhat (Seaticrictissimo modo accipiendi ius naturale) 52, nhng ieu ch gan lien vi con ngi, mac du chung en t menh lenh cua ly tr, cung khong ke vao luat t nhien; nhng ch nhng ieu ma ly tr t nhien ra lenh ve nhng noi dung chung cho con ngi va nhng loai vat khac; nh vay nh ngha a noi trc ay la luat t nhien la cai t nhien a day cho moi loai 53. ieu quan trong nhat ay la lam ro t tng cua Aquinas. Ro rang la ngi khong qua quyet rang; luat t nhien, xet la luat, la cai g thap hn ly tr, la mot ban nang ma con ngi cung chia se vi cac giong vat khac. Sau het, trong phan trien khai e tai ngi a nhan manh rang luat t nhien ung ngha la duy nhat danh cho con ngi va no la mot naturalis conceptio. Theo giao huan cua ngi trong phan khai trien e tai, ni nhng con vat khong co ly tr, khong co luat t nhien, ch co s c lng t nhien, mot nang lc hay sc manh t nhien thuc ay chung hanh ong cach thch ang e at c cung ch ma v o chung c dng nen. Nh the trong oan van tr danh nay Thomas tuyet nhien khong choi bo ieu ma ngi va mi noi trong phan trien khai e tai (hay ieu ma sau o ngi a noi trong nhng van ban cua Tong Luan Than Hoc ma chung ta a xem xet) ve luat t nhien nh la ieu c hien hu hay tao thanh bi ly tr. Ngi danh cho e trnh bay cach hieu luat t nhien theo Ulpian mot cach gii han, ay la theo ngha la no e cap en noi dung chu the ma luat t nhien co lien quan hay co e cap en, v ay la ieu ma ngi noi cach ro rang. Noi cach khac, ngi noi rang nhng khuynh hng ma con ngi cung chia se vi cac loai 69

vat khac th phu hp vi nhng muc tieu cua luat t nhien hieu theo ngha en nh la s thanh tu cua ly tr chung ung la van e chap nhan qui tac cua luat, ngha la luat t nhien c hieu nh la mot thanh tu cua ly tr con ngi. T ban van ieu nay that hien nhien v Thomas a noi ro rang luat t nhien, hieu theo ngha cua Ulpian, lien quan en nhng ieu ma ly tr t nhien ra lenh ve nhng noi dung chung cho con ngi va nhng loai vat khac (illa tantum quae naturalis ratio dictat de his quae sunt homini aliisque communia). Thomas cung danh phan noi en nh ngha cua Ulpian trong nhng trc tac sau nay cua ngi, nhng oan trong Tong Luan Than Hoc 54 va trong chu giai cua ngi ve cuon Nicomachean Ethics cua Aristotle 55. Nhng trong tat ca nhng cho nay, phan ma Thomas danh cho nh ngha cua Ulpian ve luat t nhien nh la luat ma t nhien a day cho moi loai vat th c gii han e phu hp vi hoc thuyet cua ngi ve luat t nhien nh la phan viec cua ly tr. Luat t nhien nh Ulpian a nh ngha chang bao gi co ngha la mot ordinatio hay dictamen rationis, la thanh tu cua ly tr thc tien ma Thomas luon luon xem la yeu to chu yeu cua luat va cua luat t nhien theo ngha chnh thc, ngha en 56 nh ngha cua Ulpian khong bao gi co the c dung e e cap en luat t nhien nh la luat trong ieu g o co tnh cach ieu khien va qui nh. Giong nh the, no e cap en luat t nhien ch theo ngha thch ng, nh c tm thay trong ieu g o ch co tnh cach d phan 57, co the noi nh the 58 .Tom lai, nh ngha cua Ulpian ve luat t nhien nh thanh Thomas s dung, e cap en nhng khuynh hng hay xu hng ma con ngi co c 70
.

vi t cach la con ngi, hay that ra la nhng con vat cua mot loai ac biet va duy nhat nhng khuynh hng ma ly tr thc tien co the nam bat c cung vi nhng ieu thien ch thc s, chung khien cho con ngi thien ve o, va bang cach ay, chu yeu chung chu s chi phoi cua ly tr, co kha nang c dien at thanh nhng nguyen tac hay nhng menh e c dung nh nhng iem khi au e suy ngh ve cai g c lam trong va qua hanh vi nhan linh noi cach khac chung c dung nh nhng nguyen tac lam nen noi dung cua luat t nhien nh la luat
58

Toi tin rang co ly do vng chac e Thomas bo cong danh phan trnh bay nh ngha cua Ulpian ve luat t nhien trong t tng cua mnh Aquinas khong phai ngi theo thuyet nh nguyen. oi vi ngi, con ngi khong phai la mot tinh than nhap the, mot ban the phan re cach nao o, tnh c c hiep nhat trong mot than xac. oi vi ngi, trc het va tren het con ngi la mot con vat, noi cach xac that, con ngi la mot loai vat rat ac biet, khac loai vi moi giong loai khac v no co tr khon va kha nang nh oat i mnh bang nhng chon la t do cua chnh mnh, nhng mot con vat th khong c nh the. Nh vay nhng khuynh hng ma con ngi co c v la loai ong vat la nhng khuynh hng can ban, va nhng ieu thien tng quan vi nhng khuynh hng nay, nhng ieu thien nh la viec sinh ra va giao duc con cai, la nhng ieu thien cua con ngi xng ang c tr khon con ngi ton trong. S phan tch ve cach ma Thomas sat nhap nh ngha cua Ulpian ve luat t nhien 71

vao t tng cua ngi ve chu e nay chng to rang ngi khontg bao gi tha nhan cach ly giai luat t nhien cua Ulpian la mot loai ban nang khong ly tr. ung hn, ngi van hang chu trng rang mot cach chnh thc va thch ang luat t nhien nh la luat, la phan viec cua ly tr thc tien. Ngi tha nhan nh ngha cua Ulpian ch la mot cach hieu luat t nhien rat go bo hay rat gii han, nh khi e cap en nhng khuynh hng ma con ngi cung chia se vi nhng loai vat khac, va trong con ngi nhng khuynh hng nay phai phuc tung luat le cua ly tr, phai chu s giam ho cua luat t nhien.

72

PHU CHNG SO HAI


Hoc Thuyet Cua Thomas Ve Luat T Nhien Trong Summa Contra Gentes
Them vao s nghien cu chnh thc cua ngi trong tac pham hoan thien nhat cua ngi, cuon Tong Luan Than Hoc, thanh Thomas cung a ban nhieu ve thc tai cua luat t nhien trong mot tac pham chu yeu khac, cuon Summa Contra Gentes. Trong tac pham quan trong c viet nh mot cuon ch nam danh cho nhng nha thuyet giang co y nh thu phuc nhng ngi Hoi Giao thong thai a ve c tin Cong Giao nay, thanh Thomas danh phan ln tap 3 e nghien cu ve s quan phong cua Thien Chua. Trong cac chng 111-129 cua cuon sach nay trc het ngi e cap en phng cach ma qua s quan phong Thien Chua ieu khien tao vat co tr khon va ly tr, o la con ngi. Dien ng luat t nhien c dung cach de dat trong nhng chng nay, nhng cac thc tai ma dien ng nay nham ti la cot loi cua cac y tng c trien khai trong cac chng nay. Viec khao sat cua toi se tap chu vao nhng van e sau ay : (1) cach hieu chu yeu ve luat t nhien theo suy ngh cua Thomas trong tac pham nay ; (2) luat Chua va phng thc ma theo o tao vat co ly tr phai le thuoc vao o ; (3) cung ch hay muc ch cua luat Chua va (4) nhng yeu cau cua luat nay va cua t nhien. 1. Y ngha chnh cua luat trong SCG, tap 3, chng 111 va tiep theo. Nhng chng nay chng to ro rang la oi vi Thomas cac y ngha au tien va ung 73

ang cua luat la mot ly tr nao o hay ke hoach hanh ong hay hoat ong cach khon ngoan. No la cai qui tac hay thc o cua mot hanh vi 59, nh Thomas a noi i noi lai. oi vi Thomas, y ngha cua luat trong tac pham nay rat ro rang : o la mot ke hoach khon ngoan co trong tr nha tao luat nham hng dan hanh vi cua cac tac nhan ve cung ch cua chung. Nh ta co the thay, khai niem ve luat nay th cung giong nh ieu c trnh bay trong nhng van ban rut ra t Tong Luan Than Hoc. 2. Luat Chua va s phuc tong cua cac tao vat co ly tr va tr khon oi vi no. Chng 111 va cac chng tiep theo cho thay ro rang la oi vi thanh Thomas luat toi thng, va la nguon cua moi th luat ch thc eu la luat Chua, ngha la, mot ly tr cua viec Chua quan phong trong kha nang ieu khien cua no 60 S quan phong cua Thien Chua va luat Chua trai dai ti moi vat ve cung ch rieng cua chung. Nhng theo mot cach thc ac biet, tao vat thong minh cua Thien Chua, la con ngi, phu thuoc vao s quan phong cua Chua va le luat cua Chua. ay la chu e cua cac chng 113-114, va t tng cot loi cua chung c trnh bay ro rang trong oan van sau ay : Tao vat thong minh phu thuoc vao s quan phong cua Chua theo cach thc sao cho qua o no khong ch c ieu khien, nhng con co the biiet c ke hoach co ly tnh cua s quan phong mc o nao o Qua viec con ngi s hu kha nang thc hien s quan phong (tren hanh ong cua chnh mnh va cua nhng tao vat thap kem hn), con ngi cung co the nh hng va ieu khien nhng hanh ong cua mnh. V the tao vat co ly tr nay tham d vao 74

s quan phong cua Chua khong ch v b ieu khien cach thu ong, nhng con v t ieu khien cach chu ong, v con ngi t ieu khien mnh trong nhng hanh ong cua ban than mnh, va ngay ca nhng ngi khac na 61 . Ni ay ta co the tom tat de dang t tng cua thanh Thomas. Luat toi thng la luat Chua mot ke hoach khon ngoan trong tam tr Thien Chua sai khien moi vat tien en cung ch rieng cua mnh. Cac tao vat khong tr khon phai phu thuoc vao s quan phong va luat Chua mot cach hoan toan thu ong, en mc la chung b che ng bi nhng ieu nay. Nhng cac tao vat co ly tr phu thuoc vao s quan phong va luat Chua theo mot cach ac biet. Ho c phu cho kha nang biet c cai cung ch ma ho c nham ti va s phu hp cua cac hanh ong chon la co t do nham at en cung ch nay 62. Nh vay, ho phu thuoc vao s quan phong va luat Chua khong ch ti chng mc ho b chung che ng, nhng, quan trong hn, bi v t trong tham tam ho co the tham d vao luat than thanh nay v ho biet c no, cac oi hoi cua no va ho ieu khien cuoc i va cac hanh vi cua ho phu hp vi no. Thc vay, luat nay c trao cho ho 63, va ho s dung s t do la chon cach ung an khi s chon la phu hp vi luat Chua nay nh ho a biet ieu nay t trong tham tam. Mac dau thuat ng luat t nhien khong c dung trong nhng chng (113-114) ma toi ang tom tat ay, nhng thc tai ve luat t nhien th ro rang la cai ma Aquinas ngh trong tam tr. Co the co ngi noi rang viec con ngi tham d cach chu ong vao luat Chua ma bi o ho nh oat nhng hanh vi cua ho, la luat t nhien, la luat Chua nh la c trao cho hay c thong tri 75

cho con ngi. Phai lu y rang trong tac pham nay Aquinas s dung dien ng luat Chua e ch cai ma ngi goi la luat vnh cu trong Tong luan than hoc. 3. Cung ch hay muc ch cua luat Chua. Cung ch hay muc ch cuoi ma v o Thien Chua a cho con ngi chia se luat than thanh cua Ngi o la ho co the bam sat vao Ngi trong tnh yeu 64. That vat, nh thanh Thomas dien ta ieu o mot cach hung hon nhat, y ngha chnh yeu cua luat Chua la con ngi phu thuoc va Thien Chua va ho nen dang len Ngi long ton knh ac biet, khong ch trong tim mnh ma con bang li noi va viec lam na 65. Nhng them vao s hng dan con ngi en vi Thien Chua bang cac viec lam, ngha la, cac hanh vi phu hp, th luat Chua (ma con ngi c thong d vao mot mc o nao o bi tri thc cua chnh mnh ve ieu ma ho se lam) cung con hng dan con ngi biet yeu thng ngi ong loai 66. No lam c nh vay bang cach hng dan va ra lenh cho con ngi song moi tng quan vi ngi khac theo menh lenh cua ly tr. en lt mnh, ieu nay lai oi hoi con ngi phai song hoa hp thuan thao vi ngi khac, ho phai hoan tra lai cho ngi khac cai thuoc ve ngi o, phai ton knh cha me, phai kiem che khong lam ton thng ngi khac la giet ngi hay lam hai ho bang nhng cach thc khac (nh la ngoai tnh, trom cap, hay lam chng gian) 67. 4. Nhng oi hoi cua luat nay va cua t nhien. Nhng oan cuoi cung cua phan tiep 76

theo, ti mot mc o nao o, a bao trum chu e nay. Luat Chua, ma con ngi c thong d vao qua tr khon cua ho, a hng dan ho ti hanh vi phu hp vi ly tr 68. No oi hoi ho phai tra cho Thien Chua trc het, s ton th danh Ngi va ch mot mnh Ngi 69. No oi hoi con ngi ton trong ong loai, song hoa bnh va hoa hp vi ho, tra cho ho cai thuoc quyen cua ho va ieu nay oi hoi knh trong cha me, ton trong cuoc song, hon nhan, thanh danh va cua cai cua ngi khac 70. No cung oi hoi con ngi s dung cac tao vat ang cap thap hn trong cac tao vat theo cach phu hp vi nhu cau cua rieng ho 71, va cung the, no yeu cau con ngi at nhng kha nang thap hn cua mnh (cam giac, am me, v.v ) phu thuoc vao nhng yeu cau cua ly tr hay cua tr khon, kiem che chung sao cho hoat ong cua ly tr va ieu thien cua con ngi t b can tr nhat ma le ra phai c nang 72. T nhng ban luan cua ngi ve s gian dam va hon nhan trong chng 122, ta cung thay ro rang la luat than thanh ma con ngi c thong d vao va ban tnh rieng cua mnh oi hoi ho ton trong nhng ieu thien hoac nhng muc ch ma mot so loai hoat ong ac biet cua con ngi hng ti o, chang han s chon la cac can nhac e s dung kha nang tnh duc cua mnh. Theo s phan oan cua Aquinas, tat ca nhng cai nay la nhng yeu cau hay nhng oi hoi cua luat Chua va cua ban tnh a c trao cho con ngi.

TOM TAT
77

ieu giai thch ngan gon ma Thomas a ch day trong tap ba cuon Summa Contra Gentes nay cho phep chung ta co c y tng ro rang ve cach thc ma ngi quan niem ve luat t nhien trong cuon sach nay, mac dau nh chung ta se thay sau nay, s hoan thanh ch thc va ben vng trong chung phai la nh the. No la cai g gan lien vi tr khon con ngi. Thc vay, o la phng cach ma con ngi thong d cach chu ong vao luat Chua, nh oat cho nhng hanh vi cua rieng ho phu hp vi luat nay trong chng mc ho biet c luat nay trong tham tam mnh. Luat nay hng dan con ngi biet song phu hp vi ly tr, ngha la biet ton trong cai cung ch hay nhng cung ch ma ho c dng nen v o va ho t nhien hng chieu ve o. Nhng cung ch nay, trc het bao gom la ang ma con ngi phai ton th va la ang ma con ngi phai gan chat vao trong tnh yeu. Nhng, theo cach hi khac mot chut, nhng cung ch nay bao gom cuoc song bang hu va than ai vi ngi khac. S ton trong thch ang oi vi s toan ven ngoi v va pham gia cua con ngi va s ton trong thch ang oi vi nhng ieu thien hay nhng muc ch ma nhng loai hoat ong ac bet cua con ngi chang han nh tnh duc, a c at ra v no. ieu trnh bay trong SMG, du c dien ta co khac vi ieu trnh bay trong Tong Luan than hoc, nhng tu trung la giong nhau. Du tat ca nhng ieu a c noi ti, gi ay t tng cua Thomas Aquinas ve luat t nhien th hoan toan ro rang. Bay gi toi se xem xet giao huan cua Cong ong Vat. II va c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II ve luat t nhien.

78

LUAT T NHIEN CONG ONG VATICAN II VA C GIAO HOANG GIOAN PHAOLO II


1. Luat t nhien va Cong ong Vat. II Trong chng I, chung ta a thay c mot vai kha canh trong Giao Huan cua Cong ong Vat. II thch hp vi chu e luat t nhien. Trc het, Cong ong khang nh rang chuan mc toi thng cua i song con ngi la luat than linh cua Thien Chua luat vnh cu, khach quan, pho quat qua o Thien Chua sap at, hng dan va ieu khien ca vu tru va moi bc ng cua cong ong nhan loai theo ke hoach c cu mang trong s khon ngoan va yeu thng cua Ngi (Dignitatis Humanae, so (3). Cong ong cung a khang nh va ro rang qua o a e cap en t tng cua thanh Thomas 74 rang Thien Chua a cho con ngi co the thong d vao luat nay cua Ngi, e, di s an bai yeu thng cua Thien Chua quan phong, con ngi ngay cang co the nhan thc c chan ly khong he thay oi (ibid.). Noi cach khac, Cong ong khang nh thc tai cua luat t nhien o ch1inh la s thong d cua loai ngi vao lat than linh va vnh cu cua Thien Chua. Cong ong cung khang nh rang con ngi kham pha ra luat nay cua Thien Chua t sau trong lng tam mnh va luat nay i goi con ngi yeu thng va lam ieu thien, tranh eu xau (Gaudium et Spes, so 16). Gi ay, toi co y nh xem xet nhng Giao huan cua Cong ong Vat. II thch hp vi luat t nhien mot cach ay u hn 75. Theo cac ngh phu Cong ong, moi ngi, 79

v la con ngi, ngha la, nhng hu the c ban cho ly tr va y ch t do nen phai chu trach nhiem ve ca nhan mnh. V the, do ban tnh t nhien thuc ay, cung nh do bon phan oi buoc, con ngi phai tm kiem chan ly (Dignitatis Humanae, so 2). Hn the na, chan ly noi ay khong phai la mot chan ly tru tng do suy oan. That vay, con ngi b oi buoc phai tin theo chan ly mot khi a nhan biet va phai hng dan toan the i song mnh theo nhng oi hoi cua chan ly (ibid.) Bon phan cua ho la tao nen nhng phan oan ung an va chan that theo lng tam mot cach khon ngoan (ibid., so 3). Noi cach khac, chan ly ang c noi en la s that luan ly, s that do ly tr thc tien nhan biet va khi nhan biet no, con ngi c thong d vao luat than linh va vnh cu cua Thien Chua. Ro rang la nhng oi hoi cua luat than linh va vnh cu cua Thien Chua la mot va cung la nhng oi hoi cua luat t nhien. ieu nay c cac ngh phu lam sang to trong nhieu oan chu yeu. Chang han, trong Dignitatis Humanae, sau khi nhac nh cac tn hu Cong Giao rang trong viec huan luyen lng tam ho buoc phai het sc chu trong en giao huan thanh thien va chac chan cua Giao Hoi, cac ngh phu noi tiep : Theo y nh cua Chua Kito, Giao Hoi Cong Giao la thay day giao ly. Nhiem vu cua Giao Hoi la phai loan bao va truyen day cach co tham quyen ve chan ly la chnh Chua Kito, ong thi phai lay uy quyen cua mnh ma cong bo va xac nhan nhng nguyen tac cua menh lenh luan ly phat sinh chnh t ban tnh con ngi (so 14). Phai lu y rang oan van nay e cap en nhng nguyen tac cua menh lenh luan 80

ly hay cua luat t nhien. ieu nay hien nhien co ngha la theo y cac tac gia cua oan van nay, menh lenh luan ly (ma sau rot c ong hoa vi luat than linh va vnh cu cua Thien Chua va sat trc o c ong hoa vi luat t nhien hay s thong d cua tr khon con ngi vao luat vnh cu cua Thien Chua) bao gom khong ch n gian la mot nguyen tac nen tang nhng la mot so nguyen tac ap at cach pho quat. ay la mot e tai ma toi se tr lai. Trong mot oan van khac, luat than linh cua Thien Chua ro rang c noi ket vi luat t nhien, v trong o cac ngh phu noi : Trong viec rao giang Tin Mng cho moi ngi va phan phat cac kho tang an sung theo nh s menh than linh cua mnh, Giao Hoi gop phan tang cng hoa bnh tren toan the gii va giup cung co nhng nen tang cua s hiep thong huynh e gia con ngi va cac dan toc. ieu nay c thc hien rang cach pho bien hieu biet ve luat than linh va t nhien (Gaudium et Spes, so 89). Noi ve nhng oan van nay, can phai thay rang Cong ong Vat. II a nhan ra s kho khan ma con ngi gap phai khi tien ti hieu biet chan ly. No lc cua ho trong viec at en s hieu biet ngay cang sau xa ve nhng oi hoi cua luat than linh va vnh cu cua Thien Chua co the b can tr v nhng xu hng va am me cua chnh ho va v nhng thanh kien hay quan niem sai lam pho bien cua cac nen van hoa ma ho song trong o. Cot loi cua van e la toi loi cua con ngi la cai gay au kho cho tran the nhan loai va cho moi ca nhan con ngi. Do o, con ngi can c tr giup e hieu biet nhng s that luan ly ma ho phai gan bo va di anh 81

sang cua chung ho phai uon nan nhng chon la va hanh ong cua ho t ben trong. Cong ong day (xem, chang han, Gaudium et Spes, so 17) : S tr giup nay con ngi nhan c t Thien Chua la ang a ha co mac khai cho chung ta nhng chan ly can ban thuoc pham vi luan ly va la ang a trao cho Giao Hoi cua Ngi kha nang va tham quyen e pho bien hieu biet ve luat than linh va t nhien 76 . Loai nguyen tac nao gan lien vi luat t nhien theo giao huan cua Cong ong Vat. II ? Trong oan van ang chu y cua Hien Che Gaudium et Spes noi ve pham gia cua lng tam con ngi ma chung ta a xem xet, cac ngh phu a nhan manh rang : Tieng noi cua luat Thien Chua ma con ngi kham pha ra t ay sau lng tam mnh luon luon mi goi con ngi yeu thng va lam ieu thien va tranh ieu ac (so 16). Cac ngh phu a khang nh ro rang nguyen tac thien phai lam va theo uoi va ac phai tranh. Them vao o, cac tai lieu cua Cong ong a ch ro rang cac ngai co y g khi noi ieu thien, v trong nhng oan van khac chung ta thay hoa trai tot lanh cua ban tnh chung ta vi t cach la loai ngi bao gom nhng ieu thien ve chan ly va s song, s thanh thien va an sung, cong bang, tnh yeu va s bnh an va con thay nhng ieu thien hao cua con ngi se con c thay, c bien nen ep hn trong Nc Tri (Gaudium et Spes, so 39). Hien nhien cac ngh phu, giong nh Aquinas, ngh rang co nhng ieu thien ch thc cua con ngi, nhng kha canh cua s hien hu tron ven hay hanh phuc cua ho, va trong so nay co nhng ieu thien ve chnh s song, s hieu biet chan ly, moi tng quan 82

hoa hp vi ngi khac (cong bnh, hoa thuan) va vi Thien Chua (s thanh thien). Nh the dng nh keo theo la moi mot ieu thien nh the mot khi a c tr khon nam bat se c s dung nh la mot nguyen tac cho s chon la va hanh ong cua con ngi. ay la nhng ieu thien phai c thc hien va theo uoi va nhng ieu oi nghch vi chung la nhng eu ac phai tranh. Trong mot oan van ay y ngha khac cua Hien che Gaudium et Spes, cac ngh phu lan au tien ch ra tam quan trong cua hanh ong cua con ngi co tnh cach t quyet nh. The roi ho tiep tuc e xuat mot chuan mc hay tieu chuan cho hanh ong cua con ngi. Hien nhien la chuan mc c e xuat nay phu thuoc vao chuan mc toi hau cua i song con ngi ma a c nhan biet trong Diguitaits Humanae, o la luat than linh vnh cu cua Thien Chua. Chuan mc nay con c Cong ong e ngh nh mot chuan mc ung an hng dan con ngi chon la va hanh ong. Cac ngh phu khang nh, chuan mc nay la theo ke hoach va y muon cua Thien Chua, sinh hoat cua con ngi phai phu hp vi li ch ch thc cua nhan loai va cho phep con ngi, la nhng ca nhan va la nhng thanh vien cua xa hoi, theo uoi va thc hien n goi toan dien cua mnh (so 35). Toi tin rang ay la mot oan van quan trong hiem co. Trong o cac ngh phu qua quyet rang khi thc hien nhng chon la luan ly tot con ngi phai chon la sao cho trong moi va moi chon la va hanh ong ho ne nang va ton trong bat c nhng g that s la ieu thien ch cho con ngi. Chnh bang cach nay ma con ngi thc thi menh lenh yeu thng, v khi lam nh the ho bieu lo (a) ni ho 83

long yeu ngi tnh yeu cua ho oi vi Thien Chua la ang a tai tao nhng s thien cua cuoc song nhan sinh con ngi va (b) nhng n c Thien Chua ban tang c nham e trien n. Nhng van ban a c xem xet chng to Cong ong Vat. II a khang nh con ngi phai thc hien va theo uoi ieu thien va tranh ieu ac va phai chon la sao cho ho ton trong moi ieu chan thien cua con ngi. Nhng them vao o Cong ong a nhan manh co mot so chuan mc luan ly rat cu the, chung ap at cach pho quat, vt khoi nhng ieu kien lch s va van hoa. Nh the, trong mot phan rat quan trong cua Hien Che Gaudium et Spes, cho cac ngh phu xet thay can thiet tren het la phai nhac nh cho moi ngi sc manh ap at thng xuyen cua luat t nhien pho quat va nhng nguyen tac bao gom tat ca cua no, ho tiep tuc tuyen bo nhng hanh ong co can nhac i ngc lai cung nhng nguyen tac nay, cung nh menh lenh ra lenh nhng hanh ong nh the eu la toi ac (so 37). Noi cach khac, theo van ban nay co nhng loai hay cach hanh ong nao o oi nghch vi nhng nguyen tac tuyet oi va ap at pho quat cua luat t nhien. Trong van mach nay cac ngh phu ngay lap tc noi tiep rang moi hanh ong hieu chien nham huy diet ba bai toan bo cac thanh pho hay cac vung rong ln cung c dan o la mot toi ac chong lai Thien Chua va con ngi va ang b len an gat gao va ro rang (so 80). Cung mot loai t tng tren la cot loi cho mot phan khac trong cung tai lieu nay, chu e cua no la s ton trong con ngi va nhng ieu thien c nham ti e trien n trong ho. Trong phan nay cac ngh phu to cao 84

nhng loai hanh vi nhan linh rat cu the : la nhng hanh vi tuyet oi la toi ac va vo luan ly, v cac ngai noi : Tat ca nhng g chong nghch lai chnh s song, nh giet ngi, det chung, pha thai, lam chet cach em du va t sat ; tat ca nhng g xam pham s toan ven cua con ngi nh cat xeo gay thng tat, hanh ha than xac hay tam tr, gay ap lc tam ly qua ang ; Tat ca nhng g chong nghch lai nhan gian, nh nhng ieu kien di mc song cua con ngi, giam cam vo c, lu ay, no le, mai dam, buon ban phu n va tre em, nhng ieu kien lam viec lam mat pham gia ni o con ngi b oi x ch nh nhng dung cu cho li nhuan hn la nhng con ngi co t do va trach nhiem ; Tat ca nhng ieu nay va nhng ieu tng t eu la toi ac, chung au oc nen van minh va chung ha thap pham gia cua nhng ke thu ac hn la nhng nan nhan cua chung va chung xuc pham danh d cua ang Tao Hoa (Gaudium et Spes, so 27). T ieu nay, that ro rang la cac ngh phu Cong ong Vat. II tham tn rang luat than linh va vnh cu cua Thien Chua, ma con ngi nh ly tr c tham d vao qua luat t nhien th bao gom mot so chuan mc luan ly rat cu the, co tnh ap at tuyet oi va pho quat. Noi cach khac, luat t nhien bao gom ca nhng nguyen tac chung hay e nhat (th du, ieu thien phai lam va theo uoi, ieu ac phai tranh ; hanh ong cua con ngi phai hoa hp vi nhng ieu chan thien cua con ngi) va nhng giao luat luan ly cu the (chang han, pha thai, lam chet cach em du, t sat, huy det toan bo thanh po cung vi dan c o eu tuyet oi la vo luan ly). Toi tin rang giao huan cua Cong ong Vat. II co lien quan en luat t nhien co the c 85

tom tat trong nhng nh e nh sau : a. Chuan mc toi thng cua i song con ngi la luat than linh cua Thien Chua co tnh vnh cu, khach quan va pho quat (Diguitatis Humanae, so 3). b. Con ngi a c Thien Chua tao dng, nen khi s dung tr khon cua mnh, ho tien ti s nhan biet ngay cang chac chan hn ve nhng chan ly bat bien co muc ch hng dan nhng hanh ong va chon la cua con ngi bao ham trong luat cua Thien Chua (Diguitatis Humanae, so 3 Gaudium et Spes, so 16). c. Viec tm kiem chan ly bat bien cua con ngi khong de dang. Chnh v the ma qua mac khai sieu nhien Thien Chua a lap ra cac luat cua Ngi va cho loai ngi nhan biet nhng chan ly bat bien cua no cung nh a trao cho Giao Hoi kha nang va quyen han truyen day cho loai ngi nhng oi hoi cua luat than linh va t nhien cua Ngi (Gaudium et Spes, so 7, 51 Dignitatis Humanae, so 14). d. Tuy nhien, bang tr thong minh con ngi co the nhan biet c nhng chan ly bat bien cua menh lenh luan ly trong chng mc la nhng chan ly nay bam chac vao con ngi va vao nhng thanh to cua ban tnh con ngi (Dignitatis Humanae, so 3, 14 ; Gaudium et Spes, so 16,17, 51). e. Luat than linh, vnh cu la luat t nhien trong chng mc no i vao tam tr con ngi, no bao gom nhng nguyen tac e nhat hay pho bien va nhng chuan mc ac biet va cu the hn, vt qua nhng tnh huong lch s va van hoa chnh bi v chung bam re vao nhng thanh to cua ban tnh con 86

ngi va vao con ngi chung tuan theo nhng oi hoi cua ban chat ngi va cua con ngi. Trong so nhng nguyen tac e nhat hay pho bien co nhng nguyen tac nh phai lam va theo uoi ieu thien va phai tranh ieu ac (xem Gaudium et Spes, so 16) va hoat ong cua con ngi phai hoa hp vi ieu chan thien cua loai ngi (xem, nh tren, so 35). Trong so nhng chuan mc ac biet va cu the hn co nhng quy tac luan ly tuyet oi cam giet ke vo toi, t t, hanh ha va nhng loai hanh ong tng t (xem Gaudium et Spes, so 27, 51, 79, 80). 1. Luat T nhien Trong Giao Huan cua c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II Cung vi thanh Thomas va cac ngh phu cua Cong ong Vatican II, c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II qua quyet ro rang chuan mc toi thng cho hanh ong cua con ngi o la luat than linh cua Thien Chua : vnh cu, khach quan va pho quat, qua o Ngi ieu khien ca vu tru va cong ong con ngi theo mot ke hoach c cu mang trong s khon ngoan va yeu thng (xem Veritatis Splendor, so 43). Mot lan na, cung vi thanh Thomas va Cong ong Vat.II, ngi nhan manh rang luat t nhien la s thong d cua ly tr chung ta vao luat vnh cu cua Thien Chua (cf. ibid, so 12, 40). Hn the na, cung vi thanh Thomas la ngi ma c Giao Hoang a trch dan rong rai, ac biet la iem nay (cf. trch dan cua ngi t Summa Theologiac, 1-2, 91,2 trong so 42), c Gioan Phaolo II nhan manh rang luat t nhien v la s thong d cua cac tao vat co tr khon, co ly tr vao luat vnh cu cua Thien Chua, nen ung la luat cua con ngi. V the ngi noi rang luat nay la luat t nhien khong phai no e cap en ban tnh cua cac 87

hu the khong co ly tr nhng bi v ly tr cong bo no thch ang cho ban tnh con ngi (Veritaits Splendor, so 42). c Gioan Phaolo II khang nh, luat luan ly, tc la luat t nhien, phat xuat t Thien Chua va luon luon tm thay nguon goc cua no ni Ngi. Tuy nhien, vi tnh chat la ly tr t nhien phat xuat t s khon ngoan cua Thien Chua, luat t nhien cung phai c xem nh mot luat rieng cua con ngi (ibid, so 40). Hn the na, c Thanh Cha nhan manh, chnh v luat t nhien co nguon goc ni luat than linh va vnh cu cua Thien Chua nen nhng oi hoi co tnh chuan mc hoa cua no la nhng chan ly co muc ch giup chung ta la chon ung.Thc ra, c Gioan Phaolo II noi en i song luan ly cua chung ta nh la mot than luat, hay than luat c thong d v viec con ngi t do vang phuc luat Thien Chua thc te ham y rang ly tr va y ch cua con ngi thong d vao s khon ngoan va quan phong cua Thien Chua. Khi cam con ngi an trai cay biet thien ac, Thien Chua cho thay rang t nguyen thuy con ngi khong s hu s hieu biet nh la cai g la cua rieng con ngi, nhng ch la thong d vao o bi anh sang cua ly tr t nhien va cua mac khai sieu nhien to lo cho ho nhng oi hoi va thuc giuc cua s khon ngoan vnh cu. Do o, luat phai c xem nh mot s dien at s khon ngoan cua Thien Chua : khi tuan phuc luat nay, s t do tuan phuc chan ly cua s sang tao (ibid., so 41). c Gioan Phaolo II neu len nhng oi hoi co tnh chuan mc hay nhng chan ly ve luat t nhien trong phan trnh bay cua ngi, chng I cua Thong iepVeritatis Splendor, e moi lien ket chu yeu gia viec tuan gi 88

mi ieu ran vi cuoc song vnh cu. Trong phan trnh bay cua ngi ve s lien ket chu yeu nay, c Gioan Phaolo II cho thay ro rang oi hoi luan ly khi au cua luat t nhien la tnh yeu kep vi Thien Chua va ong loai va nhng gii luat cua tam bang th hai cua Thap gii at can ban tren chan ly la chung ta phai yeu ngi ong loai nh chnh mnh. Ngi bat au bang cach ghi nhan rang khi tra li cho cau hoi ma chang thanh nien giau co hoi : Tha Thay, toi phai lam ieu thien nao e c s song i i ? (Mt 19,16). Chua chung ta a cho thay ro la cau tra li cho cau hoi nay co the tm thay ch bang cach hng khoi oc va trai tim cua mnh ve ang la s thien Ch Thien Chua mi co the tra li cho cau hoi cai g la thien, bi v Ngi chnh la s Thien (so 9 ; cf., so 11,12). Ngi noi tiep rang Thien Chua a tra li cho cau hoi nay roi : Ngi lam nh vay rang cach tao dng con ngi va vi s khon ngoan va tnh yeu ra lenh cho con ngi i en cung ch cua mnh, qua luat c ghi khac trong trai tim ho (cf. Rm 2,15), la luat t nhien Ngi cung a lam nh vay trong lch s Israel, ac biet la trong Thap gii, nhng gii ran cua Sinai (ibid., so 12). The roi c Thanh Cha nhac chung ta rang sau o Chua chung ta noi vi chang thanh nien Neu anh muon bc vao s song, hay gi cac gii ran o (Mt 19,17). c Gioan Phaolo II tiep tuc, noi nh the c Giesu lam sang to moi lien he gan gui gia cuoc song vnh cu va viec tuan gi cac gii ran Thien Chua (la nhng gii ran) ch cho con ngi con ng song va dan a ho en o (so 12). Ba gii ran au cua Thap gii keu goi chung ta nhan biet Thien Chua la Chua duy nhat va th phung ch mot mnh Ngi v s thanh 89

thien vo bien cua Ngi (so 11). Nhng khi ap lai cau tuyen bo cua Chua Giesu la anh ta phai gi cac gii ran neu anh muon vao i song vnh cu, chang thanh nien lai muon biet o la nhng gii ran nao ? (Mt 18,19). Nh c Thanh Cha ghi nhan, anh ta hoi phai lam g trong cuoc song e to ra rang anh ta a biet s thanh thien cua Thien Chua (so 13). Tra li cho cau hoi nay, Chua Gieau nhac chang thanh nien ve nhng gii luat cua Thap gii lien quan en ong loai cua chung ta. c Thanh Cha nhan nh, t chnh moi mieng cua Chua Giesu, mot lan na con ngi c trao cho cac gii ran cua Thap gii (so 12). c Thanh Cha nhan manh, mi gii ran nay bam re trong gii ran la chung ta phai yeu thng ngi ong loai nh chnh mnh, mot gii ran dien ta pham gia noi bat cua con ngi, tao vat duy nhat ma Thien Chua a muon tao nen v li ch cua chnh no (so 13, vi mot trch oan rut t Gauhim. et Spes so 24). Chnh tai iem nay ma c Thanh Cha trien khai mot van e co tam quan trong quyet nh ve viec hieu biet nhng chan ly cua luat t nhien va moi quan he gia menh lenh ban au phai yeu thng ong loai nh chnh mnh va nhng gii ran cu the cua bang th hai cua Thap gii. Van e ngi neu ra la chung ta co the yeu ngi ong loai va ton trong pham gia cua ho vi t cach la mot con ngi duy ch bang cach quan tam en nhng ieu chan thien hao cua ho va t choi gay ton hai, pha huy hay can tr nhng ieu thien nay. c thu hut bi li Chua Giesu, c Thanh Cha nhan manh chan ly la nhng gii ran khac nhau cua Thap gii thc s ch la mot so nhng suy t ve gii ran duy nhat ve ieu thien cua con ngi, mc o cua nhieu ieu thien khac 90

nhau tao thanh tnh chat can tnh con ngi nh la mot hu the thieng lieng va co than xac trong moi tng quan vi Thien Chua,vi ngi ong loai va vi the gii vat chat nhng gii ran ma Chua Giesu nhac nh cho chang thanh nien nham muc ch gn gi ieu thien cua con ngi (so 13). c Thanh Cha noi tiep nhng gii luat tieu cc cua Thap gii ngi khong c giet ngi ; ngi khong c ngoai tnh ; ngi khong c an cap ; ngi khong c lam chng gian dien ta nhan manh ac biet nhu cau rat khan thiet la phai bao ve i song con ngi, s thong hiep con ngi trong hon nhan, (so 13). Them vao o, c Thanh Cha nhan manh rang nhng gii luat tieu cc nay cua Thap gii bao ve ieu thien cua con ngi bang cach bao ve nhng ieu thien hao cua ho, chnh la nhng quy tac luan ly tuyet oi khong chap nhan nhng ngoai le (van e nay se c noi tr lai trong chng III). c Thanh Cha cung nhan manh luat t nhien ma nhng oi hoi cu the co tnh chuan mc cua no a c mac khai qua Thap gii c trao ban tren nui Sinai va c tai khang nh bi mieng cua chnh Chua Giesu, cuoi cung cung a c thc hien va hoan thanh ch nh mot mon qua cua Thien Chua : ban tang s tham d vao s thien than linh c mac khai va thong hiep trong Chua Giesu (so 11). chng V chung ta se quay lai van e s hoan thanh cua luat t nhien bi luat an sung cua Thien Chua a c trao ban trong Chua Giesu.

TOM TAT
T tng cua c Thanh Cha ve luat t nhien, nh c trnh bay trong thong iep Veritatis Splendor, co the c tom tat nh sau : 91

Luat toi thng la luat than linh, vnh cu cua Thien Chua. Luat t nhien la s thong d cua ly tr con ngi vao luat vnh cu nay, ma chung ta co the biet c qua viec s dung ly tr thc tien cua chung ta. oi hoi can ban co tnh chuan mc o la chung ta phai yeu men Thien Chua va ong loai. Tnh yeu ngi ong loai oi hoi chung ta phai ton trong va bao ve ieu thien cua ngi ong loai vi chung ta bang cach bao ve nhng ieu thien hao cua ho va khong he muon gay ton hai, pha huy hay can tr nhng eu thien nay. Luat t nhien c thc hien va hoan thien nh s ban tang tham d vao s thien hao than linh c mac khai va thong hiep trong Chua Giesu. Luat vnh cu va luat t nhien c xem xet ngan gon trong sach Giao Ly cua Giao Hoi Cong Giao, nhng so 19501960.

LUAT T NHIEN THEO T TNG CUA GERMAIN GRISEZ, JOHN FINNIS VA JOSEPH BOYLE
Trong so cac tac gia Cong giao thi nay, ac biet co ba v a tm cach phat trien cach hieu luat t nhien da tren nen tang a c thanh Thomas xay dng, o la GERMAIN GRISEZ, JOHN FINNIS VA JOSEPH BOYLE 77 . ay trc het toi nh tom tat quan niem cua ho ve luat t nhien, neu moi tng quan cua chung vi quan niem cua thanh Thomas va cho thay ho a lam ro va phat trien t tng cua Thomas nh the nao. Va roi toi se anh gia nhng ong gop cua ho oi vi viec phat trien ly thuyet ve luat t nhien.

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1. Nguyen ly e nhat cho ly tr thc tien va nhng ac iem chung cua no Cung vi thanh Thomas, cac tac gia nay phan biet ly tr suy ly va thc tien, khong phai theo ngha la chung ta co hai kha nang tr tue khac nhau : suy ly va thc tien, nhng hieu theo ngha la co hai hnh thc hay hai loai suy t khac biet nhau, moi loai co nhng nguyen ly e nhat hay iem khi au rieng biet khong the chng minh c va khong co nguon goc. Khi tm hieu co tnh cach suy ly, ieu chung ta quan tam la la cai g, con khi ban cai co tnh cach thc tien th chung ta quan tam en cai g c lam. Do o lai cung vi Aquinas, cac tac gia cua chung ta cho rang nguyen tac trc het hay iem khi au cho ly tr thc tien o la ieu thien c thc hien va theo uoi, con ieu ac phai tranh. ay la ch th cho nhng hanh ong cua con ngi co tr khon va chu nh : nguyen tac nay ngay lap tc c nhan biet la ung mot khi ngi ta hieu y ngha cua ieu thien va s ac. ieu thien ay khong ch hieu la ieu g tot ve mat luan ly nhng con co y ngha la bat ky cai g cua con ngi co the hieu c la thc s hoan hao trong khi ieu ac hay ieu xau co ngha la bat ky ieu g tc oat s hoan thien hay hoan thanh ban than con ngi. 80 Nguyen ly e nhat nay hng dan con ngi en s hoan thanh c thc hien trong va qua nhng hanh vi nhan linh. Cung lai theo ng hng cua thanh Thomas, Grisez, Finnis, Boyle cho rang nguyen tac e nhat nay c xac nh ro, co nhng xac quyet tong quat nh viec nhan biet nhng ieu chan thien la chung thc s hoan thanh con ngi. Noi cach khac nhng xac quyet chung cua 93

nguyen ly e nhat nay cua ly tr thc tien co hnh thc : mot ieu thien can ban nao o cua con ngi th c thc hien va / hay theo uoi, bao ve va thang tien 81. Khi trnh bay t tng cua thanh Thomas ve luat t nhien toi a ghi chu rang Thomas phan biet nhng loai khac nhau cua nhng ieu thien can ban ni con ngi, tng ng vi nhng thien hng t nhien cua con ngi, nhng ieu thien nh la chnh s song, s truyen sinh va giao duc, s hieu biet cac chan ly ve Thien Chua, song tnh bang hu vi ngi khac. Toi cung a ghi nhan rang Thomas a khong xem danh sach ngi a ra ve nhng ieu thien can ban cua con ngi la co tnh toan dien hay he thong nhng ung ra ch co tnh cach minh hoa ma thoi. Do o ngi a dung cac dien ng nh va cung nh the va nhng ieu cung loai nay e dien ta chung 82 . Trong no la phat trien t tng cua thanh Thomas, Grisez, Finnis, Buyle tm cach xac nh tat ca nhng ieu thien c ban cua con ngi. Ho cho rang nhng ieu thien nay co the c phan biet khi ghi nhan nhng ieu c coi la ung bao ham trong ly tr thc tien cua nhng ngi bnh thng, khi xem xet nhng cu canh hay muc ch ma v o cuoi cung ngi ta tien hanh nhieu loai hanh ong khac nhau. Nhng ieu thien c ban cua con ngi mac dau het sc a dang nhng cung giong nhau bi v moi ieu la mot ieu tot cua con ngi, ch khong la ieu tot cho con ngi. Nhng ieu thien can ban lam hoan hao nhng phng dien hay chieu kch khac nhau cua con ngi trong s trien n ca nhan va cong ong. Trong nhng phan viec khac nhau, cac tac gia cua chung ta mc o nao o co thay oi oi chut ban 94

liet ke cua ho ve nhng ieu thien nen tang cua con ngi. Ngay nay ho ong y rang co bay thuoc tnh cua nhng eu thien can ban nh the 83. Bon thuoc tnh coi nh co chung chu e la s hoa hp va nhng ieu thien tng ng la : S dung hp hay s an bnh ben trong, cot s hoa hp gia cac phan oan, tnh cam va chon la cua mnh ; S an bnh cua lng tam va s kien nh ngha gia ban than mnh va s dien ta no, la ieu thien ma ngi ta tham d vao o bang cach thiet lap s hoa hp gia cac phan oan. la chon va s thc hien ; S thuan hoa vi nhng ngi khac, vi hang xom lang gieng, ban hu, hay s hoa hp gia hai hay nhieu ca nhan va nhng nhom ngi ; va S thuan hoa vi Thien Chua hay nguon y ngha va gia tr nao o vt tren con ngi, mot ieu thien ma co the c goi la ieu thien cua ton giao.84 Grisez, Finnis va Boyle goi nhng ieu thien can ban cua con ngi nay la phan tnh hay hien sinh v chung hoan thanh con ngi chng mc ho co kha nang chon la va nh the co the thc hien ieu thien va ac ve mat luan ly. Viec chon la bao gom trong chnh y ngha cua nhng ieu thien nay bi v s la chon ma qua o ngi ta hanh ong v nhng ieu thien th bao gom s thc hien hay thi iem hoa cua ho. Chang han, ngi ta khong the thong d vao ieu thien cua tnh bang hu ma lai khong thc hien mot s chon la ma oi tng cua no bao gom s hoa hp gia chnh chon la o va y muon cua ke ma ta muon nen ban. 95

Tuy nhien, that la sai lam neu nhng ieu thien co chu e chung la s hoa hp c coi la co gia tr luan ly ung ngha. Ngha la khi nhan thc nhng ieu thien nay, chung ta khong nen a gia tr luan ly vao chung. ieu nay la sai lam bi v ngi ta co the chon la nham thiet lap vo van nhng ieu thien co chu e chung la hoa hp bang nhng cach vo luan ly 85. Th du, ngi ta co the tm cach thiet lap s hoa hp thien hao gia cac phan oan va chon la bang cach hp ly hoa cac chon la vo luan ly ; ngi ta co the tm cach tham d vao tnh bang hu va s thuan hoa thien hao vi nhng ngi khac bang cach vi pham nhng nguyen tac luan ly hay hp tac vi nhng ngi khac trong nhng viec vo luan ly. Nh the, khong phai tat ca moi la chon nham thong d vao nhng ieu thien ho tng eu la nhng chon la luan ly thien hao mac dau nh chung ta se thay sau nay, s hoan thanh ch thc va ben vng trong chung phai nh the 86, Them vao vi nhng ieu thien hien sinh hay phan tnh nay cua con ngi, Grisez, Finnis va Boyle nhan biet ba ieu thien can ban ma ho goi la thc chat. ay la nhng ieu thien cua con ngi ma s la chon khong bao ham trong nhng nh ngha cua chung chng mc chung hoan thanh cac phng dien hay chieu kch cua con ngi, khac vi ieu thien hien sinh hay phan tnh. Co ba s thien can ban cua con ngi mang tnh thc chat nh the : (1) chnh s song con ngi, bao gom sc khoe, s thong nhat than xac, truyen sinh va giao duc, o la ieu thien hoan thanh con ngi h la nhng hu the co than xac ; (2) s hieu biet ve chan ly va tnh tham my, o la nhng s thien hoan thanh con ngi nh nhng hu the co tr 96

khon va (3) cac hoat ong vui chi va cac cong viec oi hoi phai co ky nang, o la nhng s thien hoan thanh con ngi nh la nhng hu the va co than xac va co tr khon, va nh la nhng ngi thc hien va chia se ve mat van hoa 87. S ke khai ca hai ieu thien phan tnh va thc chat cua con ngi co le a cho thay ro rang cac tac gia cua chung ta chu yeu i theo s hng dan cua thanh Toma trong viec nhan biet nhng ieu thien can ban cua con ngi ma ngi ta phai thc hien, theo uoi, bao ve va khch le va nhng ieu oi nghch vi no ma ngi ta phai tranh. Ho co gang lam cho ro hn cac loai ieu thien ma Toma a e cap khi ngi phan biet gia nhng ieu thien gan lien vi con ngi nh la nhng thc the co thc, nh la nhng hu the co than xac, va nh la nhng con ngi co tr khon va co the chon la. Cung nh Aquinas, oi khi ho noi ve nhng khuynh hng c ban hay t nhien hng chung ta ve nhng ieu thien nay mot cach nang ong, va ho vien en cac thanh tu cua cac nha nhan chung van hoa va nhng ngi khac e bao ve quan iem cua ho 88. Cung vay, cung vi thanh Thomas ho thay rang con ngi thng hay tien hanh nhng hanh ong khien ho co the thong d vao nhng ieu thien nay chang v muc ch nao khac hn la thong d vao o. Noi cach khac, nhng ieu thien nay c coi nh nhng cu canh hay nhng iem trong hoat ong cua con ngi. ung la ngi ta co the hoc hoi e thong d vao ieu thien cua viec hoc (biet chan ly) va ngi ta co the lam the chang v mot an y nao; ngi ta i bac s e gn gi sc khoe va s song 97

va co the lam nh vay chang v muc ch nao xa hn; ngi ta co the ngam canh chieu ta hay nghe nhac giao hng ch e tham d vao cai thien cua ve ep, v.v... Noi cach khac, nhng ieu thien nay la nhng cu canh ma con ngi hanh ong trc het la v o 89, mac dau ng nhien la ngi ta co the at nhng ieu thien nay phu thuoc nhng muc ch khac - chang han, ngi ta co the hoc e ma hoc, e thi au, e c tot nghiep v.v..., en vo tan. Khong co ieu thien nao ang ban la ieu thien toi thng hay ieu thien tuyet oi; noi cach khac, chang co g la Summum Bonum, v ch duy mnh Thien Chua la ieu thien nay. Nhng moi mot ieu thien nay la mot ieu thien ch thc cua con ngi, la mot ieu thien ma con ngi anh gia cao ch khong nh gia, la mot phng dien hay chieu kch thanh toan cua con ngi. Khi c ly tr thc tien nam bat, moi ieu thien nay c dung nh mot nguyen tac hay iem khi au e ngh xem phai lam cai g. Hn the na, khi tm cach thc hien cac chon la va hanh ong ma ca chnh ho va ngi khac co the hieu c, ngi ta thng nai vao nhng ieu thien nay nh la ly do ton tai cho nhng chon la la hanh ong cua ho. Con mot iem na ve nhng ieu thien can ban can phai c lu y. o la phai bang long vi tnh khong the so sanh c vi nhau, ngha la, vi viec chung ta chang the sap xep chung mot cach ay y ngha trong bat ky th t pham trat nao, cung nh khong the so sanh hay o lng gia chung vi nhau. ay co hai kieu khong the so sanh c vi nhau ta can phai phan biet. au tien la s khong the so sanh c gia nhng ieu 98

thien cua cac loai khac nhau, th du, gia ieu thien cua s song va ieu thien cua s hieu biet chan ly hay ieu thien cua viec an bnh noi tam. Grisez, Finnis, va Boyle giai thch ro tai sao lai co kieu khong the so sanh c vi nhau nay. Ho viet :Neu chung (ieu thien cac loai) co the so sanh vi nhau c, the th chung se ong nhat vi nhau hay se thu gon vao cai g o u tien qua o chung co the c o lng. Neu chung nen ong nhat vi nhau, chung se khong co nhieu loai na. Neu chung thu gon thanh cai g o u tien th chung khong con la nhng nguyen ly e nhat na. Nh vay, chung khong the so sanh vi nhau c. ung la khong co ieu thien can ban nao a c xem nh the co the noi cach ay y ngha la tot hn ieu khac... Do o, cac loai ieu thien can ban khac nhau c goi la ieu thien ch v s loai suy 90. Noi cach khac,chang co cach so sanh nao theo kieu cua ly tr e co the noi ieu nao ln hn khi so sanh ieu thien cua s song va s thien cua s hieu biet chan ly hay cua tnh bang hu hay cua ton giao hay cua phan oan. Cung nh khi so sanh nhng trai tao vi nhng trai cam hay con so 33 vi chieu rong cua trang sach nay. Theo cach rieng cua no, moi cach la mot ieu thien khong the so sanh c, va cung khong the rut gon chung thanh mot mau so chung e chung ta co mot tieu chuan nh nhau nao o ma chung ta co the so sanh chung ve mat nay - Th du, chung ta co the so sanh con so 33 vi chieu rong cua trang sach nay bang cach thu gon ca hai thanh mot mau so chung, goi la mot milimet, theo o chung ta co the phan oan ay u y ngha rang chieu rong cua trang sach nay ln hn so 33. 99

Them vao tnh khong the so sanh gia cac loai s thien nay con co s khong the so sanh gia cac ieu thc hien hay viec a ra dan chng cua mot va cung mot ieu thien. Th du, chang co cach nao so sanh ieu thien cua s song toi vi ieu thien cua s song ban. Moi cai la mot ieu thien khong the so sanh c. Nh vay, ay la ieu toi quan trong - nh chung ta se thay ro rang hn chng ke tiep khi chung ta ban luan ve phng phap thc hien cac phan oan c biet nh la thuyet can oi (proportionalism) Khi ngi ta co mot chon la, chang co chon nao bao gom moi ieu a c cac la chon cua no ha hen ngay luc no ha hen ieu thien ngay ca khi s la chon se a ra ngay luc ay cung mot ieu thien can ban 91. 2. Nguyen ly e nhat cua luan ly va ly tng hoan thanh con ngi toan ven. Trc khi trnh bay va ban luan ve viec cong thc hoa nguyen tac e nhat cua luan ly do G. F. va B. e ngh, ieu quan trong va can thiet la chung ta phai nh rang thanh Thomas a a hai loai menh e hoan toan khac nhau vao cac gii luat e nhat va chung cua cua luat t nhien. Loai th I, nh chung ta a biet, bao gom nhng gii luat (a) hng dan chung ta thc hien va eo uoi ieu thien va tranh ieu ac va (b) nhan dien ra nhng ieu thien ch thc ma chung ta phai theo uoi, khch le va bao ve (chnh s song con ngi, truyen sinh va dng duc; hieu biet chan ly ve Thien Chua; song tnh than ai vi ngi khac, va nhng ieu thien khac cung loai nay"). Gi ay, chung ta a thay lam the nao G., F. va B. phat trien va lam sang to t tng cua thanh Thomas ve van e nay. Cung vi thanh Thomas ho ngh rang 100

nhng nguyen tac hay qui luat cua luat t nhien nay cho en nay van cha phai la cac nguyen tac luan ly. Ngha la, chung khong the lam cho ta phan biet c s khac nhau gia cac cach thc chon la tot hay xau xet ve mat luan ly. Moi ngi, du chnh trc hay gian ac xet ve luan ly, cung vien en nhng nguyen tac cua ly tr thc tien e thc hien nhng chon la va hanh ong co the hieu c cua mnh va e bien minh (hp ly hoa, oi vi ieu ac ve mat luan ly) cho nhng chon la va hanh ong cua ho oi vi chnh ho va nhng ngi khac. Sau het, ngi ta chon lam ieu xau ve mat luan ly ch v ho ngh rang lam nh the cuoi cung ho se c thong d vao ieu thien nao o va tranh c ieu ac nao o 92. Nh the, ngay ca nhng chon la va hanh ong vo luan ly trong mot pham vi nao o, cung van ap tra nguyen tac la ieu thien th c lam va theo uoi con ieu ac th phai tranh 93. Nhng nh chung ta a thay, thanh Thomas a ke ra ca mot loat na ve nhng e ngh thc hanh vao so nhng nguyen ly hay gii lenh cua luat t nhien. Nhng chung phai phu hp vi cach chung ta theo uoi va thc hien ieu thien va tranh ieu ac. Se c nhac lai, trong so loat th hai nhng nguyen tac e nhat hay pho bien nay cua luat t nhien, thanh Thomas a ke vao o gii ran kep la yeu thng Thien Chua va ong loai, cung nh cai Qui Tac Vang va gii luat la chung ta khong c lam hai ai het 94. Mac dau ca hai loai e xuat nay - o la, nhng e xuat hng dan chung ta theo uoi va thc hien nhng ieu thien nay nhan ra ieu thien phai theo uoi va lam, lien he en cach the ta theo uoi va lam ieu thien - eu c thanh Thomas ke vao so nhng nguyen tac va gii 101

luat e nhat hay pho bien nhat cua luat t nhien, nhng chnh ngi a chang lu y g en s khac nhau gia chung. Trong no lc lam sang to va trien khai t tng cua thanh Thomas, G., F. va B. a phan biet ro rang gia nhng nguyen tac au tien cua luat t nhien la nhng nguyen tac cua ly tr thc tien, ngha la, nhng nguyen tac hng dan chung ta theo uoi va thc hien ieu thien va tranh ieu ac, va giup nhan biet nhng ieu thien ma chung ta phai theo uoi va thc hien vi nhng nguyen tac au tien cua luat t nhien la nhng nguyen tac luan ly. Ho cho thay rang phai co mot nguyen tac e nhat cua ao c hay cua tnh hp ly thc tien giong nh nguyen tac e nhat cua ly tr thc tien. Chc nang cua nguyen tac e nhat cua ly tr thc tien la hng dan con ngi en nhng ieu thien hoan hao cua ho va loai bo s vo ngha hay khong co muc ch trong chon la va hanh ong cua con ngi. Mat khac, chc nang cua nguyen tac ao c e nhat o la cung cap cach thc phan biet gia nhng cach chon la tot ve mat luan ly va nhng cach chon la xau ve mat luan ly. Muc ch cua no la tao nen nen tang cho viec hng dan nhng chon la va hanh ong en s hoan thanh con ngi toan ven. G., F. va B. ghi nhan rang thanh Thomas coi gii ran kep cua tnh yeu la nguyen tac ao c e nhat : ngi phai yeu men Thien Chua Chua cua ngi va ngi phai yeu ong loai mnh. Thanh Thomas nhan manh rang ay la nguyen tac luan ly ma t o nhng gii luat luan ly cua thap gii phat sinh ra 95. Va la mot Kito hu, thanh Thomas a co can c rat vng chac e noi rang ay la ieu ran trc het 102

va ln hn het ma tat ca cac gii ran khac eu at nen tang tren o, sau het, v ay la ieu ma Chua Giesu a day (Mt 22,37-40). Cac tac gia cua chung ta cung ghi nhan rang cac ngh phu cua Cong ong Vatican II, nh chung ta a biet, a e ngh mot chuan mc can ban hay nen tang : Chuan mc cho hanh ong cua con ngi o la no phai phu hp vi li ch ch thc cua nhan loai theo nh ke hoach va y muon cua Thien Chua va phai cho phep con ngi vi t cach la nhng ca nhan hay nhng thanh vien cua xa hoi c trau doi va thc hien n goi toan dien cua mnh (Gaudium et SPes. so 35) 96. G., F. va B. khong choi bo rang thanh Thomas (theo Sach Thanh) va Cong ong Vatican II a xac lap cong thc cach ung an cho nguyen tac luan ly can ban va au tien. Khi e cap en ieu Kinh Thanh noi ve nguyen tac nay (do thanh Thomas thc hien) o la chung ta phai yeu men Thien Chua tren het moi s va ngi ong loai nh chnh mnh, ho a ghi nhan rang oi vi ngi Do Thai va Kito hu, Thien Chua la ieu toi thien va la nguon mach moi ieu thien. Nh vay, tnh yeu Thien Chua oi hoi yeu men moi ieu thien... (bao gom ca ) nhng ieu thien can ban cua con ngi... Va tnh yeu ngi ong loai nh chnh mnh t ra phai loai tr tnh ch ky va co ngha la chap nhan s hoan thanh cua ngi khac nh phan trach nhiem cua chnh mnh 97, - ngha la ngi ta yeu thng ong loai khi mong muon rang nhng ieu thien trong cuoc song cua con ngi trien n trong ngi ay. Ro rang ho hieu rang nhng ieu ran yeu thng cua Kinh Thanh dien ta xac thc nguyen tac ao c can ban hay au tien theo ngon ng ton giao. 103

Noi cach khac, ho tin rang cac cong thc theo Thanh Kinh (va thanh Thomas) va Vatican II ve nguyen tac luan ly can ban va au tien la co c s khi c xem t vien tng cua nien tin ton giao. Tuy nhien, ho ngh rang nhng cong thc ve nguyen tac nay khong hoan toan lam thoa man cac muc ch cua viec suy t ao c va than hoc. e phuc vu nh mot tieu chuan cho phan oan thc tien, G. viet, mot s trnh bay he thong phai e cap en nhieu ieu thien can ban cua con ngi lam nay sinh nhu cau chon la va phan oan luan ly 98. Nen lam the v chc nang cua nguyen ly ao c e nhat la cung cap cho chung ta mot tieu chuan e phan biet nhng cach chon la nao la tot ve mat luan ly va nhng cach chon la nao la xau ve mat luan ly. Nguyen ly ao c e nhat o cang c dien ta ro rang va ay u hn neu no lien quan gan giu hn vi nhng nguyen tac e nhat cua ly tr thc tien; ieu nay co ngha la nen noi ro rang s chi phoi tron ven cua cac nguyen tac e nhat cua ly tr thc tien, khi chung cung tac ong cach hoa hp trong s phoi hp hoan toan. 99 hay cai ma cung co the c goi la s chi phoi cua ly tr ngay thang hay ly tr thc tien t do 100. V the, ho tin rang nguyen ly ao c e nhat, c dien ta theo cach thc ton giao bang menh lenh kep cua tnh yeu, co the c cong thc hoa cach chnh xac hn cho cac muc ch cua triet hoc va than hoc nh sau : Khi t nguyen hanh ong v nhng ieu thien cua con ngi va khi tranh nhng g oi nghch vi chung, ngi ta phai chon la, va mat khac, phai mong muon nhng va ch nhng kha nang ma y nh cua no tng hp vi y nh hoan thanh con ngi toan ven 101. 104

Co the at van e nh the. Neu chung ta muon la nhng con ngi chan chnh xet ve mat luan ly, th thai o can ban, nen tang cua chung ta phai la thai o cua nhng ngi thiet tha i theo, ton sung, knh trong nhng ieu thien ch thc hoan hao cua con ngi va nhng ngi ma ni ho nhng ieu thien nay c nham trien n. La ieu bt khi chung ta c nhng nguyen tac e nhat cua ly tr thc tien hng dan en. coi long chung ta phai c m ra cho chung. Mot cach ngay chnh ve mat luan ly, mot ngi nh chon la th phai m ra vi moi ieu thien ch thc hoan hao cua con ngi va lang nghe moi tieng goi ma chung keu mi qua nhng nguyen tac cua ly tr thc tien. Ngi ngay thang ve mat luan ly la ngi co ly tr thc tien c t do. Ngi nh the la ngi ap ng moi ch th cua tat ca nhng nguyen tac au tien cua tr thc hanh. chnh trong chung mc ngi o san sang xac nhan, song theo, ton sung va knh trong moi ieu thien cua hien sinh con ngi trong cac chon la ma t ho nh oat. Mat khac, mot ngi nh chon mot cach vo luan ly la ngi khong co thai o nay oi vi nhng ieu thien va oi vi nhng ngi ma nhng ieu thien nay c nham e lam ho trien n. Mot ngi nh the th san sang lam theo cach co chon la nhng li e ngh ma cach nay hay cach khac chung bo mac, pht l, xem thng, gay hai, pha huy hay can tr nhng ieu thien nay hay oi xa vi chung va nhng ngi ma chung c e lam trien n ho, theo nhng cach thc khong chan chnh va tuy hng. Luan ly tnh en t coi long, va coi long chung ta phai m ra vi ieu g thc s la tot 102. Tat ca ieu nay la cot loi e hieu c cach 105

trnh bay co he thong ve nguyen tac ao c e nhat. ieu quan trong ay la phai ghi nhan rang s hoan thanh con ngi toan ven ma nguyen tac ao c e nhat hng dan ta en o t no khong phai la mot ieu thien can ban cua con ngi no ke can hay them vao nhng ieu thien can ban a c nhan biet roi. Trong khi tuyet nhien khong co chuyen t thanh toan co tnh cach ca nhan, th cung chang co loai sieu nhien nao o vt tren moi loai thien hao khac 103 hay s tong hp o so nao o ve nhng ieu thien trong mot tnh trang rong ln cua cac cong viec, nhng ieu ma co the c d tnh muc tieu cho mot ke hoach toan cau cho hang t nam 104 . Khong nh nhng ieu thien can ban, no khong phai mot ly do hanh ong. ung hn, no la mot ly tng ma s loi cuon cua no phu thuoc vao moi ieu thien co the hap dan con ngi va c dung lam nhng ly do cho hanh ong 105. Ly tng nay dan dat con ngi khi thc hien chon la bang cach hng dan ho biet tranh s han che khong can thiet va nh vay tiep tuc m ra cho nhng ieu thien hn na 106. Lam nh the, ly tng hoan thanh con ngi toan ven, mac dau t no khong la mot ieu thien can ban nhng cung tao thanh oi tng cho mot y ch tot va nh the no sa cha lai y ch, ngha la, no la oi tng cho mot ly tr ngay thang hay khong b rang buoc cua con ngi. Y ch cua mot ngi a cam ket chon la va hanh ong theo nhng yeu cau cua viec hoan thanh con ngi toan ven la y ch cua mot con ngi trong tham tam a san sang chon la cach tot ep, chon la theo ly tr khong b rang buoc hay ngay 106

thang. Tom lai, no la cong oan ly tng cua moi ngi c hoan thanh cach phong phu trong moi ieu thien cua con ngi, ma mot ngi thc s mong c chung c thc hien ; ly tng nay dan dat nhng chon la cua con ngi nh the bang cach eo uoi nhng li ch ac thu danh cho nhng con ngi va nhng cong oan ac thu 107. Toi ngh rang ay that thch hp e ghi nhan t tng cua G., F. va B. ve van e nay co lien quan the nao vi t tng cua thanh Thomas. oi vi thanh Thomas nhng nhan c luan ly t trong tham tam thuc ay con ngi cach ung an i en nhng cu canh nhan sinh, ngha la, i en nhng ieu thien hoan hao can ban cho con ngi cua ho nh nhng ca nhan hay nhng thanh vien cua mot cong oan 108. oi vi cac tac gia cua chung ta, ly tng hoan thanh con ngi toan ven - c nguyen tac luan ly e nhat neu len nh ho a dien ta chung - la oi tng cua ly tr t o cua con ngi, cua ly tr ngay thang. Nh vay, co cung cap tieu chuan ma ve mat nay nhng nhan c luan ly la de hieu, v nhng nhan c luan ly chnh la nhng chieu kch, hay nhng phng dien cua mot ngi t nhieu a c hoi nhap vao s thc luan ly, ngha la, cua mot ngi san sang chon la theo anh sang nhng oi hoi cua s hoan thanh con ngi toan ven. Tat ca nhng ieu nay la toi quan trong, va y ngha cua no sau nay trong phan nam se c lam sang to hn. Khi toi xem xet van e nhng u tien luan ly, ton giao, va Thien Chua trong cai khung c cung cap bi nguyen tac luan ly e nhat la nguyen tac hng dan chung ta ti viec hoan thanh con ngi toan ven. 107

3. Cac ac iem cua nguyen tac luan ly e nhat : cac hnh thai trach nhiem. Ngay khi y ngha e nhat cua ly tr thc tien - la ieu thien th phai thc hien va mu cau con ieu ac th phai tranh - c xac nh ro bi s nhan biet nhng ieu thien thc s cua con ngi th phai thc hien va mu cau, th nguyen tac luan ly can ban cua tnh hp ly thc tien cung co the c xac nh ro bi s nhan biet nhng cach thc chon la ma trong thc te chung khong ton vinh va ton trong s hoan thanh con ngi toan ven ngha la, toan bo lanh vc cua ieu thien hao ch thc cua con ngi. Thanh Thomas a nhan ra c mot so nhng ac iem nay cua nguyen tac luan ly e nhat (c ngi cong thc hoa thanh menh lenh kep ve tnh yeu) khi ngi e cap en nguyen tac cua Qui Luat Vang (hay lam cho ngi khac ieu ma ban muon ho lam cho ban; ng lam cho ngi khac ieu ma ban khong muon ho lam cho ban) va nguyen tac la chung ta khong c lam hai mot ai (nhng nguyen tac ma ngi a ke vao so nhng gii luat e nhat va pho bien cua luat t nhien). Trong no lc khai trien cach ro rang va he thong hn ieu thanh Thomas a neu len khi phat bieu nhng nguyen tac luan ly can ban nay, G., F. va B. tm cach nhan ra mot cach chnh xac hn nhng ac iem cua nguyen tac luan ly e nhat. Nhng ac iem cua nguyen tac chuan mc e nhat nay co the c goi la cac hnh thai trach nhiem, la nhng oi hoi cua ly tr thc tien t do hay cua tnh hp ly thc tien. Muc ch cua ho la nh ro 109, nam chac, nguyen tac luan ly e nhat bang cach loai tr, coi 108

nh la vo luan ly nhng hanh ong oi phai co mot y muon cach cu the nao o khong thch hp vi mot y ch hng en viec hoan thanh con ngi toan ven 110. Nhng hnh thai nay loai tr nhng cach chon la ac thu bao gom nhieu moi quan he vo luan ly khac nhau gia ngi hanh ong va nhng ieu thien hao cua con ngi. Trong nhng tac pham au cua mnh, G. F. va B. a trnh bay nhng ac iem cua nguyen tac luan ly e nhat nay theo cach khang nh va phu nh. Theo cach khang nh, ho ghi nhan rang neu hanh ong ung an chung ta b oi hoi phai lu tam en nhng ieu thien ch thc cua con ngi trong viec phan oan va chon la lam cai g ; noi n gian, viec bat chap chung, khong quan tam hay th vi chung chng to y ch khong thc m ra vi chung. Them vao o, chung ta b oi hoi phai mu tm nhng ieu thien ch thc nay cua cuoc song con ngi va tm kiem chung hn la nhng ieu thien gia nh s khoai lac. Hn the na, moi ieu thien nay oi hoi chung ta phai tranh nhng cach hanh ong lam can tr s thc hien cac ieu thien va phai a chuong nhng cach hanh ong gop phan cho viec thc hien ieu thien khi chung ta co the lam ieu o cach de dang hay khong. Them vao o moi mot ieu thien nay con oi hoi chung ta phai co gang nhan danh ieu thien nay (va nhan danh ngi hay nhng ngi ma ieu thien nay c d nh trien n trong ho), khi s thc hien ay y ngha cua no trong mot hay nhng ngi khac nao o ang b lam nguy - th du, neu co ai o sap b chet uoi va nh the b tc i ieu thien cua s song va chung ta co kha nang cu ngi o khoi 109

chet uoi, th ve mat luan ly chung ta bat buoc phai lam ieu o. Neu chung ta uon nan cuoc song mnh theo nguyen tac ao c e nhat th nhng yeu cau can thiet khac bao gom nguyen tac cua s ngay thang hay Qui Tac Vang (ma nh chung ta a biet, o la mot trong nhng ac iem cua nguyen tac luan ly e nhat a c thanh Thomas nhan biet ra). Va mot yeu cau thc s thiet yeu o la chung ta Khong c t do chon la, vi y nh a c suy ngh chn chan, e gat qua mot ben nhng ieu thien nay, e pha huy, lam h hai, hay ngan can chung trong chnh mnh hay ni ngi khac. Chung ta co the b cam do lam nh the v s chong oi ieu thien nao o ma chung ta tuy tien khong muon chap nhan no, hay, thong thng hn, chung ta co the b cam do lam nh the bi v s lien tuc trien n cua mot ieu thien nay hay kia trong chnh chung ta hay trong ngi khac ngan can khong cho chung ta tham d vao mot ieu thien nao khac; o ma mot cach vo ly chung ta xem chung la ln hn. Tom lai, chung ta khong lam ieu xau e ieu thien co the xay ra mot giao huan ma thanh Paul a day cac Kito hu trong th Roma 3.8, va thanh Thomas a quang dien no khi ngi noi rang mot trong nhng gii luat e nhat va pho bien cua luat t nhien o la chung ta khong c lam hai mot ai 111. Trong nhng tac pham mi ay cua ho, G., F. va B. a quang dien moi hnh thai cua tnh hu trach theo cach phu nh hn la quang dien mot so hnh thai theo cach khang nh va mot so khac theo cach phu nh. Ho lam vay bi v s trnh bay nhng hnh thai nay thanh he thong theo cach phu nh 110

chng to rang ho khong the i en mau thuan, bi v mot ngi co the ong thi Khong chon la va hanh ong theo vo van cach 112. Phng cach chnh xac ma theo o cac tac gia cua chung ta cong thc hoa nhng hnh thai nay cach phu nh c trnh bay trong phan ghi chu phu them 113. Dung ngon ng n gian hn, ho loai tr nhng cach la chon ma qua o ngi ta co tnh l i, xem thng, th , gay hai, pha huy hay can tr nhng ieu thien ch thc cua con ngi hay hanh ong theo nhng cach thc da hoan toan tren nhng cam tnh khong ly tr hay theo nhng cach thc gii han cach thieu ngay chnh va tuy tien s thong d cua con ngi vao nhng ieu thien nay. Tat ca nhng ac iem cua nguyen tac luan ly e nhat cung het sc hng dan nhng chon la va hanh vi cua con ngi en ly tng hoan thanh con ngi toan ven. Cung vi nguyen tac luan ly e nhat ma chung a nam chac c, chung lam cho con ngi co the co mot nhan quan ve s that luan ly - mot the gii quan m ho ra cho nhng nguon y ngha va gia tr sieu viet. Nh G. nhan nh, mac dau nhng the gii quan thay oi xui bay con ngi quay lng lai vi nhan quan cua s that luan ly, nhng bat ky ai ng au mot cach ngay chnh vi cam do nay se t nhieu dan than cach dt khoat vi viec hoan thanh con ngi toan ven. S dan than nh the la nen tang, theo ngha la no uon nan toan bo cuoc song cua ngi thc hien ieu dan than o. oi vi cac Kito hu, hanh vi c tin cua ho tao thanh mot cam ket chan chnh nh the; oi vi nhng ngi cha nghe biet Tin Mng, ieu cam ket can ban cua ho (e uon nan cuoc song cua ho theo s that luan ly) c dung nh mot hanh vi 111

tiem an cua niem tin 114 (ieu nhan manh c them vao). ieu nay that het sc quan trong nh chung ta se thay ay u hn trong khi cuoc ban luan ve nhng u tien luan ly, ton giao, va Thien Chua di ay. 4. T nhng hnh thai cua tnh hu trach en nhng chuan mc luan ly ac thu. Chung ta hay nh lai thanh Thomas - ngi a coi gii luat yeu men Thien Chua tren het moi s va yeu thng ngi ong loai nh chnh mnh la nguyen tac luan ly e nhat cua luat t nhien - a ngh rang co the suy ra ngay lap tc vi mot chut can nhac mot so chuan mc luan ly rat ac thu can c tren nguyen tac luan ly nen tang nay; v ngi cho rang nhng menh lenh Thap gii nh la nhng ket luan tc thi va gan nhat theo sau gii luat yeu men Thien Chua va ong loai 115. G., F. va B. ngh ay can thiet phai minh giai va trien khai t tng cua thanh Thomas ve luat t nhien bang cach lam sang to nhng van e ma t nhieu ngi a am tham nghien cu. Ho ch cho thay Thomas a ke vao so nhng gii luat chung va e nhat cua luat t nhien khong ch gii ran yeu thng ma con ca nhng nguyen tac chuan mc nh la Qui Tac Vang va huan lenh la chung ta khong c lam hai mot ai - la nhng nguyen tac c bao gom trong nhng hnh thai cua tnh hu trach hay nhng ac iem cua nguyen tac luan ly e nhat (nhng hnh thai 5,7 va 8). Net noi bat cua ho o la nhng nguyen tac cua loai nay nguyen tac ngay that hay Qui Tac Vang, nguyen tac la chung ta khong c co y lam hong, pha huy, hay can tr nhng ieu 112

thien can ban cua con ngi, v.v... - lam chung ta co the chng to chan ly cua nhng chuan mc luan ly ac thu hn, nh nhng chuan mc oi hoi chung ta phai gi li ha, khong c giet ngi vo toi, khong c ngoai tnh, v.v... Ngha la, chung khien chung ta co the to cho thay tai sao nhng chuan mc luan ly ac thu nay lai theo sau nh la nhng ket luan rut ra t nguyen tac hay chuan mc luan ly e nhat nay 116. Noi cach khac, nhng hnh thai cua tnh hu trach la nhng nguyen tac chuan mc ac thu hn nguyen tac ao c e nhat, nhng chung lai tong quat hn nhng chuan mc luan ly ac thu nhan biet c nhng cach thc la chon cua con ngi co tnh chat tot ve mat luan ly hay xau ve mat luan ly. Nhng chuan mc ac thu nh vay c kham pha khi xem xet nhng cach thc ma mot hanh ong nhan linh c e ngh lien ket y muon cua mot ngi vi nhng ieu thien can ban cua con ngi va khi xem xet hanh ong nhan linh c e ngh nh the di anh sang cua nguyen tac ao c e nhat va nhng ac iem cua no. Chang han, mot chuan mc luan ly ac thu la chung ta phai gi li ha. Chan ly cua chuan mc luan ly ac thu nay co the c nhan ra neu chung ta xem xet chnh hanh ong nay, la viec gi li ha, trong anh sang cua nguyen tac luan ly e nhat va cua luat vang cua nhng hnh thai cua tnh hu trach oi hoi chung ta phai ngay thang va oi x vi ngi khac nh ta muon ho oi x vi ta nh vay. Tng t, ta co the nam vng chan ly cua nhng chuan mc luan ly, ac thu oi ta khong c giet ngi vo toi neu ta coi loai hanh ong nay chu y pha huy ieu thien cua mang song 113

ngi vo toi di anh sang nguyen tac luan ly e nhat va nhng hnh thc cua tnh hu trach oi ta khong c pha huy, lam hai hay ngan chan nhng ieu thien trong chnh mnh hay ngi khac, hoac v s chong oi ieu thien o hay v chung ta xem xet s trien n lien tuc cua no nh mot s kiem che khong cho chung ta tham d vao ieu thien khac c chung ta a thch hn mot cach tuy tien. Co nhieu chuan mc luan ly ac thu mac du ung nhng khong phai la tuyet oi hay khong co ngoai le. Nhng chuan mc nay khong phai la tuyet oi v chung m ra cho viec xac nh ro hn c anh sang cua cung nhng nguyen tac luan ly ma nhng chuan mc nay trc het phat xuat t o. Viec gi li ha la mot v du. Chung ta b bat buoc phai gi li ha trong anh sang ieu thien cua s hoa hp gia cac ca nhan vi nhau, la chuan mc luan ly can ban, va cua Qui Tac Vang hay ngi ta cua s ngay that loai tr s thien v tuy tien (hnh thai th nam cua tnh hu trach). Tuy nhien, nhng li ha hen va s hp tac ma chung co vu thng lien quan en nhng ieu thien khac hn la s hoa hp gia cac ca nhan. Khi viec gi li ha co hai cho nhng ieu thien nay, va neu nhng ieu thien nay co the c gn gi nh viec that ha ma khong phai la thieu ngay that hay vi pham Qui Tac Vang th viec gi li ha Khong con b bat buoc na. Chang han, neu toi ha chi quan vt vi mot ngi ban vao mot buoi sang a nh, va buoi sang o khi thc day mi thay rang mnh b sot do cum, th toi khong b bat buoc phai gi li ha - va ban toi se hieu tai sao, v ban toi se khong coi viec toi khong gi li ha e bao ve ieu thien cua sc khoe va s song la khong 114

ung. Noi cach khac, nhng nguyen tac cua s ngay thang hay Qui Tac Vang phat sinh ra chuan mc la phai gi li ha; cung mot nguyen tac hay hnh thai cua tnh hu trach o phat sinh ra nhng ngoai le cua chuan mc nay. Nhng mot so chuan mc ac thu la tuyet oi hay khong co luat tr theo cach hieu ve luat t nhien a c cac tac gia cua chung ta trien khai. Th du, chuan mc luan ly ac thu cam viec co sat ngi vo toi - la toi vi pham hnh thai th bay hay th tam cua tnh hu trach - la chuan mc tuyet oi. Chuan mc nay va nhng chuan mc mot giong nh the la tuyet oi bi v chang co - co the ch ro hn loai hanh ong ma chuan mc o co lien quan en - ngan cho no khoi vi pham en hnh thai thch ang cua tnh hu trach va en chnh nguyen tac ao c e nhat. Noi tom lai, bat ky chuan mc nao xac nh ro c muc tieu chon la cua con ngi e cho khong co ieu kien hay hoan canh vi them vao co the lam thay oi muc tieu ay en noi no khong con vi pham hnh thai thch ang cua tnh hu trach na va do o chuan mc nay, ngi ta ao c e nhat, la tuyet oi. Trong viec chon la mot muc tieu nh the - mong muon mot e ngh nh the - theo ly tng hoan thanh con ngi toan ven, chung ta khong hanh ong sa cha y ch. Chung ta khong lam ieu ac, ngha la, khong lam cho chnh mnh mong muon ieu ac o ton tai, bat ke cac hoan canh nao khac co the xay en hay bat ke ieu thien nao ma chung ta co the tm cach thc hien bang viec chung ta san sang lam ieu chung ta biet la ac 118.

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5. Nhng u tien luan ly, ton giao va Thien Chua e trnh bay hoan toan ly thuyet ve luat t nhien cua G. F. va B., chung ta bat buoc phai trnh bay t tng cua ho ve nhng u tien luan ly, ton giao va Thien Chua. Trc khi tom tat t tng cua ho ve nhng van e nay, toi cho rang ghi lai mot oan trong Cong ong Vatican II th that thch hp,trong chng mc la no dien ta mot chan ly, nh chung ta se thay, o la cot loi cua s hieu biet cua ho ve luat t nhien, ve nhng oi hoi ma ly tng hoan thanh con ngi toan ven at ra va c dien ta trong nguyen tac ao c e nhat. Cac ngh phu Cong ong a tuyen bo : Xet theo pham gia, moi ngi, v la nhng nhan v ngha la nhng hu the co tr khon va y chi t do, nen phai chu trach nhiem ve ca nhan mnh. V the, do ban tnh t nhien thuc ay, cung nh do bon phan luan ly oi buoc, con ngi phai tm kiem chan ly, nhat la chan ly ton giao. Ho cung phai trung thanh vi chan ly ma ho a nhan biet va hng dan toan the i song mnh theo nhng oi hoi cua chan ly (Dignitatis Humanae, so 2). Chan ly nay c dien at ra sao trong t tng cua G. F. va B. ve luat t nhien va tai sao no lai cot loi nh the ? ay la ieu ma toi hy vong se lam sang to ay. Ngi ta co the ngh rang luan iem do cac tac gia cua chung ta khai trien chang a ra cach nao e giai thch cho nhng u tien luan ly va y ngha ay u cua ngha vu tm kiem chan ly luan ly va ton giao. Sau het, phai chang nh chung ta a thay, ho khong 116

nhan manh rang nhng ieu thien can ban cua con ngi va nhng nguyen tac cua ly tr thc tien da tren nhng ieu thien nay khong the so sanh vi nhau c, va do o, chang co cach nao theo ly tr e sap xep chung theo ang cap va anh gia rang bat ky ieu thien can ban nao, bao gom ton giao hay s hoa hp gia con ngi va Thien Chua hay nguon y ngha va gia tr vt tren con ngi th ln hn ieu khac hay sao ? Mot trong so nhng tieu luan quan trong mi nhat cua Grisez, Finnis va Boyle, ho tha nhan rang mot so nhng phat bieu trong vai tac pham cua chung toi trc ay nham a ra gia thuyet la khong the thiet lap s u tien luan ly. Tuy nhien, ro rang ho nhan manh rang quan iem nay cua ho la khong ung va khong thch hp vi nhng iem ac trng co nh cua ly thuyet c trien khai trong toan bo nhng tac pham cua ho 119. Mac dau nhng ieu thien can ban cua con ngi va nhng nguyen tac cua ly tr thc tien la khong the so sanh vi nhau va khong the sap xep theo ang cap, nhng khong the suy ra rang chung la mot ong hon on chang cho mot tieu chuan khach quan nao e thiet lap nhng u tien luan ly trong cuoc song, mc o ly tr thc tien t do, trc chon la t do cua bat ky ai, van thiet lap mot so u tien trong so nhng moi lu tam cua ho ve nhng phng dien (ieu thien) can ban khac nhau cua viec hoan thien mnh 120. Qua ieu nay ho muon dien ta cai g ? Hay nh rang, nh chung ta thay trc ay, s hoan thanh con ngi toan ven la ly tng ma chung ta c nguyen tac ao c e nhat hng en, va en lt no, no dien ta 117

nhng oi hoi cua ly tr ngay thang, ly tr thc tien t do, ngha la, s ch dan toan ven hay ay u cua moi nguyen tac cua ly tr thc tien. Trong so nhng oi hoi cua ly tr thc tien t do la ieu oi hoi buoc chung ta phai phat trien mot ke hoach cho cuoc song theo tr khon va ly tr va khong c song cach may rui t luc nay en luc khac, troi i mot cach vo muc ch t ngay nay sang ngay khac. Them vao o, nh chung ta a thay, viec cam ket vi ly tng hoan thanh con ngi toan ven cho chung ta mot cai nhn cua s that luan ly, mot the gii quan rat can ban, no nh hnh toan bo cuoc song cua ngi thc hien ieu cam ket o. Va nh the khong the nh hnh toan bo cuoc song cua mnh hay trien khai ke hoach khon ngoan cua cuoc song ma lai khong co nhng u tien luan ly. Nhng nhng u tien nay la g va tai sao bat buoc phai theo uoi chan ly ton giao va luan ly bao trum en vay gia cac u tien nay ? Nhng ieu thien phan tnh cua con ngi (s an bnh noi tam, an bnh trong lng tam, s hoa thuan va than ai vi ngi khac, s hoa hp cua Thien Chua hay nguon mach y ngha va gia tr vt khoi con ngi"), nh chung ta a thay, chnh chung khong co gia tr luan ly trong mc o ma ngi ta co the tham d vao o mot cach vo luan qua viec vi pham nhng nguyen tac luan ly. Tuy nhien, nh Grisez, Finnis va Boyle a lam sang to, li ch trong nhng ieu thien phan tnh nay c u tien bat c khi nao chung thc s b e doa, v nhng ieu thien nay hoan thanh con ngi trong chng mc ho la nhng hu the luan ly ngha la nhng tac nhan co suy ngh can trong, co chon la la nhng ngi co the co gang e tranh ne hay vt 118

qua nhng hnh thc mau thuan khac nhau cua ca nhan hay gia cac ca nhan vi nhau 121 . Chang han, ieu thien cua s an bnh lng tam hay s hoa hp gia cac phan oan, la chon va hoan thanh cua mot ngi co the c thc hien mot cach vo luan bang s hoa hp gia nhng phan oan va s hoan thanh cua ngi o vi nhng chon la vo luan cua ho, ngha la, ngi ta co the hp ly hoa nhng chon la vo luan ly cua chnh ho. Nhng, nh cac tac gia cua chung ta noi, neu ngi ta xem xet ieu thien nay theo luan ly - ngha la, vi ly tr thc tien t do ho se thay rang cach thc duy nhat e thc hien no th phu hp vi s hoan thanh con ngi toan ven, bang cach bao am rang nhng phan oan cua ho th ung ve mat luan ly, bang cach lam cho s chon la cua ho phu hp vi nhng phan oan nay, va bang cach co gang lam cho ho thc hien nhng la chon cua mnh mot cach cang hoan hao cang hay 122. Noi cach khac, chnh s hien hu cua mot ngi, nh mot hu the luan ly, mot tac nhan suy ngh chn chan va la chon, b lam nguy bat ky luc nao nhng ieu thien ve s hoa hp ca nhan va nhng ca nhan vi nhau nay thanh nhng ch nham. Trong so nhng ieu thien nay co ieu thien cua ton giao hay cua s hoa hp gia con ngi va Thien Chua hay nguon mach cua y ngha va gia tr vt khoi con ngi. Ket qua la s ch dan toan bo cua kien thc thc tien - nh a c dien ta trong nguyen tac luan ly e nhat - oi hoi chung ta thanh lap nhng u tien cho moi quan tam cua chung ta ve nhng ieu thien can ban cua con ngi va xep at trat t trong i song chung ta phu hp vi nhng u tien nay. Tom lai, nhng oi hoi cua s that 119

luan ly yeu cau chung ta thong nhat i song va chon la cua chung ta, bang cach sap xep th t nhng quan tam cua chung ta ve nhng ieu thien can ban cua con ngi. Chung ta thc hien ieu nay bang cach hp nhat i song va cac chon la cua mnh theo quan iem mot muc ch bao trum. Cac tac gia cua chung ta lap luan, muc ch bao trum nay co the c thiet lap bi cam ket ton giao va khong the c thiet lap neu khong co cam ket nay 123. Nhng lap luan cua ho co the c at ra theo cach nay. Kien thc thc tien, nh chung ta a thay, la mot loai kien thc lien quan en luat t nhien la kien thc ve cai g hien hu, ngha la, ve cai g c thc hien trong va qua s moi gii cua con ngi. Nhng nguyen tac ve kien thc thc tien, nh chung ta a thay (o la, ieu thien th phai lam va eo uoi va ieu oi nghch vi no th phai tranh, cung vi nhng nguyen tac thc tien nhan biet nhng ieu thien phai lam va eo uoi), la nhng nguyen tac khong do phat sinh hay la nhng iem khi au e suy ngh ve cai - g, hien hu va chung ta biet rang nhng nguyen tac nay khong do s phat sinh. Nh chung ta a thay, s ch dan toan ven cua chung c dien ta nguyen tac luan ly e nhat, la ieu kien tien quyet cho moi s hoan thanh va t hng dan cua con ngi. o la mot s ch dan ma con ngi kham pha ra ch khong t at ra cho mnh. Nh the, do o, viec hng dan cua kien thc thc tien ch cho thay coi nguon sieu viet cua no, v la mot coi nguon sieu viet cua s hng dan, nen coi nguon nay ch co the c xem, nh the, la mot ngi thay trc s hoan thanh cua con ngi va a dan loai ngi en o 124. Thc vay, s hoa hp vi nguon coi sieu viet nay la mot trong nhng ieu thien can ban hoan 120

thanh, hoan thien con ngi - la ieu thien ve ton giao hay ve s hoa hp vi Thien Chua hay nguon coi cua y ngha va gia tr vt tren con ngi. Nh the, suy ra mot trong nhng trach nhiem t nhien cua con ngi la bon phan tm kiem chan ly ton giao, chap nhan ieu to ra la chan ly va song theo no 125. Tat ca nhng ieu nay chng to rang ngi ta co the thong nhat toan bo i song mnh ch bang cach t dan than tm kiem chan ly ton giao, tm kiem coi nguon sieu viet y ngha va gia tr sieu viec - noi tom lai, tm kiem Thien Chua. Them vao o, t kinh nghiem ban than chung ta biet rang viec thc hien ly tng hoan thanh con ngi toan ven la ly tng ma nguyen tac ao c e nhat hng dan chung ta en, rui thay lai khong nam trong quyen han cua chung ta. Do o, cac tac gia cua chung ta lap luan, trong viec hoach nh mot li ch a c biet trc va mong ch, moi ngi trong moi hoat ong cua mnh eu mong muon... rang li ch o xay en qua hanh ong (ma ngi ta chon la ung an) va ca qua bat ky nguyen nhan nao c can en, mc o la s hoan thanh o vt qua kien thc va quyen han cua chnh tac nhan 126. Sau het, cai nguyen nhan khac vi chnh cai nguyen nhan c can en e thc hien ly tng hoan thanh con ngi toan ven, lai la s cong tac cua coi nguon y ngha va gia tr vt tren con ngi, ngha la cua Thien Chua. , that vay, viec tin cay vao coi nguon y ngha va gia tr vt - tren con ngi nay cho phep hy vong rang nhng chon la tot ep ve mat luan ly cua mot ngi se lam cho ngi ay co the thc hien ly tng hoan thanh con ngi toan ven127.

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Do o, ly tr thc tien t do hay s ch dan toan ven cua nhng nguyen ly thuoc ly tr thc tien c dien ta trong nguyen tac luan ly e nhat nay la nguyen tac va lam cho chung ta co kha nang va oi hoi chung ta thiet lap nhng u tien cho nhng moi quan tam cua chung ta ve nhng ieu thien can ban cua con ngi. Nhng oi hoi cua no buoc chung ta phai len ke hoach cho cuoc song cua chung ta mot cach thong minh vi viec co mot loat cac muc ch that hoa hp trong cuoc song, c hnh thanh khong theo kieu mau cua nhng ban thiet ke ky thuat nhng theo ngha nhng cam ket t quyet cho cuoc song. Va gia nhng cam ket nay, cam ket co tam quan trong can ban, co y ngha bao trum, o la cam ket kham pha chan ly ton giao, chan ly ve moi tng quan cua chung ta vi Thien Chua, la nguon coi y ngha va gia tr vt tren con ngi. Noi tom lai, s hoa hp vi than linh (coi nguon y ngha va gia tr vt tren con ngi), mac du b hieu sai, cung se c xem la ieu kien cho ngi ta co nhng hy vong co the hoan thanh moi muc ch khac trong cuoc song 128. Hn the na, nh kinh nghiem a minh chng cach sau sac, no lc uon nan cuoc song cua mot ngi phu hp vi nhng oi hoi cua s that luan ly vi nhng oi hoi cua ly tng hoan thanh con ngi toan ven, cua ly tr thc tien t do - oi khi gap that bai. Ngi ta lam ieu tot nhat cho mnh, nhng con ieu li ch a biet trc th lai khong thc hien. Cho nen cac tac gia cua chung ta ket luan : qua kinh nghiem va chap nhan that bai. Nhng ngi tot ve mat luan ly qui thuan y nh Thien Chua la ang co the ban cho ho thanh cong, nhng ho a khong lam nh vay hien nhien la v co ly do rieng cua Thien 122

Chua nao o cua ho. Trong s qui thuan nay, con ngi mong muon s hoan thanh chng mc ieu nay hoan thanh (ngha la ho) yeu Ngi nh mot con ngi. oi vi nhng ngi lng thien xet ve phng dien luan ly, cam ket ton giao cua ho, do o se cung cap t ra la mot muc ch e nhng cam ket khac cua ho c thong nhat 129. Noi tom lai, s hng dan toan ven cua nhng oi hoi thuoc ve ly tr thc tien, ly tr thc tien t do nh a c dien at ni nguyen tac ao c e nhat, cuoi cung se dan a ngi ta en viec sap xep i song cua mnh bang s gan bo hoan toan vi chan ly ton giao vi viec tm kiem nguon coi y ngha va gia tr vt tren con ngi, va vi viec hy vong rang cuoc au tranh cua ho e song ngay chnh, bat ke nhng that bai, cuoi cung se gop phan cho viec thc hien s hoan thanh con ngi toan ven. Trong chng nam, khi chung ta xem xet en cuoc song trong Chua Kito, chung ta se thay lam the nao luat t nhien nay va nhng oi hoi cua no lai c thc hien, hoan thien va hoan thanh bi luat Phuc Am ma chung ta nhan biet c trong cong trnh cu chuoc cua Chua Kito. 6. Tom tat hoc thuyet luat t nhien cua Grise, Finnis va Boyle Trc khi anh gia t tng cua nhng tac gia nay ve luat t nhien. Toi ngh se co ch khi tom tat t tng cua ho ve chu e nay. Toi se lam nh the trc het bang cach tom tat luan iem a c Finnis e ra nam 1980 va roi phat bieu lai ve van e nay di anh sang ro rang hn ma ong ta, Grise va Boyle a thc 123

hien khi ho no lc ao sau va lam sang to y ngha cua luat t nhien. Nam 1980 Finnis a lt qua ngan gon ve nhng iem ac trng chu yeu ve hoc thuyet luat t nhien sau ay : Co (i) mot loat nhng nguyen tac thc tien can ban ch ra nhng hnh thai can ban cho viec trien n con ngi nh la nhng ieu thien phai c eo uoi va thc hien, va cach nay hay cach khac chung c nhng ai, a suy xet phai lam cai g, dau cho nhng ket luan cua ngi o co the nao chang na, x dung (ii) Co mot loat nhng oi hoi can ban theo phng phap luan cua tnh hp ly thc tien (chnh la mot trong nhng hnh thai can ban cua s trien n con ngi) phan biet gia hanh vi (luon luon hay trong nhng trng hp ac biet) la hp ly sau khi a can nhac moi -ieu (va khong ch lien quan en mot muc ch ac biet) vi nhng hanh vi khong hp ly sau -khi a xem xet moi ieu, ngha la, gia nhng cach hanh ong la ung hay sai ve mat luan ly - nh the no lam cho con ngi co the e ra (iii) mot loat nhng tieu chuan luan ly tong quat 130. Di anh sang cua nhng khai trien trong t tng cua Grisez, Finnis va Boyle t nam 1980 (nhieu khai trien trong so nay n gian ch la lam ro nhng yeu to trong t tng cua ho con tang an ni nhng tac pham trc thi iem o va toi a tm cach hp nhat chung trong ban tom tat trc ay cac t tng cua ho), viec trnh bay khai quat luat t nhien nay gi ay co the c dien ta nh sau : Luat t nhien bao gom mot loat th t cac menh e ung cua ly tr thc tien. loat au tien (i) bao gom nhng nguyen tac au tien cua ly tr thc tien, ma nguyen tac nen 124

tang cua no la phai thc hien va theo uoi ieu thien va phai tranh ieu ac, mot nguyen tac co nhng xac nh cu the nh viec nhan ra cac hnh thai can ban cua s trien n con ngi, o la nhng ieu thien phai c theo uoi va thc hien. Nhng nguyen tac nay cua ly tr thc tien c s dung cach nay hay cach khac bi nhng ai xem xet phai lam cai g, dau cho ket luan cua ho khong co ve nh the, Loat th hai (ii) bao gom (a) nguyen tac ao c e nhat dien ta s hng dan toan ven cua tat ca cac nguyen tac cua ly tr thc tien - va (b) nhng ac iem cua no hay nhng hnh thai ve tnh hu trach. Nguyen tac e nhat o la khi hanh ong cach t nguyen cho nhng ieu thien cua con ngi va tranh ieu nghch lai vi chung, ngi ta phai chon la, va mat khac, mong muon nhng va ch nhng kha nang ma s mong muon cua chung tng hp vi mot y ch hng ve s hoan thanh con ngi toan ven. Nhng ac iem cua no nhng hnh thai cua tnh hu trach - loai tr nhng cach thc chon la la l i, coi thng, th , han che mot cach tuy tien, hay lam hai, pha huy, hay can tr nhng ieu thien can ban cua con ngi. Di anh sang cua nguyen tac ao c e nhat nay va nhng ac iem cua no con ngi co kha nang phan biet gia cac hanh vi hp ly sau khi a xem xet moi ieu (va khong ch tng quan vi mot muc ch ac biet) va nhng hanh vi khong hp ly sau khi a xem xet moi ieu, ngha la, gia nhng cach thc hanh ong ung va sai ve mat luan ly. Loat th ba (iii) cac menh e cua luat t nhien, c e ra di anh sang cua loat th nhat va th hai, bao gom nhng chuan mc luan ly ac thu, ma mot so cac chuan mc nay co tnh tuyet 125

oi trong khi nhng chuan mc khac chap nhan nhng ngoai le di anh sang cua cac nguyen tac a tao ra chung trc het. Them vao o, s hng dan toan ven cua cac nguyen tac e nhat ni ly tr thc tien - c dien ta trong nguyen tac ao c e nhat la nguyen tac hng dan chung ta en ly tng hoan thanh con ngi toan ven cho chung ta tieu chuan e thiet lap nhng u tien luan ly gia nhng moi quan tam cua chung ta ve nhng ieu thien can ban cua cuoc song con ngi. Khi nhng ieu thien nay c xem xet t quan iem cua s hng dan toan ven s hng dan cua ly tr thc tien t do - th ieu thien ve ton giao, hay ve s hoa hp gia con ngi va Thien Chua hay cai coi nguon y ngha va gia tr vt tren con ngi c coi la co s u tien trong chng mc s dan than vi ieu thien nay trao cho con ngi mot muc ch bao trum ma theo thuat ng cua no ho co the sap at cuoc song nh mot tong the. Nh vay mot s dan than vi chan ly ton giao c biet en nh mot cam ket ma no co the thong nhat toan bo i song con ngi khi dan than nay c cu mang di anh sang cua nhng oi hoi cua s that luan ly. 7. anh gia t tng cua Grise, Finnis, va Boyle ve luat t nhien Mac dau ay khong the co anh gia ay u cong trnh cua Grisez, Finnis va Boyle ve luat t nhien (lam nh the se a chung ta i xa khoi nhng muc ch cua chng nay), nhng toi ngh rang can phai anh gia tom tat t tng cua ho. Toi se lam the bang cach lien ket no vi t tng cua thanh Thomas va bnh 126

luan ngan gon mot so y kien phan hoi t nhng ngi khac ve cong trnh nay cua ho. Theo y toi, t tng cua Grisez, Finnis va Boyle ve luat t nhien rat co y ngha va rat hu ch trong bat ky no lc nao tm hieu y ngha luat t nhien. Mac dau t tng cua ho cam re trong t tng cua thanh Thomas, nhng hien nhien la ho a khong ch lam sang to va khai trien nhng ac trng can ban trong cong trnh cua thanh Thomas ma con gop phan rieng cua mnh cho hoc thuyet ve luat t nhien. Trc het, thanh Thomas a khong co y nh nhan dang moi ieu thien can ban cua con ngi; ung hn ngi ch cung cap mot ban liet ke co tnh minh hoa - la cai trc ay toi a lam ro khi tom tat hoc thuyet luat t nhien cua thanh Thomas. Mat khac, Grisez, Finnis va Boyle tm cach nhan dang moi ieu thien can ban cua con ngi va tm cach phan biet gia nhng ieu thien mang tnh chu yeu. Th en, ho phan biet minh bach gia hai loai menh e thc tien ma thanh Thomas a ke vao so nhng nguyen tac chung va e nhat cua luat t nhien. Nh chung ta a thay gia nhng nguyen tac chung va e nhat nay cua luat t nhien thanh Thomas a ke vao o hai loai menh e. (1) loai th nhat hng dan chung ta thc hien va eo uoi ieu thien va nhan ra ieu thien phai c thc hien va eo uoi, (2) loai th hai lien quan en cach ma chung ta eo uoi va thc hien ieu thien. Nhng thanh Thomas a khong phan biet ro rang gia hai loai nguyen tac e nhat cua luat t nhien nay. Nh chung ta a thay, Grisez, Finnis va Boyle a lam ieu o. Ho nhan ra loai th nhat cua cac menh e nh la nhng nguyen tac e nhat cua ly tr thc 127

tien, va ho nhan ra loai th hai cua cac menh e nh la nhng nguyen tac ao c e nhat ngha la, cho chung ta kha nang nhan ro s khac biet gia cac chon la tot va xau ve mat luan ly trong viec chon la va hanh ong - Theo ho ngh, chnh nguyen tac au tien cua nhng nguyen tac nay - nhng nguyen tac ma thanh Thomas a e ra theo ngon ng Thanh Kinh ton giao thanh nhng menh lenh phai yeu men Thien Chua va ong loai - c phat bieu tot hn cho nhng muc ch triet hoc than hoc di dang thc hien nhng chon la phu hp vi mot y ch hng ve s hoan thanh con ngi toan ven. iem th ba, them vao vi nguyen tac luan ly e nhat (c phat bieu trong nhng gii ran yeu thng) thanh Thomas a nhan ra nhng nguyen tac luan ly nh la Qui Luat Vang va nguyen tac chung ta khong c lam hai mot ai Grisez, Finnis va Boyle tm cach nhan ra tat ca nhng nguyen tac luan ly nh the, chung nhan dang ro hn nguyen tac luan ly e nhat nay. Ho goi chung la nhng hnh thai cua tnh hu trach. Chung la nhng nguyen tac lam cho chung ta co the i t chnh nguyen tac luan ly e nhat ti nhng chuan mc luan ly ac thu, nh nhng chuan mc chung ta thay ni Thap gii. Thanh Thomas xem nhng gii luat trong Thap gii nh nhng ket luan rut ra t nguyen tac luan ly e nhat (va t nhng nguyen tac nh la : Qui Luat Vang), nhng ngi a khong cho thay ro qua trnh ma ly tr luan ly i t nguyen tac e nhat en nhng chuan mc luan ly ac thu hn nay. Grisez, Finnis va Boyle to cho thay ieu nay ro hn nhieu khi ho khai trien t tng luat t nhien.

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Theo anh gia cua toi 131, cong trnh cua Grisez, Finnis va Boyle ve ba van e c ghi nhan ay (nhan ra nhng ieu thien can ban 133, phan biet gia nhng nguyen tac cua suy ly thc tien va nhng nguyen tac luan ly, va qua trnh suy ngh than trong ve luan ly xuat phat t nguyen tac luan ly e nhat ti nhng chuan mc luan ly ac thu nh vao nhng hnh thai cua tnh hu trach ch ra ro hn nguyen tac luan ly e nhat nay) anh dau mot ong gop ay y ngha cho hoc thuyet luat t nhien va thc s da tren nhng nen tang cua thanh Thomas. Cuoi cung, theo y toi, ho cung roi anh sang tren moi quan he gia luat t nhien, la s thong d vao luat vnh cu, va luat vnh cu. Ho lam c nh the bi v ho cho thay tai sao nguyen tac luan ly e nhat - nguyen tac dien ta s hng dan toan ven cua moi nguyen tac suy ngh thc hanh va ly tng hoan thanh con ngi toan ven ma no hng dan chung ta en - lai oi hoi chung ta chap nhan mot ke hoach khon ngoan ve cuoc song, mot ke hoach ma trong o s dan than theo vi chan ly ton giao co tam quan trong bao trum. Lam nh the ho cho thay lam the nao luat t nhien hng m chung ta ti cho Thien Chua, nguon sieu viet cua y ngha va gia tr. pham vi rong, cong trnh cua Grisez, Finnis va Boyle a khong c biet en hay c xem xet mot cach hoan toan khong thch ang bi nhng nha than hoc luan ly Cong giao xet lai, la nhng ngi phu nhan chang co bat ky s tuyet oi luan ly nao, va trong chng ke tiep chung ta se xem xet t tng cua ho. Nhieu triet gia nay, ang lu y nhat la Russell Hittinger, Ralpl McInerny, va Henry Veatch buoc toi 129

ho a khong at c nen tang cho nhng gii luat cua luat t nhien tren chnh ban tnh con ngi 131. Tuy nhien Grisez, Finnis va Boyle a tra li ay u cho nhng phe bnh loai nay. Trong cau tra li ho a cho thay ro rang rang thanh Thomas xem nhng nguyen tac cua luat t nhien la khong co nguon goc, ngha la, ngi ta tien ti s hieu biet nhng nguyen tac nay ma khong can rut chung ra t nhng hieu biet co trc nao o ve ban tnh cua ngi (ay la ieu toi a co gang chng to trong nhng trnh bay rieng cua toi ve t tng luat t nhien cua thanh Thomas). Nhng ong thi ho cung cho thay rang s hieu biet sai lam ve con ngi that ra cung co the ngan chan hay can tr ngi ta co the nam bat cach ung an nhng ieu thien cua cuoc song con ngi va nhng nguyen tac da tren chung. Hien nhien la nhng ieu thien hao cua con ngi khac vi cai ma chung la neu con ngi co mot loai ban chat khac vi cai ma ho co. ieu nay van khong co ngha la ngi ta i en hieu biet nhng ieu thien nay va nhng nguyen tac da tren chung bang cach rut chung ra t s hieu biet suy ly cua mnh ve con ngi. Tuy nhien, can phai bao ve chan ly ve nhng nguyen tac e nhat nay bang luan c bien chng, va F., G. va B. a phai lam ieu o. Them vao o, nhng hoc gia khac a cho thay nhng phe bnh loai nay c Hittinger va nhng ngi khac neu len chong lai t tng cua cac tac gia chung ta la at sai cho va khong ung, oi khi lai da tren nhng hieu lam hay s giai thch sai t tng cua ho 133. Trong so nhng hoc gia o co Robert George, va Illiam Marshner 133. That ra, khao luan bao quat va chnh xac nhat ve cong trnh cua cac tac gia chung ta, tac pham El Primer Pricipis del Obrar Moral y Las Normas Morales Especficas en el 130

Pensamiento de G. Grisez y J.Finnis cua Aurelio Ansaldo, bao ve ho khoi nhng ch trch loai nay nh a c neu ra 134. Tac pham cua Ansaldo co mot tam quan trong ac biet, v no la mot khao luan rat t m, thau ao va chnh xac ve cong trnh cua ho cung vi s phan tch nhng ac trng chu yeu trong t tng cua thanh Thomas. Chnh Ansaldo neu len mot so van e quan trong ve cong trnh cua Grisez, Finnis va Boyle. Nhng neu e cap chung ra ay, chung ta se i qua xa (ghi chu kem theo ay cho mot so bnh pham ve nhng van e cua Asaldo) 135.

KET LUAN
Chng nay a iem lai cach sau xa hoc thuyet cua thanh Thomas ve luat t nhien. Them vao o, no a tom tat nhng giao huan co lien quan en chu e nay cua Cong ong Vatican II va a trnh bay rong rai t tng cua Germain Grisez, John Finnis, va Joseph Boyle ve luat t nhien. T tai lieu c trnh bay ay, chac han cac oc gia gi ay co the hieu mot cach chnh xac va bao quat hn luat t nhien ngha la g va vai tro cua no trong i song luan ly cua chung ta. No khong phai la mot ieu b nhiem, mot tnh cam noi tam la lung, mot khai niem m nhat. ung hn, no la mot loat th t cac menh e ung ve cai chung ta phai lam neu chung ta la nhng hu the hoan toan ma chung ta phai la. Nh a ghi nhan, no la luat t nhien, la luat c hoan thien, hoan thanh va kien toan bi luat tin mng cua tnh yeu, cua mot loai tnh yeu vt tren con ngi, tnh yeu ma Thien Chua co oi vi chung ta. Trong chng V, khi e cap en i song cua chung ta vi t cach nhng con ngi co tnh luan ly trong 131

Chua Kito, chung toi se tm cach cho thay luat Tin mng cua tnh yeu hoan thanh va kien toan luat t nhien nh the nao.

132

CHNG III

QUY TAC LUAN LY TUYET OI


DAN NHAP
Trong chng trc chung ta a thay : luat t nhien la mot bo nhng e xuat ung an nh hng ve ieu chung ta phai lam, neu chung ta la nhng hu the ma Thien Chua muon chung ta la. Loat e xuat th nhat cua bo luat t nhien bao gom : nhng nguyen ly cua ly tr thc tien. Nguyen ly ly tr thc tien au tien la lam va theo uoi ieu tot va ngc lai la tranh ieu xau. Nguyen ly ly tr thc tien khac la nhng nh loai cua nguyen ly nay, ngha la nhng nguyen ly nhan biet nhng kha canh can ban cua viec phat trien con ngi la ieu thien phai lam va theo uoi, ngha la ieu lanh nh chnh s song (gom s lanh manh va toan ven the xac va viec truyen sinh), s hieu biet chan ly, tham lng cai ep, s tieu khien, nhng moi lien he hai hoa trong ban than (nhng ieu lanh cua s toan ven va hp ly thc tien hay bnh an lng tam), nhng moi lien he hai hoa vi ngi khac (bao san tnh ban, cong ly va hoa bnh) va nhng moi lien he hai hoa vi Thien Chua (ton giao). Loat e xuat th hai cua bo luat t nhien bao gom : cac nguyen ly au tien cua luan ly hay cua chon la luan ly. Nguyen ly chon la luan ly th nhat a c dien ta mang tnh ton giao trong lenh truyen kep phan ve men Thien Chua va yeu ngi, co the 133

dien at mang tnh triet hoc va than hoc hn nh sau : Trong khi theo uoi ieu lanh va tranh ieu d, la ieu oi nghcch vi ieu lanh con ngi phai chon la va mat khac phai muon va ch muon nhng kha nang san sang thch hp vi s hoan thanh con ngi tron ven, ngha la vi tam long rong m vi trc moi ieu thc s la ieu tot, va nhng ngi ma bat c cai g thc s la ieu tot eu nham lam trien n ho. Chnh khi nhan biet nhng ieu hoan hao c ban cua con ngi la a nh ro nguyen ly ly tr thc tien th nhat, cung vay, nguyen ly au tien cua chon la luan ly nay c nh ro khi ta nhan ra nhng cach thc ma theo o mot chon la se khong thch hp vi s hoan thanh con ngi tron ven. Nhng nh loai nguyen ly au tien cua chon la luan ly co the goi la dang thc cua tnh hu trach, chung loai tr nhng chon la c thuc ay bi nhng khat vong phi ly hay trong nhng la chon o ngi ta khong biet, coi thng, xao nhang, lam ton hai, pha huy hoac can tr nhng ieu tot can ban cua con ngi hay hanh ong theo nhng cach thc oc oan va bat cong lam han che s tham d cua bat ky ai vao nhng ieu tot nay. Loat e xuat th ba cua bo luat t nhien c lam thanh bi nhieu chuan mc luan ly ac trng hn, cu the la nhng chuan mc nay phan nh nhng loai hanh vi nhan linh ac trng phai lam (V du : gi li ha, thao knh cha me) hay khong c lam (V du : boi c, co y giet ngi vo toi). Thanh Toma day rang se c e cap lai chang han mot so nhng chuan mc ac trng chung ta co the tm thay trong ban Thap Gii 134

la tuyet oi hay khong co luat tr. Cung vay, nh chung ta a thay Grisez va Finis cho rang mot so nhng chuan mc ac trng la tuyet oi (V du : cam co y giet ngi vo toi) trong khi nhng chuan mc khac th khong. Chng nay se tm hieu ky van e ve quy tac luan ly tuyet oi. Do o viec quan trong nhat la hieu ro y ngha thuat ng nay la g ? Thuat ng Quy tac luan ly tuyet oi dung ay e cap en nhng chuan mc luan ly e nhan biet nhng loai hanh vi nao o, la nhng oi tng co the co c trong chon la cua con ngi th luon luon la ieu xau luan ly , va nh ro nhng loai hanh vi nay ma khong s dung bat ky nhng thuat ng anh gia luan ly nao trong viec mo ta chung. Nhng v du ve nhng loai hanh vi a c nh ro bi nhng chuan mc thuoc loai nay la chu tam giet tre em, quan he tnh duc vi ngi khong phai la ngi phoi ngau (ngoai tnh), nga thai, tao ra nhieu a tre nh thu tinh nhan tao. Nhng chuan mc nh the c goi la tuyet oi, v chung loai tr vo ieu kien va dt khoat nhng loai hanh vi nhan linh c xac nh nh nhng oi tng bien minh c ve mat luan ly khi chon la. Ngi ta bao nhng chuan mc o luon luon ung va mai mai nh the, trong moi trng hp moi luc va mai mai. Nhng loai hanh vi a c nh ro bi nhng chuan mc nh the c goi la : nhng hanh vi xau t ban chat. Mac dau cac ngoai le cua nhng chuan mc nay co the co xet ve mat ly (le d nhien mot ngi co the co y giet tre hay quan he tnh duc vi ngi khac ngi 135

phoi ngau), nhng chung b loai tr xet ve mat luan ly. V vay, nhng chuan mc nay c goi la khong co luat tr tr. Huan quyen Giao Hoi e ngh mot so chuan mc nh la tuyet oi, gom nhng chuan mc cam vo ieu kien viec co y giet ngi vo toi, ngoai tnh, tai hon sau ly d, gian dam, nga thai, san sinh i song con ngi trong phong th nghiem .v.v.. Va Huan Quyen e ngh xem nhng chuan mc nay la ung. Tuy vay, ngay nay, nhieu ngi gom mot so nha than hoc luan ly Cong giao noi tieng va co anh hng phu nhan viec co nhng chuan mc tuyet oi thuoc loai nay. Trong chng nay, toi se : Tom lc nhng ly do chnh tai sao mot so nha than hoc Cong giao ng thi (cung goi la xet lai hay nhng nha than hoc xet lai) phu nhan co quy tac luan ly tuyet oi nh a hieu ay. Phe bnh quan iem xet lai. Chng to tai sao pham gia con ngi va nhng nguyen tac luan ly can ban can en quy tac luan ly tuyet oi. Hai phu chng gii thieu giao huan cua Thanh To-ma va c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II. 1. Phai Xet Lai bac bo qui tac Luan Ly Tuyet oi Nhng nguyen nhan cua viec bac bo qui tac Luan Ly tuyet oi nay co the tm thay trong lap luan do cac tac gia trong tap tai lieu Majority Report noi tieng cua Uy ban Giao Hoang nghien cu ve Dan so, Gia nh va Ty le sinh e a ra. Uy ban nay do c Giao Hoang Gioan XXIII thanh lap, va sau khi Ngai qua i, c Giao Hoang Phaolo VI a gia tang qui mo cua Uy ban muc ch ban au la 136

co van cho Toa Thanh ve nhng ieu phat bieu trong cac to chc quoc te ve van e dan so va nhng giai phap c a ra cho van e nay. Con cac nhom c m rong them am trach nghien cu toan bo van e nga thai. Nhng tai lieu cua Uy ban nay a c d nh, theo s uy quyen c trao cho Uy Ban c trao cho uy ban, ch danh cho c Thanh Cha s dung, Ngai co trach nhiem c nh gia tr cua cac tai lieu. Nhng tai lieu nay a c tiet lo cong khai vao nam 1967, ro rang co y nh thuc bach c Giao Hoang Phaolo VI thay oi giao huan cua Giao Hoi ve nga thai. Trong nhng tai lieu bao gom nhng g (i en cho) c goi la Majority Report Ban Tng Trnh theo a So cua Uy ban, cac tac gia a trnh bay nhng luan chng e bao cha viec cac oi v chong thc hanh nga thai. Tuy nhien, ho nhat nh khang khang cung vi tat ca nhng nha than hoc luan ly cong giao cua thi nay rang, co qui tac luan ly tuyet oi, khi ho a bac bo quyet liet li buoc toi, do cac than hoc gia trong Uy ban a ra khi cho rang chuan mc chong lai viec nga thai la khong the thay oi, rang lap luan ma ho a dung e bao cha viec cac oi v chong nga thai cung co the dung e bao cha nhng hanh vi quan he tnh duc bang hau mon va mieng 2. Nhng tac gia cua Ban Tng Trnh theo a So a bieu lo s gian d manh me tren li buoc toi nay, va hanh ong nh the ho chng to rang, ho chap nhan mot so qui tac luan ly tuyet oi la ung. Du co nhieu li phan khang cua mnh, tuy nhien, chang bao lau sau ngi ta thay ro rang rang lap luan ho a ra e ung ho quan iem cua mnh la cac oi 137

v chong co the thc hanh nga thai chnh ang di nhng ieu kien a cho, cung co the dung bao cha nhng ngoai le cua nhng chuan mc khac c cac nha than hoc luan ly Cong giao cho en luc o xem la tuyet oi. Nhieu nha than hoc xet lai nh Charles E. Curran3 a tha nhan quan iem nay. Nhng cac tac gia cua Majority Report a dung lap luan g e bao cha cho viec nga thai ? Hai oan van tm thay trong nhng tai lieu Majority- Report th tuyet oi quan trong theo phan oan cua toi. Toi se trch dan nhng oan van nay trc va a ra nhng li bnh ngan gon ve no. oan van au viet nh sau : Tc mang song cua anh hay cua ngi khac la mot toi khong v mang song c at di quyen danh rieng cho Thien Chua, nhng v ieu o th oi lap vi ly tr ung, tr khi co van e ve ieu thien thuoc mot trat t cao hn. c phep hy sinh mot mang song cho s thien cua cong oan. c phep lay i mot mang song trong viec trng phat t hnh v li ch cua cong oan. Theo nguyen ly trnh bay trong oan van nay, ve mat ao c ngi ta chap nhan pha huy s song con ngi (hay nhng ieu kien khac cua con ngi), neu lam vay la can thiet v li ch cua ieu thien ln hn. Toi goi ieu nay la nguyen ly Caipha. Nhieu nha than hoc xet lai ngay nay am ch en ieu o nh nguyen ly u tien hay nguyen ly ieu tot can xng, va chung ta se khao sat ban chat va y ngha cua nguyen ly nay ay u hn di ay. oan van quan trong quyet nh th hai t nhng tai lieu thuoc Majority Report nam trong phan cac tac gia qua quyet rang nhieu cap v chong c phep nga thai hp phap trong 138

nhng hanh vi rieng t v chong, mien la nhng hanh vi nay c dung e dien at tnh yeu hon nhan, mot tnh yeu ma ket cuc la on nhan (kha nang) sinh san mot cach co trach nhiem. oan van nay dien at : Khi ngi an ong can thiep vao muc ch sinh san cua nhng hanh vi ca nhan bang viec nga thai, ong ta lam ieu nay vi y hng ieu hoa ch khong loai tr kha nang sinh san. Luc o ong ket hp cu canh chat the nham en kha nang sinh san lien he vi cu canh chnh cua con ngi va lam cho toan bo qua trnh mang tnh nhan linh Nhng hanh vi v chong co y nh khong sinh san, hay dan en vo sinh (do s dung phng phap nga thai nhan tao), la e dien ta s hp nhat tnh yeu, tnh yeu o, va chang at ti ket qua cuoi cung la viec chap nhan sinh san co trach nhiem. V the, theo mot ngha nao o nhng hanh vi ket hp khac th khong ay u va chung on nhan ay u pham chat luan ly cua chung vi viec nham ti hanh vi co kha nang sinh san nhng hanh vi v chong khong co kha nang sinh san tao thanh mot tong the, vi nhng hanh vi co kha nang sinh san, va co mot nh loai luan ly rieng (ay la, s thuc ay cua tnh yeu co trach nhiem oi vi kha nang sinh san doi dao) 6. oan van nay quan trong v no trnh bay cach hieu biet ve tong the cac hanh vi nhan linh ma, nh chung ta se thay, cach hieu nay chu yeu e phu nhan quy tac luan ly tuyet oi. Luan chng cho rang co mot s thieu hut chat the (hay cai sau o se c goi la mot ieu xau ton hu, tien luan ly hay phi luan ly) trong hoat ong nga thai ti mc no tc khoi hanh vi v chong tiem nang sinh san cua no. Tuy nhien, s can thiep 139

nham nga thai ch la mot phan kha canh cua toan chuoi nhng hanh vi v chong co y nga thai, va toan the tong the nay on nhan viec nh loai luan ly cua no t cu canh khac t no co tnh tot lanh (ay la, s ket hp hon nhan) va t kha nang sinh san cua toan bo cuoc song v chong 7. Theo loi lap luan nay, cac cap v chong s dung viec nga thai hp ly khong he chon la viec loai tr con cai mot cach ch ky khoi cuoc hon nhan cua ho, hay ho dien at ieu cac tac gia, mot ni khac, goi la mot tam thc nga thai 8. ung hn, ieu ho ang lam oi tng luan ly thuoc hanh vi cua ho la s thuc ay cua tnh yeu ca trach nhiem oi vi kha nang sinh san doi dao. Va hien nhien ay la ieu tot ch khong xau. Loi lap luan nay rat co y ngha oi vi van e quy tac luan ly tuyet oi, v no bao hieu s am hieu cua cac nha than hoc xet lai ve hanh vi nhan linh nh mot tong the on nhan viec nh loai tnh luan ly cua no t muc ch ma v li ch cua muc ch o nen hanh vi o c thc hien. Nh se thay, nhieu nha xet lai cho rang quy tac luan ly tuyet toi oi ro rang c bao ve trong truyen thong Cong giao va c huan quyen khang nh tach biet nhng kha canh tng phan cua cac hanh vi nhan linh va, tren nen tang nhng kha canh tach ra nh the, dan en nhng phan quyet luan ly co tnh quyet nh ve chung. Theo luan ieu cua ho, ly tr, tnh khach quan va chan ly oi hoi mot hanh ong c anh gia ung hay sai ch nh mot tong the bao gom moi trng hop va moi ong lc c xem xet trong tng quan vi tat ca nhng ieu tot va xau tien luan ly (nhng thch ang ve mat luan ly) c bao 140

ham trong tong the kia, nham muc ch nhan biet thai o ng x se thuc ay viec t hien tha hoa va t phat trien 9 con ngi hay t ra se khong oi lap hoac phu nhan muc ch tot cua chnh no 10. Toi a trnh bay va cho y kien tom gon ve nhieu oan van quan trong mang tnh phe bnh nay t nhieu tai lieu cua Majority Report bi v, nh a lu y, chung la nguon goc ma t o nhieu nha than hoc xet lai a khai trien e phu nhan quy tac luan ly tuyet oi. A. Lam ro he thong thuat ng Trc khi tiep tuc trnh bay ve nhng luan chng chu yeu ma nhieu nha than hoc xet lai a khai trien t nhng nguon goc nay, mot ban thao luan ve he thong thuat ng nhng nha than hoc nay a s dung se la ieu hu ch. Trc het, nhieu nha than hoc xet lai trong so ho co Franz Bockle, Charles E.Curran, Josef Fuchs, Bernard Haring, Louis Janssenz, Richard Mc.Cormick, Timothy E.OConnell, Richard Gulla, Franz Scholz va Bruno Schiiller trong khi t choi s hien hu cua quy tac luan ly tuyet oi theo chieu hng a mo ta trc ay, ho tha nhan co nhng loai quy tac luan ly tuyet oi khac. Trc het, ho cong nhan co s tuyet oi theo y ngha nhng nguyen ly sieu viet hng dan chung ta en nhng yeu to thuoc ve s hien hu cua chung ta, nh o chung ta sieu viet hay troi hn phan con lai cua vu tru vat chat. V vay, ho tha nhan s tuyet oi cua nhng nguyen ly o nh ngi ta phai luon luon hanh ong phu hp vi tnh yeu Thien Chua va tha nhan va phai luon luon hanh ong 141

hp vi ly tr ung11. Tng t, ho cho la tuyet oi nhng chuan mc ma ho goi la chnh yeu. Nhng chuan mc nay noi ro nhng khuynh hng va nhng thai o tham sau cua chung ta phai la. Do vay ieu luon luon ung la chung ta nen hanh ong ung an, gan da, trong trang, 12. Nhng chuan mc chnh yeu nh the dien at nhng pham chat phai noi len ac iem cua ngi tot ve mat luan ly. Chung khong e cap en nhng hanh vi nhan linh va nhng chon la cu the, nhng ung hn e cap ti hu the luan ly cua tac nhan13. Nh Josef Fuchs a noi, ti mot mc o nao o chung la nhng huan du hn la nhng chuan mc theo ngha hep (14), va, nh Louis Janssen a lu y, chung tao thanh yeu to tuyet oi trong luan thng ao ly(15). Sau cung, nhng nha than hoc nay tha nhan rang nhng chuan mc dung ngon ng nh gia luan ly e noi en nhng hanh ong ma nhieu ngi han la cha bao gi la chon cach t do thc hien th la tuyet oi. Do o, chung ta han la khong bao gi c giet ngi, v giet ngi theo nh ngha la giet mot ngi cach bat cong. Tng t, chung ta han khong bao gi c quan he tnh duc vi ngi sai, v hanh vi tnh duc nh the cung la sai theo nh ngha. Nhng chuan mc nh vay la trung y va khong the giup chung ta biet nhng loai cu the nao cua viec giet ngi la bat cong hay loai cu the hanh vi tnh duc nao la hanh vi tnh duc vi ngi sai Nh Fuchs quan sat, nhng chuan mc tuyet oi nay la khuyen thien, khong mang tnh ch th, va n gian la e nhac nh chung ta ve nhng g a biet va huan du chung ta biet tranh nhng hanh ong trai luan ly va dan than cho nhng hanh ong ung luan ly 16. 142

Trong khi tha nhan ieu tuyet oi thuoc loai tren, nhieu nha than hoc xet lai choi bo quy tac luan ly tuyet oi theo ngha nhng chuan mc ngan cam pho quat nhieu loai hanh vi nhan linh cu the mo ta bang ngon luan ly trung lap. Ho goi nhng chuan mc nay la nhng chuan mc chat the, hay co tnh ng x chat the. Theo ho nhng chuan mc nh the lam nhan ra nhng hanh vi the ly hay nhng hanh vi chat the hoac thai o ng x, trong mot so trng hp bao gom nhng hau qua trc tiep hay ngay lap tc cua hanh vi nh the, c mo ta cach oc lap vi bat ky nhng muc ch cua chu the hanh ong nao. Nh mot nha than hoc xet lai, Richard a noi nhng chuan mc chat the nh the, khi c dien at cach phu nh, ch ro loai c x phai tranh cang xa het sc co the, nhng moi chuan mc nh the phai c hieu la chung cha ng nhng ieu u chuan c ngam hieu, neu khong co nhng nhan to xa hn xen vao gia, hay tr phi co mot ly do can xng, hoac moi kha canh hoan canh tng ng18. Sau ay toi muon khao sat ky hn cach mo ta nhng chuan mc tuyet oi hay khong co ngoai le ma truyen thong Cong giao a phe chuan.

B. Nhng Luan Chng ung ho cac Nha Xet Lai phu nhan quy tac Luan Ly Tuyet oi
Ung ho tuyen bo cua ho cho rang khong co quy tac luan ly tuyet oi theo ngha nhng chuan mc luan ly ac thu ngan cam nhng hanh ong c mo ta bang ngon ng trung lap ve luan ly, cac nha than hoc xet lai a ra nhng loi lap luan. Trong so nhng lap luan quan trong hn la nhng ieu sau : 143

Nhng oi hoi cua nguyen ly u tien hay nguyen ly ieu tot can xng. Ban chat cua mot hanh vi nhan linh nh mot tong the. Lch s tnh ve cuoc song cua con ngi. a. Nguyen ly u Tien hay nguyen ly ieu Tot Can Xng Mot loi lap luan chu yeu do nhieu nha than hoc xet lai e xuat nham ung ho viec ho t choi chan ly cua quy tac luan ly tuyet oi o la : S t choi nh the la can thiet do nhng oi hoi cua nguyen ly luan ly c ban, nguyen ly u tien hay nguyen ly ieu tot can xng. Theo cac nha than hoc xet lai, nhng chuan mc chat the hay mang tnh ng x, nham dan dat nhng chon la cua chung ta dau khong tuyet oi. Muc ch cua chung la giup chung ta phan biet phai trai va am hieu nhng hanh vi nhan linh lien quan en nhng ieu tot va nhng gia tr cua con ngi nh the nao. Do o, trong viec e cap en nhng chuan mc chat the, v du nhng chuan mc nh cam giet ngi vo toi, ngoai tnh ieu can thiet la e y ti cach ma nhng ieu tot va nhng gia tr cua con ngi se b anh hng do nhieu loi hanh ong co the co c. Do nhng ieu tot va nhng gia tr cua con ngi ma cac nha than hoc xet lai mi co trong tam tr loai nhng ieu tot can ban cho con ngi a xem xet chng trc, v du nh chnh s song, s hieu biet chan ly, viec tham nh ve ep va ieu giong nh the 19. Nhng nha than hoc xet lai xac nhan rang eu tot va nhng gia tr cua con ngi nay (va nhng s tc 144

oat chung, hay nhng ieu xau, hoac nhng cai vo gia tr) th t ban chat chung khong thuoc ve luan ly. ung hn chung a c cac nha than hoc nay mo ta nh hu the tien luan ly, phi luan ly hay ton hu 20. Van e chu yeu la lam the nao chung ta phai xac nh, trong viec trien khai nhng chuan mc vat chat va trong s phan oan nhng hanh vi nao la nhng ngoai le chnh ang oi vi chung, nhng hanh vi nao la ung luan ly va nhng hanh vi nao la sai luan ly, ngha la nhng hanh vi nao thang tien va e cao nhng ieu tot va gia tr phi luan ly nay va loai hanh vi nao th khong ? Noi cach khac, can phai co mot chuan mc luan ly can ban hay mot tieu chuan giup chung ta phan biet gia nhng la chon co the chap nhan c vi nhng la chon ve mat luan ly khong the chap nhan c. Bay gi nhac lai nguyen ly ma cac tac gia cua tap Majority Report a vien en, cu the o la nghch lai ly do chnh ang khi lay i s song cua ngi vo toi (mot ieu tot phi luan ly) hay pha huy nhng thien ch khac, tr phi co van e mot ieu tot thuoc mot trat t cao hn 21. Nh a c cac nha than hoc xet lai hang au trnh bay, nguyen ly nay a c biet en nh nguyen ly u tien hay nguyen ly ieu tot can xng hoac ly do can xng. Bruno Schiiller noi ve no theo cach nay : Bat c chuan mc ao c nao xet en nhng cach c x va nhng ieu bo sot cua chung ta trong quan he vi ngi khac cung ch co the la mot s ap dung ac biet cua nhng chuan mc pho quat hn22. ieu thien ln hn th c u tien hn.

145

Theo nguyen ly nay xet ve mat luan ly, viec co y hng lam mot ieu xau phi luan ly la ieu ung, v du nh cai chet cua mot ngi vo toi, neu ieu xau nay c oi hoi do mot ieu tot ln hn c lien he cach can xng. Do vay, nh Richard A. Mc. Cormick noi : au mot ieu tot cao hn ang b e doa va ch co mot cach bao ve no la chon la lam mot ieu xau phi luan ly, the th y ch van con san sang thch ang vi nhng gia tr hp thanh ieu tot cua con ngi ieu nay co y muon noi rang y hng th tot ngay ca khi con ngi that ra ma noi co mien cng va hoi tiec co y nh lam ieu xau phi luan ly neu co mot ly do can xng thc s (ngha la ieu tot) cho mot chon la nh the23. Theo cac nha than hoc xet lai, nguyen ly nay khong co, ngha la mot muc ch tot co the bien minh phng tien xau ve luan ly. Nhng ho cho rang viec d nh va thc hien bat c ieu xau phi luan ly nao, ngha la : s tc oat bat c ieu tot phi luan ly nao co the c bien minh neu y nh va ieu xau nh the la e at c mot ieu tot phi luan ly ln hn mot cach can xng can xng 24. T ieu nay nay sinh la moi chuan mc chat the le thuoc cho mot ieu khoan ngoai le : giet ngi vo toi, noi doi, ngoai tnh, va la sai, ngoai tr khi ngi ta b oi buoc phai hanh ong nh the e at en mot ieu tot ln hn cach can xng. Do vay mot so hanh vi trc tiep pha thai, chet em du, nga thai, tai hon sau ly d co the la nhng hanh vi ung luan ly neu chung c thc hien v li ch cua mot ieu tot ln hn cach can xng25. 146

Ghi chu la nhieu nha than hoc xet lai cho rang ve mat luan ly, viec chu tam d nh lam mot ieu xau phi luan ly v li ch cua ieu tot phi luan ly ln hn cach can xng la viec ung 26. ay, that la thu v khi nhac lai rang mot trong nhng nha than hoc nay, Richard A. Mc. Cormick a tha nhan trong bai tieu luan viet vao nam 1973 rang co s khac biet luan ly ang ke gia y ch co y lam ieu xau vi y ch ch tha nhan ieu xau. Luc o Mc. Cormick viet : Y ch lien quan mot cach khac biet vi ieu no co y nh lam va vi ieu no tha nhan y ch co y nh (do o la con ngi) th gan bo mat thiet vi ieu xau hn la mot y ch tha nhan. ieu nay chng to ( mc o cha ro rang nao o phai tha nhan) mot s bang long ln hn ve (ieu xau) xay ra 27. Do vay, khi o Mc. Cormick cho rang buoc phai co ieu tot can xng ln hn ngi ta co y nh lam ieu xau phi luan ly hn la neu ngi ta ch tha nhan hay co y nh gian tiep lam ieu xau phi luan ly gan bo vi hanh vi cua ng s. Bruno Schiiller theo bai tieu luan cua Mc. Cormick a nhan manh rang ngi chuan b thc hien ieu tot ngay ca khi co y lam xau th ho mong muon ieu xau ay xay ra hn, ch khong v anh ta muon ieu tot xay ra hn 28 . Bruno Schiiller noi tiep : Neu ai o san sang lam ieu tot ch do viec cho phep ieu xau, (Mc. Cormick) gi y rang ngi o t bang long e ieu xau hien hu hn. Nhng cung phai noi rang anh ta t bang long e ieu tot hien hu 29. T ay Schiiller ket luan : Do o, toi nghieng manh ti cho tin rang tren thc te viec co y nh nh mot 147

bien phap va viec cho phep, khi co lien quan en mot ieu xau phi luan ly, bieu th chnh xac cung thai o tam linh 30. Noi cach khac, theo Schiiller trai ngc vi niem tin cua Mc Cormick vao nam 1973, th khong co s khac biet luan ly ang ke nao gia mot y muon co y nh va mot y muon cho phep. Khi c biet ve quan iem, cua Schiiller, Mc. Cormick a thay oi y kien va t bo lap trng cua mnh cho rang mot y muon co y nh lien ket con ngi vi ieu xau th sau xa hn la mot y muon cho phep. Qua quyet rang viec Schiiller phan oi lap trng nguyen thuy cua ong la nguy hai(31), bay gi Mc. Cormick lai ong y vi Schiiller. iem chung cua ho la v khong co s khac biet luan ly nao gia viec chu tam d tnh mot ieu xau phi luan ly vi viec ch cho phep no, nen ngi co y nh va lam ieu xau v li ch cua mot ieu tot ln hn cach can xng th co mot tnh yeu ln lao hn v ieu tot hn la ke t choi d nh va lam ieu xau tuy oi lan cho phep lam ieu xau. Va theo phan oan cua ho ay la mot net tuyet hao cua tnh cach luan ly. ieu va c e cap mo ta ve nguyen ly u tien hay nguyen ly ve ieu tot can xng tom tat mot trong nhng ly do ln tai sao nhieu nha than hoc xet lai phu nhan co bat ky quy tac luan ly tuyet oi nao. Theo ho s khc t d tnh va lam ieu xau (phi luan ly) ma nhng quy tac tuyet oi nay ngan cam se la mot tnh trang yeu kem luan ly khi viec co y nh va hanh ong xau nh the la do nguyen ly u tien oi hoi. Sau cung, ay la chuan mc can ban cua luan ly, nam gi quyen u tien trong s phan xet luan ly 32. 148

b. Ban chat cua mot hanh vi nhan linh nh mot tong the Mot loi lap luan khac na, gan lien vi lap luan trc cach chat che, o la lap luan da tren ban chat cua mot hanh vi nhan linh nh mot toan bo hay tong the. Loi lap luan nay giong nh phan trc, cung la phan quan trong cua ban Majority Report cua Uy ban Giao Hoang. Cac oc gia nh lai rang trong bai tng trnh, a so a lap luan rang, mot phan xet luan ly ve viec nga thai ch co the c thc hien nh la mot muc ch nga thai trong hanh vi v chong va toan bo i song hon nhan. Ban Majority Report cho rang neu mot cap v chong co y ngan nga viec thu thai trong nhng hanh vi v chong ca biet e dien ta s ket hp hon nhan cua ho va ho co tnh ieu hoa nhng hanh vi nga thai v chong nay oi vi kha nang sinh san doi dao, luc o ngi ta co the noi cach thch ang rang ieu ma cap v chong ang lam oi tng cho s chon la luan ly cua ho la nuoi dng tnh yeu co trach nhiem oi vi kha nang sinh san doi dao, mac du ieu nay oi hoi s thieu hut chat the (bang ieu xau phi luan ly) cua nhng hanh vi ca biet thuoc s ket hp hon phoi v s chan that cua ho oi vi i song con ngi 33. Nen chu y mot ngi ung ho quan trong oi vi ban Majority Report nay la Josef Fuchs. Trong nhieu tac pham sau nay Fuchs a nhan manh rang khong the thc hien mot cuoc xet oan luan ly ve y nh va hanh ong cua ieu xau tien luan ly theo ung ngha, bi v, ong a khang nh, mot hanh vi khong the c xet oan ve mat luan ly 149

trong kha canh chat the cua no (giet ngi, xuc pham, sap them muon) neu khong quy chieu y hng cua tac nhan ; Neu khong lam ieu nay, chung ta khong c x ly mot hanh vi nhan linh, va ch oi vi mot hanh vi nhan linh ngi ta mi co the noi ung ngha rang lieu ieu o tot hay sai ve luan ly hay khong 34. ieu quan trong phai nhac nh ay rang Fuchs va nhng nha than hoc xet lai khac ong nhat quy tac luan ly tuyet oi ma ho t choi vi nhng chuan mc chat hay thuoc cach ng x cu the nh loai nhng hanh vi the ly hay nhng hanh vi chat the, ma trong mot so trng hp, bao gom ca nhng hau qua trc tiep cua chung c mo ta cach oc lap khoi bat ky muc ch nao cua tac nhan35. Nhng nha than hoc xet lai tuyen bo rang truyen thong qua quyet nhng ieu tuyet oi nh the a tuy tien tach nhng yeu to cua mot hanh vi ra khoi thc tai cu the tong the cua no ; va a dan en s xet oan luan ly tren s tach giam nay ma khong da tren tong the hanh vi nhan linh. Theo quan iem cua ho, nhng xet oan nh the n gian a coi thng thc tai luan ly cua hanh vi nh mot tong the. Do o, theo nhng nha than hoc xet lai, neu anh gia thch ang toan bo hanh vi ch khong ch nhng kha canh tng phan cua no, ngi ta se at ti s xet oan luan ly chnh xac. Do vay, chang han nh, ngi ta se thay rang quan he tranh thai, neu c nhng ngi ket hon thc hien v mot ieu tot can xng thc s th ch la mot kha canh tng phan cua mot tong the hanh vi nhan linh co the c mo ta cach hp ly nh la 150

s thuc ay tnh yeu co trach nhiem oi vi kha nang sinh san doi dao. Tng t, neu mot cap v chong phai s dung en triet san nga thai (that ong dan trng hay cat ong dan tinh) v bat ky s ky thai nghen nao co the gay nguy hiem cho s song ngi me, s chon la triet san, khi c xem xet trong tong the viec oi v chong ang lam, co the c mo ta ch thc nh mot hanh vi on nh hon nhan36. V ly do o quan iem cua nhng nha xet lai, viec tuyet oi hoa nhng chuan mc ngan cam viec nga thai va triet san nga thai la khong thay c tong the cua hanh vi nhan linh cu the. Va ho tuyen bo nhng quy tac luan ly c coi la tuyet oi khac, v du nh ngan cam giet ngi vo toi co y, ngoai tnh th cung vay. Nhng chuan mc chat the nh the, hau het hu ch va co gia tr oi, ta lai phai gat chung sang mot ben khi hanh ong xet nh mot tong the cu the oi hoi phai c thc hien neu no phuc vu ieu tot ln hn. c. Lch S tnh ve hien sinh con ngi Theo cac nha than hoc xet lai, nhng chuan mc chat the la nhng khai quat hoa hu ch nham canh giac chung ta, nh Gula noi, oi vi cach ng x can phai tranh cang xa cang tot 37. Chung ta biet c nhng chuan mc nay nh biet cung nhau luyen tap tr thong minh con ngi bi nhieu ngi song quy tu trong nhng cong oan va suy t ve nhng chia se kinh nghiem cua con ngi 38. V nhng chuan mc chat the c kham pha theo cach nay, hau qua la chung chu anh hng bi lch s tnh cua con ngi va bi ac diem m ngo, luon tien trien cua kinh nghiem con ngi. Nhng nha xet lai nhan ra 151

rang co mot chieu kch sieu viet, sieu lch s va sieu van hoa cua con ngi, ti mot mc con ngi c goi la S thanh nhan tien trien eu an39. Tuy nhien, ban chat con ngi cu the, bi lch s tnh cua no, th c le thuoc vao nhng thay oi xa lan ti. Do vay, hau qua la khong co chuan mc chat the ro rang nao c bieu lo di nhng ieu kien lch s cu the, co the ung va lai co the ap dung cach pho quat va khong thay oi. T ieu nay cung khong a ti he qua la nhng chuan mc nay ch mang tnh chu quan va tng oi. Chan ly khach quan cua chung tng xng vi nhng hanh ong chung ngan cam hay quy nh ti mc nhng hanh ong nay lien he ti toan bo thc tai cu the cua con ngi va xa hoi lch s nhat nh ma con ngi sinh song 40. Tuy nhien, trong khi nhng chuan mc nay ung va khach quan, chung khong the la tuyet oi theo ngha la nhng e xuat ung pho quat ve ieu con ngi phai lam hoac khong c lam trong moi tnh huong co the hieu. Trong thc te, nh Fuchs a noi mot chuan mc thai o ng x ung ngha, c dien at nh mot chuan mc pho quat, cha ng nhieu ieu kien va nhieu pham chat khong dien ta nh the chung gii han tnh pho quat cua chuan mc o41. Viec suy t ve kinh nghiem con ngi dan en viec thiet lap nhng chuan mc chat the chnh no la mot qua trnh m ngo, ang tien trien, nen nh Francis Sullivan a noi, hau qua la chung ta khong bao gi co the loai tr kha nang kinh nghiem trong tng lai cho en nay a khong the tng tng c, co the at van e luan ly vao trong mot khung quy chieu mi oi hoi mot s xet lai 152

chuan mc khi c hnh thanh a khong the tnh en mot kinh nghiem mi nh the 42. Ket qua la nhng chuan mc chat the ch co gia tr cho phan ln43. Mot so ngi mo ta nhng hanh ong, ma oi vi tat ca nhng muc ch thc tien han la no khong bao gi c phep chon la cach t do chang han nh, ham hiep mot a tre cham phat trien 44, hay nem bom hat nhan tren nhng trung tam ong dan c 45 va co the c xem nh nhng chuan mc tuyet oi thc tien hay nhng chuan mc gan nh khong co ngoai le 46. Tuy nhien, v lch s tnh cua cuoc song con ngi va v tnh cach kinh nghiem con ngi ang tien trien nen tat ca nhng chuan mc chat the ve nguyen tac phai c xem nh e ngo oi vi nhng ngoai le c anh sang cua nhng ieu kien mi cua lch s va kinh nghiem mi cua con ngi. Toi tin rang nhng phan tren a tom tat nhng loi lap luan quan trong do nhng than hoc gia xet lai a ra e benh vc tuyen bo cua ho rang khong co quy tac luan ly tuyet oi. Bay gi toi quay sang anh gia co phe bnh ve nhng quan iem cua ho. 2. Phe bnh quan iem xet lai choi bo quy tac luan ly tuyet oi ay toi se chng minh rang loi lap luan cua nhng nha xet lai a ra nham benh vc tuyen bo cua ho cho rang khong co nhng chuan mc luan ly cu the khong ngoai le (bang quy tac luan ly tuyet oi) la sai lam tai hai. Nhng trc khi phe bnh nhng cach luan chng chu yeu cua ho, trc tien toi muon ghi chu cach ho lam ton hai nhng 153

van e khi ho mo ta nhng chuan mc luan ly nay. Nhng nha than hoc xet lai, nh chung ta a thay, eu e cap en quy tac luan ly tuyet oi nh nhng chuan mc chat the hay thai o ng x cu the. Ho noi rang nhng chuan mc nay giup nhan biet nhng hanh vi the ly hoac nhng hanh vi chat the, trong mot vai trng hp bao gom ca, nhng hau qua trc tiep cua nhng hanh vi nay. Ho khang nh chac rang nhng hanh vi chat the nh the la nhng bien co the ly hay chat the c xem xet trong khi bo i bat ky muc ch hay y tng nao cua nhng tac nhan. Trai lai, cac nha than hoc Cong giao ngay nay bao ve chan ly ve quy tac luan ly tuyet oi va cac nha than hoc xa kia cung a lam nh vay, ke ca thanh Toma Aquino (t tng cua ngai ve van e nay se c e cap sau), a trnh bay khac han ve nhng chuan mc ma ho chang bao gio goi la cac chuan mc chat the hay thai o ng x nay. Theo nhng nha than hoc nay, nhieu hanh vi nhan linh c nhan biet va b loai tr ve mat luan ly bi nhng chuan mc nh the th khong c nh ro cach oc lap khoi y ch cua tac nhan. ung hn, chung c nh ro bi oi tng va bi oi tng, chnh xac co ngha la ieu ma tac nhan chon la, ngha la, hanh vi c lam hay bo qua va hau qua sat gan c bao hieu trong khi chon la lam hanh vi nay48. Do vay, v du nh c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II, trong Thong iepHoa Giai va Sam Hoi (Reconciliatio et Poenitentia), a e cap en mot hoc thuyet, da tren Thap Gii va tren giao thuyet cua Cu c va c tham nhuan trong li rao giang tien khi cua cac Tong o va 154

thuoc ve giao huan tien khi cua Giao Hoi va Giao Hoi a tai khang nh cach kien tr cho mai en ngay nay. Hoc thuyet g vay ? Hoc thuyet chu trng rang co nhng hanh vi t than va trong chnh no, tach ri khoi hoan canh, chung luon luon sai lam nghiem trong do oi tng cua chung49. Truyen thong Cong giao phe chuan nhng quy tac luan ly tuyet oi nay cho rang nhng chuan mc nay khong co lien quan en nhng hanh vi theo hnh thc t nhien nhng ung hn co lien quan en nhng hanh vi nay theo hnh thc luan ly cua chung 50 . Mo thc hay tnh kha tri cua nhng hanh vi nh the ban chat chung la nhng s kien the ly hay chat the nen khong tach biet ra khoi s hieu biet va 1y ch cua tac nhan, nhng tach biet khoi nhng oi tng c chung chon la cach kha tri 51. Hn na, trong truyen thong nay, trc tiep khong co ngha ch la s trc tiep mang tnh nguyen nhan, chat hay thai o ng x, nhng ung hn la viec y muon chap thuan ieu c dung nh muc ch hoac phng tien52. V du cung mot hanh vi rat the ly hay rat chat the (hnh thc t nhien cua mot hanh vi), ay la, quan he gii tnh do oi tng cua hanh vi c chon la cach kha tri co the la mot hanh vi v chong, la ieu tot trong loai luan ly cua no, hoac la mot hanh vi loan luan, ngoai tnh hay thong dam ma het thay nhng hanh vi nay la xau theo hnh thc luan ly cua chung53. Sau nay toi se tr lai chu e nay. Toi ghi chu ay, luc bat au anh gia phe bnh t tng cua phai xet lai, chng to s khac biet ln lao the nao gia ng loi ma t tng Cong giao truyen thong a gia thch nhng chuan mc ngoai le, hay quy tac luan 155

ly tuyet oi la chu e chung ta tm hieu vi ng loi ma nhng nha than hoc xet lai giai thch chung. Bay gi, toi tiep tuc cuoc tham tra ve nhng loi lap luan chnh do nhng nha xet lai a ra e ung ho viec ho t choi quy tac luan ly tuyet oi. a) Nguyen ly u tien hay nguyen ly ieu tot can xng Theo nhng nha than hoc xet lai, nguyen ly luan ly can ban (hng dan chung ta ca trong viec thiet lap nhng chuan mc chat the, rot cuoc la nhng ng loi ch ao hu ch co gia tr cho phan ln cac trng hp lan viec xac nh khi nao th co nhng ngoai le oi vi nhng chuan mc nay) chnh la nguyen ly u tien hay nguyen ly ieu tot can xng. Nguyen ly nay oan chac rang phan quyet luan ly qua viec anh gia co tnh so sanh gia nhng ieu tot hay xau phi luan ly do nhng kha nang la chon khac nhau ha hen, va kha nang chon la ha hen s can bang ln hn hay s can xng cua ieu tot phi luan ly vt tren ieu xau phi luan ly la mot kha nang phai c chon la v no la hanh ong ung hay loai hanh ong ung ve mat luan ly. Nguyen ly nay bien ho cho y hng chu y lam mot ieu xau phi luan ly v li ch cua mot ieu tot phi luan ly ln hn cach can xng. Mot so nha than hoc xet lai nh Josef Fuchs va Peter Knauer tuyen bo rang trong bat ky y ngha luan ly thch ang nao, ngi ta khong co y nh lam ieu xau khi ng s chon la lam ieu xau ch nh mot muc ch can xng vi mot ieu tot hn. Nhng hau het cac nha than hoc xet lai thang than tha nhan rang nguyen ly u 156

tien cung cap am bao luan ly cho y nh trc tiep lam ieu xau khi ieu nay c thc hien v li ch cua mot ieu tot ln hn. Trong thc te, nh chung ta a thay, Schiiller va Mc. Cormick bac bo cho la khong co bat ky s khac biet thch ang nao ve luan ly gia mot y muon ch cho phep ieu xau va mot y muon co y nh lam ieu xau cach chu y hay trc tiep va ho xem viec san sang cach co y d nh mot ieu xau t hn v li ch cua mot ieu tot cao hn trong chng mc ieu nay bieu hien mot tnh yeu ln hn oi vi ieu tot la mot net ang khen54. Nhieu nha than hoc xet lai dng nh xem nguyen ly ieu tot can xng hien nhien la ung. Theo nguyen ly nay chung ta chon la kha nang ha hen mc can bang cua ieu tot th ln hn ieu xau. Ho noi neu nguyen ly nay khong ung, luc o dng nh ieu phi ly se la chung ta phai chon la kha nang ha hen mc can xng cua ieu xau vt tren ieu tot. Do vay Mc. Cormick phat bieu nguyen ly u tien cach phu nh e chng to cach no c s dung trong nhng tnh huong mau thuan ma trong o ieu xau la ket qua khong the tranh khoi, bat ke ngi ta chon la lam ieu g. Ong at van e theo cach nay : Neu chung ta c hng dan bi Ordo bonorum th quy pham cua ly tr ngi Kito hu la chon la ieu t xau hn. Dng nh li phat bieu tong quat nay vt qua cuoc tranh luan, v kha nang chon la duy nhat la trong nhng tnh huong mau thuan chung ta nen chon ieu xau ln hn, th ro rang laphi ly. Mac dau nguyen ly u tien luc khi au co mot ve hp ly nao o, nhng xem xet ky hn chung ta thay ve hp ly nay do y ngha 157

map m cua t tot. Ngi ngay thang ve mat ao c cach t nhien muon lam ieu tot hn, theo ngha no la ieu tot ve luan ly. Nhng nguyen ly cua nha than hoc xet lai cho rang co the xac nh, trc khi chon la trong so nhieu kha nang chon la khac la ieu tot ve luan ly, bang cach can nhac, o lng hay so sanh, mot mc o nao o, nhng ieu tot va nhng ieu xau phi luan ly khac nhau trong nhng la chon khac nhau nay. Van e khong the vt qua c ay, nh Germain Grisez, John Finis va Joseph Boyle a chng to56, la khong the co s anh gia ro rang hay thuan nhat theo o nhng ieu thien ang c ban en (nh chnh s song cua con ngi, sc khoe, nhan thc chan ly, cam thc cai ep, tnh ban) co the c so sanh vi nhau hay theo o ma nhng trng hp rieng cua nhng ieu thien nay (v du : cuoc song cua Mary Smith va cuoc song cua Peter Jones) co the c can nhac, anh gia hay so sanh. Mac dau khong ieu nao trong nhng ieu thien nay la tuyet oi ch co Thien Chua, The Summum Bonum la tuyet oi nhng thc s moi ieu la mot ieu tot vo gia va nh vay la mot ieu tot cao qu, vo gia, la mot ieu tot tham d vao ieu tot khong the tnh toan c cua con ngi. No lc nham so sanh chung, nham xac nh bang moi cach xem ieu thien nao ln hn, giong nh so sanh so 87 vi chieu dai cua trang sach nay, ngi ta khong the lam cach n gian. Nh vay ngi ta co the lam vay neu chung co the rut gon c thanh mot mau so chung nao o nh ngi ta co the so sanh so 87 vi chieu dai trang sach nay neu ngi ta so sanh nhng hang muc nay bang mot mau so chung nh la centimeters, inches, hay feet, la nhng he thong chia o c chap 158

nhan khong do viec kham pha ra chan ly ve nhng thc tai nay, nhng nh mot hanh vi tuy tien cua y ch. The nhng nhng ieu tot trong la chon luan ly th khong the rut gon thanh mot vai mau so chung. n gian chung la nhng ieu tot khac han va khong the so sanh c cua con ngi. Do vay, ieu gia nh trc ma tren o nguyen ly c cho la u tien da vao la sai lam : ngi ta khong the xac nh, trc khi chon la, kha nang la chon nao ro rang se la ieu tot ln hn. Ngi ta khong the xac nh, cach phi tuy tien, nhng ieu tot nao cua con ngi la ln hn hay nho hn. Tat ca chung la ieu thien khong the so sanh, la nhng kha canh khong the gian lc c cua viec trien n con ngi 57. Va cung ung oi vi nhng ieu tot can ban cua con ngi trong trng hp ca nhan. Ai co the oan xet s song cua Janes Smith tot hn s song cua John Jones? Tren thc te, hau het nhng nha than hoc xet lai a pht l cach n gian s phe bnh nay va ho tiep tuc noi rang trong viec thc hien nhng phan oan luan ly, nhng ieu tot va ieu xau le thuoc vao nhng kha nang chon la co san, chung co the so sanh c vi nhau. Nhng ngi theo phai xet lai tm cach tra li ieu phi bac o, nhng ho a khong lam c cach thoa ang. Chang han Mc. Cormick khi b bi s phe bnh nay thuc ep, ong a tha nhan rang, theo ung ngha, th khong the so sanh nhng ieu tot thuoc nhng loai khac nhau theo kieu ieu nay khong lai ieu kia. V the hien nay ong noi : Trong khi nhng ieu tot c ban khong the so sanh c vi nhau (ieu nay chong lai ieu kia), th ro rang chung lai lien ket vi nhau. Roi ong qua quyet rang qua 159

viec xem xet nhng ieu tot nay trong moi giay lien ket hoac gan bo gia chung vi nhau, ngi ta co the so sanh chung va phan quyet rang viec can nhac chon la huy bo trng hp mot ieu tot trong nhng hoan canh hien tai se khong lam giam i s ton trong oi vi ieu tot lien he ngay ay va luc nay 58. Tuy nhien, trong thc te cau tra li cua Mc. Cormick chang tra li chi het. Chung quy co the noi rang dau khong co cach thc nao bo buoc e so sanh nhng ieu tot, nhng cach nao o chung ta cung thc hien c ieu o nh s lien he hay noi ket chung lai. Chnh Mc Cormick cung tha nhan nh vay, v ong noi ve viec anh gia ieu tot hn nh mot d oan than trong va noi en viec so sanh trong s hai va run s qua viec chap nhan he thong th bac. 59. Khi noi ieu nay ong tha nhan rang s so sanh, do nguyen ly u tien oi hoi, c hoan tat bang mot hanh chon la. Nhng nguyen ly a c e ngh e ta co the xac nh, trc khi chon la, kha nang chon la nao la tot hay xau ve mat luan ly qua viec so sanh gia nhng ieu tot va xau trong nhng kha nang chon la nay. The la Mc. Cormick noi rang e so sanh gia nhng ieu tot hau co the phan oan xem kha nang chon la nao ha hen s can xng ln hn cua ieu tot tren ieu xau, th trc het ta phai chap nhan mot he thong th bac nhng ieu tot va phai d oan than trong. n gian cach tra li tren se khong hoac khong at no oi dien cach trung thc vi y kien phe bnh cho rang nhng ieu tot c ban en n thuan la khong the so sanh c theo cung cach ma thuyet Duy can xng oi hoi 60. 160

Garth Hallet cho rang co the so sanh gia cac ieu tot v ngi ta co the noi nhng net ac trng hap dan nhan thc c cua nhng kha nang chon la khac nhau trong khi chon la, chung co t nhieu gia tr khong thay oi khi ngi ta chuyen t net ac trng nay sang net ac trng khac. Khi so sanh nhng ieu tot theo kieu nay, ong vien le cho rang ngi ta co the kham pha ra kha nang chon la ha hen ieu tot ln hn. V no se co moi gia tr c bat c mot kha nang chon la nao khac ha hen va con hn the na 61. Nhng cau tra li tren khong c mach lac. Nh John Finnis ghi nhan : oi vi mot tac nhan co suy tnh, neu mot la chon dng nh a ra tat ca nhng ieu ma nhng kha nang chon la khac a ra va con a hn the na, th nhng kha nang chon la co y ngha ve mat luan ly trong nhng tnh huong ma nhng kha nang chon la hng en s la chon X chung khong co g hap dan co the nhan thc c, va ay la cai la chon X khong co, va la chon X co moi th ma nhng kha nang chon la khac co va hn the na 62. Hai triet gia la Ribert Mc. Kim va Peter Simpso (theo mc o toi biet th ho khong phai la nhng ngi theo t tng cua phai xet lai) a lap luan rang : tren nen tang cua nguyen ly u tien, ngi o van con co the chon la mot kha nang chon la b nguyen ly nay loai tr, co le ho lam ieu o v tnh ch ky ma thoi. S phi bac cua ho bo qua iem co tnh vo luan khac. Nguyen ly nay cung khong phai la mot co gang vo ch nham nhan ra s chon la ung ve mat luan ly sau khi ngi ta nhan dien nhng kha nang 161

chon la khac la ch ky. Muc ch cua nguyen ly nay phai oi dien o la nguye n ly nay co the thanh cong khi lam nh the ngi ta e ngh loai tr s la chon khong the chap nhan c ve mat luan ly, va s la chon o bien mat, v chi co mot kha nang chon la c e lai, kha nang nay co net hap dan co the nhan thc c. Ta co the thc hien mot chon la vo luan khong ch v ta co the theo cam tnh chong lai ly tr, nhng con v nhng ieu tot co the nhan thc c nhng chon la co san ha hen, chung n thuan khong the so sanh c hay co the gian lc vao mot mau so chung nao o. Nhng viec chon la vo luan c thc hien nham theo uoi nhng ieu tot co the nhan thc c, chung vo ly (unreasonable), nhng khong phi ly tr (irrational). Trong no lc ung ho nguyen ly u tien, nh chung ta a thay, Schuller va Mc Cormick cho rang mot ngi co y nh muon lam mot ieu xau phi luan ly nho hn e co uc mot ieu tot phi luan ly ln hn, ngi o san lkong hn hay co tnh yeu oi vi ieu tot ay la mot net tnh tnh ang kham phuc hn ngi t choi lam ieu xau o. Nhng nh Finnis ghi nhan, oi hoi nay bao ham viec x dung map m t ng c muon (willing). Schuller va Mc. Cormick dung t nay e ch nhng thai o mang tnh cam xuc hn la nhng chon la tr tue. Nhng nh Finnis nhan xet : theo mc o rong ln, i song luan ly la mot au tranh e hp nhat nhng cam xuc, tha o, c muon va khong c muon lai vi nhng dan than mang tnh tr tueva nhng chon la 64. Theo cach hieu cua Schuller va Mc Cormick ve t ng s c muon, dng nh cach hieu nay nh sau : mot quoc gia, b quan thu tan 162

bao e doa, neu quoc gia nay hanh quyet con cai cua ke thu nham ngan can ke thu thc hien nhng bat cong a d tnh, th quoc gia nay co tnh yeu va c muon lam ieu tot ln hn la neu ho t bao ve bang cach tan cong ke thu nhng khong muon gi con cai cua ke thu lam con tin va ho a hanh quyet chung. Thanh Toma More noi mot ngi muon noi dt khoat vi van kien neu ra van e c tin rang ong khong tuan gi e c song, cham soc v va gia nh va hanh ong cao qu, ngi o co tnh yeu oi vi ieu tot ln hn la ngi khong muon lam nh the. Nhng th du nh the (va nhng th du khac co the neu) cho thay s sai lac cua luan e do Schuller va Mc Cormick khi xng, nhng luan e nay map m trong viec x dung t ng c muon (willing). Bartholomew Kiely a ra mot lap luan khac chong lai nguyen ly u tien, ong nhan manh rang nguyen ly nay a khong xem xet cach nghiem tuc u nhng hau qua phan tnh hay noi tai cua hanh vi nhan linh nh la nhng chon la t quyet 65. Nh Kiely ghi nhan. Chung ta lam cho mnh thanh nhng ngi ma chung ta hien nay ang la qua nhng hanh ong chung ta chon thc hien cach t do. Khi chon lam ieu xau, ngay ca v muc ch co c ieu tot nao o c cho la ln hn, chung ta a bien mnh thanh nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi. Nhng ly do c a ra ay u to cho thay nhng nguyen ly c cho la u tien phai c loai bo, va nhng ly luan ma nguyen ly nay a ra e loai tr chan ly cua nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi cung phai b loai tr. 163

b) Ban chat cua hanh vi nhan linh nh mot tong the


Nhng ngi theo phai xet lai cho rang ta khong the phan quyet mot hanh vi la tot hoac xau ve mat luan ly hay khong, tr phi ta xem xet hanh vi nay trong tong the cua no nhng bi v ta khong the lam nh vay, nen tiep theo o la khong the co nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi trong chng mc nh vay, nen tiep theo o la khong the co nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi trong chng mc ma nhng qui tac tuyet oi nay tuy tien tach ac tnh chat the hay the ly cua mot hanh vi ra khoi tong the con ngi cua hanh vi o, va khong co qui chieu en muc ch hay y hng cua tac nhan. Nh toi a tng cho thay rang oi hoi tren da tren nhng mieu ta co nh kien ve nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi. V nh ta a thay, nhng than hoc gia benh vc cho chan ly cua nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi ho khong phai la khong biet en muc ch, hay y hng cua tac nhan; ung hn ho nhan manh en ca hai muc ch : muc ch xa hay toi hau va muc ch gan trong hanh ong cua tac nhan ngha la ca hai muc ch ma cong viec c thc hien va cong viec chu y chon la nh mot phng the nham ti muc ch o la v tac nhan o phai c tnh en. Thc s mot hanh vi phai tot trong tong the tnh cua no neu no tot ve mat luan ly (bonum ex integra causa). Nhng se khong ung khi cho rang ta khong the phan quyet mot hanh vi a ra la xau ve mat luan ly neu khong tnh en moi yeu to cua no, bi v b h hong ve mat luan ly neu khong tnh en moi yeu to cua no, bi v neu ta biet rang bat c mot yeu to nao cua no 164

la xau la ta biet rang toan bo hanh vi o b h hong ve mat luan ly (malum ex quocumque defectu). Do o ngi ta biet nhng hanh vi nhan linh la xau nh oi tng cua chung (ngha la van e chnh nhan thc c ma y muon cua tac nhan co lien quan nh nhng phng the c chon la e nham ti mot muc ch toi hau nao o), nhng hanh vi nay van xau ve mat luan ly ngay ca khi nhng hoan canh trong o nhng hanh vi nay c chon la hay muc ch c ngi ta chap nhan nh nhng phng the, chung tot i na. Trong lap luan da vao tnh tong the cua hanh vi nhan linh, nhng ngi theo trng phai xet lai nham en muc ch xa hay toi hau hoac y hng xa cua tac nhan ngha la tren ieu tot ma tac nhan hy vong thc hien khi chon la lam mot ieu ngay ay va bay gi hay tren ieu xau ma tac nhan hy vong tranh c khi chon la lam ieu X ngay ay va bay gi. Nhng ho that bai khong nam vng cach nghiem tuc tham ch khong biet y ngha luan ly cua ieu X c chon la, v no la muc ch gan cua hanh vi c muon hay y hng hien tai nh hng con ngi luan ly cua tac nhan. Cho nen nhng ngi theo trng phai xet lai i en viec mieu ta lai hanh vi nhan linh theo thuat ng nhng ket qua c mong ch. Nh ta a thay ho mo ta mot loat nhng hanh vi v chong nga thai khong phai la nhng hanh vi nga thai nhng la hanh vi n le co vu tnh yeu co trach nhiem oi vi kha nang sinh san quang ai. Tng t ho mo ta viec chon la viec nga thai triet san nh mot hanh vi on nh hon nhan. Lam nh the giong nh dien ta mot hanh vi tham o c thc hien nham co tien xay dng cong vien cho tre em nh viec kiem 165

tien cho cong vien tre em. Viec nay che ay hn la to lo cho thay ieu ngi ta ang lam 67 . Lap luan ung ho viec choi bo nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi da tren tnh tong the hay tnh toan bo cua hanh vi nhan linh la mot lap luan sai lac. Trc het moi s, no a quen khong nhn nhan rang dau ngi ta khong the noi dt khoat mot hanh vi nhan linh neu tren la xau ve mat luan ly ngay khi ngi ta biet bat c yeu to nao trong nhng yeu to cua hanh vi o la xau ve mat luan ly. Ke en lap luan nay mo ta lai cach sai lac nhng hanh ong theo thuat ng nhng ket qua thay trc c cua chung, va khi lam nh the lap luan nay khong bieu lo ra c va oi luc con che dau i ieu ma tac nhan luan ly trong thc te a chon la va hanh ong. c) Tnh lch s cua cuoc song con ngi va nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi Hoc tuyet chnh cua nhng than hoc gia xet lai o la chung ta i en viec nhan biet "chuan mc chat the" mot cach qui nap nh no lc cong tac cua nhng ngi song trong nhng cong oan, ho cung nhau suy t ve kinh nghiem chung cua con ngi. V vay kinh nghiem nh the khong co gii han va ang dien ra, nhng nha than hoc nay noi ieu o dan en viec chung ta khong bao gi co the loai tr kha nang kinh nghiem trong tng lai, hien nay van cha hnh dung c, ac van e luan ly vao mot khung qui chieu mi oi hoi phai xet lai chuan mc, a thanh cong thc, nhng a khong tnh en nhng kinh nghiem nh the 68. 166

Vay khong con nghi ng g chuyen luan ly mot cach nao o lien quan en thc tai xa hoi va lch s mang tnh bat tat. V the xa hoi cung nh ca nhan thc hien nhng chon la va phat sinh va gii han tnh hu trach luan ly, nhng kha nang chon la mi tr thanh kha dung nh nhng xa hoi va nen ky thuat phat trien, nhng phan quyet xac thc hn thng dan en nhng s hieu biet sau sac mi ve tnh hu trach luan ly; nhng phan quyet luan ly thng b ong khung bi nhng thanh kien van hoa va c nhng ieu kien thay oi m rong ra. 69. Nhng t o khong xay ra viec moi chuan mc luan ly ac thu eu co lien quan en thc tai xa hoi va lch s ang oi thay. Chnh nhng nha than hoc theo trng phai xet lai cung kiem cach tranh thuyet duy tng oi lch s va van hoa tan can bang cach nai en tieu chuan "sieu nghiem" cua mot "nen nhan ban hoa tien tien vng chac" hay nai en viec t hien thc hoa cua con ngi va xa hoi ni ngi ta song 70. Nhng nh Germain Grisez trong so nhng nha than hoc khac ghi nhan rang tieu chuan m ho nay thieu noi dung can xac nh ieu g c ke hay khong ke la yeu to quyet nh ve mat luan ly khi ngi ta lap ay toan bo thc te cu the cua con ngi trong xa hoi va the gii cua ho vao khai niem chnh thc ve viec con ngi trong xa hoi va the gii cua ho vao khai niem ch nh thc ve viec con ngi t hien thc hoa (hay nhan ban hoa). Khong con nghi ng g na yeu sach oi hoi ac iem cua kinh nghiem con ngi khong gii han va ang tiep dien loai bo viec co the co nhng chuan mc luan ly 167

ac thu ch thc lau ben, yeu sach nay c xac minh qua viec qui chieu en nhng chuan mc luan ly nao o khong phai het moi chuan mc luan ly cuoi cung eu tuyet oi ca. Yeu sac h nay cho la mot hanh ong ch co the c anh gia ve mat luan ly nh mot tong the oi vi muc tieu nhan dien thai o ng x co vu cho viec con ngi t hien thc hoa va t phat trien 72 , hoac thai o ng x nay se khong mau thuan hay choi bo muc tieu tot lanh cua rieng mnh73. Nhng nh ta a thay trong phan thao luan ve tnh toan bo hay tnh tong the cua hanh vi nhan linh, gia thiet nay n thuan khong co thc . Mot khi mot hanh ong c ta nhan biet ch thc la mot hanh vi cng dam, ngi ta khong can hoan lai phan quyet ve tnh luan ly cua hanh vi nay cho ti khi ngi ta biet c ly do tai sao ngi cng dam chon la lam ieu o, lam ieu o au, hanh vi o xay trong the ky hay thien nien ky nao, va v.v. Da tren nen tang nhng nguyen tac luan ly thch ang, ngi ta co the cung luc tuyen bo rang ay n thuan la mot loai hanh vi ma mot con ngi ngay chnh la ngi co tam long hng ve ieu tot hoan thien cua con ngi khong nen t do chon lam ieu o. Nhng than hoc gia theo trng phai xet lai oi hoi nhng chuan mc luan ly ac thu phai c at nen tang tren ban chat cu the cua con ngi, la ieu le thuoc vao s thay oi tan can, oi nghch lai vi ban chat sieu nghiem cua con ngi, nhng chuan mc chnh thc c cac nha than hoc xet lai nhn nhan la tuyet oi at nen tang tren ban chat sieu nghiem cua con ngi. Ho cho rang khong co mot chuan mc luan ly ac thu nao at nen tang tren ban chat 168

cu the cua con ngi co the chan thc cach pho quat va khong the ao ngc c 74 . Nhng nhng than hoc gia xet lai khong giai thch c cach ro rang ban chat cu the oi nghch lai ban chat sieu nghiem cua con ngi muon noi g ? Ho a khong ch cho thay c lam the nao nhng ieu tot can ban cua con ngi nh chnh s song, s nhan biet chan ly, tnh ban va v.v phai ngng khong con la ieu tot va thien hao oi vi con ngi, ho cung khong giai thch c lam the nao oi hoi cua ho ve s thay oi tan can trong ban tnh con ngi co the tng hp c vi tnh n nhat cua nhan loai va s lien i cua chung ta vi c Kito. Ho that bai khong ch cho thay c lam the nao oi hoi nay co the hai hoa c vi chan ly nen tang cua c tin Kito giao th du nh moi ngico cung mot ban tnh va nguon goc 75, mot ban tnh chung 76, co cung mot n goi va nh menh, va v the ho bnh ang ca trong ban tnh lan n goi sieu nhien, ho co the lam cong dan cua dan Chua bat chap cung toc, ni chon hoac thi gian 77. V the viec choi bo nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi, da tren oi hoi vien le cho rang co thay oi tan can trong ban tnh cu the cua con ngi do tnh lch s cua con ngi, n thuan khong the chong c. Vi nhng ly le neu tren trong phan nay toi tin rang nhng tan cong cua trng phai xet lai oi vi chan ly cuanhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi c ngi ta cho thay chung at nen tang tren nhng lap luan khiem khuyet nghiem trong. Nhng ngi theo trng phai xet lai that bai trongkhi ung ho viec choi bo nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi bi nhng lap luan cua ho, o la ieu hien nhien, v co nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi. 169

Dau sao trc khi trnh bay viec bien ho cho chan ly cua nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi, ta can xem xet lap trng cua nhng triet gia va than hoc gia loai bo phng phap xet lai hay duy can xng trong viec a ra nhng phan quyet luan ly, tuy nhien ho ngh rang oi khi s can oi o co the bien mnh cho s la chon mot hanh vi b coi la xau v ly do oi tng cua no 78. Nhng nha luan ly nay nhan manh s kien nhng chuan mc loai tr nhng hanh vi nh the la pho quat, tong khi o hanh vi ma ngi ta chon la lai tuyet oi mang tnh ca nhan, oc nhat va khong the lap lai. Ho ngh mot ngi can than khong phai ch xem xet nhng chuan mc pho quat, nhng con xem xet ca nhng net ac trng hien sinh va oc nhat la ac iem cua mot hanh vi ca biet ngay tai ay va bay gi. Ho tin rang khi mot ngi can trong ngha la mot ngi nhan c tnh en nhng net ac trng oc nhat va khong the lap lai c, ho i en phan quyet rang ngay tai ay va bay gi, trong nhng hoan canh ca biet, mot hanh vi thong minh thng b cho la vo luan v oi tng cua no, co the c bien minh. Can ghi nhan lap trng cua nhng nha luan ly loai bo ly luan luan ly do cac nha than hoc xet lai dung e bien minh cho viec choi bo nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi, gap kho khan chu yeu o la lap trng nay a quan niem khong ung ve y ngha cua s than trong nh mot nhan c va ve y ngha theo o mot hanh vi nhan linh ca biet qua thc la oc nhat va khong the lap lai c. Thc vay nhan c than trong cho con ngi co kha nang xac nh nhng tnh huong trong o thc s co nhng luat tr oi vi nhng chuan mc luan ly. Nh c ghi nhan 170

cach ro rang, khong phai tat ca moi chuan mc luan ly eu la tuyet oi. Th du, chuan mc oi buoc ta phai gi li ha va tra lai vat ta a mn cho s hu chu th khong tuyet oi, va ngi than trong, va ngi nhan c la ngi co the xac nh nhng tnh huong hien sinh trong o chuan mc loai nay khong rang buoc. Ho co kha nang phan quyet trong nhng hoan canh ca biet, nhng chuan mc loai nay khong bat buoc trong nhng chuan mc nhng nguyen tac luan ly cung dan en viec ho bien minh cho nhng luat tr ngay tai ay va bay gi cho ho. Tuy nhien, mot vai chuan mc luan ly tuyet oi, khong co luat tr, trong chng mc nhng loai hanh ong nay c chung nh ro la nhng hanh ong trong o ngi ta khong the khong co y nh lam ieu xau ngha la chon gay thiet hai, pha huy hay ngan can ieu thc s la ieu tot. V vay s than trong, la nhan c lam cho ngi ta san long chon la ung an nhng phng tien e hoan thanh ieu tot, khong bao gi bien minh cho viec la chon, lam ieu xau hay cho viec chon la thc hien e xuat gay thiet hai, pha huy hay can tr ieu thc s tot lanh. V nhng ly le neu tren trong phan nay, toi ket luan rang viec trng phai xet lai tan cong chan ly cua nhng qui tac tuyet oi a c ch cho thay no at nen tang tren lap luan khiem khuyet nghiem trong. Nhng ngi theo trng phai xet lai that bai trong viec ung ho viec choi bo nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi. Bay gii toi se trnh bay nhng ly do tch cc e ung ho chan ly cua nhng chuan mc cu the. 171

3. Bao ve chan ly nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi. Toi se bat au bao ve chan ly cua nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi bang viec suy t ngan gon ve y ngha cua hanh vi nhan linh nh s chon la t do, t tuyet. Nh ta va thay, mot trong nhng y kien phe bnh c a ra chong lai than hoc luan ly xet lai : o la nen than hoc nay a that bai khong xem xet cach nghiem tuc nhng hau qua phan tnh hay noi tai cua hanh vi nhan linh nh la s chon la t do va c tuyet. Nh ta a thay chng nhat. Trong khi lien he en s thc hien the ly, hanh vi nhan linh khong phai la s kien the ly chong qua trong the gii vat chat en roi i. Ngay cot loi cua no la s chon la t do, t quyet nam ben trong con ngi, em lai cho ho can tnh, va lam cho ho san sang chon la tng t nh the trong tng lai 79. Noi gon, chung ta lam cho mnh thanh loai ngi chung ta ang la trong va ngang qua nhng hanh ong ta t do chon thc hien. ieu quan trong can lu y o la nhieu than hoc gia xet lai cho rang thuat ng tot va xau qui chieu thc s en con ngi nh nhng hu the luan ly, trong khi o nhng thuat ng chnh xac dung e qui chieu en hanh vi nhan linh lai la ung hay sai. Ho coi nhng chuan mc sieu nghiem chnh yeu, ma ho nhn nhan la tuyet oi, nh nhng chuan mc dien ta pham chat, khuynh hng, thai o phai bieu th ac biet cua mot ngi tot ve mat luan ly. Ho ghi nhan nhng chuan mc nay khong lien he en hanh vi nhan linh, nhng ung hn chung lien he en hu the cua con ngi 80. Mat khac, nhng chuan mc c goi la chat the khong lien he en hu the cua con ngi nhng lien quan en viec ung hay sai 172

cua hanh vi nhan linh 81. Them vao o nhieu nha than hoc xet lai gi hnh thc nao o cua thuyet chon la c ban hayt do nen tang chung di chuyen s t quyet t nhng chon la t do nen tang tai trung tam hu the cua chung ta qua o nh ngi ta noi chung ta co thai o theo hay chong lai Thien Chua va nhng gia tr nhan ban nen tang. Qua viec thc hanh t do nen tang chung ta xac nh chnh mnh va lam cho mnh thanh nhng ngi ma chung ta hien ang la. Theo nhng than hoc gia nay, chung ta khong xac nh chnh mnh va khong lam cho mnh tr thanh nhng ngi ma chung ta hien ang la qua viec thc hanh hang ngay s la chon t do la cai g ma ho cho la co lien he en nhng hanh ong phan ngoai bien, cuoc song cua chung ta 82. Tham ch vai ngi con cho rang mot ngi co the oi luc t do chon la lam mot ieu ma ho tin rang vo luan cach nghiem trong th du nh an nam vi mot ngi xau; hay giet ngi vo toi ma khong co ly do can xng ma trong cot loi hu the cua mnh ho van con la nhng ngi tot ve mat luan ly bi v s la chon c ban cua ho van con theo Chua. Noi gon lai, oi vi nhng ngi xet lai, cong viec hang ngay chung ta chon e lam trong viec thc hanh s t do chon la minh bach theo tam nhn cua moi tng giao hang ngay no thuoc ve ac iem luan ly khac biet cach nen tang vi s chon la ma ta thc hien sau ben trong hu the cua mnh trong moi tng quan sieu nghiem vi Thien Chua. (mot cach ben ngoai, toi thieu theo y ngh cua vai nha than hoc xet lai, khong co y nhan thc lam nh the). 83. Nhng ngi theo phai xet lai van cho rang moi lien he cua ta vi Thien Chua, c thiet lap nh viec thc hanh s chon la c 173

ban, trc tiep lien he en n cu o cua ta. Ho tha nhan nhng chon la t do hang ngay, minh bach co lien he ti n cu o, nhng ch la gian tiep, trong mc o nhieu hanh vi chon la t do cua ta cuoi cung phai hoi nhap vi s chon la c ban va a s chon la c ban nay en s trng thanh 84. Nhng truyen thong Cong giao khang nh y ngha cu o (hay ket an) cua cong viec ta lam hang ngay o la nhng chon la t do ta thc hien moi ngay. Cong ong Vaticano II khang nh rang ta se tm thay nhng thanh qua tot cua ban tnh con ngi va nhng cong viec ta nuoi dng tai ay tren mat at nay, chung se c hoan thien tren tri 85 . Tan c day chung ta rang n cu o bao gom moi ieu thien hao cua con ngi va ca chnh vu tru na (x. Rm 8, 21; 1 Cr 3, 22 23; Eph 1, 10), va Giao hoi tuyen bo rang nhng trat t thieng lieng va tran the dau phan biet nhau nhng lai lien ket tham sau trong chng trnh cua Thien Chua va trong c Kito Thien Chua muon thau tom toan the vu tru trong cuoc tao thanh mi khi au tai ay va bay gi tren mat at va c vien man vao ngay tan the 86. Noi gon lai, s that nh ta a tng thay chng nhat, o la ta xac nh chnh mnh, hu the cua mnh nh nhng con ngi co tnh luan ly, trong va qua nhng hanh ong ta t do chon la thc hien moi ngay. Th du : khi toi chon hanh ong noi doi v toi co le ve mot chuyen nho va co le v toi hy vong lam nh the toi duy tr c ieu tot ln hn cho s hoa dieu trong gia nh, toi a lam cho chnh mnh tr thanh ten noi doi, san sang noi doi lan na tong nhng hoan canh tng t, cho en khi qua mot chon la khac, toi tr 174

nen hoi han. Ngay tai cot loi cua hanh vi nhan linh la s chon la t do va t quyet. Tuy nhien neu hoan toan tr nen nhng hu the nh Thien Chua muon, chung ta phai co nhng chon la luan ly tot. Ch co the co nhng chon la mot khi co nhng kha nang chon la, va cong viec cua chung ta la kham pha ra, trc khi chon la, nhng kha nang chon la nao la tot hay xau ve mat luan ly. V the nhng chuan mc luan ly la nhng chan ly c dung e hng dan ta trong viec chon la. Nhng ngi theo trng phai xet lai cho rang chuan mc luan ly c ban hay nguyen tac luan ly au tien la nguyen ly u tien, hay nguyen ly ieu tot can xng. Theo nguyen ly nay, qua viec chon la ta chap nhan kha nang chon la ha hen s can xng ln hn cua ieu tot phi luan ly tren ieu xau phi luan ly. Bay gi ta xem xet ac iem sai lac cua nguyen ly va neu. Trong chng hai, theo s hng dan cua Thanh Toma va Cong ong Vat II, cung vi Grisez va nhng ngi khac, toi e ngh mot chuan mc luan ly c ban khac, hay nguyen tac luan ly au tien. ay toi muon tom lc ngan gon ieu a noi trong chng hai. Theo Thanh Toma, nguyen tac luan ly au tien o la viec chon la cua ta phu hp vi long men Chua yeu ngi 87. Cac ngh phu cua Cong ong Vat II day rang : e phuhp vi chng trnh va y muon cua Thien Chua, chuan mc cho hoat ong cua con ngi hai hoa vi ieu chan thien cua nhan loai, va cho phep ngi ta vi t cach ca nhan va la thanh vien cua xa hoi theo uoi va thc hien n goi toan dien cua mnh (GS. So 35). Nh Grisez 175

trnh bay, nguyen tac au tien cua luan ly c dien at nh sau : Khi chu y hanh ong v nhng thien ch cua con ngi va tranh nhng g oi nghch lai vi chung, ngi ta nen chon la va neu khong ch nen chon nhng kha nang san sang phu hp vi y muon thc hien s toan ven cua con ngi 88. Hoac noi cach khac, trong khi chon la, ta nen chon va ch nen chon nhng kha nang chon la san sang phu hp vi long yeu men oi vi moi thien ch cua con ngi, va cua nhng ngi ni ho nhng ieu thien ch nay von trien n. Nen mot ngi chon la phng the xau ve mat luan ly th khong knh men mon qua tot lanh cua Thien Chua va cung khong knh trong va yeu men nhng ngi ni ho mon qua nay von a hien hu. Ngi o chon la theo cung cach khong knh trong ieu thien ch nen tang cua con ngi va cung khong knh trong nhng ngi c thc s thien ch nay lam cho hoan thien va cao qu. Ngi ta co the nhan ra nguyen tac au tien cua luan ly qua nhng hnh thc khac nhau cua tnh hu trach, chung nhan dien nhng cach the ac thu qua o vi s chon la va hanh ong cua mnh, con ngi co the khong knh trong nhng ieu thien ch nay von ton tai. Trong so nhng hnh thc cua tnh hu trach nh a thay chng hai, co nhng hnh thc oi buoc ta khong c chon chap nhan nhng e xuat gay thiet hai, pha huy hay ngan can nhng ieu thien ch nay ni chnh chung ta hay ni ngi khac, du v thu nghch vi ieu thien ch (hnh thc th bay), hay v viec tiep tuc lam phat trien ieu tot ni chnh chung ta hay ni ngi khac ngan can ta tham gia bao mot ieu tot khac nao o ma ta tuy tien a thch (hnh thc th tam). T nhng hnh 176

thc bo buoc nay ta co the rut ra nhng chuan mc luan ly ac thu hn nh cam khong c chu y giet mang song ngi vo toi, khong c ngoai tnh, hay khong c thay the nhng ai ma s la chon i song hon nhan cua chung ta lam cho ho thanh ngi khong the thay the c. Noi gon lai, nhng hnh thc cua tnh hu trach la nen tang cho nhng chuan mc luan ly ac thu cam mot cach tat yeu nhng hanh ong trong o y ch cua ta coi long , con ngi cua ta thong qua viec lam ieu xau, co y nh gay thiet hai, pha huy, hay ngan can ieu thc s tot lanh. Nhng chuan mc nh the la tuyet oi, khong co luat tr, v chung bam chac ni nhng hnh thc cua tnh huu trach, ma en lt mnh, nhng hnh thc nay n gian cho ro cho thay nhng oi hoi luan ly cua nguyen tac au tien cua luan ly. Dau mang tnh chat tieu cc, nhng nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi cho phep con ngi the hng m en viec hoan toan tr nen nhng hu the ma ho c nham ti. Chung nhac nh ta rang mot vai loai chon la va hanh ong cua con ngi, du ap ng c nhng kha canh nao o cua thien ch con ngi, nhng lai lam cho ta thanh nhng ngi co coi long ong kn trc thien ch toan dien cua con ngi va trc nhng ngi ma nhng ieu thien ch ay von hien hu ni ho. n thuan ta khong the co coi long rong m va ap ng c nhng g thc s la tot neu , qua chon la va hanh ong, ta lai muon lam ieu xau ngha la thieu han y hng lam ieu tot ni nhng ngi ma nhng ieu tot nay von ton tai. Bi v n goi cua con ngi la yeu thng nh ho a va ang c Thien Chua yeu thng, trong c Kito, ta khong the noi qua quyet 177

ro rang tnh yeu oi buoc nhng g v ta phai kham pha ra nhng oi buoc cua tnh yeu trong no lc song e moi ngay c ln len trong long men Chua yeu ngi. Nhng nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi ch cho ta thay tnh yeu nao khong the co y ngha ang ke : no khong the co ngha la chung ta co y at y muon cua mnh chong lai qua tang tot lanh cua Thien Chua muon lam trien n ni con cai Ngai va ong kn coi long trc tha nhan. Moi mot qui tac luan ly tuyet oi ac thu ch thc keu goi moi ngi knh trong nhng ieu thien ch noi tai ni con ngi. Moi ngi trong s hiep nhat xac hon cua mnh (GS so 14), ch la nhng tao vat tran the c Thien Chua dng nen v chnh ho (GS so 24). Tuy nhien y nh cua Thien Chua oi phai knh trong con ngi v chnh ho, va ay la yeu to au tien cua long men Chua yeu ngi nh chnh mnh. S knh trong va ton knh nh nh the la oi hoi au tien cua pham gia than linh ma c Kito muon nang ban tnh con ngi len khi am nhan no (GS so 22). Moi qui tac luan ly tuyet oi loai tr moi chon la luan ly trong o qua viec chap nhan hay co gang at c oi tng minh bach cua s chon la, ngi ta hoa nhap cach tat yeu vao trong y ch va tnh cach cua mnh mot s vi pham nao o hay mot s thieu knh trong oi vi nhng ieu thien ch noi tai cua con ngi cua chnh mnh hay cua ngi khac. Nhng chon la phu hp vi nhng chuan mc luan ly nh the cho phep ta song xng ang vi n goi ma ta c keu goi ti. V chng to s knh trong oi vi con ngi, nen nhng chon la o cung cap nhng chat lieu cho viec xay dng nc Chua (GS so 38). 178

Du gap may man hay that bai nao i na, nhng chon la nay vun trong nhng ieu thien ch ca nhan cua con ngi (nhng ieu thien ch cua s that va s song, s thanh thiencong bnh, yeu thng, va hoa bnh) va cung vi nhng ieu thien ch nay tat nhien se tm gap lai chung khi Nc Chua hoan tat (GS so 39). giong nh s gan bo cua c Kito vi n goi cua Ngai oi dien vi s that bai, au kho, cai chet tran gian nay. Thc tai Nc Chua c xay dng cach huyen nhiem tai tran the, nhng khong bang vi s vien man thc tai tran the va se khong c hoan tat tr ra trong tri mi at mi (GS so 39). Thc tai nay la mot thc tai tng oi hoa moi chieu kch tran the ma ngi ta co the hy vong x dung nh tieu chuan e anh gia s can nhac gia tr cua nhng chon la co the co. V vay vien tng Nc Chua the cho cho moi pham vi co kha nang chon la ma da vao chung s vi pham pham gia con ngi co the xem nh can thiet, hoac ieu tot ln hn, hoac ieu xau nho hn. Trong thc te, nhng chuan mc giup nhan ra nhng vi pham ieu thien ch noi tai ni pham gia con ngi se giai thoat con ngi khoi s no le lnh vc thien v, chap va va ao tng, khoi s no le khat vong muon am nhan vai tro rieng biet cua Thien Chua trong s quan phong cua Ngai. Thay vao o nhng chuan mc nay e moi ngi sang tao n goi cua chnh mnh trong n goi toan dien en s thanh thien, rieng ch co s thanh thien mi tng xng vi mon qua va li ha cua than phan lam con Thien Chua va em lai cung nh phan anh vinh quang ch thc cua Thien Chua.

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Trong va qua nhng cong viec ta t do chon la lam, ta em lai cho chnh mnh ban than mnh mot can tnh la con ngi luan ly. Nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi nhac nh ta rang qua hanh ong t do chon la gay thiet hai, pha huy hay ngan can ieu tot thc s trong ta hay ni ngi khac cho du vi ong lc cao qu nhat i chang na chung ta cung lam cho mnh tr thanh ke lam ieu xau. Nhng con ngi c dng nen theo hnh anh Thien Chua Ba ngoi thanh thien, giong nh Ngai, ho phai tuyet oi trong sach khoi moi ieu ac. Thien Chua muon het sc va per seie, nh muc ch hay phng tien nhng g la tot lanh. Ngai cho phep ieu xau xay ra nhng Ngai khong chon lam ieu xau hay co y nh lam ieu xau 89. Cung vay, la con cai cua Ngai chung ta khong bao gi c t do chon lam ieu xau hay co y nh lam ieu xau. Nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi la nhng oi hoi cua chnh hu the chung ta vi t cach la nhng con ngi luan ly, co kha nang lam cho mnh thanh nhng ngi ma chung ta hien ang la, trong va qua nhng chon la ma ta t do thc hien trong moi ngay song cua mnh. Sach Giao ly cua Giao hoi Cong giao e cap en van e nhng hanh vi noi tai la xau va nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi trong phan noi ve i song luan ly Kito giao trnh bay giao huan hoan toan hai hoa vi nhng g c a ra trong chng nay. Phan trnh bay ngan goi giao huan cua sach Giao ly ve van e nay, xin coi chng VII cua sach nay trong o toi bao cao giao huan luan ly cua sach Giao ly.

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PHU TRNG I THANH TOMA & NHNG QUI TAC LUAN LY TUYET OI

chng hai, khi nghien cu t tng cua Thanh Toma ve luat t nhien, ta thay rang ngai khang nh chan ly cua nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi, hay nhng chuan mc ac thu cam vo ieu kien moi loai hanh vi nhan linh ro rang trai vi luat t nhien. Nh a thay ngai cho rang nh la nhng ket luan trc tiep va gan oi vi nhng nguyen tac chung au tien cua luat t nhien, nhng gii ran cua Thap gii la nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi. Ngay ca chnh Thien Chua cung khong the cho phep mien chuan 1. Ngay nay nhieu ngi theo phai xet lai trong o co Charles E. Curran, Louis Janssen, John Dedek, va Richard Gula 2 cho rang thanh Toma a khong khang nh chan ly cua nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi. Ho cho rang thanh nhan a hieu nhng gii ran cua thap gii la nhng chua73n mc chnh thc ie nhng chuan mc cam nhng hanh ong c mo ta bang nhng thuat ng anh gia theo luan ly nh giet ngi, giet ngi cach bat cong, an nam vi nhng ngi xau 3. Trong khi nhn nhan rang thanh Toma khang nh nhng nhng loai chuan mc sieu nghiem ma chnh ho cung chap nhan la tuyet oi nh nhng nguyen tac : ieu tot phai lam va thoe uoi, ieu xau phai tranh, ngi ta luon phai hanh ong phu hp vi ly tr ngay thang, th ho lai cho rang thanh nhan day nhng chuan mc phat sinh nh nhng chu y 181

giet ngi vo toi chang han ch ung mot phan ln ie, chung la nhng ieu khai quat hoa hu dung, nhg khong phai la nhng chuan mc luan ly ch thc cach pho quat 4. Them vao o mot vai ngi cho rang. V thanh Goma coi muc ch nh yeu to chnh thc e nhan dang tnh trang tot hay xau ve mat luan ly cua hanh vi nhan linh, ieu nay dan en viec theo Ngai mot hanh vi ngi ta thc s c muon va thc hien ro rang nham tm kiem muc ch tot, th hanh vi nay phai tot ve mat luan ly 5. Cuoi cung than hoc gia xet lai Janssens va Mc. Cormick cho rang oan trch t tac pham Quaestiones Quodlibetales cho thay ro rang thanh nhan tha nhan mot hanh vi, xet mot cach chat the, lien quan en tnh trang xau cua mot ieu xau phi luan ly, co the thanh chnh ang do nhng hoan canh trong o nhng ieu tot phi luan ly c thc hien lai co gia tr hn ieu xau phi luan ly lien he va lam cho hanh vi o thanh chnh ang va tot ve mat luan ly 6. Phai noi g ve nhng oi hoi tren cua nhng hoc gia xet lai ? Viec nam vng chnh xac t tng cua Thanh Toma, ac biet li day cua Ngai ve tnh tuyet oi cua nhng gii ran trong thap gii la ieu thiet yeu e nam vng viec ngai phan biet gia nhng hanh vi nhan linh c mieu ta theo loai t nhien cua chung va nhng hanh vi nhan linh c xem xet theo loai luan ly cua chung. Ch khi hieu s phan biet nay ngi ta mi co the anh gia viec ngai tra li cho phan bac noi rang viec giet ngi vo toi oi khi lai c phep ve mat luan ly trong chng mc nh Abraham, mot ngi cong chnh va tot lanh, a muon sat te a con vo toi cua mnh la Isaac. Theo thanh Toma, viec giet ngi vo toi, hanh quyet mot pham nhan 182

b ket an, giet ke tan cong mnh bang mot hanh vi t ve, xet theo loai t nhien, tat ca nhng hanh vi tren eu la nhng hanh vi giet ngi. Nhng chung lai khac nhau theo loai luan ly, trong chng mc viec giet ngi vo toi ch la hanh vi giet ngi theo ngha luan ly va t no xau ve mat luan ly (secundum se) 8, va i ngc lai vi gii ran cua Thap gii cam giet ngi, trong khi o viec giet ngi lien quan en viec hanh quyet pham nhan b ket an va t bao ve bang phng tien dung sc manh chong lai s tan cong vo c, la nhng kha canh khong hoan chnh cua nhng hanh ong tot ve mat luan ly, trong luan ly chung c xac nh ro bi oi tng cua viec chon la cua y ch nh nhng hanh vi cong bnh va t ve chnh ang ch khong phai la hanh vi giet ngi. Nen tang cua s phan biet nay la ro rang v mang tnh chat nhan linh hay luan ly ma nhng hanh vi nhan linh on nhan hnh thc khong phai t ban chat nhng t tr nang cua con ngi. Tr nang em lai hnh thai luan ly cho nhng hanh vi nay qua viec phan biet muc ch, oi tng, hoan canh. Thanh Toma nhan manh moi yeu to nay phai tot ve mat luan ly hay hoa hp vi nhng gii lenh cua luat t nhien neu toan bo hanh vi nhan linh phai tot 10. Ngai cho rang muc ch va oi tng la nhng nhan to au tien em lai cho hanh vi nhan linh nhng hnh thai luan ly trong chng mc chung la nhng thc tai au tien c tac nhan c muon. Muc ch ma ngi ta thc hien mot hanh vi v no, muc ch nay la nguon mach au tien cua nhng hnh thai luan ly cua hanh vi nhan linh, v con ngi, vi t cach la hu the co tr nang, hanh ong trc het v mot muc ch 11. Muc ch la 183

hnh thc pho quat hn (forma magis universalis) cua toan bo hanh vi nhan linh theo cung cung mot ngha ngi ta noi mot loai (genus) la hnh thc pho quat hn vi s knh trong nhng hnh thai khac cua no 12. Nhng oi tng cua hanh vi ben ngoai c y ch chon la hay hanh vi y ch. V ay la muc ch gan ma tac nhan hanh ong co y nh thc hien, no phai tot neu toan bo hanh vi nhan linh la tot. V vay th du mot ngi phai chon viec bo th cho ngi ngheo. ay la oi tng cua hanh vi y ch. Va viec bo th la ieu tot nao o. Nhng muc ch ma v o ngi ta chon viec bo th no cung phai tot giup ngi ngheo, lam vinh danh Thien Chua. Neu ngi nao bo th nham c khen ngi th hanh ong o b mat chat lng ve mat luan ly v muc ch nay. Nhng neu mot ngi muon giup ngi ngheo (muc ch tot) ho khong the chon phng tien xau (oi tng) e lam ieu o. V the hanh ong lam vi i noi au kho cua ngi ngheo bang viec bien thu tien bac hay buon ban chat ma tuy bat hp phap la ieu xau xa ve mat luan ly. Khi tam tr phan biet c nh the, ta nhan thay lap trng cua thanh Toma ve cac gii ran cua Thap gii la hoan toan minh bach. Ngai cho rang nhng gii ran nay la tuyet oi, khong co luat tr. Chung khong ch la nhng chuan mc hay iep luan chnh thc cam nhng hanh vi a c coi nh la bat chnh, nhng con la nhng chuan mc ac thu cam nhng loai hanh vi nhan linh c coi nh tuyet oi vo luan va chong lai luat t nhien. Nh nhng gii ran nay ngi ta nhan ra nhng oi tng luan ly cua hanh vi, va khi mo ta ngi ta nh loai nhng oi tng nay la giet ngi vo toi. giao hp vi ng khong phai la cua mnh (ie, ngi ban 184

i), lay nhng g thuoc ve ng khac 14 .Thanh Toma day rang nhng luat tr be ngoai oi vi nhng chuan mc nay thc s la nhng loai hanh vi nhan linh khac c oi tng hanh vi nhan linh khac c nhng oi tng khac cua viec ngi ta chon la ch ro. V the theo Thanh Toma, oi tng hanh vi cua Abraham, khi ong muon vang theo lenh truyen cuaa Thien Chua te sat c con mnh la isaac, khong phai la viec giet ngi vo toi, nhng la thc thi lenh truyen chnh ang cua Thien Chua. Lenh truyen cua Thien Chua thay oi tnh trang, khong phai bang viec co y bai bo oi hoi cua chuan mc cam giet ngi vo toi, nhng bang viec tao ieu kien qua o oi tng va do o nhng hnh tha luan ly cua hanh vi c Abraham chon la khong phai la giet ngi vo toi nhng la thi hanh s cong chnh cua Thien Chua 15. Tuy nhien Thanh Toma khang nh chan ly cua nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi, ngha la nhng gii luat cua luat t nhien cam nhng hanh vi c nh ro la xau ve mat luan ly v oi tng cua chung, ngha la van e chu yeu nhan thc c ma hanh vi c muon chon la co lien quan. Trong so nhng qui tac tuyet oi co nhng qui tac cam giet ngi vo toi, ngoai tnh, an trom va gian dam 16. V the khi cham tran vi quan iem cua nha chu giai tac pham Nochomachean Ethics cua Aristote ta c biet di cai ten nha bnh giai co xa, cho rang viec ngoai tnh (quan he tnh duc vi v cua ten oc tai trong trng hp nay) la co the c phep ve mat luan ly khi ngi ta lam chuyen o e cu quoc gia khoi canh oc tai, thanh Toma trc tiep tra li : khong c theo nha chu giai nh the; ngi ta 185

khong c pham toi ngoai tnh e kiem bat c mot ieu tot nao 17. Nh a ghi nhan, Janssens va Mc. Cormick nai en oan trong Questiones Quodlibetales e chng minh thanh Toma day rang ve mat luan ly la chnh ang neu ta muon mot ieu phi luan ly ln hn. Ho cho rang trong oan nay thanh nhan day trong vai trng hp ieu vo gia tr phi luan ly gan lien vi mot loai hanh vi nao o (nh giet ngi), 18. Nhng trong oan ma ho nai en, thanh Toma noi ro rang khi nhng trng hp lam cho hanh vi nen ngay chnh va nhng trng hp co the thay oi hnh thai luan ly cua mot hanh vi neu va ch neu chung i vao trong moi oi tng c la chon 19, ngi ta hoan toan bo i nhng roi loan hay meo mo cua hanh vi hn la gi no lai nh mot ieu xau phi luan ly : ieu nay khong con hien dien na en o ngi ta khong the vo hieu hoa no bang viec can nhac cac hoan canh 20. Noi cach khac, hanh vi khong co kem theo ieu xau phi luan ly oi trong vi ieu tot phi luan ln hn. Noi dung kha tri cua no la ieu c la chon la mot ieu g tot, ch khong xau. Ngai minh hoa ieu nay khi qui chieu en viec giet ngi trong luc t ve. Trong viec t ve chnh ang, oi tng cua viec chon khong phai la mot ieu g xau nhng la mot ieu g tot : viec bao ve chnh mang song cua mnh khoi cuoc tan cong vo c. Hanh vi ngi ta chon la khong phai la hanh vi giet ngi nhng la mot cuoc tan cong vo c. Hanh vi ngi ta chon la khong phai la hanh vi giet ngi, nhng la mot hanh vi c goi cach chnh xac va chnh ang la hanh vi t ve. Cai chet cua ke tan cong, cho du c thay trc, thc ra khong phai la ieu ngi ta bat tay vao lam : no khong phai la oi tng 186

c ngi ta chon la. ung hn no la ket qua khong the tranh c cua hanh vi t ve c ng ta chon la, nhng ay la hau qua khong c ngi ta c muon trc tiep va co chu y. Mot cach y ngha hn, trong mot oan van tng t, thanh Toma noi rang co mot so loai hanh vi nhan linh co tnh trang meo mo sat nhap bat kha phan ly vi chung, nh gian dam, ngoai tnh va nhng loai khac giong nh vay, ngi ta khong the thc hien chung mot cach luan ly c 21. Be ngoai, oan nay trong ban van vuot ra khoi s ghi nhan cua Janssens va Mc. Cormick, v ho khong trch dan no. Nhng ay lai la oan trong o than1h Toma khang nh ieu ma ho t choi : o la chan ly cua nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi va s xau noi tai cua mot vai loai hanh vi nhan linh c oi tng luan ly cua chung ch ro. Viec trnh bay di ay lam sang to ieu thanh Toma day ro, co nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi, bay chap nhng oi hoi cua nhng than hoc gia xet lai. T tng cua ngai co the c tom lc nh sau :

1. Ngai day rang co nhng hanh vi t no la xau theo loai cua chung (secundum se mala ex genere) ta khong bao gi c phep lam mot chut nao (nullo modo) trong tng hp nao ca (in nullo casu) e tm kiem mot ieu tot nao (pro nulla utilitate). Va ngai a ra nhng th du ve nhng hanh vi nh the bang nhng thuat ng trung lap ve luan ly : giet ngi vo toi 22, pham toi ngoai tnh nham lat o che o oc tai 23, noi doi 24. 2. Ngai day rang ben canh nhng gii luat khang nh (chung rang buoc canh chung, semper, nhng khong rang buoc cach pho quat,
187

ad semper), th con co nhng gii luat tieu cc, chung co gia tr va rang buoc luon luon va pho quat (semper et ad semper). Nh khong khi nao c an trom hay pham toi ngoai tnh 25.

3. Moi cho ngai eu bac bo lap luan toan


tnh giai quyet nhng trng hp xung ot bang viec nhan ra tnh trang s viec hay ket qua co the xem nh mot ieu xau nho hn (minus malum) la lam mot hanh vi t no la xau theo loai cua no (secundum se malum ex genere) 26.

4. Ngai day rang ay la chan ly mac


khai : khong c lam ieu xau e kiem ieu tot, cho du o la ieu tot cao nhat va ln nhat nh n cu o chang han 27.

5. Nh ta a thay, ngai day rang nhng gii ran cua thap gii ma phan ln mang tnh phu nh va luon rang buoc cach pho quat (semper et ad semper) neu c hieu cach chnh xac, chung khong chu bat c mot luat tr nao, ngay ca s mien chuan cua Chua 28.
Ket luan thc ro rang : thanh Toma khang nh nhan ly cua nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi.

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PHU TRNG II C GIAO HOANG GIOAN PHAOLO II & NHNG QUI TAC LUAN LY TUYET OI
Vao phan cuoi cua chng III trong thong iep Veritatis Splendor, trong khi nhac nh cac anh em Giam muc cua ngai ve trach nhiem muc t, ngai nhn nhan giao huan trnh bay chu e trung tam cua thong iep, giao huan c phat bieu lai vi uy quyen cua ang Ke v thanh Phero. ay la giao huan tai khang nh lai tnh pho quat va khong thay oi cua nhng gii ran luan ly, ac biet nhng gii ran luon luon cam, khong co luat tr, nhng hanh vi noi tai la xau(so 115). ay toi se trnh bay va chu giai giao huan cua Veritatis Splendor ve van e nhng hanh vi xau noi tai va tng ng vi chung la nhng chuan mc luan ly tuyet oi hay khong co luat tr. Toi lam nh the bang viec nghien cu giao huan cua c Gioan Phaolo II ve 1 ac iem luan ly cua hanh vi nhan linh 2. Tieu chuan anh gia nhng ieu tot xau ve mat luan ly va s that o la nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi khi loai tr nhng hanh vi xau noi tai, bao ve pham gia bat kha xam pham cua con ngi va ch ra con ng tien en s vien man trong c Kito 3. Khong cong nhan nhng ly thuyet ao c choi bo nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi va khai niem nhng hanh vi xau noi tai c truyen thong cong giao hieu. Toi se ket luan bang viec suy t ve tnh chat bat kha ngo cua Giao huan trong Veritatis Splendor. 189

Nhng trc khi xem xet giao huan cua ngai ve nhng hnh thai cua hanh vi nhan linh, nh a c ghi nhan chng nhat, ieu quan trong la ch cho thay c Gioan Phaolo II nhn nhan cach ro rang s t do chon la la nguyen ly hien sinh cua i song luan ly va hanh vi nhan linh ro rang trong mc o chung c chon la t do, em lai nh ngha luan ly cho chnh con ngi thc hien chung, chung xac nh dien mao thieng lieng tham sau cua ho. (Veritatis Splendor, so 71 va x. so 61). Tuy nhien ieu quan trong chu yeu la co the xac nh xem hanh ong c a ra co tot ve mat luan ly hay khong, trc khi ta t do chon la lam mot ieu g o. Ta can biet lam the nao nhng hanh vi nhan linh la tot ve mat luan ly va nhng tieu chuan e xac nh ac iem luan ly cua chung. 1. Viec nh loai luan ly nhng hanh vi nhan linh. c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II minh nhien quan tam en viec nh oat hanh vi nhan linh va tieu chuan tao nen s anh gia ieu tot hay xau luan ly cua hanh vi nhan linh trong phan 4 cua chng II cua thong iep Veritatis Splendor. Sau khi bac bo mot vai ly thuyet ao c ng thi ma ngai cho la nhng kieu cua thuyet Duy cu canh va hoan toan khong thoa ang (va toi se tr lai van e nay pha di), c Thanh Cha nhan manh tnh luan ly cua nhng hanh vi c tien le thuoc cach c ban vao oi tng c y ch chu tam chon la cach hp ly (so 78 vi qui chieu minh nhien en than1h Toma, Summa Theologiae I II, 18 6). Trong mot oan rat quan trong tom lc tuyet vi truyen thong Cong giao, c thanh Toma dien ta, c Gioan Phaolo II viet nh sau : e co the 190

nam vng c oi tng ong vai phan loai cho mot hanh vi ve mat luan phai at mnh vao trong vien tng cua con ngi hanh ong. Thc vay oi tng cua hanh vi c muon la mot loai hanh vi ng x a c la chon cach t do. Vi t cach phu hp vi menh lenh cua ly tr, oi tng ay la nguyen nhan mang lai s tot lanh cua y muon, no kien toan chung ta ve mat luan lyNh vay e e cap en oi tng cua mot hanh vi luan ly nhat nh, ngi ta khong the ngh ti mot tien trnh hay mot bien co ch thuoc cap trat vat ly ma thoi, e roi lng gia tuy theo no gay nen mot tnh trang s viec nhat nh trong the gii ben ngoai. oi tng ay la cung ch can ke cua mot chon la cho suy tnh anh dau hanh vi c muon cua con ngi hanh ong (so 78). Noi cach khac, oi tng cua hanh vi nhan linh la van e chnh ma hanh vi nhan linh co lien he ay la mot e ngh kha tri ngi ta co the chap nhan qua viec chon la va thc hien ben ngoai. Th du oi tng cua hanh vi ngoai tnh la an nam vi mot ngi nao o khong phai la ngi ban i cua mnh, hay vi ngi phoi ngau cua ngi khac. Ngoai tnh la nh the. Trong tr ma hieu oi tng cua hanh vi nhan linh nh the th de nam bat ket luan cua u7c Gioan Phaolo II, ngha la Can phai loai bo luan e ua cac ly thuyet duy cu canh va duy can xng theo o khong the da vao the loai oi tng cua no e tham nh mot la chon co suy tnh nham thc hien mot so hanh vi ng x hoac mot so hanh vi nhat nh nao o la xau ve mat luan ly, bang cach tach ri cac hanh vi ay ra khoi y hng a dan en la chon hoac ra khoi 191

toan bo nhng hau qua co the tien oan cua hanh vi ay tren tat ca nhng ngi lien he (so 79; x. so 82). 2. Thieu chuan e anh gia tnh trang tot hay xau cua hanh vi nhan linh Trong tr ma hieu oi tng cua hanh vi nhan linh nh the th cung de dang nam bat lap luan cua c Giao Hoang ngai tom lc lap luan nay nh sau : Ly tr chng thc rang co the co nhng oi tng cua hanh vi nhan linh ma xem ra t ban chat chung khong the phoi tr e hng ve Thien Chua, bi v t can re chung mau thuan vi s thien cua con ngi xet nh la c tao dng theo hnh anh cua Thien Chua (so 80). Toi them s nhan manh en oan cuoi trch t Veritatis Splendor v ay c Thanh Cha qui chieu en tieu chuan luan ly hay chan ly lam ta co kha nang xac nh oi tng c a ra cua hanh vi nhan linh la tot hay la xau. Nh ta thay trc o, trong khi ban ve cach hieu luat t nhien cua c Gioan Phaolo II, ngai a nhan manh chung ta co the yeu men tha nhan v yeu men va knh trong s thien hoan hao cua ho. Nh a ghi chu trc o chng II, nhan manh rang nhng gii ran khac nhau cua Thap gii thc ra ch la nhng suy t ve mot gii ran duy nhat ve s thien cua con ngi, ni tng cap o cua nhng ieu thien khac nhau tao than2h tnh chat cho can tnh con ngi la mot hu the va thieng lieng va co the xac trong tng quan vi Thien Chua, vi tha nhan va vi the gii vat chatNhng gii ran ma c Giesu nhac nh chang thanh nien nham muc ch bao ton s thien cua con ngi, hnh anh cua Thien Chua, bang viec 192

benh vc nhng ieu thien cua con ngi, (so 13). Nh ta a thay, c Gioan Phaolo II khang nh nhng gii luat tieu cc cua thap gii : Ngi khong c giet ngi, pham toi ngaoi tnh, trom cap, lam chng doi dien ta cach manh me nhu cau cap bach bao ve s song con ngi, s hiep thong lien v trong hon nhan va nhng ieu giong nh the (so 13). Hanh vi nhan linh nao co oi tng b Truyen thong cong giao coi la xau noi tai chung b loai tr bi nhng gii ran tieu cc cam chung ta, qua viec t do chon la chap nhan e xuat gay thiet hai, pha huy hay ngan can ieu thien cua con ngi. Hn na nhng gii luat nay khong noi hanh ong ngc lai vi nhan c la sai th du : Giet ngi cach bat cong, hanh vi giao hp khong khiet tnh. ung hn, nhng gii luat nay loai tr, khong co luat tr, nh c Giao hoang nhac nh chung ta (x. so 49, 52, 70, 77, 79, 82) cua oi tng con ngi chon la. Nhng loai hanh vi ng x nay th du lam ieu g dan en cai chet cua ngi vo toi, co quan he tnh duc bat chap s kien toi thieu mot trong hai phan t lap gia nh b loai tr bi mot gii luat luan ly tieu cc thch ang, ma trc tien ngi ta khong can nhan ra no oi nghch lai vi nhan c. Nh c Gioan Phaolo II giai thch : nhng gii luat luan ly tieu cccam mot so hanh ong hay hanh vi ng x cu the noi tai (so 67), chung bao ve pham gia con ngi va la oi hoi cua long yeu ngi nh chnh mnh (so 15, 50 52, 67, 99). Nhng hanh vi xau noi tai xuc pham en (so 75) va mau thuan tan can s thien cua con ngi, ni tng cap o cua nhng ieu thien khac nhau tao thanh tnh chat 193

cho can tnh con ngi la hu the va thieng lieng va co the xac trong tng quan vi Thien Chua, vi tha nhan va vi the gii vat chat (so 13; x. so 78 80). c Giao hoang giai thch khong the knh trong s thien cua con ngi neu khong knh trong nhng ieu thien noi tai ni con ngi, nhng ieu thien c luat t nhien ch cho thay la nhng ieu thien ngi ta phai theo uoi (so 67), nhng ieu thien c cac gii ran bao ve, theo thanh Toma, nhng gii ran nay bao gom toan bo luat t nhien (so 79, x. so 43, 72, 78). c Gioan Phaolo nhan manh oi hoi luan ly au tien cua long yeu thng va knh trong con ngi la muc ch ch khong bao gi la phng tien, ieu nay khong bao ham, do chnh ban than cua no, long knh trong oi vi nhng ieu thien nen tang, torng so o co s song the xac (so 48, x. so 50). 3. Nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi bao ve pham gia bat kha xam pham cua con ngi va ch ra con ng hng ti s vien man trong c Kito. Chan ly v ai o la nhng chuan mc luan ly tuyet oi cam nhng hanh vi xau noi tai luon co gia tr oi vi moi ngi va khong co luat tr, nh c Gioan Phaolo nhan manh, ay la ieu chnh yeu hien nhien cho viec bao ve quyen bat kha xam pham cua con ngi. (so 97). c Thanh cha viet : Thc ra cac chuan mc nay tao thanh nen mong khong chuyen lay va nguon bao am vng chac cho s chung song cong bang va hoa bnh cua nhan loai, va bi o cho mot nen dan chu ch thc co the nay sinh va trien n khoi i t s bnh ang cua het moi thanh phan, vi quyen li va bon phan ngang nhau. oi vi cac chuan mc luan ly 194

nao la ngan cam s d noi tai, th khong co ac quyen hay co luan ly tuyet oi loai tr chung dan en viec t bo quyen bat kha xam pham cua con ngi, quyen phai c tha nhan va knh trong neu xa hoi phai thoa ang. c Gioan Phaolo II nhn nhan cai gia cua au kho va hy sinh ln lao ma ch cho thay s phan biet ma Giao hoi thc hien oi vi thuyet duy cu canh khong ch dng lai cho to cao hoac bai xch v thuyet nay i en viec choi bo nhng chuan mc luan ly tuyet oi cam nhng hanh vi xau t noi tai. ung hn khi phan nh, theo mot ng hng tch cc. Giao hoi nham nang cach het mc yeu thng tat ca moi tnh hu e lng tam ho c huan luyen, biet a ra nhng phan oan va dan ti nhng quyet nh theo ung vi chan ly, cuoi cung theo ung vi chan ly c mac khai ni c Kito Giesu (so 85). V ro rang ni c Kito chu ong inh ma Giao hoi tm thay cau tra li cho van nan tai sao ta phai vang li nhng chuan mc luan ly pho quat va khong thay oi (so 85). Nhng chuan mc nay mang tnh bo buoc ro rang v chung bao ve pham gia bat kha xam pham cua con ngi ma ta phai yeu men vi tnh yeu cua c Kito, mot tnh yeu t hien san sang chu ng s d hn la lam s d. c Gioan Phaolo II minh hoa chan ly v ai nay khi nai en chng t cua cac v t ao Tnh chat bat kha chap nhan cua nhng chu thuyet luan ly Duy cu canh, Duy hau qua, Duy can xng t choi s hien hu cua nhng chuan mc luan ly tieu cc oi vi nhng loai hanh vi ng x ac thu, nhng chuan mc co gia tr va khong mien tr, 195

ieu nay c viec t ao cua cac ngi Kito hu xac nhan cach ac biet hung hon. (so 90). Roi c Giao hoang tiep tuc trch dan th du : ba Suzana trong Cu c san sang chu chet hn la pham toi ngoai tnh; thanh Gioan tay gia trong Tan c chu chet e lam chng cho vua, Heroe ve Luat cua Chua oi vi hon nhan, va nhng th du khac trong Tan c, ac biet la chnh c Giesu. (so 93). c Gioan Phaolo ch cho thay viec t ao c chap nhan nh mot s xac nhan ve tnh bat kha xam pham cua trat t luan ly, lam chng cach hung hon cho ca s thanh thien cua luat Chua lant kha xam pham cho pham gia con ngi dng nen theo hnh anh Chua va giong nh Ngai (so 92). Cho nen Ngai tiep tuc : mot y ngha nhan ban ma ngay ca trong nhng trng hp ngoai le ngi ta ky vong gan cho hanh vi xau noi tai eu b chng t t ao to cao la gia tao va sai lam : hn the na, chng t t ao con ven m ro ret bo mat ch thc cua hanh vi ay, mot bo mat cua tnh trang xam pham nhan tnh ngi , ni ngi chu ong hn la ni ke nhan chu (so 92 vi trch dan t GS so 27). Nhng chuan mc luan ly tuyet oi luon luon cam moi ni nhng hanh vi xau noi tai do oi tng cua viec la chon luan ly gay thiet hai, pha huy, ngan can nhng ieu thien cua con ngi ch ra con ng en s vien man trong c Kito, ang chu ong inh, a to cho con ngi biet ro ve chnh mnh, va to cho ho thien chc cao ca qua viec mac khai ve Chua Cha va tnh yeu cua Ngai (so 2, trch dan t GS so 22). ang chu ong inh em lai cho ta cau tra li cuoi cung tai sao ta khong c lam ieu xau b cac chuan mc luan ly cam neu ta muon hoan toan tr nen nhng hu the nh Thien Chua 196

muon mac khai y ngha chnh tong cua t do. Ngi song t do cach vien man nh t hien hoan toan chnh mnh va Ngi keu mi cac mon e cung thong phan vao s t do cua Ngi (so 85). Trong mot oan ac biet quan trong, c Gioan Phaolo II viet : T do con ngi thuoc ve chung ta vi t cach la nhng thu tao, ngha la mon qua can phai on nhan nh mot hat mam va vun trong vi tinh than trach nhiem. T do la yeu to cau thanh con ngi vi t cach la hnh anh cua hu the c tao thanh von la nen tang cua pham gia con ngi, trong o chat cha n goi nguyen s ma ang Tao Hoa ngo vi con ngi e keu mi con ngi at ti s Thien ch thc, va hn na, nh mac khai cua c Kito, con keu mi con ngi tr nen ban hu cua Ngai, va chia se s song than linh cua Ngai. T do la s chiem hu chnh mnh cach bat kha vong than, ong thi cung la s m rong pho quat trc tat ca nhng g hien hu bang cuoc vt ra khoi chnh mnh e tien en s nhan thc va tnh yeu oi vi tha nhan (x. GS so 24). S t do cam re ni chan ly ve con ngi va cuoi cung no hng en s hiep thong. Nh c Kito mac khai cho ta, s t do c thanh toan trong tnh yeu, ngha la trong viec t hien chnh mnhs t hien nham phuc vu Thien Chua va anh em (so 87). ay la chan ly toi hau nham hng dan s chon la t do : yeu thng nh Ta a va ang c Thien Chua yeu thng trong c Kito ma than the chu ong inh cua Ngi la s mac khai tron ay ve moi day lien lien ket bat kha phan ly gia t do va chan ly, cung nh s phuc sinh cua Ngi t coi chet la s tuyen dng tot bac ve tnh chat hu hieu 197

va ve sc manh cu o cua mot t do c thi tho trong chan ly (so 87). Trong khi day ve nhng chuan mc tuyet oi Giao hoi tuyet nhien khong theo chu ngha khac kho va phi thc te. n gian ch e nhac nh chung ta ve pham gia cua nhng hanh vi chon la t do, vi s tr giup cua n sung Chua : pham gia cua ngi yeu thng nh Thien Chua yeu thng trong c Giesu chu ong inh, Hn na trong cuoc ou tranh e song xng ang la nhng hu the c dng nen theo hnh anh Chua va c mi goi song hiep thong vi Ngai, chung ta khong n oc mot mnh. Ta co the song nh Thien Chua muon v Ngai bao gi cung san sang tr giup ta bang n sung cua Ngai. Nh c Giao hoan nhac nh chung ta, Thien Chua khong bao gi ra lenh ieu khong the lam c : cn cam do co the c vt qua, toi co the tranh c, b v cung vi cac gii ran, Chua ban cho ta kha nang tuan gi chung (so 112). c Gioan Phaolo II nhac lai chan ly nay la van e c tin. Ngai ch cho thay Cong ong Trento a long trong ket an quan iem cho rang nhng ngi c cong chnh hoa khong the tuan gi nhng gii ran cua Thien Chua : v Thien Chua khong ra lenh nhng ieu khong the lam c, nhng khi ra lenh Ngai khuyen cac ban lam ieu co the lam c va cau nguyen cho ieu ban khong the va Ngai ban cho ban s tr giup cua Ngai e lam cho ban co kha nang lam c (so 102, trch dan t Cong ong Trento, khoa VI, sac lenh ve s cong chnh hoa, Cum hoc tempore, chng 2, DS 1536; x. Can. 18, DS 1568). S hc co nhng hanh vi xau noi tai va tng ng chung la nhng chuan mc tuyet oi khong chap nhan miem tr, ieu nay khong oi nghch chut nao vi s t do va 198

pham gia con ngi. Trai lai, chung am re sau ni pham gia bat kha xam pham cua con ngi c lam theo hnh anh va giong Thien Chua, ho c m goi phai sach moi ieu ac giong nh Chua, khong c muon at coi long, y ch, chon la vao viec lam ieu xau ie, lam thiet hai, pha huy ngan can nhng ieu thien hoan hao cua con ngi, ay la chan ly ma cac v t ao va tren het la c Kito chu ong inh a lam chng. Hn na vi s tr giup khong ngng cua n sung Chua, ta co the khong lam ieu xau. 4. S thieu mach lac gia nhng thuyet luan ly choi bo s hien hu cua nhng hanh vi xau noi tai vi nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi. phan 4 chng hai trong thong iep Veritatis Splendor, khi ban ve hanh vi nhan linh, c Gioan Phaolo II a phan biet ro rang gia ieu Ngai goi la cu canh luan vi Thuyet Duy cu canh. Ngai khang nh i song luan ly s hu mot tnh chat cu canh luan c ban, b v no he tai cho qui hng cac hanh vi nhan linh mot cach co suy tnh ve Thien Chua, ang la s thien toi cao va la cung ch (telos) toi hau cua con ngi (so 73). Nhng Ngai lam tng phan gia cu canh luan vi thuyet Duy cu canh, khi noi : Mot so ly tuyet luan ly goi la thien ve cu canh luan to ra quan tam en s phu hp cua cac hanh vi nhan linh vi nhng cung ch ma tac nhan theo uoi va vi nhng gia tr ma tac nhan tha nhan. Nhng tieu chuan e anh gia s ngay chnh cua mot hanh ong ve mat luan ly co c nh the can bang cua nhng ieu thien phi luan ly hay tien luan ly phai at ti va cua nhng gia tr tng ng phi luan ly hay tien luan ly phai ton trong. oi vi mot so 199

tac gia, hanh vi ng x cu the se ngay chnh hay sai lam tuy theo no co the hay khong the dan ti mot tnh trang thc s tot hn cho nhng con ngi lien he : hanh vi ng x se ngay chnh trong mc o no tao c toi a ieu thien va gay ra toi thieu ieu tot. (so 74). Mot hnh thc cua thuyet Duy cu canh c c Giao Hoang nhan dien o la thuyet Duy hau qua chu trng nh ngha cac tieu chuan ngay chnh cua mot hanh vi nhat nh bang cach khi i va ch can khi i t viec tnh toan nhng hau qua co the tien lieu c xuat phat t nhng chon la nhat nh. Mot d ban khac la thuyet Duy can xng qua viec can nhac gia nhng gia tr khac nhau va nhng ieu thien c theo uoi ung hn ho nham ti s can xng gia nhng hieu qua tot vi nhng hieu qua xau cua viec chon la nham tm kiem ieu thien ln hn hoac ieu xau nho hn von trong thc te co the xay ra vao mot tnh huong ac thu (so 75). Nhng ngi theo ly thuyet nay chu trng khong the xac nh mot hanh vi theo truyen thong b coi la xau noi tai (th du Pha thai trc tiep) la xau hay khong ve mat luan ly cho en khi ngi ta xem xet, trong hoan canh cu the, tnh trang s viec nhng ieu tot va xau tien luan ly co the phat sinh. Ho ket luan rang s can xng co the tien lieu c cua nhng ieu thien tien luan ly vi ieu xau tien luan ly trong nhng kha nang chon la san co oi khi co the bien mnh cho nhng ngoai le oi vi nhng gii ran theo truyen thong c coi la tuyet oi (x. so 75).

200

c Gioan Phaolo II kien quyet bac bo nhng ly thuyet nay khi tuyen bo chung khong trung thanh vi giao huan cua Giao Hoi, khi chung tin rang co the bien minh cho nhng la chon co suy tnh nham thc hien nhng hanh vi ng x oi nghch vi cac gii ran cua luat Chua va luat t nhien, rang nhng la chon nh the la tot ve mat luan ly (so 76). Ngai khang nh cach anh gia hanh vi nhan linh nay khong phai la phng phap thoa ang e xac nh xem la chon loai hanh vi ng x cu the nao theo loai cua no hay t chnh no la tot hay xau ve mat luan ly, la c phep hay khong c phep, bi v moi ngi nghiem biet rang kho hay ung hn khong the anh gia c tat ca moi he luan va moi hau qua tot xau goi la tien luan ly cua cac hanh vi mnh (so 770. ay c Thanh Cha keo s chu y en van e khong the vt qua c oi mat vi nhng ngi bien ho cho thuyet Duy can xng va Duy hau qua : khong co c phng cach mach lac e can nhac nhng ieu tot va xau tien luan ly. ay la van e c ban en ay u trong chng ba. 5. Tnh bat kha ngo cua giao huan trong veritatis Splendor. Khong cho nao trong thong iep mi nhat cua ngai c Gioan Phaolo II a vao van e tnh bat kha ngo. Tuy nhien cho khac ngai lai day rang chan ly cua nhng chuan mc luan ly tuyet oi luon luon cam moi ni nhng hanh vi xau noi tai la chan ly mac khai. Ngai bac bo thuyet duy can xng va duy hau qua khong ch v chung la nhng ly thuyet luan ly thieu sot ve mat 201

triet hoc va than hoc, nhng quan trong hn con v chung chong lai mac khai cua Chua va giao huan chung tham cua Giao hoi. Ngai nhac nh chung ta Cac tn hu co nhiem vu nhn nhan va ton trong nhng menh lenh luan ly ac thu ma Giao hoi cong bo va giang day nhan danh Thien Chua. ang Tao hoa va la c Chua (so 76) va trong khi nhac nh ta ieu o, ngai qui chieu cach minh nhien en giao huan loang trong cua Cong ong Trento (x. li chu cuoi trang cua so 76 trong thong iep) trong o c Gioan Phaolo II qui chieu en Cong ong Trento, Sac lenh ve cong chnh hoa Cumhoc tempore, Canon 19, DS 1569). Ngai cung qui chieu en giao huan cua c Clemente XI vi Hien che Unigentitus Dei Filius (8 9 1713 chong lai sai lam cua Paschasius Quesnel so 53 56, DS 2453 2456). giai oan sau ngai noi : Trong viec minh chng rang co nhng hanh vi xau noi tai, Giao hoi lay lai giao ly cua Thanh Kinh (so 81). Roi ngai trch dan hai ban van cua thanh Phaolo Rom 3, 8 va 1 Co 6, 9-10. Ngai qui chieu en ban van th Roma au tien trong trch dan thanh Toma (so 78 vi qui chieu en tac pham In duo praecepta Caritatis et in Decem legis praecepta De dilectione Dei : Opuscula theologica, II, so 1168 cua thanh Toma, nxb Taurinen (1954) 250), roi trong tieu e cac so 79 83 va cuoi cung trong phan trch dan thong iep Humanae vitae so 14, trong o co c Phaolo VI day rang : dau vay van khong bao gi hp phap, ngay ca khi co ly do nghiem trong khi lam ieu d e t o ma co c ieu thien (x. Rom 3, 8), (so 80). phan ket thuc s thao luan ve nhng hanh vi xau noi tai trong phan 4 cua chng hai c Thanh Cha ch ra : Hoc thuyet ve oi tng, coi nguon cua tin1h chat luan ly, co the c coi nh la 202

s minh giai xac thc ve nen luan ly Thanh Kinh cua Giao c va cua cac gii ran (so 82). Nh Germain Grisez a noi c Gioan Phaolo II nai en tham quyen cua Thien Chua trong mac khai la coi nguon cua tnh bat kha ngo cua Giao hoi trong niem tin va la coi nguon cua Huan quyen trong khi giang day. Grisez tiep tuc noi rang : cac than hoc gia bat ong quan iem vi hoc thuyet c tai khang nh trong thong iep nay gi ch con co ba la chon : chap nhan rang ho a sai lam, chap nhan ho a khong tin vao Li Chua, hoac chu trng giao huan nhan c lien he en nhng hanh vi xau noi tai la chan ly mac khai, c Giao Hoang cung mac nhien cho rang giao huan o c nh tn. Li khang nh mac nhien o se b nhng ngi loai bo giao huan tren choi t. Lap luan tren dt khoat la hoan toan thiet yeu va khong the e lau ma khong giai quyet. Ch co phan quyet chung tham cua Huan quyen se giai quyet chuyen nay (Germain Grisez, Revel lation versus Dissent, The tablet, October 16, 1993, 1331).

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CHNG IV

C TIN KITO GIAO VA I SONG LUAN LY CUA CHUNG TA


Theo c tin Cong giao, c Giesu Kito Chua chung ta la Trung tam va la cung ch ca toan the lch s nhan loai (Guadium et Spes. n 10). c Kito la ang cho con ngi biet ro ve chnh con ngi (ibid n 22). Ngai la con ngi hoan hao (ibid n. 22, 23, 41 45). Ni Ngai ban tnh nhan loai c am bao ma khong he b huy bo (ibid n. 22). Bang cach nay hay cach khac qua viec nhap the Ngai a ket hp moi ngi lai vi Ngai (Redemptor Hominis, nn. 13, 18). Va lai, moi ngi eu co cung chung mot ban tnh va nguon goc nh nhau (Gaudium et Spes, n. 29; Lumen Gentium, n. 19). Cung nh moi ngi eu co chung mot li mi goi va mot nh menh than linh, o cung la tnh chat can ban bnh ang gia li mi goi t nhien va sieu nhien (Gaudium et Spes, n. 29), nen eu co the la cong dan cua dan Thien Chua bat ke ho thuoc sac toc, a v hay thuoc thi ai nao (Lumen Gentium, n. 13). c Kito ang cu chuoc, ang Cu the cua chung ta va qua viec ket hp i song chung ta vi Ngai ma theo y muon cua Cha Ngai ni chung ta, la chung ta co the tron ven tr nen nhng hu the trong s that. vay muc ch cua chng nay la nham kham pha ra y ngha cua i song nh la Hu the luan ly (moral being) ma qua phep ra chung ta tr nen mot vi c Kito. Muc ch con giup chung ta nhan ra c phng thc cua luat t 204

nhien dan en s hoan thien ay u ni luat Tin mng cua c Kito. e at c muc ch o, nhng chu e tiep noi sau la : 1. Boi canh hien sinh can c nh v ma trong boi canh o chung ta au tranh cho i song luan ly hau e tot hn. 2. Kito Giesu, nen tang i song luan ly Kito giao. 3. Y ngha cua li cam ket ra toi va n keu goi cua moi chung ta e bc theo c Kito. 4. Ban tnh ac trng cua tnh yeu Kito giao nh la nguyen ly cua i song luan ly Kito hu. 5. Bai giang tren nui cua Chua, vi nhng moi phuc, (c xem) nh la Hien chng cua nen luan ly Kito giao. 6. Cau hoi ve nhng chuan mc ac trng Kito giao. 7. Tnh cach thc hanh cua i song luan ly Kito giao 1. Boi canh hien sinh cua i song luan ly e tr nen nhng hu the hoan hao ma Thien Chua muon, Thanh Thomas a a ra mot vai ly do tai sao con ngi can en luat mac khai sieu nhien nham them vao luat t nhien va luat con ngi la luat a c rut ra t o. Hai ly do nay mang y ngha ac biet. trc het, Ngai neu len oi vi nh hng rieng biet cho i song con ngi luat mac khai can thiet nh la muc ch toi hau, ma t o con ngi c mi goi, ngha la c song hanh phuc vnh hang va cuoc song vi Thien Chua la cung ch la ieu n thuan vt qua kha nang cua con ngi, v the luat Chua mac khai sieu nhien la can thiet neu nh moi hanh vi cua con ngi c nh hng cach 205

chnh ang. va roi Ngai nhan xet rang luat Chua mac khai la can thiet v phan oan con ngi khong chac chan, ac biet khi gap phai nhng van e do ngau nhien va ac thu, a en nhng phan quyet khac nhau ve hanh vi nhan linh en o luat cua con ngi von c knh trong lai hoan toan khac biet nhau va oi khi mau thuan nhau. Do o viec con ngi phai nhan thc khong mot moi nghi ng nao ve ieu g nen lam va ieu g nen tranh, luat Chua a ra la thc s can thiet e con ngi khong the b sai lam 1. Ni oan khac thanh Thomas a dien ve iem th hai. Ngai nhan manh rang nhng gii ran Chua ban tang la can thiet vi s ton trong oi vi cac hanh vi thuoc nhan c luan ly ma ly tr t nhien cua con ngi luon hng ve, bi chnh ly tr t nhien cua con ngi a b mu toi do am me toi loi. Trc het toi xin dung en ly chng th hai trong cac ly chng Thanh Thomas a a ra oi vi s can phai co luat Chua mac khai, ngha la s yeu uoi va khong chac chan trong phan oan cua con ngi ve ieu c lam va nen tranh, s yeu uoi va s khong chac chan do mc o rong ln bi cac thc tai ve toi va anh hng cua chung oi vi cuoc song cua chung ta gay nen. Ke tiep toi se xem xet en ly chng th nhat cua Ngai oi vi s can thiet cua luat Chua mac khai ngha la xet en li mi goi sieu nhien cua chung ta e song ket hiep vi chnh Thien Chua. au tien, thc tai ve toi la ieu ma moi ngi trong chung ta khong the t cam nghiem noi thong kho a c Thanh Phaolo dien ta khi thot len : toi khong the hieu c viec lam cua chnh toi. V toi khong lam ieu toi 206

muon, nhng toi lam chnh ieu toi ghet. Muon s thien th toi muon, nhng lam th khong. oi vi toi s thien toi muon toi lai khong lam, nhng s xau khong muon toi lai lam ( Rm 7, 15-19). Thanh Phaolo lai noi tiep Theo con ngi noi tam, toi vui thch v luat cua Thien Chua, nhng trong cac chi the toi lai thay mot luat khac : luat nay chien au chong lai luat cua y ch (Rm 7, 22 23). Li le cua Thanh phaolo dien ta rat ung cam nghiem chan that cua con ngi ma khong cach nao phu nhan c thc tai ve s chon la t do, bi oi vi Thanh Phaolo Ngai cho rang chnh mnh va nhng ngi khac phai chu trach nhiem luan ly oi vi nhng ieu xau a chon la va a lam (x. Rm 1, 20-32; 2, 14-16). The nhng li le cua Ngai chng thc ve thc tai toi loi va nhng anh hng cua no oi vi cuoc song cua chung ta la nhng hu the luan ly. Trong nhng oan trch th Roma va ke ra, Thanh Phaolo a lam ro net hieu nang giam thieu cua toi loi oi vi viec chung ta no lc cach t nhien lam ieu chnh chung ta phai lam, neu chung ta muon tron ven tr nen hu the theo nh y Thien Chua muon ni chung ta. Nhng toi loi cung lam giam thieu hieu nang oi vi viec chung ta no lc cach nhan thc e i en viec biet ieu chung ta phai lam neu chung ta muon tron ven tr nen nhng hu the theo y Thien Chua muon ni chung ta. Tom lai, chung ta song nh la nhng hu the luan ly trong boi canh hien sinh, ni chung ta gap phai nhng yeu to bat kha the lan kha the, hoac theo cach nhn than hoc la ca toi loi lan an sung, chung ta trong cuoc au tranh e va nhan biet s that luan ly va e thc hien ieu thien chung ta nhan biet. ieu quan tam cua toi ay la kha 207

nang giam thieu cua toi loi oi vi cuoc song chung ta la nhng hu the luan ly. Trong chng trc chung ta a kham pha y ngha va thc tai cua toi nhan cung la thc tai cua moi chung ta, neu nh chung ta thanh that thu nhan, mnh la ngi co toi. V neu chung ta noi, chung ta khong co toi, chung ta t la doi mnh va s that khong trong chung ta (Ga 1, 8). Trong chng o chung ta cung nhan thay rang toi ca nhan, tr khi hoa cai, van tiep tuc an ni chung ta nh mot khunh hng hay xu the i en toi khac, lam chung ta mu toi trc s that ve luan ly. Va lai toi loi cua moi ca nhan khi no c chap nhan va tan ong bi nhng ngi khac, chang bao lau lai tr thanh nhng thc hanh cua xa hoi, an sau vao nen van hoa cua xa hoi o, lam moi gii cho viec chung ta hieu sai lac ve chnh mnh va ve nhng ieu chung ta lam, oi khi lai ap lc loi keo ta i en lam ieu xau 4. Bang loi dien ta khac, chung ta con co toi cua the gii na ngha la : trong hoan canh toi loi chung ta ang song va ang tm hieu ro ve chnh mnh va nhng ieu chung ta se lam. Trong khi chang ai co the ep buoc chung ta pham toi ca, chung ta co the b mi moc e lam ieu o, va b mi moc vi sc ep ang ke. Nh nha than hoc Piet Schonenberg SJ a nhan manh co anh hng t do ngi nay tren ngi khac. T mot hanh vi t do o co the xay ra ngay lap tc thong qua kha nang nhan thc cua ngi khac. Tac ong o cung co the xay ra cham hn tuy theo khong gian va thi gian. Toi loi ngay nay khong ch co kha nang loi keo ngi khac bi s quyen ru nhng theo cung cach ay con anh hng hau the b mat i nhieu phng dien v toi loi 208

cua cha ong. Noi khac, toi loi cua ngi khac thong thng cung co the la nguon toi loi oi vi chung ta. Chung anh hng manh en nhan thc va tnh trang t nhien ni chung ta, ong thi lam lu m i nhng gia tr va chuan mc, gay gng xau cho chung ta oi khi, cung vi ap lc gng xau. Qua vay. c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II a nhan manh en thc tai cua toi xa hoi (Social sin). Chung ta can nhan ra rang bi tnh cach tnh lien i nhan loaitoi loi ni moi ca nhan cach nao o anh hng en ngi khac. Ngai noi tiep, that the, ngi ta co noi s thong hiep trong toi loi, bi o, linh hon t nhan chm trong toi va keo le Giao hoi theo mnh va cach nao o ca toan the gii na vi t nhieu bao lc, va thiet hai, moi toi eu co am hng tren toan Giao hoi va toan the gia nh nhan loai (Reconciliatio at Poenitentia, n. 16). Nh Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II nhan manh, bi toi xa hoi cuoi cung a an sau trong toi ca nhan di dang nhng con ngi ca biet ac thu, (Reconciliatio at Poenitentia, n. 10), chung ta b thng tch trong cuoc chien au va e kham pha cac s that luan ly lan e hnh thanh nhng chon la va cuoc song phu hp vi chan ly o. Them vao o, co ca thc tai toi nguyen to va nhng anh hng cua no tren i song chung ta nh la nhng hu the luan ly. Cung ang gia e nhac lai cach ngan gon ay ve giao huan cua Giao hoi oi vi van e nay. c Giao Hoang Phaolo VI tom tat giao huan trong Tong huan The credo of the people of God (Kinh Tin knh cua dan Thien Chua). Trc tien, toi xin dan phan gii thieu ngan 209

gon nhng chuan xac ve giao huan nay va sau o se a ra cac nhan nh. c Phaolo VI a noi ve van e nay nh sau : Chung ta tin rang t ni Adam moi ngi eu co toi, ieu o muon noi len rang nguyen thuy s bat tuan cua Adam, a tao nen ban tnh nhan loai, pho bien ni tat ca moi ngi, a en tnh trang ho phai ganh chu nhng hau qua do s bat tuan o, nhng o khong phai la tnh trang ban au cua to tien chung ta a c dng nen khi ang con song trong s thanh thien va cong chnh, va con ngi khong biet s d va cai chet. Tnh trang sa nga cua ban tnh con ngi la nh the, b tc oat an sung ma a co, b ton thng en kha nang t nhien cua mnh, va phai chu s thong tr cua s chet. Tnh trang o a lan truyen en het moi ngi, va trong y ngha nay th moi ngi sinh ra trong toi. V vay, qua cong ong Trento, chung ta hieu c rang toi Nguyen to la do truyen lai cung ban tnh nhan loai, khong do bat chc, nhng la do truyen sinh va do o hien dien ni chnh moi con ngi 6. Vao ky hop th 5 ngay 17 thang 06 nam 1546 (DS 1510 1516), Cong ong Trento a day mot cach ro rang nhan loai ni con ngi cua Adam 7, c tao dng trong s cong chnh va thanh thien. The nhng, Adam a bat phuc tung Thien Chua va hau qua la anh mat i coi nguon cong chnh va thanh thien cua mnh, tiep en la phai chu trng phat s chet, va chu b bien oitnh trang khon kho hn het ni the xac va tam hon. i xa hn, Cong ong con day rang Adam a truyen lai chnh toi loi nay en moi ngi va toi nay se lu truyen qua truyen sinh ch khong qua s bat chc 8. S ton hai cua con ngi do toi nguyen to gay nen ch c cha lanh bi chnh c Kito, ang Cu o chung ta. Cong ong va Giao 210

Hoi day rang ngay ca vi nhng tre s sinh cung mac toi to tong va do o chung cung can en phep ra e n cu o cua c Kito co the mang lai n giao hoa cho chung. Li khang nh chac chan cua Giao Hoi la ngay nhng tre s sinh a mac toi nguyen to va can n cu o. Mot trong nhng tien s v ai nhat ve van e nay la Thanh Augustino, chnh Ngai cung a khong c ra toi khi con la con tre, va trong quyen T Thuat Ngai a than khoc cho chnh s that nay, va dien ta mot cach khong the quen c ly do cho giao huan nay. Ngai viet rang, Giao Hoi tuyen xng c Giesu Kito la ang Cu o va la ang Cu Chuoc cho moi ngi khong phan biet ho thuoc chung toc, thi ai hay hoan canh nao. Cung nh Thanh Augustino a noi: Cac ban keu danh c Giesu. V sao? v Ngi se cu thoat dan Ngi. Khoi au? Khoi chnh toi loi cua ho. Gi ay trong trng hp cua con tre, c a en Giao Hoi e chu phep ra tr nen Kito hu c cho la thuoc ve dan cua c Giesu . Nhng thuoc ve c Giesu nao? Ngi la ang cu thoat dan Ngi khoi toi. Neu nh con tre cha co bat c ieu g e can c cu o, hay mang no khoi ni ay?. Tai sao ta khong noi vi ngi me: Hay a a tre ra khoi ay? V c Giesu la ang Cu o. Nhng neu con tre khong co ieu g ni chung, can c cu o hay mang chung i 9 . at van e theo cach khac, toi nguyen to va n Cu Chuoc i lien nhau. Neu khong co toi nguyen to, th cung chang co n cu o trong c Kito. Giao Hoi day rang phep ra mang lai cho con ngi an sung ni Chua Kito, nh an sung o ma con ngi c giai thoat khoi toi nguyen to (DS 1515). Tuy the, cho du a c tai sinh trong nc cua phep ra nhng 211

van con sot lai hau qua cua toi nguyen to la duc vong. Duc vong (ngha la : nhng ham muon bat chnh cua con ngi) va chnh la ieu ma moi ngi chung ta a khong nhan thc nh vay?-khong phai toi. Nhng no sinh ra bi toi, (toi nguyen to) va no hng ta nghien ve toi ca nhan (DS 1515), cung vi hau qua la lam cho ho tam tr chung ta mu toi, ngha la co the kho i en nhan biet s that luan ly (iem nay Thanh Thomas a tng giai thch) va lam cho y ch cua chung ta yeu nhc i: tc la nghien chieu mot cach manh me e chon la ngc lai vi nhng phan oan tot nhat cua chnh chung ta. Toi -ca nhan, xa hoi, nguyen to- la mot thc tai trong i song chung ta. No lam ton hai en nhng co gang cua chung ta trong viec nhan biet va thc thi chan ly. Do toi loi oi khi chung ta cam thay bat lc e thc thi ieu tot ma chung ta biet mnh phai lam. e tron ven tr nen nhng hu the theo y Thien Chua muon ni chung ta, chung ta can en nhng nhan to kha the. Mot trong nhng nhan to kha the nay la le luat. Chnh Thien Chua a yeu thng mac khai cho chung ta, le luat au tien c ban cho chung ta qua Moise va sau o le luat c tr nen hoan tat va tron ven nh c Kito , la Chua va ang Cu Chuoc chung ta . ay chnh la iem Thanh Thomas a nhan manh en trong luan chng th hai Ngai a a ra ve tnh can thiet cua luat mac khai. Nhng s tr giup ln lao nhat trong nhan to kha the chnh yeu cua chung ta, nhng hu the luan ly, la chnh c Giesu Kito, an hue nhat cua Chua Cha ban tang cho nhan loai. c Giesu, ang ma Thanh Thomas goi la 212

ngi ban thien hao va khon ngoan nhat cua chung ta10 . Ngai chnh la ng, la S That, la S Song (Ga 14,5). Ngai la ang chuan b cho cho chung ta trong nha Cha cua Ngai (Ga 14,23), mang lai cho chung ta an hue s song i i trong viec ket hp vi Cha cua Ngai, hn na Ngai va Cha Ngai con ban cho chung ta ang phu tr, Than Chan Ly e cung chung ta luon mai (Cf Ga 14,16-17) e dan dat chung ta trong hanh trnh ve que tri, ong thi am tham ong hanh, dan chung ta en cung ch sieu nhien, la cuoc song vnh hang nh la phan t cua gia nh Thien Chua. Cung nh Thanh Thomas a noi cung chung ta, luat Tin Mng c Thien Chua ban tang cho chung ta trong va qua c Kito, theo ban chat la an sung cua Thanh Than c ban tang cho cac tn hu cua Chua Kito. le luat nay cho chung ta co kha nang khong ch e biet nhng g se phai thc thi khi chung ta muon tr nen nhng hu the theo y Thien Chua muon ni chung ta, nhng cung con phai thc thi nhng g ma chung ta hieu rang mnh phai lam, phai song nh nhng ngi con trung thanh cua Thien Chua, nh nhng ngi c goi e chia se i song noi tai cua Ba Ngoi Thien Chua . Va ay chnh la ieu nam ang sau ly do th nhat cua thanh Thomas ve viec can co le luat Chua ban. Gi ay la c hoi e khao sat sau xa hn ve nen tang i song luan ly Kito giao, chnh la c Giesu Kito Chua chung ta. 2. c Giesu, nen tang i song luan ly Kito giao.

213

Cong ong Vaticano II day chung ta rang c Giesu a to cho con ngi biet ro ve chnh con ngi (Gaudium et Spes 22). Ngai a lam ieu o nguyen v chnh Ngai la trung tam cua lch s nhan loai, Ngai la ang gi v tr hang au trong chng trnh yeu thng cua Thien Chua oi vi con ngi va qua that oi vi toan the vu tru c tao thanh. Ro rang ay chnh la trong tam cua s iep Tin Mng, s iep ay tnh thuyet phuc o a c Thanh Phaolo tong lc lai trong th gi tn hu Colose: Thanh T la hnh anh Thien Chua vo hnh, la Trng T sinh ra trc moi loai tho tao; v trong Ngi muon vat c tao thanh tren tri cung di at, hu hnh vi vo hnh tat ca eu ton tai trong Ngi. Ngi cung la au cua than the ngha la au cua Hoi Thanh, Ngi la Khi Nguyen, la Trng T trong so nhng ngi t coi chet song lai, e trong moi s Ngi ng hang au. V Thien Chua a muon lam cho tat ca s vien man hien dien ni Ngi, cung nh muon nh Ngi ma lam cho muon vat c hoa giai vi mnh. Nh Mau Ngi o ra tren Thap gia, Thien Chua a em lai bnh an cho moi loai di at va muon vat tren tri. Ca anh em na, xa kia anh em la nhng ngi xa la, la thu ch cua Thien Chua v nhng t tng va hanh ong xau xa cua anh em. Nhng nay nh c Giesu la con Ngi bang tht a chu chet, Thien Chua cho anh em c hoa giai vi Ngi e anh em tr nen tinh tuyen thanh thien va khong co g ang trach trc mat Ngi (Cl 1,15-22) c Giesu la nen tang i song luan ly Kito giao, la trung tam giao huan cua c Gioan Phaolo II trong thong iep Veritatis Splendor. Trong phan dan nhap thong iep, c Thanh Cha a gi y en oan trch ra t Cong ong 214

Vaticano II, ong thi nhan manh en chan ly : ch co trong mau nhiem Nhap The cua Ngoi Li ma anh sang mi c chieu toa tren mau nhiem cua con ngi ay chnh la Chua Kito, Adam mi, la ang a to cho con ngi biet ro ve chnh con ngi va bay to li mi goi cao quy cua mnh qua viec mac khai ve mau nhiem cua Chua Cha va Tnh yeu cua Ngai (so 2). Chua Giesu, ni chnh mnh, Ngai a kien toan le luat va mang lai s hoan hao cho le luat, qua o Ngai a mac khai cho con ngi li mi goi cao quy cua mnh. Do o, y ngha toi hau cua i song luan ly la bc theo c Kito. c Gioan Phaolo II viet, nhng chung ta theo c Kito, khong phai la viec bat chc ben ngoai, nhng tr nen ong hnh ong dang vi Ngai la ang tr nen ngi phuc vu trao ban chnh mnh tren thap gia (Cf Philipphe 2,5-8) (so 21). Theo c Kito ngha la gan bo mat thiet vi chnh con ngi cua Ngai (so 19). That the, nh c Gioan Phaolo II nhan manh rang c Kito chu ong inh a mac khai y ngha ch thc ve t do cua con ngi; Ngai a song that tron ven s t do o bang cach hoan toan trao hien chnh mnh va mi goi cac mon e cua Ngai cung chia trong chnh t do cua Ngai (85) ve iem nay, xem sach giao ly cua Giao Hoi Cong giao (so 1701-1715) c Giesu la Chua that va la Ngi that, Ngai la Chua that v trong Ngai moi vien man cua Thien Chua hoan toan ng tr Ngai la Ngoi Li i i t hu cua Thien Chua (Ga 1,1). va c Giesu cung la Ngi that, bi Ngi la Ngoi Li vnh cu cua Thien Chua a thanh xac pham la con ngi (Ga 1,14) Sinh ra bi ngi n (Ga 4,4) la ang chu moi th thach giong nh chung ta, ngoai tr toi loi (Dt 4,15). La mot con ngi , c Giesu 215

a hoan tat s vien man cua con ngi bang cach song cuoc song hoan hao cua con ngi , la ang bieu lo s tot lanh cua Thien Chua vi cach thc ac biet va duy nhat Con a ton vinh Cha di at, khi hoan tat cong trnh Cha a giao pho cho Con lam (Ga 17,4). Va Cha Ngi a ton vinh cong nghiep cua Ngi bang viec cho Ngi song lai t coi chet cung vi tat ca nhng ai a ket hp vi Ngai. That vay, nh Thanh Phaolo a day chung ta: c Kito a choi day t coi chet, la hoa qua au mua cua nhng ai yen giac. Cung bi s chet en t mot ngi , th s song lai t coi chet cung bi mot ngi nh vay. Qua vay, nh moi ngi a phai chet ni Adam the nao, th cung se song lai ni c Kito nh vay. Can nhac lai, nh mot con ngi, c Giesu chnh la Trng T cua moi loai thu tao(Cr 1,12) va c hoan tat bi nhng tao vat a c hiep nhat di quyen lanh ao Ngi: Thien Chua cho chung ta biet c thien y nhiem mau, thien y nay la ke hoach yeu thng Ngi a nh t trc trong Chua Kito, o la a thi gian en hoi vien man la quy tu muon loai trong tri at di quyen mot thu lanh la c Kito (Eph 1,9-19) La Thien Chua, c Giesu noi ket het nhng ai thuoc tron ve Thien Chua Cha Vinh quang ma Cha a ban cho Con th Con cung ban cho chung, e ho c nen mot nh chung ta nen mot, Con trong chung va Cha trong Con, e chung c hoan toan tr nen mot (Ga 17,22-23). Nh la Thien Chua, c Giesu dan xep cho chung ta c cung chia se chnh than tnh cua Ngi, v T chnh s sung man cua Ngi ma chung ta c nhan lanh moi s (Ga 1,16). Qua vay, trong c Kito chung ta 216

c tr nen ngi thong phan thien tnh (Pet 1,4). V cuoc song nhan the cua Ngi, s song, cai chet va s song lai cung chnh la s song, cai chet va s phuc sinh cua Con Mot cua Thien Chua, nen nhng ai c lien ket vi Ngi cung c tai sinh lan na trong chan ly. T ay, ho chnh thc tr nen Con Thien Chua nhng phan t cua gia nh cua Thien Chua! Anh em hay xem Thien Chua yeu thng chung ta en dng nao, en noi chung ta c goi la con Thien Chua, va s that chung ta la con Thien Chuapham ai tin vao c Giesu la c Kito th ho la con Thien Chua (1Ga 3,1,5.1). Nh vao Phep Ra ma chung ta thc s c ket hp vi c Kito, chet i oi vi toi loi- ngha la khong con di s thong tr va yeu uoi trc toi loi- nhng c choi day trong mot cach song mi, mot cuoc song thch hp vi con cai Thien Chua. Thanh Thomas a giai thch van e nay theo cach thc sau: Chnh nh vao Phep Ra ma con ngi c tai sinh trong s song thieng lieng, mot cuoc song xng vi tn hu cua c Kito , nh Thanh Phaolo tong o gi cho Galata (2.20) co noi: Hien nay toi song trong xac pham la song trong nien tin Con Thien Chua {ang a yeu men toi va hien mang v toi}.Nhng ma cuoc song nay ch thuoc ve cac chi the a c noi ket vi au, t o ho nhan c s nhan thc va hoat ong. Chnh v the phep ra rat can thiet, nh o ma con ngi c thap nhap vao c Kito nh la nhng chi the cua Ngi vay. Nh s nhan thc va hoat ong phat sinh t au en khap cac chi the, cung vay, au thieng lieng la chnh c Kito , lu chuyen en moi chi the Ngi va s nhan thc sieu nhien bao gom s hieu biet chan ly va hoat ong sieu nhien c thuc ay nh 217

tac ong cua an sung. T o, Gioan a qua quyet (i,14-16) chung toi a thay Ngi tran ay an sung va chan ly, va t s sung man cua Ngi ma chung ta nhan c moi s. Ma theo o nhng ai c lanh nhan phep ra se c khai sang bi c Kito e c nhan biet chan ly, va nh Ngi ho cung c tham nhuan doi dao nhng viec thien qua viec thong ban nien tin 12 . Thc s, c Giesu la nen tang cua i song Luan ly Kito giao chung ta ang c trao ban quyen e song, i song than linh cung nh i song nhan linh. Nh the c Giesu a chia se tron ven nhan tnh va ca cuoc song nhan linh, cua chung ta khi c thap nhap vao cay nho ma c Kito (x. Gio. 15, 1-11), chung ta that s chia se nhan tnh cua ngi. Trong ngi, ta thc s c than hoa, va cuoc song ta ket hp vi Thien Chua bat au t ngay bay gi va trong luc nay, se c vien man trong Nc Tri khi, s chet a b khuat phuc, con cai Thien Chua se c choi day trong c Kito va ieu g se c gieo rac trong s yeu uoi va o danh se c mac lay s bat diet (1 Cor 15. 42, 53) ; c a va nhng viec lam cua c ai se luon ton tai (1 Cor 13. 8, 3.14) ; va tat ca moi tao vat (x. Rm 8, 1-21) Thien Chua a tao ra cho con ngi, se c tra t do khoi canh giam cam cua s h nat (Guadium et spes, so 3). Tuy cuoc song cua chung ta trong viec ket hp vi c Giesu trong ,vi va nh Ngi, cung vi Chua Cha va Chua Thanh Than se at ti s vien man trong ngay song lai, viec thc hien s song than linh nay ni chung ta, ay va bay gi la ieu tuyet oi can thiet. Gi ay, chung ta la con cai cua Thien Chua ; ban tnh than linh a c thong truyen cho chung ta. Trong khi luon mang tren mnh nhan tnh, th chung ta cung c chia se than tnh cua c 218

Kito. That s chung ta la nhng Kito khac other Christs, la anh ch em vi Ngi, trong, vi va nh Ngi, chung ta that s la con cai cua Thien Chua.13 Chung ta tiep nhan s song than linh trong phep Ra, va s song than linh nay c dng nuoi bang lng thc Nc Tri ma Thien Chua muon ban cho ta, la than the va Mau huyet cua chnh Con Ngai, la c Kito. ang cu chuoc va la Ngi Anh cua chung ta. Ngay t thi s khai, c tin Kito giao a khan nh rang viec an lng thc nay hoan toan khac vi lng thc khac. Khi an lng thuc thong thng, chung ta chuyen oi no vao trong chnh chung ta nhng khi chung lanh nhan than xac song ong ni c Giesu, th Ngi se lam cho xac tht hay chet cua chung ta cung c tr nen song ong cung vi s song Phuc sinh vinh hien14 cua Ngi, chac chan nguyen v viec cung an uong than xac va mau huyet cua c Kito khong g khac hn la lam bien oi chung ta vao trong ieu chung ta a lanh nhan (Lumen Gentium so 26, li trch cua Thanh Leo ca).15 Co ba iem ma Grisez a vach ra khi chung ta ket hp vi c Kito.16 Trc het, o la chung ket hp vi Ngi trong s song than linh nh la con cai cua Thien Chua. o la chieu kch s ket hp cua chung ta vi c Kito a c tom tat lai ket hp o thanh hoa va bien oi chung ta nen nhng phan t trong gia nh. Viec ket hp vi Giesu khi au t phep ra va c sung man va ay u hn khi chung ta c nhn thay Thien Chua. Khong phai nh qua tam gng m nhng la (1 Cor 13, 12). Kha canh th hai, o la s ket hp than xac gia c Giesu va tn hu cua Ngai, tc la nhng phan t cua Giao Hoi Ngi. Ket 219

hp vi c Kito van la mot thc. Kha canh ket hp vi c Kito c khai trien trong Tan c ac biet trong Tin mng cua Gioan va cac ban van cua Phaolo. Trong Tin mng Gioan, c dien ta bang loi an du nham so sanh moi tng quan gia Chua Giesu vi cac mon e Ngai nh cay nho va nganh nho (Gio 15, 1-8). Thanh Phaolo a trien khai chieu kch cua viec chung ta ket hp vi c Kito nhieu oan van trong cac th khi Ngai so sanh moi tng quan cua Chua Giesu vi cac phan t cua Ngi, tc Giao Hoi, vi tng quan song ong gia au vi cac chi the. Mot trong nhng oan ang chu y nhat o la 1 Cor 6, ni thanh Phaolo a noi Nao anh em chang biet rang than xac anh em la than the cua c Kito sao ? Toi lai lay phan than the c Kito ma lam phan than the ngi ky n sao ? khong i nao ! anh em chang biet rang an vi ngi ky n la nen mot phan than xac vi ngi ay sao ? That the, co li chep rang ca hai se thanh mot xng mot tht. Ai a ket hp vi Chua th nen mot tinh than vi Ngi (1 Cor 6, 15-17).17 Tac gia th gi giao oan Epheso a so sanh s ket hp than the cua c Kito vi cac phan t cua Ngi vi s duy nhat cua ngi v va ngi chong trong mot than xac (Eph 5, 22-33). S ket hp nen mot than xac trong hon nhan, la mot hien thc hoa hoan hao nhat trong s ket hp hieu qua cua hon nhan hp nhat y ngha trao ban tnh yeu va s song cua s ket hp than xac gia ngi chong vi ngi v, a toa sang doi dao tren s ket hp than xac ang thc hien gia c Giesu va v hon the cua Ngi la Giao Hoi. o chnh la s ket hp trao ban s song va tnh yeu. Nh ngi chong va ngi v, c Giesu va cac mon e Ngi khong anh mat i can tnh cua mnh va ho 220

ong vai tro rieng biet cua mnh trong viec nuoi dng i song va tnh yeu. Tuy the ho cung van la mot ma thoi. Hn na, chnh nh viec ket hp the xac vi c Kito - mot s ket hp se i en tron ven va sung man trong s phuc sinh cua Ngi - cac chi the cua than the c Kito cung c chia se s song lai cua Ngi roi. That s nh thanh Phaolo a noi : Anh em a c choi day cung vi c Kito nen hay tm kiem nhng g thuoc thng gii, ni c Kito ang ng ben hu Thien Chua. Anh em hay hng long tr ve nhng g thuoc thng gii, ch ng chu tam vao nhng g thuoc ha gii. That vay anh em a chet, va s song mi cua anh em hien ang tiem tang vi c Kito ni Thien Chua. Khi c Kito, nguon song cua chung ta xuat hien, anh em se c xuat hien vi Ngi, va cung Ngi hng phuc vinh quang (Col 3, 1-4). iem th ba cung la iem cuoi cung, o chnh la s hiep nhat gia c Kito va Kito hu trong cac hanh vi nhan linh. Chnh chieu kch cua viec hiep nhat ngi Kito hu vi c Giesu se c xem nh la chieu kch ay u hn het trong phan ke tiep cua chng nay. Nhng ay, toi muon lam sang to chieu kch ket hp nay bang cach neu gng van tat khuon mau chuan mc cua chieu kch nay, s ket hp chung ta vi hanh vi cu o cua c Giesu trong hy te cua thanh le, a oi mi s t hien cua Ngai cho Chua Cha tren thap gia, qua o Ngai va dan Ngai hiep nhat trong li cau nguyen, va ta n Chua Cha. Cong ong Tridentino a dt khoat day rang thanh le la hy le ch thc, la viec tai dien hy le cua Chua tren thanh gia (DS. 1739-1742), trong khi o Cong ong Vaticano II nhac chung ta rang Chua a thiet lap thanh the e keo dai mai hy le Mnh va 221

Mau Ngai qua muon the he cho ti khi Ngai tr lai (Sacrosanctum Concilium so 47). Hn na nh trong phan dan nhap tong quat cua sach Le Roma co noi: Qui luat cau nguyen cua Giao hoi luon tng ng vi qui luat vng ben cua c tin. Giao Hoi day chung ta rang Hy te thap gia va viec tai dien mang tnh B tch cua hy le ni Thanh Le la mot va nh nhau, ch co khac nhau trong cach the dang le ma thoi. Trong ba tiec ly chnh Chua Kito a thiet lap viec tai dien mang tnh b tch va truyen lenh cho cac Tong o hay lam nh the e tng nh en Ngi. La hy te chuc tung va ta n, cung la hy te giao hoa gia chung ta vi Chua Cha va en bu toi loi cho tran gian 18. Lam the nao hy te trong thanh le la mot va nh nhau vi hy te tren thap gia? Va lam the nao hanh ong cua chung ta trong thanh le lai c lien ket vi hanh ong hien dang chnh mnh cua c Kito len cho Cha? ay, can nhac lai van e quan trong nhat a c khai trien ni chng au; ro rang, hanh vi nhan linh o khong phai la s kien vat ly ong a nh chiec la ri, nhng o chnh la thc tai an cha ben trong ni con ngi cho en luc nhng la chon trai ngc c the hien. Bi v trong tam hanh vi nhan linh la s chon la t do, t quyet von ni moi chung ta nh la mot phan can tnh cua chung ta. Nh mot hu the nhan linh, viec c Giesu a t do la chon chu chet cho n Cu o cua chung ta, nham e tiep tuc cong viec a c trao pho bi Cha Ngai, se khong cham dt vi cai chet cua Ngai. S t do chon la ton tai ni Ngai nh mo khang nh ve can tnh nhan linh ni Ngai- V c Kito nay van con la mot hu the nhan linh, loai hu the nhan linh ma chung ta c keu goi ti, nhng vi nhan tnh 222

c lien ket Thien tnh trong ngoi v duy nhat cua Ngai. Chan ly nay chnh la trong tam cua giao huan c tm thay trong th Do Thai: Nhng c Kito a en lam Thng Te em phuc loc cua the gii tng lai e vao cung thanh. Ngi a i qua mot cai leu ln hn va hoan hao hn (khong phai do tay nhan loai lam nen, ngha la khong thuoc the gii tho tao nay). Ngi a vao trong cung thanh mot lan cho tat ca, khong phai nh vao mau de, mau bo nhng vi chnh mau cua mnh, va a lanh c n cu chuoc vnh vien cho chung ta (Do thai 9,11-12) (oi chieu Do thai 9,24-28; 10,5-14). Thanh le hom nay van tiep tuc the hien s chon la mang tnh cu o cua c Giesu. Cach thc hien viec chon la khac vi cach chon la ma chnh Ngi a thc hien xa kia tren nui Calve, nhng no van ch la mot s chon la, s hien te chnh mnh va mau Ngai nham em n giao hoa cho chung ta. Hn na, la dan cua Ngi, chung ta tham d vao hanh ong cu chuoc nay qua trung gian Linh muc, hien ang thc hien li cua c Giesu a truyen lai trong ba tiec ly, v nh Cong ong Vaticano II a day, Thanh Le keo dai mai hy te tren thap gia cho en khi Chua Giesu lai en, trong khi van hien tai hoa hy te e chung ta co the chia se (Sacrosanctum Concilium so 47). Ro rang, o chnh la ly do ma Giao Hoi khan thiet mong i ni ngi tn hu c Kito, khi ang tham d vao mau nhiem c tin, khong nh nhng ngi xa la hay nh nhng khan gia cam lang. Ngc lai, nh s hieu biet ve nhng nghi le va li nguyen ma tn hu co the tham d vao c hanh Thanh, y thc c ieu mnh lam, vi long sot sang va hp tac tron venang khi dang len hien te tinh tuyen, khong ch qua oi tay ngi Linh 223

Muc, nhng la tat ca cung dang len vi ngai, ngi tn hu phai biet dang len chnh ban than ho na (Sacrosantum Concilium, so 48 ). Tat ca i song ngi Kito hu khi i va chuan b cho B Tch Thanh The, la viec tai dien hanh vi Cu o cua c Kito va la lng thc hang song cho cac mon e, ni o vie ho ket hp vi Ngai c sau am va nen phong phu hn. Bi the, nh Grisez a noi: Nhng Kito hu song cau nguyen, lam viec, vui mng va au kho e dang len vi hy le; nhan ra c Giesu ni tam banh c be ra ni Thanh Le, cac Kito hu ra i va en vi cac hoat ong khac e yeu thng va phuc vu Thien Chua. Trong thanh le toan bo hanh vi va i song cua tng Kito hu nh la mot tong theNh phep ra, nhng con ngi a tr nen Kito hu, c thap nhap tron ven vi c Giesu bi s cong tac vao hanh vi nhan linh cua Ngai, va bi o noi ket cuoc song cua ho (lam thanh hanh vi cua chnh ho) vi cuoc song cua Ngai. Tom lai, chnh c Kito la nen tang cua i song kito hu. Cac mon e tr nen mot vi Ngai en mc ho cung chia se s song than linh cua chnh Ngai, c hiep nhat than xac vi Ngai trong s than mat hn s ket hp gia v chong, va hanh ong trong s ket hp vi Ngai qua viec trao ban chnh mnh, cung vi Ngai, cuoc i ho nh mot li chuc tung ta n dang len Thien Chua Cha. 3. Giao c Phep Ra va n goi ca nhan Mot oan van quan trong trch trong Cong ong Vaticano II nh sau: moi thi ai va moi dan toc, Thien chua oai thng bat c ai biet knh s Ngai va thc thi nhng g ngay 224

thang (Cv 20,35). Tuy nhien ieu lam hai long Thien Chua, khong phai e giup con ngi nen thanh va Cu o ho cach thuan tuy rieng le, thieu lien ket, nhng la cho ho tr thanh mot dan toc duy nhat, mot dan toc nhan biet Ngai trong chan ly va Phung vu Ngai trong s thanh thien. V vay Ngai a chon dong giong Israel nh la dan rieng Ngai. Ngai a thiet lap Giao c vi ho. Tng bc, Ngai a day do dan nay bang viec to chnh mnh va y nh cua mnh qua lch s dan ay, va bang cach thanh hoa ho e danh rieng cho mnh. Tuy vay, tat ca nhng ieu nay the hien nh la cach the chuan b va nh la hnh bong cua Giao c mi va hoan hao se c ky ket ni c Kito, va la chuan b cho mac khai tron ven hn do chnh Ngoi Li Thien Chua mac lay xac pham em en. Chua phan: Nay ay se en ngay Ta thiet lap giao c vi nha Israel va nha GiuaTa se ban le luat cua Ta trong long ho va Ta se ghi khac luat ay ni trai tim ho; va ta se la Chua cua ho, va ho se la dan cua Tae moi ngi nhan biet Ta, t hang cung inh cho ti hang quyen qu. c Chua a phan nh vay (Cer 31,31-34). ieu nay muon noi len rang c Giesu a thiet lap minh c mi, giao c mi, trong mau Ngai (1Cr 11, 25) bang viec qui tu thanh mot dan, bao gom ca Do thai lan dan ngoai, khong phai theo xac tht nhng la trong Than kh (LG-90). Nh Grisez nhan xet, oan van nay noi ay u ba kha cua i song ngi Kito hu c rut ra t i song hien thc cua giao c. Trc tien ngi Kito hu song trong cong ong giao c, tc Giao hoi ; cuoc song cua moi ngi Kito hu trc het khong mang tnh ca nhan trc mat Thien Chua. ieu th hai, 225

mot khi a dan than vao trong Giao c mi khong phai bi xac tht (sinh ra nh mot ngi Do thai) nhng bi Thanh Than (bi n Thanh hoa a em en niem tin song ong). ien th ba, trong Giao c mi khi mot ngi a lanh nhan le luat th phai song theo luat o, va ay la tat ca hieu qua troi vt v le luat c khac ghi ni trai tim moi ngi Kito hu, ch khong ch c khac ghi tren a hay trong sach Le luat (Thorah) 20. Trong phan nay, toi se e cap en hai kha canh au tien cua i song chung ta la nhng ngi Kito hu a c nhac en Thong iep Lumen Gentium, s kien cuoc song ta trong Chua Kito la mot thc the duy nhat, dan cua cong ong giao c, la Giao Hoi, la con ng hoi nhap vao cong oan nay khong phai bi xac tht nhng la bi Than Kh. Va sau o toi se e cap en vai tro khong the thieu c ma moi ngi trong chung ta c mi goi cach ca v e the hien ni cong ong giao c nay bang viec nhan thc va thc thi n goi rieng biet cua moi ca nhan chung ta. Trong phan tiep theo cua chng nay, kha canh th ba cua i song chung ta la cac Kito hu, i song phu hp vi le luat cua tnh yeu c khac ghi ni trai tim chung ta, se c toi ban en. Giao c mi va hoan hao hn gia Thien Chua va nhan loai a c thiet lap nh cai chet cu o va s phuc sinh cua c Giesu la Giao c gia Thien Chua va nhng ai on nhan Chua Giesu trong c tin song ong va bi o c thap nhap vao than the Ngai la Giao Hoi. Giao Hoi la dan mi cua Thien Chua va a c thiet lap bi nhng ngi a c tai sinh bi nc cua phep ra e gia nhap vao gia nh mi, gia nh cua nhng anh ch em c on nhan 226

lam con cua Thien Chua, nhng anh ch em cua c Giesu Kito. Con ng dan vao Giao c mi cua chung ta khong phai bi xac tht nhng la bi Than Kh. n giai thoat chung ta khoi toi loi va s phuc sinh vao trong s song mi cua n cong chnh hoa trc het va quan trong nhat la qua tang cua Thien Chua, c mang en cho chung ta thong qua cai chet cu o va phuc sinh cua c Giesu va c thong truyen cho chung ta nh ang cau bau tc la Chua thanh Than. ang ma Thien Chua Cha va Con Ngai a gi en cho chung ta e lam ay tran trai tim chung ta bang s song than linh va tnh yeu. Nhng khi Thien Chua ban cho chung ta s t do la chon e thong qua s t do, chung ta co the t do quyet nh on nhan an hue s song cua ngai, Ngai muon rang chung ta t do cong tac vi an sung va an hue s song cua Ngai. c thuc ay bi Thanh Than, con ngi i vao giao c mi khi on nhan n cong chnh hoa va hong an cu o cua i song trong c Kito bi hanh vi cua c tin song ong. Con ngi tr nen thanh phan dan cua c Giesu, tc Giao Hoi, trong Phep ra, khi con ngi chet i nhan loai cu b ton thng bi toi cua Adam (Rm 5, 12) va c troi day trong i song mi, mot i song ch co c bi s lien ket vi ang a song lai : Khi c Thanh tay chung ta bc vao trong mot vi Ngai va cung i vao s chet vi Ngai, e roi nh Ngai a c choi day t s chet bi vinh quang cua Thien Chua Cha, chung ta cung co c s song mi (Rm 6, 4). Nh Phep ra chung ta c mac lay Chua Kito (Ga 3, 27) va song ket hiep vi Ngai. Va cot loi cua Phep ra, s chon la t do va nh t quyet o ma con ngi t bo loi song toi loi va t nay tr i 227

t cam ket song mot i song xng ang la con cai Thien Chua, la thanh phan cua than the Chua Kito. Phan ln chung ta c Ra toi khi con th be va luc ay khong the co nhng t do chon la cho chung ta. Nh nhng ngi khac, cha me au chung ta, ong vai tro ai dien tar li thay cho chung ta oi vi li mi goi chet i cho toi loi va song theo loi song xng ang vi con cai cua Thien Chua, va khi chung ta ln len trong gia nh c tin chung ta canh tan giao c cua Phep ra khi lanh nhan b tch Them sc ; va chung ta c trao cho c hoi e khang nh lai li cam ket nay cach thng xuyen trong suot cuoc i chung ta, at biet trong phung vu cua em Phuc sinh. Noi cach khac, Phep ra oi buoc mot loai chon la, ung hn goi la mot cam ket. Nh Grisez lu y, ay la la chon c ban cua Kito hu 21, nh o ho c t do cam ket song ket hiep vi Chua Giesu. Trong va qua toan bo s chon la nay, ngi tn hu phai dan than chia se vi cong cuoc cu o cua c Kito. S mang ngi tn hu chung ta, la hoan thanh ngay ni chnh than xac mnh ieu g con ang thieu sot trong nhng au kho cua c Giesu nhan danh nhiem the Ngi, tc la Giao hoi (Col 1, 24). c Giesu muon chung ta, la nhng chi the cua Ngai hoan rtat cong cuoc cu o ma Ngai a bat au e roi tat ca chung ta eu at i s duy nha ve c tin va ve s nhah biet con Thien Chua, nen ngi thanh toan, at ti tam voc xng vi viec vien man cua c Giesu (Ep 4, 13) cho en khi c Giesu bien oi than xac hen mon cua chung ta tr nen nh xac vinh quang cua Ngai nh bi quyen nang khien Ngai co the bat ca van vat qui phuc Ngai (Ep 3, 21). Trong va qau B tch Thanh tay 228

Thien Chua tuon o vao long chung ta s song va tnh yeu cua chnh Ngai, va khi nhan lanh an sung doi dao a c trao ban cho chung ta nh hieu nang s chet cu o va s phuc sinh c Giesu, ve phan mnh, chung ta t cam ket cong tac vi ang c chuoc chung ta trong cong cuoc cu o cua Ngai 22. That the, nh Thanh Phaolo nhan manh trong cac th cua Ngai gi cho tn hu Thesalonica, phan au tien cua th co the viet trong khoang thi gian gan 20 nam sau cai chet va s phuc sinh cua c Giesu, toan bo i song chung ta la cac Kito hu se la mot cuoc chuan b cho cuoc giang lam khi ma c Giesu se tr lai trong vinh quang e ket thuc s mang cu o cua Ngai. Chnh v cuoc song e chuan b nay ma chung ta t cam Ket trong phep ra. Va t khi nh phep ra, tnh yeu cua Thien Chua c thong ban cho chung ta, bien oi chung ta nen thanh va la nhng ngi con co kha nang bc i cac xng ang, vao trong cuoc song mi ma chung ta a c nang len, li cau nguyen cua thanh Phalo la Thien Chua lam cho chung ta c xung man va tran ay tnh yeu oi vi nhau va oi moi ngi, ngo hau ta them manh me vo phng trach c trong s thanh thien trc Thien Chua va la Cha chung ta, vao thi quang lam cua Chua chung ta c Giesu, lam mot cung het thay cac thanh cua Ngai ! (1 Thes 3,12-13) ; li nguyen rang chnh Thien Chua bnh an thanh hoa chung toan dien, khien cho con ngi chung ta t than tr, linh hon va the xac c gn gi ven toan, vao thi quang lam cua c Giesu Kito (1Thes 5,23-24). Chnh bi cuoc song cua ta trong c Kito la tham d vao cong trnh cu o cua Ngai va theo o chuan b cho s tr lai lan th hai trong vinh quang nh Thanh 229

Phaolo a cau nguyen rang : Xin Thien Chua lam cho chung ta c xng ang vi li mi goi va hoan thanh moi thien ch cua chung ta va moi cong viec chung ta lam v long tin, ngo hau danh Chua chung ta, c Giesu, c hien vinh ni chung ta va chung ta ton vinh ni Ngai, chieu theo an sung cua Thien Chua chung ta va cua Chua Giesu Kito. (2Thes 1,11-22.23) Trong niem tin song ong, cuoc song cua chung ta, la nhng Kito hu bat au ngay khi chung ta on nhan Li Chua (1Thes 1,6 ; Eph 1,13), nh Tin Mng so sanh vi hat giong c gieo tren at tot (Mt 13,23 ; Mc 4,20 ; Lc 8,15), va a c Thanh Phaolo coi nh mot sc manh nang ong lien tuc ni ngi tn hu (1Thes 2,13), mang sc manh noi tai cho viec tro sinh hoa trai va ln manh (Cr 1,5... ; Ep 1,13 ; 2Cr 6,1). Nhng ay khong u neu ch n thuan la on nhan Li Chua. S cam ket trong phep Ra cua ngi Kito hu oi hoi ho nhan lay gng c trao bi Chua Thanh Than va dung no nh vu kh trong cuoc chien au thieng lieng (Ehp 6,17). Thien Chua that s la ang cu o chung ta. Chnh nh sang kien cua Ngai ma ngay nay chung ta c cu o do tnh yeu cua Ngai tuon o trong tam hon chung ta (Ti 3,5 ; Eph 2,5-8 ;1 Cor 15, 1). Ngai a thanh hoa chung ta (1 Cor 1,2; 6,11), o ay ni chung ta s xung man cua c Kito (Col 1,10), bien oi chung ta nen nhng con ngi mi (2 Cor 5,17), mac cho chung ta chnh Chua Kito (Ga l 3,27), va lam cho chung ta nen nhng tao vat mi (2 Cor 5,17), tuon o tnh yeu cua Ngai cho chung ta qua Chua Thanh Than (Rom 5,5), e chung ta thc s c keu goi va tuyen chon (Rom 1,6 ; 8, 28-33 ; 1 Cor 1,24 ; Col 3,12), c tr nen con 230

cai Ngai, nhng ngi con cua anh sang (Eph 5,8 ; 1Thes 5,5 ; 1 Gro 3,1). Nhng cong trnh cua Thien Chua khong ket thuc ni phep Ra Toi. Thien Chua tiep tuc cu roi chung ta (1Cor 1,18 ; 2 Cor 2,15) e giup chung ta tr nen thanh thien va tinh tuyen (1Thes 5, 23 ; 3,13). Va chung ta c mi goi va c an sung cua Ngai trao ban e ap tra cach t do va tr nen ngi cong tac vi Ngai trong viec hoan thien ban than chung ta (2 Cor 7,1) bi viec dang hien tron ven tam hon trong cuoc song ngay chnh va thanh hien (Rom 6,1). Cong viec cua chung ta la tiep tuc mac lay Chua Giesu (Rom 13,14), g bo nhng viec am muoi va ... (P 200) mac lay ao giap cua s sang (Rom 13,2 ; Eph 5,8-11). Nh la nhng ngi con cua Thien Chua la tnh yeu, li mi goi cam ket cua chung ta la c ngu trong ngi (1 Gio 2,28 ; 4,13 ...) va bc i trong anh sang, khong theo bong toi (1Gio 7). Tom lai, v cam ket cua phep Ra e tr nen ieu chung ta la, chung ta se hoa lai c Giesu trong cuoc song cua chung ta dan en cong tac vi Ngi trong viec cu o ngi khac va ung hn la cu o toan the vu tru. Chung ta c dan en cuoc song cua cac Tong o, e roi nh cac Tong o, chung ta c a vao trong the gii vi tnh yeu va s phuc vu Thien Chua (nhng li ket cua thanh le, khi chung ta c sai i e mang n cu o cua Thien Chua en cho ngi khac banh vhnh nhng nhu cau hang ngay cua chung ta. o la y ngha va s cam ket cua chung ta qua phep Ra. c Giesu va hon the cua Ngi, tc Giao Hoi a sinh ra chung ta nh nhng ngi con cua Thien Chua va anh ch em cua Chua. Bi viec t do on nhan can tnh 231

Thien Chua ban, chung ta t cam ket bc i trong n goi ma chnh chung ta a c. Cac Kito hu co chung mot n goi hoac li mi goi thanh nen hoan hao : Nh ang mi goi chung ta la ang Thanh, hay tr nen thanh thien trong tat ca moi hanh vi, nh co li chep, cac ngi hay nen thanh v Ta la ang Thanh (1P 1,14-16). Bi the hay tuon gi cac gii ran cua Thien Chua, bi ch ay mi la con ng hoc yeu Thien Chua that s : Nhng ai on nhan va tuon gi Li Ta se la nhng ke yeu men Ta (Gio 4,21 ; 1Gio 2,5 ; 3,24 ; 4,21). Va nhng ieu nay ngha la g : Neu cac ngi muon i vao coi song. c Giesu bao chung ta, hay tuon gi cac gii ran. Va trong khi tra li cho ngi thanh nien giau co ve cac gii ran ma anh ta hoi, Ngai ap, o la : ngi khong c giet ngi, khong c ngoai tnh, khong c lam chng gian. Hay thao knh cha me va yeu thng tha nhan nh chnh mnh ngi (Mt 19,17-18). Ngi tn hu phai i theo con ng c Kito a i (1Gio 2,6). Va e i theo c Giesu, hay t cam ket vi Ngai e e c cu thoat neu ai muon theo Ta, hay t bo chnh mnh va vac thap gia e theo ta. Bi ke nao cu mang song mnh th se mat, va ai anh mat mang song mnh v Ta va v nc tri th se c cu thoat ( Mc 8, 34-35 ). Bi the ngi tn hu trong khi ap lai li mi go cua Thien Chua va em ra thc hanh n goi, se bien oi cuoc song cua ho cho phu hp vi giao huan cua Giao hoi, la Me va la hoien the khong t tch cua c Kito (Van e nay, coi trong chng VI ). ac biet, e trung thanh cam ket qua phep ra cua ho va thi hanh n goi cua mnh, cac Kito hu phai yeu ngay ca khi ang c Thien Chua yeu trong c Kito: ay la gii ran cua Ta, hay yeu thng nhau nh Ta a yeu thng cac ngi (Ga 15,12). 232

Trong phan tiep theo cua chng nay, toi no lc e dien ta gii luat yeu thng cua c Giesu, ngay ca khi Ngai yeu thng cach noi tai, ang bien oi va hoan thien i song luan ly cua Kito hu. iem nhan cua toi ay la n goi tong quat lam Kito hu oi hoi chung ta phai tuan gi cac gii ran nh c hieu trong than the c Kito, la Giao hoi va e yeu nh chnh c Giesu yeu. Them vao n goi pho quat, moi Khito hu con co mot n goi duy nhat va bat kha thay the trong gia nh Thien Chua la Giao hoi. Cac Kito hu khong ch khac nhau trong cac bat song ma ho c mi goi trong the gii- i song gia nh, linh muc, tu s, oc than vi inhng trong moi bat dsong ma moi Kito hu ang the hien vai tro oc nhat cua mnh e bu ap nhng g con khiem khuyet ni s au kho cua c Kito va hoan tat cong trnh cu o cua Ngai. Nh Grisez a ch ra cach thch hp, cong ong Vaticano II nhan kmanh moi ngi trong chung ta co mot n goi rieng e thi hanh nh mot thanh vien cua dan Chua Giesu. That the, nh cac Ngh phu a lu y bi c tin, chung ta buoc phai thi hanh nhieu hn cac trach nhiem tran the (nhng trach nhiem cua Kito hu) tuy theo n goi cua moi ngi ( Gaudium et Spes 43 ) nh Grisez a lu y n goi rieng cua moi ngi trong chung ta la nhng Kito hu a c c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II nhan manh trong thong iep Redemptor Hominit ma Ngai a xay dng da tren giao huan cua Thanh Phaolo, theo o c Thanh Cha a viet : cho het cong ong dan Chua va cho moi thanh vien trong o ve van e ang c noi en khong ch la mot phan t xa hoi ac biet; ma hn the na vi moi ngi va tng ngi mot, ieu thiet yeu o chnh la n goi ac thu. That vay, Giao hoi 233

nh la dan thanh Chua va cung la Than the mau nhiem cua c Kito theo giao huan cua thanh Phaolo a c c Pio XII nhac lai bang nhng t ng tuyet hao. Phan t trong than the o tn coi nguon co li mi goi ac biet c lien ket vi hanh vi cu o cua an sung. Bi the neu chung ta muon quan tam en cong ong dan Chua, la cong ong rat ong ao va vo cung khac biet, chung ta phai hieu trc het va quan trong hn het la c Kito ang noi vi moi ngi trong cong ong la hay theo Ta ( Redemtor Hominit 71). n goi cua moi ngi la con ng duy nhat theo Chua Giesu tren con ng cua Ngai cua moi ca nhan ngi tn hu. Ngai can s on gop ac biet cua moi ngi chung ta e hoan thanh cong viec cu the. Nh Grisez noi theo cach o khong ch tat ca Kito hu chia se n goi chung e bc theo Chua Giesu va khong ch nhng Kito hu ac thu mi chia se n goi oi vi cac bat song ac thu ma thoi, nhng moi Kito hu cung co n goi ca nhan: mot con ng duy nhat cua moi ngi e bc theo Chua Giesu 26. Bi the, nh giao c cua phep ra ma chung ta, nhng ngi a chon on nhan li cu o cua Thien Chua trong c tin va xay dng i song chung ta cho phu hp vi nhng oi ho cua c tin song ong. La nhng tao vat mi, c tai sinh trong c Giesu Kito, chung ta c mi goi en cuoc song hoan thien vi trach nhiem xep at s la chon va loi song phu hp vi nhng gii ran cua Chua nh a c e ra cho chung ta bi hien the cua ngi la Giao hoi. ( coi trong chng VI) them vao o, moi ngi chung ta co n goi ca nhan duy nhat, mot vai 234

tro bat kha thay the phai am nhan e a cong trnh cu o cua c Kito en cho hoan tat. Tuy vay, e tiep tuc vai tro nay, chung ta van can c nang . Va Chua Giesu, ngi ban tot va khon ngoan nhat cua chung ta, ban cho chung ta s nang nay di hnh thc le luat cua Giao c mi, la luat yeu thng cua Ngai. oi vi van e nay, gi ay chung ta phai chu y en mi co the hieu c luat c Chua ban cho se hoan thanh, kien toan va bien oi luat t nhien nh the nao ma chung ta a e cap chng II (t trang 202 208). 4. Tnh yeu Kito giao nguyen ly i song trong c Kito Phan nay thiet tng se hu ch lu y mot vai nhan nh cua thanh Toma Aquino ve gii luat mi cua Tin mng, gii luat tnh yeu. Nh se c nhac en, mot trong cac ly do quan trong ma v tien s pho quat cua Giao Hoi neu ra oi vi nhu cau cua nhan loai ve gii luat bo sung cho luat t nhien, neu con ngi se hoan toan tr nen nhng hu the nh Chua muon ho la, th viec ho that s c mi goi vao mot muc ch vt qua tr tue va kha nang mnh, ay la s song i i vi Thien Chua, mot cuoc song c bat au t ay va ngay bay gi. Thien Chua a trao cho con cai cua Ngai mot gii luat e ho at ti muc ch nay va e ho song ang pham gia lam con cua Ngai. Gii luat a c trao hnh thc khi au cua no cho Mose va dan c tuyen chon cua cu c c khac ghi tren a, va c thong ban tron ven cho nhan loai bi c Giesu, Con Thien Chua va la anh em cua chung ta, khi Ngi thiet lap mot giao c vnh cu gia Thien Chua va dan Ngai, va a khac ghi gii luat nay vao trong tam 235

kham con ngi. Va nh thanh Toma a giang day, ieu quyen nang nhat trong le luat Tan c trong o quyen lc ma le luat cha ng, o la an sung cua Chua Thanh Than, a c trao qua c tin. Bi the, ngai noi tiep, le luat mi trc het va quan trong hn het la an sung doi dao cua Chua Thanh Than c trao ban cho ngi tn hu cua c Kito 27 . Le luat nay khong ch trao ban cho chung ta nhan thc ve ieu phai lam khi chung ta la nhng hu the chung ta c nham ti, nhng con am tham hng dan chung ta nh thanh Toma noi, lam moi ieu can thiet e song tron ven nh Thien Chua muon chung ta song. Trong thc te cho dau a c tai sinh trong Thanh Than chung ta van con kha nang pham toi cho ti khi c khang nh trong vinh quang. "Trong mc o can xng, le luat mi c ban cho chung ta trong Chua Giesu se tr giup ay u e chung ta co the tranh xa toi loi" (29). V le luat mi c Thien Chua khac ghi trong tam kham chung ta chnh la "gii luat yeu thng"30. Nh chung ta a thay qua phan trnh bay ve luat t nhien trong chng II, theo thanh Toma va truyen thong Cong giao day, gii luat kep ve tnh yeu oi vi Thien Chua va oi vi tha nhan la qui tac luan ly can ban cho viec phan biet gia nhng chon la ngay thang va xau ve mat luan ly. ay la le luat tnh yeu c Thien Chua mac khai cho Mose va dan Cu c. Trong khi tra li van nan "au la gii ran quan trong nhat trong le luat", ngha la, le luat mac khai c Thien Chua trao ban cho dan c chon qua Mose, chnh Chua chung ta nhac en nhng oan trch then chot trong Cu c (nl.6,5 va Lv.19.18) va noi : "Ngi phai yeu men c Chua Thien Chua ngi het long het linh hon va het tr khon ngi". ay la gii ran au tien va quan 236

trong nhat. Va gii ran th hai cung nh the:" ngi phai yeu men tha nhan nh chnh mnh' (Mt. 23,37-39; Cf Rm.12,28-34; Lc.10,25-29). Nh chung ta a thay, t gii luat kep nay ve tnh yeu a a en 10 ieu ran 31. Hn na nh chung ta biet, gii luat kep ve tnh yeu oi vi Thien Chua va oi vi tha nhan co the c trnh bay cach triet hoc hn nh sau:"Trong hanh ong t nguyen v ch li con ngi va trong viec tranh ne ieu g trai ngc vi no, ngi ta phai chon la va mat khac phai c muon nhng ieu nao va ch c muon nhng kha nang nao co trien vong phu hp vi mot y ch hng en viec thanh toan cua con ngi 32. Chnh Chua Giesu a tai khang nh luat nay va cac oi hoi cua no". Nhng Chua Giesu con lam hn na, bi "le luat" Ngi ghi trong coi long chung ta qua an sung Chua Thanh Than trong b tch ra toi, a bien oi sau xa va hoan thien gii luat tnh yeu nay. Ngi ban cho chung ta mot gii ran mi, e chung ta la anh ch em cua Ngi, t nay c nang len i song mi va co the trong, vi, va nh c Giesu chung ta goi Thien Chua la Cha, chung ta phai yeu nh chung ta a va ang c Thien Chua yeu trong c Kito. "Thay ban cho anh em mot ieu ran mi la anh em hay yeu thng nhau nh Thay yeu thng anh em, anh em cung phai yeu thng nhau. iem nay moi ngi se nhan biet anh em la mon e Thay la anh em co long yeu thng nhau" (Ga.13,34-35). Nh Chua Giesu, chung ta phai san sang hy sinh cuoc song mnh cho anh ch em chung ta (tham chieu Ga.15,12-14; 1Ga.3,16). Nh Grisez lu y : "Cac ac iem long yeu men cua Chua Giesu uc ket t mot nguyen ly can ban hn o la long yeu thng cua con ngi cua Ngai danh cho chung ta bat nguon t tnh yeu sieu nhien 237

ma Ngai a on nhan bi Chua Cha va Ngi chia se vi chung ta. v vay Ngi noi :"Nh Cha a yeu Thay va Thay cung yeu anh em, hay lai trong tnh yeu cua Thay" (Ga.15,9). oi hoi yeu thng chung ta a va ang c yeu trong Chua Giesu la iau mi me trong le luat Thien Chua a truyen ban cho chung ta bi hong an cua Chua Thanh Than. V la con cai Thien Chua, cac Kito hu phai yeu thng nh ngi con duy nhat cua Ngai yeu thng. Hn na, Thien Chua, Ngai la tnh yeu (1Gio.4,8) tuon o s song tnh yeu cua Ngai cho chung ta, khi chung ta on nhan Li Ngai trong c tin song ong, qua Phep ra (va qua s oi mi nh li cam ket ra toi trong suot cuoc i chung ta). chnh s song va tnh yeu cua Ngai c trao ban cho chung ta qua Chua Thanh Than nh cong trnh cu o cua Chua Giesu. Va tnh yeu nay the hien ni chung ta la nguyen ly hay nguon mach cho cuoc song vi t cach la con cai Thien Chua. c trao quyen e xng ang bc i trong n goi ma chung ta c keu mi, nhng Kito hu chung ta t nay co the yeu nh Chua Giesu a yeu. Chung ta co the noi theo triet hoc nh tren ve chuan mc luan ly nen tang ve tnh yeu oi vi Thien Chua va tha nhan bob v ay la mot s chuyen bien noi tam sau xa. Nh Grisez noi cach sau sac : Tnh yeu Kito giao bien oi nguyen ly au tien cua luan ly thanh mot chuan mc ro rang hn, ngi ta phai c muon nhng ieu g va ch nhng ieu co kha nang gop phan vao viec hoan thanh con ngi ay u ang c the hien trong cong cuoc hoan tat moi van vat ni c Giesu 34.

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Nh chung ta a biet, i song luan ly cua chung ta la con ng cong tac vi chng trnh cu o cua Chua Giesu, them vao o, v moi hanh vi trong i song cua moi Kito hu phai gop phan thc thi n goi duy nhat ma ho c keu mi, nen moi viec trong i song chung ta phai bien oi bi tnh yeu Kito giao, tnh yeu ma chnh Thien Chua tuon o vao tam hon ni o chung ta ang c ngu. V vay theo o, moi mot chon la rieng t, moi mot hanh vi trong i song chung ta se c nh hng trong tam kham bi tnh yeu vt tren con ngi, bi tnh yeu than linh ma chnh Thien Chua thong ban cho chung ta qua Thanh Than cua Ngai nh trung gian cua c Giesu Kito, ang c sinh ra t i i a thanh xac pham. Theo nguyen ly noi tai cua i song luan ly Kito giao tnh yeu Thien Chua trao ban, em en cho chung ta quyen c song nh con cai cua Ngai, nham lien ket nhng hanh ong cua chnh ca nhan chung ta vi hanh vi cu o cua Chua Giesu va e tiep tuc cach trung thanh n goi cua rieng moi ngi chung ta. Trong Thong iep Chan ly sang ngi, c Thanh Cha Gioan Phaolo II a truyen day cach ranh mach rang : Chua Giesu mac khai cho chung ta thay t do ch thc cua con ngi c thu ac trong tnh yeu, ngha la, viec t hien chnh mnh e phuc vu Thien Chua va anh em mnh (87). ay la chan ly toi hau nham nh hng s chon la cua chung ta : e yeu thng nh chung ta a va ang c Thien Chua yeu thng trong c Kito, Ma than the chu ong inh cua Ngi la mac khai tron ven moi day lien ket bat kha phan ly, gia t do va chan ly, cung nh cuoc phuc sinh t coi chet cua Ngi la tuyen dng toi thng ve s to sinh hoa trai va quyen nang cu o 239

cua s t do c the hien trong chan ly (L. 87). Hn na, c Thanh Cha lu y rang : Nhng ai song theo xac tht th cam nhan le luat Thien Chua nh mot ganh nang, trong khi nhng ai c tnh yeu thuc ay va bc i trong Than Kh Gal 5, 16)Th tm thay le luat Thien Chua con ng can thiet va c ban i en viec thc hanh tnh yeu mnh a t do chon la va on nhan trong cuoc song (so 28). Ngi an ong va ngi phu n vi n sung d ay cua Thien Chua co the song chung thuy trong tnh yeu (x. so 24). 5. Cac moi phuc nh ro nhng oi buoc cua tnh yeu Kito giao. Theo Thanh Thomas d Aquino, bai giang tren nui (Mt 5) cha ng ay u thong tin can thiet cho i song Kito hu. Trong o nhng hoat ong noi tam cua con ngi c sap ac mot cach hoan hao (so 35). Trong nhan xet nay, Thanh Thomas cho n gian tai xac nhan truyen thong Kito giao tr lai vi cac giao phu. Qua the, Thanh Augustino cung noi cach thch hp, neu mot ai suy niem vi long ao c va sang suot bai giang ma c Giesu Kito Chua chung ta cong bo tren nui, Toi ngh ngi ay se tm thay ban hien chng hoan hao cho i song Kito hu, can nhac bi cac qui tac luan ly cao nhat (so 36). Hn na, nh Grisez lu y, trong ban kinh tin knh cua dan Thien Chua, c Thanh Cha Phaolo VI nhan manh en cac moi phuc trong phan tom tat ve giao huan luan ly cua Chua Giesu. Chua chung ta a loan bao va thiet lap vng quoc, a trao cho cac mon e cua Ngi ieu ran mi la hay yeu thng nhau nh Ngi a yeu thng, va ch bao chung ta con ng moi phuc cua Tin mng : Tinh than ngheo kho, s khiem nhng, kien nhan chu au kho, khao 240

khat theo uoi chan ly, long nhan t, long trong sach, c ao hoa bnh, chu bach hai v le cong chnh 37. Khi lien ket chat che gia cac moi phuc va gii ran yeu thng nh Chua Giesu yeu thng, c Thanh Cha Phaolo i ket luan rang cac moi phuc co the c coi nh bieu mau gian lc ve noi dung Kito giao o Chua ao trong giao huan luan ly cua c Giesu trong Thong iep Rang ngi chan ly c Gioan Phaolo II tiep theo sau Thanh Augustino, cung goi bai giang tren nui la ai Hien Chng (magna Chanta) cua luan ly Kito giao. Trong bai giang tren nui c Giesu nhan manh Ngi khong en e pha bo le luat hay cac tien tri, nhng ung hn la e hoan thien chung ta (Mt 5, 17). c Thanh Cha noi tiep : c Giesu a ra cac gii ran en s kien toan bang cach noi tam hoa cac oi hoi cua no va lam sang to y ngha ay u nhat cua no. Bi vay, gii ran ngi ch giet ngi tr thanh li mi goi oi vi mot tnh yeu ang tran trong e bao ve va thang tien i song tha nhan, co kha nang ton trong y ngha phu the cua than xac (so 15). c Thanh Cha tiep tuc cac moi phuc cua bai giang tren nui e cap en thai o va nen tang trong cuoc song va v the khong an khp chat che vi cac gii ran. Mat khac khong co s phan cach hoac oi lap gia cac moi phuc va cac gii ran : ca hai eu hng en s thien va cuoc song vnh cu (N. 16). Chung vt tren moi li ha, ma t o gian tiep a en nhng ch dan chuan mc cho i song luan ly. Chung la mot loai chan dung t hoa cua c Kito, la nhng li mi goi tr nen mon e va hiep thong s song vi c Kito (n. 16) (ve e tai nay xin oc them Giao ly Hoi Thanh Cong Giao, n. 1716 1729). 241

oan trch thong iep Rang ngi Chan ly cua c Gioan Phaolo II cung cap cho chung ta nhng nhan nh sau sac theo chieu hng ma qua o cac moi phuc gan lien vi tnh yeu Kito giao. Sau khi nhn lai van tat mot vai van e a c tranh luan e a ra mot khuon mau co the thch hp vi bai giang tren nui, toi co co gang a ra nhan nh chi tiet hn ve van e nay. Nh chung ta tng thay, viec chung ta ket hp vi Chua Giesu, va li cam ket e thc hien n goi rieng cua mnh va chia se cong trnh cu o cua Ngi, a bien oi sau xa i song ta nh the nao, chung ta cung thay rang tnh yeu Kito giao, nguyen ly cho i song mi cua chung ta trong c Kito va luat Tin mng c Chua ban a hoan thien, bo tuc va bien oi luat t nien ma nguyen ly chuan mc can ban cua no, c dien ta theo ton giao nh la tnh yeu oi vi Thien Chua va tha nhan, noi theo triet hoc ay la mot thai o san sang chon la va mat khac c muon nhng ieu va ch nhng kha the nao tng hp vi mot y hng a en s thanh toan con ngi. Co van e nh the bi v e yeu thng nh a va ang c Thien Chua yeu thng trong c Kito, chung ta nhng anh ch em cua c Kito phai c muon nhng g va ch nhng kha kha the nao gop phan vao s thanh toan con ngi c thc hien trong s vien man van vat ni Chua Giesu. Cac moi phuc (hay nhng ieu chuc phuc) c Chua chung ta ha ban cho cac mon e trung tn cua Ngai trong bai giang tren nui, a an sau vao trong gii ran ma Chua Giesu a truyen cho chung ta: Hay yeu thng nh Ngi yeu thng. Theo quan iem 242

cua toi, no lc co y ngha nhat cua nha than hoc cong giao thi nay e lam sao trnh bay c s lien ket gia cac moi ket va tnh yeu Kito giao, c tm thay ni cong trnh cua Germain Grisez ong co gang theo chieu ng nay e trien khai truyen thong lau dai cua Kito giao, a c thanh Augustino va thanh Thomas khang nh rang, bai giang tren nui that s la ban hien chng cho i song cua chung a vi t cach la Kito hu. V the, phan nhieu cac ieu sau ay se la co gang cua toi e tong ket t tng cua Grisez ve e tai nay. Trong chng hai chung ta a thay nguyen ly luan ly au tien cua luat t nhien luat kep ve long men Chua yeu ngi, ve y muon thanh toan cua con ngi c nh ro bi nhng hnh thc trach nhiem, trong chng mc nhng hnh thc nay nhan dang nhng phng cach chon la ieu khong tng hp vi viec ton trong s hoan thien toan dien cua con ngi vi mot tam hon hng m en nhng ieu toan thien cua con ngi va cua nhng ai ma ni ho nhng ieu thien hao nay c nham trien n 39. Trong mot cach the tng t, nhng phng thc ap ng cua Kito hu phan nh ro nhng oi hoi cua luat Tin mng ve tnh yeu Kito giao, la luat hoan tat va bien oi luat t nhien. Nhng phng cach ap ng cua kito giao, phan nh ro nhng cach the hanh ong ch ro mot ngi ma y ch cua ho c khi ong len do tnh yeu cua Thien Chua tuon o vao tam hon ho, san sang hanh ong t ben trong vi s xac tn nay sinh t niem hy vong Kito giao, va ch ro s thanh toan cua con ngi thc s co the thc hien c trong s ket hp vi c Giesu. ay la nhng phng thc tieu bieu cho i song nhng ai nh c tin song ong, c goi 243

la nhng ke c Chua chuc phuc, nh Grisez a nhan xet, v nhng hnh thc ap tra lai cua Kito giao phai c xem la s chuc lanh hn la nhng oi buoc. 40 o la nhng khuynh hng noi tam, hng ngi Kito hu lam ieu g o lam ep long Thien Chua. o la nhng nhan c Kito giao va bat nguon t s trao hien s song va tnh yeu cua Thien Chua, chung co the c coi cach xac thc la nhng an hue cua Thanh Than Ngai. Cac moi huc nay that s la g? Theo tng thuat cua Thanh mattheu ve bai giang tren nui o la: Phuc ai co tinh than ngheo kho,v Nc Tri la cua ho, Phuc thay ai sau kho, v ho se c ui an. Phuc thay ai hien lanh, v ho se c at lam c nghiep. Phuc thay ai oi khat s cong chnh, v ho se c no thoa. Phuc thay ai biet thng xot, v ho se c xot thng. Phuc thay ai co tam hon trong sach, v ho se c nhn thay Thien Chua. Phuc thay ai xay dng hoa bnh, v ho se c goi la con Thien Chua. Phuc thay nhng ngi b bach hai v le cong chnh, v Nc Tri la cua ho (Mt 5,3-10). Suy t ve cac moi phuc giup cho chung ta hieu c rang: cac moi phuc a ra cac chuan mc cua i song Kito hu ac thu hn gii ran yeu thng Chua cua c Giesu day nguyen ly au tien cua luan y Kito giao. Tuy the, chung khong ac thu nh nhng chuan mc chac chan cua luan ly Kito giao. Ngha la cac chuan mc nh ro nhng s chon la va hanh ong cach chnh xac cua con ngi, nh la mot kito hu, c mi goi hanh ong nham thc hien n goi cua rieng mnh ni ay va t bay gi. mc o nao o, ay la nhng phng thc ap tra cua ngi tn hu, la nhng khuynh hng noi tam 244

Kito giao hoac nhng nhan c, c noi ket cach truyen thong, nh trong t tng cua thanh Augustino va Thanh Toma Aquino, vi an sung cua Chua Thanh Than, 41 c liet ke ni Isaia 11,1: Va Than Kh cua Thien Chua se ng tren Ngai, Than Kh khon ngoan va minh man, Than Kh mu lc va dung manh, Than Kh hieu biet va Knh s Thien Chua. Theo o truyen thong Kito giao, da vao ban dch Vulgata ve Isaia a them vao Than Kh (Piety). Khi cac moi phuc c nhn nhan trong nen tang nay, Grisez tin rang, cac phng thc ap tra cua kito hu co the c dien ta nh sau:

a. Trong ch va on nhan moi thien hao,


ke ca hoa trai t cong viec cua mot ngi nh la an hue cua Thien Chua Bi v ngi co tinh than ngheo kho hieu c rang thanh qua at c cua ho ch la mot chia se, c Thien Chua trao ban cach t do va ai lng trong s sung man cua Ngai. Khuynh hng ao c la s khiem nhng; tnh kieu ngao la net xau cua ngi kito hu. An hue tng ng cua Thanh Than la knh s Thien Chua

b. Chap nhan tnh gii han cua moi ngi trong than the cua c Kito va hay hoan thien s thieu sot o bi ngi hien lanh hieu rang s tung huc y muon cua Thien Chua bao gom viec khong bo i hay tr hoan s hoan thien ban than. Khuynh hng nhan c la s tan hien cua Kito hu, trong khi oi lap vi no la s th va chu ngha toi thieu. An hue tng cua Chua Thanh Than la long ao c hay sung knh, mot thai o ton knh hieu thao va chu toan bon phan oi vi Thien Chua.
245

c. Gat bo hay tranh moi th khong can thiet hoac vo ch trong viec chu toan n goi ban than, v nhng ai than khoc (khong ch la nhng ngi toi loi hoi han nhng con la tat ca nhng ai quay lng lai vi ieu li loc nhat thi e tr ve vi s thanh toan ni c Giesu) hieu rang mong muon s thien t no se giai thoat con ngi khoi canh chay theo li loc han hu rieng t cho ca nhan mnh. Khuynh hng nhan c la: t bo; khuynh hng oi lap lai tinh than the tuc va u t lo lang. n hue tng ng cua Chua Thanh Than la s hieu biet, nh o con ngi nhan ro c ieu g thuoc ve c tin va phan quyet moi s di anh sang c tin. d. Can am chu bat c ieu g can thiet hay hu ch cho viec chu toan n goi ca nhan- v nhng ai oi khat s cong chnh hieu rang khong co ieu g phai s. Khuynh hng nhan c la s trung thanh va anh hung, ac iem cua ngi t ao, mac dau moi ngi kito hu cung b oi hoi ve ieu nay, trong khi o nhng ngi yeu c tin va hen nhat khi oi dien vi cac tieu chuan phi kito giao song lai tat xau trong Kito giao, n hue tng ng cua Chua Thanh Than la s dung manh.
e. Bao dung theo long thng xot pho quat va hoan hao ni Thien Chua a c mac khai ni c Kito Bi ai biet xot thng hieu c rang ho cung se khong vo tam va khong v ky giong nh Thien Chua. Khuynh hng nhan c la long xot thng, long trac an va tinh than phuc vu ngi khac theo gng Chua Giesu, trong khi o tnh xau oi ngc lai la thai o vu le luat oi vi ngi khac. An hue cua Chua Thanh Than la s khuyen bao(mu lc). 246

f. No lc dan than tron ven cho c tin song ong, va tay tr bat c ieu g khong phu hp chuan mc nay- ngi trong sach trong tam hon hieu rang trong cuoc song nay c ai oi buoc s hoan cai khong ngng. Khuynh hng nhan c la chuyen tam ton sung Chua, bao gom cam thc ve toi loi va khong ngng hoan cai, trong khi o tnh xau cua ngi kito hu c phan anh ni tnh cach tam thng va thieu thanh thc. An hue tng ng cua Chua Thanh Than la thong hieu
ap lai hanh vi xau bang ieu thien, khong chong c, lai cang khong hanh ong pha hoai- v ngi xay dng hoa bnh hieu rang s no lc song phu hp vi tnh yeu Thien Chua phai la moi day hoa giai moi ngi. Khuynh hng nhan c la niem hoa giai nham n cu o cho ke thu nghch; khuynh hng oi lap la tranh ne ieu xau thay v song s menh cu the oi vi nhng ngi b troi buoc bi s d. An hue tng ng cua Chua Thanh Than la s khon ngoan, sc manh kien tao trat t nh ngi xay dng hoa bnh lam. ieu thien hao phai phat xuat t chuyen khong lam ieu xau nhng chu ng ieu xau cung vi Chua Giesu trong s cong tac vi tnh yeu cu o cua Ngai- v nhng ai b bach hai v le cong chnh hieu c rang, con ngi phai chu ng c ieu xau e a ke lam ieu xau tiep xuc vi s thien hao. Khuynh hng nhan c la s t hien, net xau cua ngi kito hu la s trung thc mong manh cua ngi khong mong muon pham toi nhng lai tm kiem s thoa man tran tuc. V ch co bay an hue nen Thanh Augustino khong qui nh ay n hue nao ca; tuy vay, co the 247

noi rang co mot n hue tng ng, duy nhat oi vi moi kito hu va hng ngi ay dang cho Thien Chua viec trao ban chnh ban than ho. 6. Van nan ve cac chuan mc luan ly ac thu Kito giao. Luat t nhien- hay con c goi la luan ly pho quat cua nhan loai, at en s thanh toan va hoan hao bi le luat mi cua Tin Mng ve gii ran yeu thng. Nhng tuy the luat t nhien khong b loai tr hay mau thuan vi luat mi ve yeu thng. Tnh yeu Kito giao oi hoi cach dt khoat rang anh ch em cua c Giesu hng s chon la va hanh ong cua mnh phu hp vi nhng nguyen tac va chuan mc cua luat t nhien- nhng nguyen tac va chuan mc, bao gom nhng chuan mc tuyet oi va mien ngoai le, a c xet en trong chng II va III. That the, Giao Hoi hien the cua c Kito va la ngi bao ve chan ly, cng quyet nhan manh en chan ly cac nguyen tac va chuan mc nay, ma Giao Hoi la ngi co tham quyen giai thch(x. Dignitatis Humanae, so 14). Nh chung ta a thay, niem tin ni c Kito va tnh yeu trao ban cua Thien Chua tuon o ni tam hon ngi tn hu a bien oi t ben trong nguyen ly can ban cua luat t nhien va nhng hnh thc ve tnh hu trach xac nh no ro hn. Ngi kito hu se chon la va mat khac c muon nhng ieu nay va ch nhng ieu co kha nang tng hp vi s thanh toan tron ven cua con ngi c thc hien va qua cong trnh cu o cua c Giesu Kito, la cong trnh ma moi ngi tn hu c mi goi chia se. Trong khi ket hp i song va hanh ong vi cuoc song va hanh ong cu o cua c Giesu , ngi 248

kito hu ap lai bang cach chon la phng the nh vay e tron cuoc song cua ho the hien ra cac nhan c ac trng cua nhng ngi c goi la c Thien Chua chuc phuc. Tuy vay, van e con lai la: Co nhng chuan mc luan ly kito giao ac thu, ngha la: cac chuan mc nham nhan nh ro nhng phng hng e chon la va hanh ong mang ac tnh thuan tuy kito giao va co the nhan biet c di anh sang cua c tin? Mot mat, dng nh khong the c, bi nhng chuan mc luan ly ac thu co the biet c nh cac nguyen ly c ban cua luat t nhien va cac phng thc ve tnh hu trach dng nh hu hieu e ch dan nhng chon la va hanh ong cua con ngi; bi vay tai sao lai can en nhng chuan mc c them vao? Mot mat khac, viec nghien cu Kinh Thanh, ac biet trong Kinh Thanh Tan c, va viec suy t nhng chat lieu a c trnh bay trc ay ni chng nay dng nh cho thay rang co cha ng cac chuan mc luan ly Kito giao ro ret. Cac Tin mng, ac biet theo Tin mng thanh Mattheo dien ta c Giesu nh trnh bay mot nen luan ly hay mot loi song mi noi bat va khac biet han, mot cuoc song vt han ve noi dung bat c ieu g c tm gap trong Cu c cung nh trong bat c ton giao hay triet hoc nao. Mac du co the a c e ra hoac noi len trc trong giao huan luan ly cua nhng ngi khac, gii ran cua c Giesu la chung ta hay tha th cho ke thu va lam ieu thien cho nhng ngi bat hai chung ta chnh la trong tam cua mot ng hng mi va duy nhat e ng au vi s d va tat ca ieu nay a c minh hoa cach hoan hao nhat ni cuoc song, cuoc vt qua va cai chet cua c Giesu (Mt 249

5, 38-48 ; Mc 8, 31-33 ; Lc 9,22). Nhng mon e cua c Giesu c mi goi e vac thap gia ma theo Ngai (Mt 16,24 ; Mc 8, 34 ; Lc 9,23). Va tren het cac kito hu hay yeu nh c Giesu yeu (Ga 13, 34-35). Sau het, toan bo giao huan cua thanh Phaolo ve s ket hp gia c Kito va cac chi the Ngai ngu y rang tnh yeu kito giao la can nguyen a en nhng chuan mc ac thu duy nhat cho nhng ai song trong c Giesu nh c tin. Van nan ve cac ac thu kito giao la e tai cua nhieu tranh luan trong gii than hoc gia cong giao ngay nay. Rat nhieu ngi, bao gom Charles E. Curran, Timothy E. OConnell, Richard Mc Cormick. Josef Fuchs va Bruno Schiiller, phu nhan co nhng chuan mc ac thu oi vi kito hu 43. Trong khi nhng than hoc gia nay biet rang c tin kito giao a ra nhng ong lc va y hng e hanh ong co tnh cach luan ly, chung la nhng ac thu kito giao, ho khong hieu s can thiet e khang nh s ton tai cua cac chuan mc nham ch ro cac hnh thc chon la va hanh ong cua con ngi la ac tnh duy nhat va rieng biet cua Kito giao 44. oi khi cac nha than hoc nay nai en tham quyen cua thanh Toma Aquino e bien ho cho lap trng cua ho khi qui chieu en ban van trong o, thanh nhan a khang nh rang luat mi cua tnh yeu khong them vao mot ch th nao oi vi nhng hanh ong ngoai tai ke tren va vut qua nhng ch th do luat t nhien a ra 45. Du co s kien la thanh Toma a thc s day ieu nay, tuy vay nai en ban van nay khong giai quyet van e ngay ca trong nhng lanh vc thuoc tham quyen cua thanh Toma. Bi thanh Toma cung day rat ro rang co nhng nhan c co nhng nhan c kito giao 250

ac thu, c Thien Chua an ban cho than hoc ai ket hiep vi c Giesu qua tnh yeu tuon tran cua Ngai, va nhng nhan c nay la nhng nguyen ly ma t o nhng phng thc hanh ong ac thu kito giao c rut ra 46. Nh Ngai a noi rang ngi kito hu buoc ro rang phai an chay va bo th 47. Van e nay cha bao gi c thanh Toma chnh thc han manh, viec giai quyet van nan da tren nen tang suy t cua ngai oi hoi viec giai thch dan dan ni cac ban van khac nhau. Cac nha than hoc cong giao khac cung thi nhan manh rang co cac chuan mc luan ly Kito giao ac hu. Trong so nhng than hoc gia theo lap trng nay la Hans Urs Balthasar, Josef Ratzinger, Diogini Grisezsuy niem, Bernhard Stoeckle va Germair Grisez 48. Theo y kien toi, t tng cua Grisez ay cung nh than hoc ni khac th rat hu ch va sang suot, tong hp xuc tch cac vien tng Kinh Thanh quan trong va nhng yeu to c neu len bi ghi nhan nhng tac gia khac va neu. Nen tang chung cho li tuyen bo cua nhng tac gia nay ve van e co nhng chuan mc luan ly kito giao ac thu la ieu kien hien sinh cua nhan loai. Nh chung ta va biet va lam ieu tot. Do o, theo nguyen tac, ngay ca viec ton trong oi vi cac chuan mc luan ly ac thu, c nhan ra di anh sang cua cac nguyen ly luat t nhien, Mac khai cung can thiet. Tom lai, chan ly luan ly ve mot so van e co the cach chac chan ma khong can en Mac khai cua Chua, nhng chan ly luan ly ve nhng van e khac co the hieu c cach chac chan ch nh bi Thien Chua a Mac khai cho biet nhng ieu that s phai lam (Cong ong Vaticano Israel Dei Filius, c.2 ; Ds 3303, 3304, 3305). Tuy nhien, ay 251

khong can thiet e neu ra cac noi dung cac chuan mc ac thu Kito giao ch co the biet c di anh sang Mac khai cua Chua. Nhng them vao tnh trang cac tao vat sa nga va toi loi, con ngi ngay nay tr nen nhng tao vat mi nh cong cuoc cu o cua c Kito va s ket hp cua loai ngi vi Ngai, ho that s la hanh phan cua gia nh Thien Chua, co kha nang song mot nep song mi, va that s chia se cong trnh cu o the gian va con ngi toi loi cua c Kito. Bi the c tin kito giao co the lam phat sinh cac chuan mc ac thu phu hp vi loi song cua ngi tn hu. Grisez noi rang, ieu nay the hien, qua viec e ra nhng chon la va kha thi va va mi goi nhng ngi sa nga- nhng la chon hoac khong the hnh thanh neu khong co c tin hoac khong co u hap dan e c xet en vi s can nhac ma lai thieu vang niem hy vong kito giao. Cac chuan mc luan ly ac thu ch c phat sinh khi cac e xuat c neu len nh nai en nhng kha nang lc chon. Bi vay, viec a ra nhng e xuat mi me, c tin a en nhng chuan mc ac thu khong the nhan thc c ma lai thieu vang c tin 49. T o, bi viec xem xet tnh huong hien sinh thc te cua ngi co toi va c cu o, c tin kito giao co the va a en cac chuan mc luan ly ac thu. Mot chuan mc luan ly ac thu cho ngi tn hu la ho phai tm kiem, chap nhan va trung thanh thc thi n goi cua mnh 50. Them vao o, nh mot ngi thi hanh n goi ca nhan cua mnh bc theo Chua Giesu va cong tac vi Ngai trong cong trnh cu o, nhng lc chon va nhng kha nang c gi len nh la nhng phng thc ac thu cho viec thc thi n goi nay. ay la tnh huong dng nh co trong t tng cua Thanh Toma 252

khi Ngai noi : nh cam thc va hanh ong t au en cac chi the, cung the, cam thc thieng lieng, bao gom viec nhan thc chan ly va hanh ong thieng lieng hoat ong di s thuc ay cua an sung t au thieng lieng, la c Kito, en cac chi the cua Ngai. Tom lai, trong khi khong co loai tr hay mau thuan g vi cac chan ly va chuan mc cua luat t nhien, c tin Kito giao bien oi t ben trong, nguyen ly chuan mc c ban bang viec ch cho thay lam the nao e viec hoan thanh tron ven con ngi qua viec cong tac vi c Kito trong cong cuoc cu the cua Ngai va cung tng t bien oi t trong cac hnh thc cua tn hu trach thanh cac phng thc Kito giao nham ap ng vi nhng ng hng noi len ac iem cua nhng ngi c Thien Chua goi la ngi c chuc phuc. Them vao o viec tnh en cach hien thc ieu kien hien sinh cua con ngi la nhng ke b ton thng do toi loi, nhng gi ay, nh hanh vi cu o cua c Giesu, ho co kha nang song thc s la con cai Thien Chua, t o cung e xuat ra cac chuan mc luan ly ac thu cho moi Kito hu la ngi nhan thc c va thi hanh cach trung thanh n goi duy nhat cua mnh e bc theo Chua Giesu va cung cong tac e hoan tat cong cuoc cu o cua Ngai. 7. Thc hanh i song Kito giao Phai chang i song luan ly Kito giao, nh a c phat hoa ni nhng trang trc that s co kha nang hng dan chang ? Hoac phai chang ch la ly tng khong the at en hoan toan khong hien thc va khong co kha nang hoan thanh c ? Hn the na, phai 253

chang qua khac khe trong oi hoi, chat nhng ganh khong the chu noi tren con ngi ma khong ke g en s yeu uoi mong don cua ho ! Trong vai y ngha nao o, i song luan ly kito giao la mot ly tng song. ieu o, oi hoi mot no lc dt khoat va lau dai khi oi dien vi nhng tr ngai nghiem trong va oi luc ca s that bai ca nhan na. Theo ngha nay, s ngay chnh, thanh khiet va cng ngh trong i song cung la mot ly tng. ieu nay tng t ly tng lng thien trong quan he lam an, t choi gian lan trong viec thue thu nhap trong khi moi ngi khac ang lam nh the, va lam cha me tot. Nhng n gian v oi luc rat kho song ngay chnh, trong sach va cng ngh, lng thien trong quan he lam an va cac trach nhiem trong xa hoi, va lam cha me tot, khong ai co the ket luan rang ay la nhng ly tng bat kha the va khong the thc hien c. Nhng oi hoi tr nen ngay chnh va lam cha me tot, vv la nhng chuau mc rang buoc, ch khong co quyen chon la oi vi ngi ngay chnh ve luan ly. oi vi ngi Kito hu cung the, bao gom tat ca nhng ieu o va them vao na la long yeu men Thien Chua het linh hon, het tr khon va het sc cung yeu thng anh em nh chnh mnh vay, va that the, yeu ngi khac nh Chua Giesu yeu cung khong phai la nhng ieu co quyen chon la nhng la nhng oi hoi cua luat mi ve yeu thng tha th cho ke thu, lay ieu thien ap tra s ac, Chu ng s d va nh lam nh the, e chia se cong trnh cu o cua Chua Giesu tat ca la nhng oi hoi rang buoc cach chac che cua tnh yeu Kito giao. Thc thi theo ng hng nay, oi vi ngi Kito hu, khong la mot ly tng m ho e at en nhng ieu khong tng, nhng la mot oi 254

hoi cua i song Kito hu va ch la mot con ng thc te e vt qua s d trong cuoc song cua chung ta va trong the gii. Chung ta c mi goi nen hoan hao, nh Cha chung ta tren Tri la ang hoan hao, va s hoan hao he tai song cuoc song vi tnh yeu Kito giao. D nhien, s hoan hao cua chung ta se cha ay u cho ti khi song lai, nhng no a bat au ngay t ay va bay gi. Bi v, la ket qua sang kien an sung cua Thien Chua, chung ta a la nhng ngi con cua Ngai v chung ta ket hp vi c Giesu. S song cua chnh Ngai, tnh yeu cua Ngai trong chung ta, va chung ta lu lai trong tnh yeu cua Ngai (x. 1 Gio 4, 16) va cung vi cach the o, ngay qua ngay ta ln len trong s thanh thien va tnh yeu nh tham d ngay cang sau xa hn trong tnh yeu ma Ngai a tuon o trong tam hon chung ta. oi khi khong the che trach cac Kito hu thng hay that bai trong viec song nh tnh yeu oi hoi c. Khong ai co the chu trach nhiem luan ly oi vi ieu g ho khong co the that s chon la e lam, hoac v ieu o khong xay en vi ho, bi v co the khong thay ieu g khi ang thc hien, hoac bi ho khong co the ngh ra cach e bat au thc hien ieu o. oi khi moi ngi chung ta trong loai tnh trang nay, en noi theo chu quan ta khong the lam ieu ma tnh yeu Kito giao oi hoi. Nhng nhng tr ngai kieu nay co the vt qua c khi ta trng thanh trong c tin va thc hien c ngay cang sau xa hn ieu ma cam ket cua phep ra oi buoc. Thc s chung ta cung thng that bai khi song i song cua ngi tn hu do s sao lang va s chon la nhng ieu toi loi. Ngay ca thanh Phero, v tong o cua Chua Giesu a chon e tr nen a tang xay dng Giao 255

Hoi, a choi bo Thay mnh cach hen nhat. Va moi ngi trong chung ta phai au long e nhan ra s phan boi cua chnh mnh vi c Giesu. Nhng vi tnh yeu va long thng xot, c Giesu san sang mang en cho chung ta s giao hoa va lan nay en lan khac lai ban tnh yeu, la chnh s song neu chung ta san sang sam hoi loi lam va on nhan n tha th Ngai muon ban cho chung ta. Toi tin rang, van e ln lao nhat trong viec song cuoc i ngi Kito hu va trung tn thi hanh n goi cua rieng mnh la viec chung ta muon ngng lai. Chung ta t choi trao ban chnh mnh cho Thien Chua tnh yeu, t choi e Ngai chiem hu chung ta va lu lai trong chung ta. Nh thanh Augustino a tng noi Lay Chua, xin ban cho con long trong sach, nhng khoan52. Chung ta muon tnh yeu cua Thien Chua lu lai trong chung ta va hay lai ni o, nhng khoan, bi chung ta biet rang, neu ieu o xay ra chung ta se phai t bo nhng ieu chung ta ang b troi buoc va ang cam thay hap dan mac du chung khong hoa hp vi i song that s cua ngi kito hu. ieu can thiet cho chung ta la at nhng ieu u tien len trc Long men Chua yeu ngi nh a va ang c Thien Chua yeu thng trong c Kito. Neu chung ta thc hien ieu nay, vi s nang khong ngng cua Thien Chua, chung ta se trng thanh trong c Kito va lu lai ngay cang sau am hn trong tnh yeu cua Cha Ngai. Va lai, i song luan ly Kito giao khong phai la nghiem nhat, o khong phai la bo luat day lam hoac khong lam, c ap at tren chung ta cach tuy tien nham han che s t do cua chung ta. ung hn cuoc song trong tnh yeu Kito giao la mot oi hoi noi tam t ban tnh cua chung ta a c cu o bi c Kito, va trong, vi va nh Ngi, c nang len tam 256

mc than linh. V nh a thay, trong c Kito, chung ta a c than hoa, tr nen ke chia se than tnh cua Ngai nh Ngai a chia se than phan nhan loai cua chung ta, e chung ta that s tr nen anh ch em cua Ngai, nhng ngi con cua Cha Ngai. Nh lu lai trong tnh yeu cua Thien Chua va cong tac vi c Kito trong cong trnh cu o, chung ta se thc s at ti s thanh toan nhan linh tron ven, chung ta se thc s la nhng hu the nh Thien Chua muon chung ta tr nen. at van e theo chieu hng khac, neu chung ta song theo cam ket cua phep ra va no lc tng ngay e thi hanh n goi cua mnh, chung ta se co the song i song Kito hu. Nh cong ong Trento noi : Bi the, theo chieu hng nay, ngi a c cong chnh hoa va tr nen ban hu cua Thien Chua va la thanh phan cua gia nh Ngai (Gron 15,15; Eph 2,1), tien len tren ng nhan c (Tv 83,8), cang ngay cang tr nen oi mi (nh thanh tong o noi) (x. 2Cor 4,15), nh kho che cac chi the cua xac tht (x. Col 3,5) va chng to chung nh la kh cu cua s cong chnh (x. Rm 6,13-19) a en s thanh hoa nh viec tuan gi cac gii ran cua Chua va Giao hoi. Khi c tin hoat ong song song vi cac hanh ong cua chung (x Giac 2,22) ngi c thanh hoa tang trng trong s cong chnh ma ho a nhan c nh an sung cua c Kito va ho c thanh hoa hn na, nh a c viet ke cong chnh, hay e ho nen cong chnh (Kh 22,11) va lai na, ng e b xet x ngay trong luc chet (Khoa hoc 18,22) them na, Ngi thay, con ngi c tr nen cong chnh khong phai nh viec lam nhng ch bi c tin (Gia 2,24). Thc the, Hoi Thanh keu xin s gia tang n cong chnh khi cau nguyen rang, Lay Chua, xin ban n gia tang c tin, hy vong va c ai (Col Trento DS 1535). 257

Hn na, neu song nh la nhng ngi trung thanh theo c Giesu, chung ta can trong ch en s tr giup Ngai ban trong nhng cuoc chien au cua chung ta. chung ta khong the song nh cac Kito hu, tr khi, nh chnh c Giesu, chung ta dang hien chnh mnh e cau nguyen, e hiep thong vi Thien Chua trong cuoc oi thoai chung ta trnh bay cho Ngai nhng nhu cau va cau xin Ngai tr giup khi ca ngi va cam ta Ngai v s thien hao bao la cua Ngai oi vi chung ta. Tren het moi s, chung ta can gan bo vi Ngai qua viec lanh nhan Mnh va Mau Ngai trong b tch Thanh The vi long sot sang va yeu men va en vi Ngai trong toa giai toi khi chung ta pham toi hay can en li khuyen bao ve nhng ieu chung ta phai lam e song nh cac mon e trung tn cua Ngai. c Giesu, ngi ban tot va khon ngoan nhat cua chung ta la nhan to ban kha nang cho i song luan ly cua chung ta, nhng Ngai se khong tr giup neu chung ta khong e Ngai tac ong. Thanh Augustino a tng noi : Thien Chua khong bat ta lam ieu khong the, nhng khi truyen lenh, Ngai nhac nh rang, ban nen lam ieu g co the va cau xin Ngai cho ieu g ban khong the 53. Tai cong ong Trento, Giao hoi a dung cac t ng nay cua thanh nhan cho chnh cong ong (DS 1536). oi luc, khi cuoc song Kito hu dng nh la ly tng bat kha the, lai thanh kha the nh n Chua. ieu khong the at en c oi vi ngi sa nga, nhng co the oi vi nhng ngi c tai sinh trong nc cua b tch Thanh Tay va c nuoi dng bang Mnh va Mau c Kito. V nh Chua Giesu, c muon duy nhat cua ho la lam ieu g hai long Thien Chua Cha.

258

Trong th th nhat thanh Gioan viet Long yeu men Thien Chua la chung ta hay tuan gi cac gii ran cua Ngai. Va nhng gii ran cua Ngai khong la ganh nang; v nhng ai sinh bi Thien Chua th thang c the gian (1Gio 5,3-4). Chu giai oan van nay, thanh Augustino a viet, Nhng gii ran nay khong la ganh nang vi nhng ngi yeu men, nhng no se la ganh nang vi nhng ai khong yeu men. Thanh Toma a e cap en oan van nay cua Tin Mng va phan nhan nh cua thanh Augustino khi Ngai a ra cau hoi Phai chang luat mi ve yeu thng nang ne hn luat cu Ngai lu y rang, that s viec kiem soat s la chon ben trong cho phu hp vi oi hoi cua tnh yeu Kito giao th kho hn kiem soat nhng hanh ong ben ngoai cua mot ngi. Nhng Ngai noi tiep rang kho khan se co ngay khi con ngi thieu i noi lc hay nhan c e song tnh yeu Kito giao. Nhng, ay la ieu chnh yeu, oi vi ngi nhan c, c tnh yeu cua chnh Thien Chua tuon tran va la ngi lai trong tnh yeu nay, ieu co ve kho khan se tr nen de dang va nhe nhang. Bi the, c Giesu, ang a ra lenh cho cac mon e Ngai hay vac lay thap gia hang ngay ma theo Ngai, cung noi hay mang lay ach cua Ta, v Ta hien lanh va khiem nhng trong long, va ngi se tm thay s ngh ngi trong tam hon. V ach cua Ta th de dang va nhe nhang (Mt 11,29-30). Them vao o, nhng ngi Kito hu chung ta biet rang, ngay ca luc nay chung ta chia se chnh s song cua Thien Chua; noi gon lai, chung ta la nhng tao vat mi, con cai cua Thien Chua va la nhng thanh vien cua gia nh Thien Chua; chung ta cung biet rang, neu trung thanh vi Ngoi Li a c thong ban cho chung ta, i song trong c Kito se tr nen hoan hao tron ven trong cuoc song se ti, khi 259

chung ta c bien oi va giai thoat khoi moi s bat toan, tm thay hoa trai cua nhng la chon va hanh vi nhan linh cua chnh chung ta (Gaudium et Spes so 38-3). Tom lai, i song Kito hu mang tnh thc hanh va hien thc, nhng ch co c nh the nh s tr giup khong ngng cua Thien Chua ma thoi. c Gioan Phaolo II a giai thch ro rang cach xuc tch ve tnh cach thc tien cua i song Kito giao khi ngai viet : e bat chc va dien ta ra ben ngoai tnh yeu cua c Kito khong ch vi rieng sc lc cua con ngi, nhng ch vi hieu nang cua an sung c on nhan, con ngi mi co kha nang song c tnh yeu nay (Ventatis Splendor so 22). Ket luan: Trong chng nay, chung ta a thay c nhng oi hoi c ban ve i song luan ly Kito giao va tnh nhat quan cung nh s phan nh cua i song o. ay la i song ma Giao hoi gi len cho chung ta. trong chng tiep theo, chung ta lu tam xet en vai tro cua Giao hoi va cac giao huan cua Giao hoi ve i song luan ly.

CHNG V

TOI LOI VA I SONG LUAN LY


Theo niem tin Kito giao, c Kito en giai thoat chung ta khoi toi loi, nh tham d vao s chet cu o va phuc sinh cua Ngai, chung ta c chet i cho toi loi va song lai 260

mot i song mi nh nhng phan t cua gia nh Thien Chua, c tr thanh anh ch em Ngoi Li vnh cu cua Thien Chua. Nhng toi la g ? Toi anh hng the nao trong i song luan ly chung ta ? Muc ch cua chng nay trnh bay ve y ngha sau xa cua toi ca nhan. Do o, se khong lien quan en thc tai cua toi nguyen to, la toi anh hng en i song chung ta nh con chau Aam va nh hau qua cua ieu ma, duc vong a tham nhap vao tam hon con ngi 1. V the, ieu quan tam chnh yeu cua chng nay la y ngha cot loi cua toi, s phan biet gia toi trong va toi nhe, iem c ban cua s phan biet nay hau qua cua toi trong i song luan ly chung ta. 1. Yngha cot loi cua Toi Y ngha trong tam cua toi c neu ra trong Sach Thanh va trong truyen thong than hoc Cong giao. Trc het, toi se khao sat giao huan cua Kinh Thanh ve toi, roi ban en s nhan thc ve toi trong truyen thong Than hoc Cong giao.

A. Nhan thc ve toi theo Kinh Thanh

Cau chuyen sa nga cua Aam va Eva trong sach Sang The oan 3 cau 1-14 la loi mieu ta sinh ong ve thc tai cua toi va nhng ac iem chnh yeu cua no. Nguyen to cua chung ta co y vi pham lenh truyen cua Thien Chua (St 3,3-6). Hanh ong bat tuan ben ngoai dien ta thai o (hanh vi) chong oi ben trong cua ho. Ho b loi cuon pham toi, mot phan v nghi ng long yeu thng cua Thien Chua oi vi ho, mot phan v b that vong trc nhng gii han t do cua mnh c thet nh bi lenh truyen cua 261

Thien Chua ; Phan khac v mong muon ieu tot ngay lap tc, biet ieu tot va ieu xau ma viec thc hien hanh ong toi loi ha hen at c ieu nay. Viec chong oi cua ho lam thng ton chnh mnh (St 3,7) va lam ho xa lanh Thien Chua, xa lanh nhau va chnh mnh (St 3,8-24). oi dien vi toi cua mnh, ho co gang cach vo ch t bien ho cho mnh bang nhng vien ly ac biet , nhng ho chang the lam g kha d ngan chan nhng hau qua tai hai cho toi cua ho (St 3,14-24). Quan niem toi la mot s noi loan ngoan co chong lai Thien Chua la trong tam s nhan thc ve toi trong Cu c ma chuyen sa nga neu len rat sinh ong. Mot cach vng chac, C c nhn toi nh la s noi loan xau xa chong lai c Chua (Nm 19,9 ; Dt 28,15), nh la s hat hui, khinh b Thien Chua (2Sm 12,10 ; Is 1,4 ; 43,24) ; Mi 4,6). Khi nhn t vien canh giao c cua Thien Chua vi dan Ngi th toi b coi nh mot hanh ong bat tn va ngoai tnh (Is 24,5 ; 48,8 ; ; Jer 3,20 ; 9,1 ; Ez 16,59 ; Hs 3,1) 3. c nhn t vien canh cua s khon ngoan than linh, th toi c ong dau nh s ngu dai (Dt 32,6 ; Is 29,11 ; Pev 1,7). Nhn t vien canh thanh thien cua Thien Chua, toi la mot s ghe tm (Lv 16,16 ; 18,26 ; Jgs 20,6). Trong mot vai oan van, v du nh oan ke ve cai chet cua Uzza v ung en hom bia Giao c (2Sm 6,6-7) th toi la mot cai g thoat au c mo ta nh la vi pham mot ieu cam oan tuy khong co y. Nhng cach quan niem ve toi nh the trong Cu c rat hiem. Theo giao huan vng chac cua Cu c th toi c am re trong s t do con ngi va he tai s lam dung an ban cua Thien Chua, la s t do chon la (Sir 15,11-20). Toi xuat 262

phat t long con ngi, theo ung ngha cua t, la mot hanh vi bao ham mot ieu sai trai ca nhan, t noi tam va kien tr (1Sm 16,7 ; Ger 4,4 ; Ez 11,19 ; TV 51). Cai nhn ve toi c tai khang nh ro rang nhat trong Tan c (Mt 7,20-23 va par). Ca hai giao c (Cu c va Tan c) eu dung t ng phong phu e dien ta thc tai va s xau xa cua toi. Ba t pho bien nhat c dung trong Cu c mo ta ve toi la (hatta, pesha) va (awon. Hatta), ngha en la bo qua dau vet, nhan manh toi la co y t choi Thanh Y Thien Chua a c biet. (Pesha) ngha la noi loan bieu lo cach thc khi pham toi, con ngi choi bo Thien Chua va tnh yeu cua Ngai. (Awon) ngha la trai vi ao ly hay toi loi lien quan en cach thc, toi lam meo mo i song noi tam cua toi nhan. Trong Tan c thuat ng chnh yeu dung e e cap en toi la harmatia va harmatema, anomia, adikia va skotos. Harmatia va harmatema giong nh hatta trong Cu c, nh ro toi la viec t do chon la loai bo nhng chuan mc tnh yeu cua Thien Chua oi vi i song con ngi. Anomia hay s vo luat thng c dung so t e nhan manh toi bao ham mot tinh than chong oi va khinh miet oi vi Thien Chua va le luat cua Ngi. Adikia ngha la bat cong nhan manh toi la t choi tiep nhan Thien Chua va vng quyen cua Ngai c to hien (mac khai) trong c Kito va t choi song trong s cong chnh ma Thien Chua trao ban. Psendor ngha la ieu sai trai va skotos ngha la bong toi cho thay rang toi la s oi nghch vi chan ly cua Thien Chua, vi c Giesu Kito, ang la ng, la Chan ly va S Song. oi nghch vi nhng ke theo Ngai va vi chan ly ang hien hu trong moi ngi. 263

Thanh vnh 51 Miserere (Lay Thien Chua, xin thng xot con) tom tat cach sinh ong t tng Cu c ve thc tai va s xau sa cua toi. Triet au tien cua thanh vnh nay trong o David cau xin tha th toi ngoai tnh cua ong vi ba Bethsabe va toi cho giet Uria chong ba cung mieu ta cai nhn Cu c ve toi mot cach that loi cuon : Lay Thien Chua, xin lay long nhan hau xot thng con, m lng hai ha xoa toi con a pham (pesha). Xin sa con sach het loi lam (awon), toi loi con (hatta) xin Ngai thanh tay. Vang, con biet toi mnh a pham, loi lam c am anh ngay em. Con ac toi vi Chua, vi mot mnh Chua, dam lam ieu d (ra) trc mat Ngai (TV 50,1-4). Hay lu y cach David dung nhng t chnh yeu cua Cu c e nhan ra toi cua mnh. Vi toi ngoai tnh va giet ngi ong a chong lai lenh truyen cua Thien Chua, a i trech ng loi nhng lenh truyen nay a vach ra va lam chnh ong nen xau xa va ang ghet vi c Chua. Cung can lu y cach David nhan biet toi la toi la ieu xau khung khiep, chnh v no chong lai Thien Chua (chong lai Ngai, ch mnh Ngai, con a pham toi). Trong li noi nay, David tuyet nhien a khong choi nhng toi ngoai tnh va giet ngi cua ong la s xuc pham nghiem trong oi vi Uria, nhng ong nhan manh ve ban chat, toi la mot s s nhuc can ban oi vi Thien Chua ma y muon thanh thieng va ke hoach yeu thng cua Ngai danh cho nhan loai. Mot y muon va ke hoach ch lien quan en ieu tot lanh thc s cho con ngi (xem Dt 6,24) la chuan mc cho hanh ong cua con ngi. Cuoi cung, trong li nguyen sam hoi nay, David nai xin c Chua tai tao trong ong mot qua tim mi, cha lanh toi loi cua ong (TV 50,20). Trong 264

li nguyen nh the, ong nhan manh them mot giao huan quan trong khac ve toi trong Kinh Thanh, tc la, ch mnh Thien Chua co the tha toi va a toi nhan tr ve s song. Sach Thanh nhan biet toi, chu yeu la s xuc pham chong lai Thien Chua. Tuy nhien, toi khong gay ton thng cho Thien Chua ni ban tnh noi tai cua Ngai, v Thien Chua la ang hoan toan sieu viet, tuyet nhien khong the b ton thng do nhng hanh ong cua cac tao vat. ung hn, toi gay ton thng cho toi nhan (Jb 35,6 ; Is 59,1-2 ; Cr 7,8 ; 19). Ngoai ra, toi con xuc pham Thien Chua ni hnh anh cua Ngai, tc la con ngi ma Ngai a dng nen e ho c chia se i song cua Ngai. V toi la s khc t cua toi nhan khong e mnh c Thien Chua yeu thng, nen trong mot y ngha nao o, nh hoc gia Kinh Thanh Stanislaus Lyonnnet nhan xet : Toi lam thng ton Thien Chua, ang phai chu au kho do khong c yeu thng, ang ma co the noi rang tnh yeu a khien cho Ngai b ton thng. Tan c neu len va ao sau nhng e tai nay trong Cu c ve thc tai va s xau xa cua toi. Bi v, thau hieu sau sac hn ve s than mat yeu thng ma Thien Chua muon chia se vi con cai cua Ngai, Tan c ao sau sac s nhan thc ve toi trong Cu c, la tach la khoi Thien Chua. Chua Cha yeu thng chung ta en noi a sai Con Mot cua Ngai en e vi chung ta va cho chung ta. Ngai chu ong tm cach giao hoa toi nhan vi Ngai, yeu thng toi. Nhan ngay ca khi Ngai b ho ruong bo. Do o, toi c coi nh la s choi t tnh yeu cua Chua Cha (Lc 25). Mot s t choi a ben re trong tam hon, trong s chon la t do va t quyet 265

nh cua toi nhan t choi s ban tang an sung va tnh ban cua Thien Chua. Cung nh anh sang va bong toi khong co g chung, th s song cua chung ta trong Chua Kito s ac oc cua toi loi cung nh vay (2 Cor 6,3 ; 1Ga). Chua Giesu va s d, niem tin va bat tn, Thien Chua va ngau tng th hoan toan oi nghch nhau ; s cong chnh va gian ac cung nh vay (2Cr 6,15-16). Trong Tan c khai niem ve toi gan nh c lien ket vi khai niem hoan cai. Chua Giesu bat au i song cong khai bang viec keu goi dan chung sam hoi (Mc 1,4 ; 15 ; Mt 3,7-10 ; Lc 3,7). Theo hoc gia Kinh Thanh Johannes Bauer nhan xet th ieu nay gia nh rang, nhng con ngi ma li rao giang cua Chua Giesu nham en, ho a quay lng lai Thien Chua. Toi chnh la s quay lng lai Thien Chua nay. No la s bat tuan phuc Thien Chua (Lc 15,1) va vo luat phap (Mt 7,23 ; 13,141) 6. Cung nh khi quay ve vi Thien Chua va gan bo vi Ngai qua hanh ong hoan cai th chung ta cung quay i khoi Ngai bang s pham toi nh vay. Mot iem na neu ra trong giao huan Tan c ve toi la chung ta b h i va lam no le cho toi loi khi khong co s tr giup cua Thien Chua, b bo mac phai xoay s mot mnh, chung ta khong the song lau ma khong co toi, v chnh Thien Chua hng dan chung ta tren ng cong chnh (Rm 1,5). Neu t bo Thien Chua qua toi loi, chung ta nh Ngi Con hoang ang va nh Con Chien Lac trong du ngon cua Tin Mng Luca oan 15. Nhng Thien Chua la ngi ban, ang giai thoat, ang Cu Chuoc chung ta. Chnh ten Giesu ngha la cu o, v Chua Cha a sai 266

Ngai en cu chuoc va giao hoa chung ta vi Chua Cha. Theo Tan c, ac biet la trng phai Phaolo va Gioan co khuynh hng thay oi tam iem t nhng hanh ong toi loi ca nhan (harmatiai, hamatemata so nhieu) en toi theo ngha hep cua t (he harmatia, he adikia, he anomia so t). Theo Tin Mng Gioan, Chua Giesu en e cat i toi loi the gian (Ga 1,29 ; 1Ga 3,5). Nh Bauer dien ta ieu o. Chua Giesu mang lay moi toi loi tren mnh, mon n toi loi e dan the gian tr ve t tnh trang tach la khoi Thien Chua. Ban tnh cua toi nh la tnh trang b tach la khoi Thien Chua tm c cach dien ta ro rang nhat ni Gioan. Chua Giesu la mot vi Thien Chua, la ang Vo Toi (Ga 8,46). Ngai la anh sang va toi nhan la bong toi (Ga 3,19). Ngai c Thien Chua lang nghe. Trai lai, Thien Chua khong lang nghe nhng toi nhan (9,31). V le nay, thanh Gioan qui chieu toi cach n gian laAnomia ngha la vo luat, vo than (1Ga 3,4) la ieu at con ngi trong s oi nghch thng xuyen vi Thanh Y Thien Chua. Tin Mng Gioan mang cung s iep nh vay (8,34). Ke toi loi la con cua Satan cha cac ngi la ma quy 7 (Ga 8,44). Cung ung nh vay oi vi loi van cua thanh Phaolo. Thanh Phaolo ly giai toi khong ch la mot hanh ong nhng la than phan chung cua nhan loai. Khong mien chuan cho bat c ai, v toi la mot hanh ong chu tam co y, Ngai trnh bay, the gian b toi loi thong tr va ch b che ng bang vng quyen cua c Kito va s hoan toan quy phuc Ngai (Rm 5-8). Thanh Phaolo nhn nhan toi la sc manh a i vao con ngi, v ho tnh nguyen quy phuc no, no thong tr xac tht nh mot loai le 267

luat gia tao. Tom lai, trong khi ma Tan c khong he lam giam nhe s d cua nhng hanh ong toi loi, Tan c con nhan manh toi la mot thc tai duy nhat cua tnh trang con ngi vong than khoi Thien Chua, mot tnh trang do nhng viec lam xau xa cua ca nhan. Toi van la toi, v no gay ra, keo dai va bieu lo i song tach la khoi Thien Chua. Tin Mng o la chnh Thien Chua a en vieng tham dan Ngi, mi goi ho hoan cai, giao hoa ho vi Ngai. Thien Chua thc hien ieu o, nh S Chet va Phuc Sinh cua c Kito, mot hanh ong cu o ma tat ca nhan loai co the chia se bang viec chet i cho toi loi qua b tch Ra toi va song lai mot cuoc song mi co the nh viec Cu Chuoc cua Con Mot Thien Chua va nh hong an cua Thanh Than, ang se cung nhan loai c tai sinh, e dan dat ho tren ng cong chnh va vinh hien 8.

B. Nhan thc ve Toi trong truyen


thong Than hoc Cong giao Mot phng cach thau triet nhan thc ve toi theo truyen thong than hoc Cong giao c bat au vi nhng nh ngha noi tieng ve toi cua thanh Augustino va suy t ve chung di anh sang cua nhng gia ma thanh Toma, nhng than hoc gia khac va huan quyen a noi ve van e nay. Hai nh ngha ve toi c thanh Augustino a ra a tr thanh co ien : nh ngha th nhat : Toi la noi, lam hay c muon bat c ieu g oi nghch vi luat vnh cu 9.

268

nh ngha th hai : Toi nh la s quay lng lai vi Thien Chua va hng chieu ve tao vat. Mot so than hoc gia ng thi khong tan thanh cho lam nh ngha th nhat cua thanh Augustino. Thai o chung oi vi cac than hoc gia ngay nay c phan anh trong ban van sau ay cua Philip S. Kean SS : Nhieu quyen sach luan ly truyen thong nh ngha toi nh la s pha v luat vnh cu cua Thien Chua. Nhng nha than hoc luan ly ngay nay khong ban cai s kien la con ngi chung ta can nhng luat le hay quy tac ; ho cung khong ban cai la khi toi xay ra, nhng luat le thng b pha v. Nhng g cac nha than hoc luan ly ngay nay at van e la s pha v luat co nen c hieu nh yeu to trong tam nhat hay chnh yeu nhat trong nh ngha ve toi hay khong. Phan ln cac nha than hoc luan ly ngay nay khang nh : That khong thch ang e quyet nh ban chat cua toi la pha v luat Thien Chua 11. Hien nhien Keane va nhng nha than hoc ma Keane a noi len y kien cua ho (Curran, Haring, Mc Cormick va nhng ngi khac) s rang, nh ngha nay cua thanh Augustino ve toi la qua vu luat hoac t ra dng nh vu luat, trong chng mc ma nh ngha nay nhn toi ve c ban nh la s vi pham chuan mc b ap at ben ngoai. Va viec s nhng nha than hoc nay khong chap nhan tnh duy luat la ieu het sc hp ly. Nhng nguyen tac va chuan mc luan ly khong phai la nhng quy tac oc oan ap at tren s t do cua con ngi. ung hn, no la nhng chan ly ma s chon la ieu tot co the c thc hien trong anh sang nhng chan ly ay. Nhng neu chung ta ghi nh nhan 269

thc truyen thong Cong giao ve luat la lenh truyen khon ngoan va yeu thng hng con ngi ti vi nhng ieu thien ang Tot Lanh hoan thien cua con ngi, chung ta co the nhan thay y ngha tot lanh cua nh ngha ve toi ni thanh Augustino. ay can nhac lai giao huan cua Cong ong Vat. II ma c xem xet lai trong cac chng I va II. Ni cac chng nay, chung ta thay cac ngh phu Cong ong rut gon lai t tng cua Augustino, Toma va nhng ngi khac, a day :chuan mc cao nhat cua i song con ngi la luat Thien Chua vnh cu, khach quan va pho quat. Do o, Thien Chua ieu khien, hng dan va thong tr toan the vu tru va moi cach thc cua cong ong nhan loai bang mot ke hoach cu mang trong khon ngoan va yeu thng. Cong ong noi tiep : Con ngi c Thien Chua dng nen e tham d vao le luat nay vi ket qua la, di s xep at nhan hien cua s quan phong Thien Chua, con ngi co the at en s lnh hoi chan ly khong thay oi ngay cang tang hn na (Dignitatis Humanae so 3 ; Gaudium et Spes so 16,17). Them na, chung ta thay trong chng II, luat t nhien la phng the ma con ngi tham d vao va luat vnh cu cua Thien Chua. Nh luat t nhien, con ngi at en mot s hieu biet sau xa hn bao gi het nhng g ho phai thc hien neu ho muon tr thanh hu the tron ven nh Thien Chua muon. Tom lai, luat vnh cu la ke hoach khon ngoan va yeu thng cua Thien Chua v ieu tot lanh cho nhan loai, tnh yeu va s ton trong cua Ngai oi vi ho ln lao en noi Ngai lam cho ho co the chia se cach tch cc vao ke hoach yeu thng va khon ngoan cua Ngai, e ho khong ch c hng dan, tham nh bi luat vnh 270

cu o, ma co kha nang noi tai nh hng nhng chon la va hanh ong cho phu hp vi chan ly cua no 12. Khi luat vnh cu c hieu cach khong vu luat, chung ta co the hieu, theo ban chat lam the nao toi lai la mot hanh ong xau ve mat luan ly, tc la mot hanh ong chon la t do c nhan biet la oi nghch vi luat vnh cu nh ieu nay c bieu lo trong lng tam chung ta (Dignitatis Humanae so 3 ; Gaudium et Spes so 16). Nh ieu xau luan ly, hanh ong chon la t do b tc i s tot lanh ma no co the va phai co 13. Nh la mot viec xau hay thieu hut trong trat t luan ly, hanh ong toi loi ngan can s hoan thanh cua con ngi ve moi mc o cua cuoc song, lam ton hai va meo mo con ngi trong chieu sau cua no (Gaudium et Spes so 27), gay thiet hai cong ong nhan loai va lam gian oan tnh than hu ma Thien Chua muon ton tai gia Ngai va nhan loai (Gaudium et Spes so 13). c hieu nh mot hanh ong t do chon la cua viec t quyet nh oi nghch vi luat vnh cu, toi la mot hanh vi b tc oat s ci m ma no co the va phai co oi vi cua ieu tot tron lanh cua con ngi, ieu tot ma ho c hng dan en nh luat vnh cu cua Thien Chua, nh thanh Toma a noi : Thien Chua khong b xuc pham bi do chung ta ngoai tr chng nao ma chung ta hanh ong chong lai ieu tot lanh cua rieng mnh ! 14. Noi cach khac, toi la hanh vi chon la co chu tam, c hieu biet la vi pham chuan mc can ban cua hoat ong con ngi, tc la hoat ong nh vay phu hp vi ke hoach va Thanh Y Thien Chua se hoa hp vi ieu tot lanh ro rang cua chung toc 271

nhan loai va cho phep con ngi nh nhng ca nhan nh thanh vien phan xa hoi theo uoi va thc hien toan dien n goi cua mnh (Gaudium et Spes so 35). Luat vnh cu cua Thien Chua, ke hoach khon ngoan va yeu thng cua Ngai nham hng dan con ngi thc hien viec hoan thanh ban than mnh, toi thieu trong mot pham vi nao o, ngay ca nhng ngi khong co c tin cung c cho biet. V nh thanh Phaolo a day nhng oi hoi c ghi khac trong tam hon con ngi (Rm 1,18-22). c dien ta cach kem an du hn, nh Cong ong Vat. II a day ro rang nhng oi hoi cua luat vnh cu cua Thien Chua c con ngi nhan biet qua trung gian lng tam (Gaudium et Spes so 16,17 ; Dignitatis Humanae so 3). Do o mot ngi co y hanh ong ngc lai vi chan ly c lng tam nhan biet, ho luon lam sai lenh khoi ke hoach yeu thng cua luat vnh cu, va bang cach nay xuc pham va oi nghch vi Thien Chua 15. Thanh Toma noi : Trong than hoc, toi c xem xet chnh t vien canh ve ban tnh cua no, nh mot s chong lai Thien Chua. Qua that, thanh Toma a cho rang : Ngay ca nhng ngi cha ra toi, bi v ho co kha nang t quyet nh la chon t do va s tr giup cua an hue vo tan cua Thien Chua, nen ho co the tiep nhan Thien Chua va le luat yeu thng cua Ngai hay ruong bo Thien Chua va luat cua Ngai trong hanh vi nhan linh tron ven au tien cua ho ve viec t quyet nh chon la t do. Noi cach khac, that la ung va chnh xac khi nh ngha toi la bat c ieu g noi, lam hay c muon oi nghch vi luat vnh 18 cu. Ban chat hay noi dung cua toi la li noi, viec lam hay long mong muon ; nhng g lam cho nhng ieu nay tr thanh toi, tc la nhng g tao thanh li noi, viec 272

lam hay c muon c chon la thanh toi loi la s kien con ngi, bi s chon la t do nhng g ho biet la oi nghch vi ke hoach yeu thng cua Thien Chua, hot cho mnh can tnh cua mot ke oi nghch vi ke hoach yeu thng, tc la mot toi nhan. Hn the na, oi vi ngi tn hu, luat vnh cu cua Thien Chua c nhan biet khong ch qua trung gian lng tam c soi sang bi ly tr ma con qua trung gian chan ly mac khai va cu roi c Giao Hoi cong bo va c on nhan trong c tin. Nhng ke tin biet hay phai biet rang nhng hanh ong vo luan c chon la cach t do khong ch vi pham ke hoach yeu thng cua Thien Chua oi vi cuoc song con ngi ma con t choi cach xau xa viec Ngai ban tang s song va tnh yeu. Do o, toi la mot s xuc pham chong lai Thien Chua, mang en mot s ghe tm ac biet oi vi tn hu, o la mot hanh ong bat tn, vo n. V ly do nay ma cac tien tri thng so sanh toi vi s ngoai tnh. Do toi loi, ngi Kito hu hoan oi cuoc song t do ma Chua Giesu mang en cho ho e lay s chet va no le (Rom 6 ; Gal 5). Them vao o, du sung sng hay kho au ngi Kito hu vnh vien la chi the cua than the Chua Kito la Giao Hoi do b tch Ra toi (1Cor 6) nen co mot yeu to hay kha canh mang tnh Giao Hoi oi vi moi toi cua ngi Kito hu : Toi vi pham tnh hu trach cua ngi Kito hu oi vi Chua Kito va Giao Hoi (Rm 14,7-8 ; Gal 5,13 ; 6,10). nh ngha th hai ve toi cua thanh Augustino la s quay lng khoi Thien Chua va quy hng ve tao vat noi len chieu kch xa hn na cua toi. nh ngha nay nhan manh, toi mang kha canh kep kha canh tch cc quy hng ve tao vat va kha canh tieu cc hay chnh xac hn la phu nhan quay mat khoi 273

Thien Chua. Tuy nhien, v anh hng manh me cua phai Tan Platon ni Augustino, nen nh ngha nay can c lam chnh xac hn. Ngi ta co the chng to c rang, thanh Augustino a khong tham nh cach ch ang gia tr noi tai cua nhng ieu tot c tao thanh va vai tro ma chung am nhan trong ke hoach cua Thien Chua trong s thanh toan cua con ngi. Khong giong nh thanh Toma, toi them vao ca Cong ong Vat. II (xem Gaudium et Spes so 38,39). Cong ong a xem nhng ieu thien c tao thanh nh cuoc song, kien thc, ve ep va tng quan hoa hp vi tha nhan va Thien Chua. Va nhng ieu tng t nh nhng tan iem hay nhng iem cot yeu cua cuoc song con ngi, d nhien, chung phu thuoc vao ieu thien t hu la chnh Thien Chua 19 . Thanh Augustino dng nh a xem nhng ieu thien nh the ch la phng tien at en muc ch cuoi cung la Thien Chua. oi vi thanh Augustino, duy ch Thien Chua, s thien toi cao va khong the thay the th c cam men, con moi tao vat tot lanh, ngay ca s hoan thien thc chat cua con ngi th c s dung. ay, t tng cua thanh Augustino dng nh oi vi toi va nhng ngi khac can phai c hoan chnh, s that ve nh ngha cua Ngai c dien ta tot hn neu chung ta noi rang toi la s quay lng khoi Thien Chua va quy hng qua mc hay bat tan ve mot tao vat. Nh a lu y, quay lng khoi Thien Chua la mot kha canh phu nh cua toi, kha canh lam cho s chon la toi loi tr thanh xau xa hay tc oat ieu thien ma chon la o co the va phai co. Cung chnh kha canh thieu hut nay c nhan ra trong nh ngha th nhat ve toi cua thanh Augustino la vi pham 274

luat vnh cu cua Thien Chua. ay kha canh thieu hut nay c nh ro la mot s chan ghet chnh Thien Chua . S quy hng ve tao vat la yeu to tch cc trong toi, v ieu nay nh ro ieu thien loi cuon toi nhan va lam cho viec la chon toi loi thanh hap dan va co the la chon.. nh ngha nay ve toi co y ngha phong phu, nh thanh Toma nhan xet, khong ai lam ieu xau thuan tuy v ieu xau 20. Khi lam ieu g o ma chung ta biet xau va toi, va biet chung oi nghch vi luat yeu thng cua Thien Chua, chung ta khong hanh ong cach phi ly, v chung ta ang tm cach tham d vao ieu tot hap dan nao o. Lai na, thanh Toma chu thch cach sau sac, s quay lng khoi Thien Chua va huy bo luat yeu thng cua Thien Chua th khong phai chnh la nhng g toi nhan khi au thc hien khi pham toi. Dng nh khong phai nh chung ta t noi vi chnh mnh : Toi se cng long chong lai Thien Chua. Noi cach khac, kha canh thieu hut cua toi khong phai la muc ch cuoi cung hay iem trong tam cua hanh ong chu y chung ta ; y nh chung ta t ra theo ngha la muc ch ngam ngam khi hanh ong la tham d vao ieu tot loi cuon nao o. Do vay, toi nhan khong can co y nh (theo mot trong nhng y ngha cua t ng) chong lai Thien Chua va quay lng khoi Ngai 21 . Toi nhan co the ch tm cach thoa man chnh mnh 22. D nhien ngi ay co the muon quay i khoi Thien Chua nh mot cach e at c s thoa man nay va chac chan ngi ay co y nh lam ieu ma ngi ay biet la oi nghch vi luat yeu thng cua Thien Chua nh phng tien at en ieu tot ma ngi ay tm cach d phan vao. ay la 275

iem chnh xac. S chon la cua toi nhan co the va phai thch hp vi tnh yeu Thien Chua. S chon la o co the va phai phu hp vi nhng oi hoi cua le luat Chua. Le luat hng dan chung ta yeu men Thien Chua tren het moi s va yeu tha nhan nh chnh mnh. Nhng toi nhan chon la hanh ong theo cach ma ngi ay biet la khong thch hp vi loai tnh yeu nay. Ho nhn nhan chon la theo uoi ieu tot tao vat ca biet nay ay va bay gi thiet yeu oi hoi ngi ay ong tam hon mnh, con ngi mnh trc tnh yeu bao la cua Thien Chua. V s nhn nhan nay, ho nhan ra mnh theo uoi ieu tot thu tao vat rieng biet ay va bay gi co ngha la at tnh yeu oi vi no trc tnh yeu cua ho oi vi Thien Chua va tha nhan. Chnh bang cach nay, toi nhan quay i khoi Thien Chua va at ieu tot thu tao vao the cho cua Thien Chua. Viec suy t hai nh ngha ve toi cua thanh Augustino a ven m mot ieu g o ve y ngha cua toi la s noi loan chong oi, coi thng Thien Chua. Nhng e thau triet thc tai va s xau xa, ghe tm cua toi cach ay u hn. Mot so nhan xet ve cot loi noi tai cua toi va chieu kch xa hoi va Giao Hoi cua toi la rat can thiet. Cot loi cua hanh vi pham toi la s t do, t quyet nh chon la, bi o, toi nhan gay ra cho chnh mnh mot can tnh luan ly, tc la, can tnh cua mot toi nhan nh Chua lam sang to, toi phat xuat t tam hon (coi long) ngha la t cot loi noi tai cua con ngi la hu the t do va hu trach : V t ay long phat xuat nhng y nh gian ta, giet ngi, ngoai tnh, ta dam, trom cap, lam chng gian va vu khong. o mi la 276

nhng cai lam cho con ngi ra o ue (Mt 15,18-19). Cach ng x ben ngoai phat xuat t s chon la t do cua chung ta va trong khi nhng cach ng x ben ngoai en roi i, ban chat ma chung ta trao cho chnh mnh qua s t do, t quyet nh chon la dan than trong cach ng x nay (th du ngoai tnh) no ben trong chung ta nh mot phan cua can tnh va tnh cach chung ta. Nh thanh Toma chu thch (chung ta thay ni chng I), hanh ong con ngi la noi tai khong phai la ngoai tai ; ngha la no ben trong tac nhan e hoan thanh hay e hoan thien tac nhan. Ve mat luan ly neu no ung va phu hp vi ke hoach yeu thng cua Thien Chua, hay lam phng hai va ton thng tac nhan neu no xau va toi loi ve mat luan ly 24. Bi v cot loi noi tai cua toi la s chon la t do va t quyet ben trong con ngi. Thc tai ve toi theo truyen thong goi la toi hay vet nh cua toi nam ben trong toi nhan. Noi tom lai, chung ta t lam cho mnh tr thanh loai ngi bang s chon la ma chung ta thc hien cach t do. Trong moi chon la toi loi, chung ta t lam cho mnh tr thanh toi nhan va co toi trc mat Thien Chua 25. S ton tai lau dai cua toi ben trong toi nhan la cai c goi la tnh trang cua toi hay ieu kien cua toi loi. Chua Giesu mi goi chung ta nhn nhan toi loi cua mnh va co s thay oi coi long, metanoia, mot s hoan cai he tai s t quyet nh chon la oi mi, nh o, trong viec ap tra va cung vi s tr giup cua an sung bat tan va cha lanh cua Thien Chua, chung ta lam cho chnh mnh co can tnh cua toi nhan sam hoi, cua nhng con ngi a c giao hoa vi Thien Chua. Toi van con ni tnh trang cua ngi pham toi va mot s vi pham ieu 277

xau luan ly se dan en hanh ong xau ve luan ly khac, trong chng nao ma qua la chon t do pham toi ngi o a quyet nh hanh ong cach toi loi. Noi cach khac, toi khong n gian la sai ng trong nhng s viec ri rac cua cach ng x ben ngoai. No xau xa trong lanh vc hien sinh va trai rong en tat ca nhng g hien hu hay b anh hng bi s la chon toi loi. Them na, khi toi nhan la mot ngi a c Ra toi, nh a c chu thch, th co yeu to Giao Hoi trong toi Toi cua toi nhan anh hng khong ch chnh toi nhan ma con ca toan the Giao Hoi na. Qua phep Ra, chung ta tr nen mot vi Chua Kito, chi the cua than the Ngai la Giao Hoi, nh thanh Phaolo a nhan manh trong 1Cor 6 mot cach ay an tng. Nh vay, khi ngi Kito hu pham toi vi mot gai iem, ngi ay ket hp vi co ta khong ch than xac rieng cua mnh ma ca than the cua Chua Kito na ; Toi ngi ay khong ch la toi loi c trong sach ma con lam van uc Giao Hoi. Do vay, co kha canh pham thanh oi vi nhng la chon toi loi cua nhng ngi a tr nen mot than the vi c Kito qua phep Ra Toi. Tat ca ieu nay giup chung ta nhan ra y ngha xa hoi cua toi. S la chon toi loi cua nhng ca nhan sm tr thanh nhng thc hanh cua xa hoi, khi xa hoi ho song a dung th va chap nhan nhng chon la o. Chung c ghi vao nhng luat le va phong tuc cua xa hoi, vao cach song cua xa hoi, va cach dan xep thc tai oi vi con ngi. Do o, that la thch hp e xem xet toi xa hoi cung nh toi ca nhan. Nhng chung ta phai nh rang moi toi xa hoi phat 278

sinh va gay ra bi s la chon toi loi cua ca nhan. Nhng con ngi ca biet chu trach nhiem oi vi s khi au va duy tr nhng toi ac xa hoi nh ap bc nhng dan toc thieu so, chien tranh bat chnh, s thao tung cua he thong truyen thong, .v.v. nh c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II a nhan manh 28. Hn na, khi toi la ket qua cua viec con ngi thu tao lam dung an ban t do, Sau tham trong thc tai nhan loai, co nhng nhan to ang hoat ong at t do vt xa hn chnh con ngi trong khu vc ben le ni ma lng tam, y muon va s nhay cam cua con ngi tiep xuc vi quyen lc toi tam, theo thanh Phaolo, hoat ong the gii gan nh ti iem thong tr (s t do) c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II a nhac nh chung ta 27. V le o am ch mnh Thien Chua, ang ma chung ta quay lng lai khi la chon toi loi va la ang ma chung ta la chon cach t do viec loai bo le luat yeu thng cua Ngai, mi co the cu thoat chung ta khoi ieu ac kinh khung, va vi long nhan hau Ngai a chon la thc hien, bang viec sai Con Mot duy nhat cua Ngai en vi chung ta, ang chap nhan tron ven nhan tnh chung ta, bang cai chet va song lai e cu chuoc cua mnh a chien thang toi loi va sc manh cua toi tren chung ta. 2. Phan biet Toi Trong va Toi Nhe Quan niem ve toi c trien khai trong nhng trang trc ch ap dung cach thch hp en nhng g truyen thong Cong giao a at en, goi la phai chet hay ang chet hoac toi nghiem trong (nh chung ta se thay ; co mot so kho khan trong viec gii han nh ngha ve toi la bat c li noi, viec lam 279

hay c muon ngc lai vi luat vnh cu la toi trong. Noi cach khac, s hieu biet nay ch c nhan thc ay u ve loai toi ma qua bi o, con ngi bam vu qua mc ti ieu tot thu tao nao o en cho ho at ieu tot nay vao cho cua Thien Chua le ra phai co trong tam hon ho. ay la loai toi, bi o, con ngi thc s chong lai Thien Chua va lam chet i i song than linh, tnh than hu vi Thien Chua khi oi nghch chnh mnh, vi tnh yeu va le luat Thien Chua bang s chon la t do va t quyet cua mnh. Nhng co phai con ngi t mnh oi nghch vi Thien Chua trong moi hanh vi vo luan khong ? Le thng va truyen thong than hoc Cong giao cho rang mot so hanh vi vo luan ly khong la toi ang chet, ngha la khong oi nghch vi le luat va tnh yeu cua Thien Chua en o chung huy diet tnh than hu gia Thien Chua va con ngi. Nhng hanh ong nh vay c coi la toi nhe va y ngha cot loi cua toi c neu ra trc ay ch ap dung oi vi chung co tnh cach loai suy. Noi gon lai, co s phan biet can ban gia toi trong va toi nhe. A. Nguon goc Kinh Thanh va Huan Quyen cho s Phan biet gia toi trong va toi nhe Sach Thanh khong phan biet cach chnh thc gia toi trong va toi nhe nhng ca Cu c lan Tan c eu minh chng ro rang oi vi s phan biet nay. Cu c oi hoi cua le en toi oi vi nhng toi yeu uoi va vo y cua con ngi (Lv 4,5) nhng cung day nhng toi khac la toi chong lai cong oan Giao c va Thien Chua. en toi cho nhng toi nh the khong the c thc hien bang 280

Cua Le en toi, nhng toi nay ang phat chet hay loai tr toi nhan ra khoi cong ong (Lv 7,25 ; 17,8-10.14 ; 19,7-8). Trong Tan c, c Giesu phan biet ro rang cai a trong mat ngi gia hnh va rac trong mat anh em cua ngi gia hnh (Mt 7,7) ro rang la Chua chung ta coi toi cua ke gia hnh nang hn toi cua ngi ma ke gia hnh ch trch. Ngoai ra, trong Kinh Lay Cha, Chua Giesu a day cho cac mon e, Ngai oi ho xin tha th cho nhng mac n hay xuc pham hang ngay (Mt 6,12 ; Lc 11,4). Trong khi Ngai canh cao nhng ngi khac vi la hoa nguc v toi cua ho (Mt 23,33). Cac th Tan c phan biet gia toi hang ngay ma ngay ca nhng ngi a c tai sinh trong b tch Thanh tay co the pham vi nhng toi loai ngi ta ra khoi Nc Tri (tng phan Jas 3,2 va 1Ga 1,8 vi 1Cor 6,9-10 va Gal 5,19-21). Cac th cung noi ve toi dan en cai chet (Rm 6,16) va oi hoi va tuyet thong khoi cong oan (1Cor 5,13). Co mot oan van ac biet quan trong trong Th th nhat gi tn hu Corinto, trong o thanh Phaolo noi rang ngi ta xay dng nhng phng cach khac nhau tren nen mong la Chua Kito. Mot so ngi xay bang vang, bac va a quy, trong khi nhng ngi khac xay bang go, co hay rm. Vao ngay phan xet, cong viec cua moi ngi se c th thach. Ke ma nha cua ho b ot chay v vat lieu ngheo nan cua no th co the c cu thoat nhng ch nh la. Tuy nhien, nhng ngi khac a pha huy hoan toan en th cua Thien Chua bang viec cat t chnh mnh khoi c Giesu ; ho se b huy chet khong c cu (1Cor 3,10-17). oan van nay co quan trong ac biet v truyen thong than hoc lau dai, bat au vi cac giao phu, tiep tuc qua cac nha than hoc Trung co nh thanh Bonaventura va thanh Toma Aquino a 281

xem xet oan van o la nguon goc cua s phan biet gia toi trong va toi nhe. Giao huan co tham quyen cua Huan quyen cung minh chng s phan biet gia toi trong va toi nhe. Cong ong Orange (A.D 529) bac bo thuyet Pelagio, a day : Ngay ca ngi Kito hu chnh trc cung pham toi (DS 229-230). Cong ong Trente the ky 16 a day : Khong phai tat ca moi toi loi cp i an sung Thien Chua cua con ngi ; mot so o la toi nhe (DS 1537). Cung Cong ong Trente oi hoi ngi Cong giao tm kiem s tha th cua Thien Chua va Giao Hoi qua b tch Giai Toi ve tat ca nhng toi trong ma ho nhan biet. Nhng trai lai, viec xng toi nh the khong oi hoi xng nhng toi nhe, mac du ieu o van c khuyen (DS 1679-1681). Giao huan nay cua Cong ong Trente ve s phan biet gia toi trong va toi nhe c Thng Hoi ong Giam muc va c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II tai xac nhan trong Thong iep(Reconciliatio et Poenitentio). Nhng nhan xet cua c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II lien he en s phan biet toi trong va toi nhe, trong tai lieu nay can lu y. Trc het, ngai tom tat chng c Kinh Thanh thch hp cho s phan biet nay. Ke en, ngai a ra mot ban tom tat ngan gon quan iem cua thanh Agustino va thanh Toma ve e tai nay, roi Ngai uc ket nh sau: Vi toan bo truyen thong Giao Hoi, chung ta goi toi trong la hanh vi ma qua o ngi ta t do va co y t choi Thien Chua, le luat cua Ngi, giao c tnh yeu ma Thien Chua ban tang khi muon quay ve chnh mnh hay hng ti thc tai hu han va c tao dng nao o, mot ieu g o oi nghch vi Thanh Y Thien Chua (conversio 282

ad Creatunam). ieu nay co the xay ra trong mot cach thc trc tiep hay chnh thc trong nhng toi th ngau tng, choi ao va vo than hay cach tng ng nh moi hanh ong bat tuan gii luat Thien Chua trong mot van e nghiem trong. Con ngi hieu rang s bat tuan nay oi vi Thien Chua pha huy s rang buoc hovi nguyen ly i song cua mnh. o la toi trong, ngha la mot hanh vi chong lai Thien Chua cach nghiem trong va ket thuc bang viec quay lai chong chnh mnh vi sc manh toi tam va quyen lc cua s huy diet 29. B. Quan niem Than Hoc Co ien ve s phan biet Toi Trong va Toi Nhe Quan niem cua Than hoc Co ien ve s khac biet gia toi trong va toi nhe a c thanh Toma Aquinas dien ta ay u va ro rang nhat. Vi cac giao phu cua Giao Hoi, ngai nhan manh toi trong la toi ma kha nang con ngi khong the en bu c. Ch mnh Thien Chua co the cu thoat chung ta khoi cai chet linh hon do toi trong gay nen. Mat khac, toi nhe co the c cha lanh nguon goc ni toi nhan, s khac biet nay giai thch nh the nao? Theo thanh Toma, nguyen ly i song tam linh luan ly cua chung ta la bac ai hay long men Chua. Bi o, chung ta c hng en Ngai nh la cung ch cua chung ta. Neu long bac ai ben trong con ngi b mat i, khong co nguon goc nao ben trong con ngi e cha lanh thng ton ngi o gay ra trong toi. Toi trong tieu diet long bac ai hay nguyen ly i song tam linh luan ly chung ta. Nh thanh Toma a at van e : Nhng hanh ong o thuoc ve loai toi trong, ma qua o 283

giao c than hu gia con ngi vi Thien Chua va gia con ngi vi con ngi b vi pham. V chung oi nghch vi hai lenh truyen bac ai la i song cua linh hon 30 (nhan manh them). Neu s bac ai va long men b mat i, th ch mnh Thien Chua mi co the em toi nhan tr lai i song. Bi the, toi ma do o long men b tieu diet c goi la toi trong hay ang chet. Nhng thanh Toma a cho rang (va ang khi uc ket t tng cua cac giao phu va cac nha than hoc au thi Trung co nh the) nguyen ly cua i song luan ly thieng lieng la c bac ai bac ai khong b pha huy bi mot so hanh vi vo luan. V long bac ai khong b mat bi nhng viec lam vo luan nh vay nen trong chnh con ngi co mot nguyen ly cha lanh, tc la bac ai hay long men, va ngi ta co the an nan ve nhng viec lam nh vay bang cach nh hng lai i song cua mnh cho phu hp vi nguyen ly nay. Nhng toi nh vay goi la toi nhe, bi v chung "co the c tha th". Nhng toi ay giong nh benh tat the xac co the vt qua khoi nh sc song von co trong than the, trong khi o toi trong giong nh nhng benh tat giet hai the xac, chac chan dan en cai chet tr phi co s can thiep giai cu do nang lc hay nguyen ly ben ngoai nao o 31. Noi cach khac, khi pham toi trong, con ngi hoan toan quay lng khoi Thien Chua, hng ve loai thu tao va tao nen s tot lanh thu tao nh cung ch cua mnh ay va luc nay. Mat khac, khi pham toi nhe, con ngi khong quay mat khoi Thien Chua, mac du co s gan bo hon loan 284

nao o oi vi s tot lanh thu tao. Tat ca ieu nay dng nh rat hp ly. Nhng thanh Toma xac nhan rang, toi nhe ch co the goi la toi theo ngha loai suy hay ngha phat sinh, th khong chong lai le luat (contra legem), v ngi pham toi nhe khong lam ieu g le luat cam hay khong thc hien ieu ma le luat doi buoc bang mot gii ran ; nhng mot toi nhan nh c x tach khoi le luat (praeter legem) khi khong gi theo cach thc hp ly ieu ma le luat ch ra32. Luan iem cua thanh Toma ay, tc la toi nhe khong chong lai le luat nhng ch tach ra khoi luat xem ra kho ma bao ve. Trong khi ung la ch co toi trong mi lam chung ta hoan toan quay mat khoi Thien Chua la cung ch cua chung ta th that la kho hieu tai sao toi nhe ch la tach khoi le luat (praeter legem) va khong chong lai le luat (contra lagem). Viec trai luan ly bao gom viec lay cap mot t bao tren gia e o ac th chac chan chong lai lenh truyen la chung ta khong c an cap. Tuy nhien, ieu cong kch chnh ve y kien cua thanh Toma la ro rang. Toi nhe trong khi la ieu xau luan ly khong co ngha la hanh vi theo mot cach nao o tach la chung ta khoi long men Chua khoi muc ch toi hau (Thien Chua) ma chung ta c luat vnh cu cua Thien Chua hng en 33. Theo thanh Toma, oi hoi ba ieu kien neu mot toi tr thanh toi trong hay tr nen oi nghch vi long men Thien Chua tuon o vao tam hon chung ta. o la van e nghiem trong, suy ngh ay u va ng thuan hoan toan cua y muon. Nhng toi nhe vi ly do cha suy ngh ay u hay thieu s ng 285

thuan hoan toan c thanh Toma goi la nhng toi nhe trong nguyen nhan cua chung, ngha la ni con ngi co trach nhiem oi vi chung. Nhng toi nhe nh vay khong co mot tnh chat han nh. Do o, nhng toi thuoc loai la nghiem trong, chang han nh pham thng hay ngoai tnh co the la toi nhe (co the tha th, co the sa cha) neu mot ngi pham toi ay ma ngi o b roi tr hay khong biet nhng g mnh ang lam, hoac chon la cua ho khong t do ay u. Thanh Toma Aquino a day, nhng toi khac th nhe v oi tng hay van e chnh cua chung tng phan vi nhng toi khac ma chnh chung la toi nghiem trong hay ang chet. Luan iem cua Ngai uc ket ro rang t tng cua cac v i trc, truyen thong than hoc en sau, giao huan va thc hanh muc vu cua Giao Hoi, o la mot so loai hanh vi cua con ngi c biet khong phu hp vi long men ton tai gia nhan loai vThien Chua va ben trong xa hoi loai ngi. Do o, v du nh pham thng hay th ngau tng th n gian la khong the giao hoa vi long men Thien Chua. Trong khi giet ngi, ngoai tnh va nhng toi giong nh the th oi nghch hoan toan vi long yeu thng ong loai cua con ngi. Nhng hanh ong nh vay, khi la chon cach t do vi ay u hieu biet ve nhng g ngi ay ang lam th la toi trong. Nhng toi khac cua hanh vi con ngi a en mat trat t luan ly, nhng t chung khong pha huy tnh yeu oi vi Thien Chua hay ong loai. V du li noi chi khong muc ch (vo thng, vo phat, noi doi khong lam hai bat c ngi nao .v.v.). ay la van e hay oi tng cua toi nhe 35.

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Thanh Toma ong hoa van e nghiem trong vi nhng hanh ong ma oi tng cua no la co y oi nghch vi tnh yeu Thien Chua va ong loai. Nh thanh Toma noi : Moi quan he bac ai o la i song cua linh hon. ieu nay dng nh tr thanh chuan mc tot cho viec phan biet gia toi trong va toi nhe. Nhng co mot van e la tai sao mot so hanh vi xau luan ly khong tao nen van e nghiem trong ? Bac ai, xet cho cung la tnh yeu oi vi ieu thien hao cua Thien Chua ; nhng moi hanh vi xau luan ly dng nh khong thch hp vi tnh yeu va oi nghch vi tnh yeu nay. Tng t, bac ai la tnh yeu thng ong loai cua con ngi va la thien y phuc vu nhng nhu cau cua ong loai. V du, mot li noi doi nho oi vi v toi, ke vi co ta rang toi a gi la th, co ta a nh toi gi ma toi a quen (co y nh gi th ngay khi co the) dng nh vi pham tnh yeu thng nay va oi nghch vi long bac ai can noi ket toi vi co ta. Van e ay tng t oi vi con ngi chung ta a thay trc ay. Khi toi nhe c mo ta nh viec lam xau ve mat luan ly tach ra khoi le luat nhng khong chong lai le luat. Noi cach khac, luan iem c thanh Toma dan ra la mot so ieu xau luan ly lam thanh van e nhe chng nao ma chung van con tng hp vi tnh yeu cua Thien Chua va ong loai va v the la chat lieu cua toi nhe hay toi co the tha th, ngc lai, nhng toi khac lam thanh van e nghiem trong bi chung khong con tng hp vi tnh yeu nh the va do o dan en nhng toi trong th co ve hp ly, nhng co mot so rac roi ton tai va can c giai quyet. 287

C. Ly thuyet chon la nen tang va s phan biet gia Toi Trong va Toi Nhe Trong no la giai thch s khac biet gia toi trong va toi nhe, mot vai nha than hoc ng thi, trong so o mot vai ngi co anh hng nhat nh Karl Rahner va Josef Fuchs a khai trien khai niem ve s t do nen tang hay can ban va y ngha s t do nay oi vi s hieu biet ve thc tai cua toi trong. e hieu quan niem cua ho, trc het can phai co mot y niem chnh xac nhng g ho muon noi khi e cap en t do can ban hay nen tang. Nhng mo ta ve s t do nay c mot so ngi benh vc quan niem nay a ra se co ch. Mot ngi hang au e xng y kien ve ieu nay la Josef Fuchs, chu trng noi ve t do can ban hay nen tang ; mat khac, t do can ban (trai ngc vi s t do la chon) con bieu th mot s t do nen tang, am re sau xa hn, khong de b anh hng trc tiep oi vi viec nghien cu tam ly. ay la s t do cho phep chung ta khong ch quyet nh t do ve nhng hanh vi hay muc ch ac thu ma con bang nhng hanh vi va muc ch nay cho phep ta t quyet nh toan dien nh nhng con ngi va khong n thuan trong bat c pham vi ac thu nao cua hanh vi (nhan manh them) 37. Mot nha khi xng y kien nay cho rang : Co mot chieu kch khac oi vi s t do, o la khong phai t do chon la e lam mot viec ac thu hay khong lam, mot chon la nhng oi tng ro rang. ung hn la t quyet nh t do ve van e toan bo thc tai va chieu hng cua no. o la chon 288

la nen tang gia tnh yeu va ch ky, gia chnh mnh va Thien Chua, nh menh chung ta. ieu nay thng c cac nha than hoc gan ay goi la chon la nen tang, mot hanh vi t do nen tang (nhan manh them) 38. Con co ngi chu trng khac at van e the nay : Theo ly thuyet nay con ngi c ket cau trong chuoi nhng vong ong tam hay nhng mc o khac nhau. mc o sau sa nhat cua ca nhan, ni trung tam cua con ngi, chnh s t do cua con ngi quyet nh yeu thng, dan than trong y ngha tron ven nhat cua nhng t nay. ay la trong tam cua tnh luan ly nghiem trong ni ma con ngi tao ra chnh mnh va toan bo cuoc song tot hay xau cua mnh. Nhng dien ta ve t do nen tang hay can ban cho phep chung ta thau triet nhng ac iem chnh yeu cua t do nen tang c nhieu nha than hoc ng thi a ra. Joseph Boyle a uc ket xac ang nhng ac iem nay va ieu nay se co ch khi nhn vao ban uc ket cua ong. Boyle viet : Trc het, t do nen tang c thc hien ngay chnh tham tam cua con ngi. V vay, no la ni t quyet nh va do o la ni chu trach nhiem luan ly can ban. Th en, no khong co nh oi tng bat c hanh vi ac thu nao hay mot loat nhng hanh vi, nhng ung hn oi tng cua no la toan the ban nga trong moi lien he vi Thien Chua. Th ba, thc hanh t do nen tang khong phai la mot hanh vi theo bat c y ngha thong thng nao cua t ng. Co cai g o giong nh mot chon la hay u tiencan co. Nhng s u tien nay th giong nh mot lap trng hay mot thai o hn la mot hanh vi chon la. Va lai, khong co nhan thc ro rang ve 289

thi gian ma con ngi xac nh lap trng nen tang cua mnh". Chang co g qua chnh xac ro rang ve moi lien he gia chon la t do va thc hanh t do nen tang, nhng ro rang la mot ngi co the chon la cach t do cach mau thuan vi s thc hanh t do nen tang cua con ngi, ma khong bien oi lap trng nen tang c thiet lap bi s t do nay 40. Khai niem ve s t do nen tang lien he vi s phan biet gia toi trong va toi nhe nh the nao ? Nhng ngi khi xng chon la nen tang khang nh rang : mot toi la toi trong ch khi nao co chon la nen tang chong lai Thien Chua va tnh yeu cua Ngai (hay chong lai ang Toi Hau). Noi cach khac, toi trong bao gom s thc hanh t do nen tang hay can ban. S phan biet gia van e nang va nhe co lien quan en toi trong va nhe trong chng mc ma, theo nhng ngi khi xng thuyet chon la nen tang, van e nghiem trong la mot loai s viec co the la mot c hoi e lam hay ao ngc chon la nen tang cua con ngi. Nhng hanh vi khong co the thay oi y nh nen tang cua con ngi hng ti hay chong lai Thien Chua la van e nhe. Van e nang va nhe co the c dung e khong ch goi ten nhng ieu xau luan ly ma con nhng ieu tot luan ly. Mot vai hanh vi luan ly tot co y ngha quan trong trong khi nhng hanh vi khac th khong. Trong khi van e nghiem trong, chang han giet ngi vo toi hay pham toi ngoai tnh, cung cap mot c hoi thch hp e thay oi hoan toan hay xac nhan chon la nen tang cua con ngi qua s thc hanh t do nen 290

tang, th theo nhng nha than hoc a ra nhng luan iem nay khong nhat thiet phai theo luan iem : hanh vi ac thu thuoc loai nay can thiet oi hoi phai t choi s cam ket can ban cua con ngi la yeu men Thien Chua va ong loai. Tuy nhien nhng nha e xng y kien nay nhn nhan rang con ngi co the thay oi lap trng cua mnh trc Thien Chua trong nhng hanh vi ac thu cua s chon la t do. Noi cach khac, theo nhng nha e xng thuyet chon la nen tang, van e nghiem trong la "dau hieu" cho biets t do nen tang cua mot ngi nao o co the ang b e doa. Tuy nhien, theo nhng ngi chu trng nay, mot ngi co the chon la t do e tien hanh mot hanh vi ma ngi ay biet lien quan en van e nghiem trong. Th du pham toi ngoai tnh hay chu tam giet ngi vo toi va van khong vi pham chon la nen tang oi vi Thien Chua (hay angToi Hau). Do o, nhng ngi chu trng luan iem nay thng phan biet gia ba loai toi : Toi nhe : ch bao gom van e nhe hay s t do chon la cua mot ngi nao o b han che hoac s hieu biet khong ro rang. Toi nang : oi hoi van e nghiem trong c chon la cach hieu biet va t do. Toi ang chet (toi trong) : oi buoc mot ngi thc hanh s t do nen tang hay can ban cua mnh bang cach co lap trng hoan toan oi nghch vi Thien Chua (hay angToi Hau). Nhng nha e xng thuyet chon la nen tang cung vi thanh Toma a ung khi tha nhan, s thay oi t viec c tr nen ban cua Thien Chua en tr thanh mot ngi oi nghch vi tnh yeu cua Ngai la van e quan 291

trong sau xa va nh thanh Toma lu y, va s cam ket can ban oi vi Thien Chua khong de dang b mat. Ho cung ung khi nhan manh tnh ong nhat cua i song luan ly thieng lieng khi khc t nhn ieu o nh mot chuoi nhng hanh vi khac nhau va tach biet. Mac du vi nhng nhan thc vng chac nay, thuyet chon la nen tang van vng mac nhng van e kho khan khong the vt qua c. V the chung khong the c coi nh mot giai thch ung cho s khac biet gia toi trong va toi nhe. Trc het va quan trong nhat, phan ln nhng thuyet chon la nen tang thay oi cach khong can thiet tam iem cua viec t quyet nh t nhng chon la t do chung ta lam moi ngay (V du : chon la noi doi vi v toi, ngoai tnh, thai o con thng con ghet, gian lan thue thu nhap) en hanh vi c cho la cua toan bo trang thai t no sau xa ben trong con ngi van mang tnh cach tien phan tnh, khong chu e va khong the c bieu lo ro rang trong y thc cua con ngi 42. Ngay ca nhng loi trnh bay trc o cua thuyet chon la nen tang khang nh rang chon la nen tang la mot loai ac biet cua chon la t do va khong phai la mot thc hanh nao t do can ban hn chon la t do, th cung the giai thch ay u tai sao nhng chon la t do nay la t quyet con nhng chon la t do khac th lai khong. Noi cach khac, nhng thuyet chon la nen tang hoac li s t quyet t chon la t do en thc hanh s t do can ban khac biet vi chon la t do hoac cho rang chung ta ch c t xac nh bi mot so chon la t do ch khong phai moi chon la t do cua chung ta, th khong nam bat c cach nghiem tuc thc tai cua chon la t do. Nh a thay trc, 292

chung ta tao ra hay pha o i song chung ta nh nhng hu the luan ly trong va qua nhng chon la t do thc hien trong cuoc song hang ngay. Chung ta tr thanh nhng ke noi doi, nhng ngi ngoai tnh, gian lan, giet ngi, Khi ta t do chon la noi doi, pham toi ngoai tnh, gian lan, giet ngi vo toi Nh a c noi i noi lai, trong tam cua nhng hanh vi nhan linh la mot chon la t do va t quyet nh va s chon la nay trong chung ta cho en khi nhng chon la oi nghch c thanh hnh. Nh thanh Toma a noi : hanh ong (ngha la chon la lam ieu g o) la mot hanh vi trong tac nhan 44. Thuyet chon la nen tang khong tnh en cach thoa ang y ngha t quyet cua nhng chon la t do chung ta lam trong cuoc song hang ngay. Nhng nha e xng s chon la nen tang nhn nhan, mot so hanh vi trai luan ly cach nghiem trong en noi viec chon la t do e thc hien chung co the thay oi chon la nen tang tot xau. Nhng ho cung cong bo rang trong mot vai va co le nhieu trng hp nhng hanh vi trai luan ly bao gom van e nghiem trong, th du nh pham toi ngoai tnh, chu tam giet ngi vo toi, co the c thc hien vi suy ngh ay u va ng thuan hoan toan ma khong nhat thiet thay oi lap trng nen tang cua mnh oi vi Thien Chua 45. ieu nay rat ky quac. Trong thc tien, ieu o a dan en quan iem la mot so loai hanh vi, theo truyen thong c coi la toi trong neu c thc hien co chu tam va sau khi a suy ngh ay u (v du ngoai tnh) th thc te lai khong phai la nhng toi trong ma ch la nhng toi "nang".

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ay, that la ung luc e xem viec cung vi c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II, Thng Hoi ong Giam Muc 1983 a hop ban ve e tai Hoa giai va Sam hoi trong S vu cua Giao Hoi a khang nh : Toi trong la toi ma oi tng cua no la van e nghiem trong va cung b vi pham vi s hieu biet ay u va chu tam ng thuan 46. Ngai tiep tuc nhan xet. Se phai can than khong e rut gon toi trong thanh mot hanh vi chon la nen tang nh c noi pho bien ngay nay chong lai Thien Chua, do o y nh ro ret va co y coi thng Thien Chua va ong loai. V toi trong cung ton tai khi ngi ta v bat c ly do g a t y chon la cach hoan toan hieu biet mot ieu g o b hon loan nghiem trong mot chon la nh the a bao gom s xuc pham le luat Thien Chua, t choi tnh yeu cua Thien Chua oi vi nhan loai va toan the tao vat ; con ngi o quay i khoi Thien Chua va anh mat long bac ai. Do o, nh hng nen tang co the b nhng hanh vi ca nhan thay oi hoan toan" 47 . Trong khi, mot so loi dien ta ve chon la can ban khong choi bo ac tnh t quyet nh cua s chon la t do co the phu hp vi giao huan va thc hanh cua truyen thong Cong giao th nhng mo hnh cua thuyet chon la nen tang c phan tch ay th lai khong phu hp vi giao huan va thc hanh o. Chung khong giup chung ta hieu nhan to nao them vao vi van e nghiem trong, suy ngh ay u va ng thuan hoan toan (tc la mot chon la t do) se tao nen mot thc hanh t do can ban hay nen tang. Theo giao huan chung cuoc va khong the sa oi cua Giao Hoi c Cong ong Trente long trong khang 294

nh (xem DS 1679,1707) : Mot ngi pham toi trong khi ngi ay hieu biet va t do chon la lam ieu g o b Giao Hoi ket an nh ieu xau t ban chat va nghiem trong nh chung ta a thay, giao huan nay c Thng Hoi ong Giam Muc va c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II tai khang nh. Loai thuyet chon la nen tang c trnh bay va phe bnh ay loai bo ieu nay, va nhng ngi Cong giao b anh hng bi nhng thuyet nh vay khong con co the nhan ra nhng toi ma oi vi nhng toi o, ho phai tuyet oi an nan va tm kiem s th tha trong b tch giai toi. V vay, nhng li ch cua chon la nen tang th khong phu hp vi c tin Cong giao. c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II xem xet thuyet chon la nen tang va toi trong trong phan ba thuoc chng II cua Thong iepVeritatis Splendor. Trong o, trc tien ngai cong nhan y ngha hien sinh cua chon la t do nh s t quyet nh (Veritatis Splendor so 68) va tam quan trong cot yeu cua nhng chon la nao o nh hng toan bo i song luan ly cua con ngi. Roi ngai lu y rang, mot vai nha than hoc ngay nay a e ngh xem xet lai cach can ban hn moi lien he gia con ngi va nhng hanh vi. Ho noi ve t do nen tang, sau xa hn va khac biet vi s t do chon la, can c xem xet neu nhng hanh vi con ngi muon c hieu va anh gia cach ung mc. Nhng nha than hoc nay a di s t quyet nh t nhng chon la t do ma chung ta thc hien moi ngay, bao gom nhng cam ket nen tang, en s chon la nen tang , bi o, con ngi thc hien sinh t quyet nh toan bo (so 65). Nh vay, co s phan biet gia chon la nen tang vi nhng chon la chu tam ve mot loai ng x cu the (so 65). Cuoi 295

cung ieu nay dan en ket luan la viec anh gia luan ly cach ung mc con ngi ve mat luan ly c danh rieng cho s chon la nen tang cua ngi ay, khong quan tam en chon la cua ngi ay ve nhng hanh vi ac thu, ve nhng loai cu the cua cach ng x (ibid). Theo quan iem nay, chon la t do e lam mot hanh ong c biet la trai luan ly cach nghiem trong khong can phai la toi trong. V nhng ngi benh vc quan iem nay tuyen bo, s chon la t do e thc hien nh the co the khong thay oi hoan toan chon la nen tang cua con ngi, la ieu ma ho xem nh rieng biet khoi bat c chon la ac thu nao e lam ieu nay hay ieu kia. c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II cho rang : viec tach s chon la nen tang ra khoi nhng loai hanh vi cu the co ngha phu nhan s toan ven thiet yeu hay tnh duy nhat ca nhan cua tac nhan luan ly trong the xac va linh hon ho (so 67). Nhng ngay ca trc khi a ra phan quyet nay, ngai bac bo nhng xu hng ng thi i s t quyet nh t nhng chon la t do chung ta lam moi ngay en s chon la c cho la nen tang ngay tai cot loi cua con ngi chung ta. Ngai cho rang ieu nay trai ngc vi giao huan cua chnh Kinh Thanh, ma Kinh Thanh xem s chon la nen tang nh chon la ch thc cua t do va lien ket chon la o cach sau sa vi nhng hanh vi ac thu (so 67). Ngai day rang s chon la t do ma giao huan luan ly Kito giao, ngay ca trong nguon goc Kinh Thanh, cong nhan nh nen tang la quyet nh cua c tin, cua s vang phuc c tin (Rom 16,26). ay la s chon la t do, roi ngai tiep tuc trch dan oan van Cong ong Vat. II (D.V 5) : Nh o, con ngi 296

pho thac toan than cho Thien Chua mot cach t do, dang len Thien Chua mac khai s quy phuc hoan toan cua ly tr va y ch (so 66). Ngai noi tiep : V c tin la ieu cam ket vi Thien Chua ma tro sinh hoa trai trong viec lam (Mt 12,33-35 ; Lc 6,43-45 ; Rm 8,5-10 ; Gal 5,22), c tin oi buoc con ngi tuan gi Mi ieu Ran va bc theo Chua Giesu ngay ca hy sinh mang song cua mnh v Chua Giesu va v Tin Mng (Mc 8,35), (so 66). Sau o, c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II nhan manh : S chon la nen tang nay la mot chon la t do co the goi cach ung an la mot cam ket nh hng toan the i song luan ly cua con ngi (so 65) luon luon c phat huy qua nhng quyet nh co y thc va t do. Ro rang v ly do nay, no b tieu diet khi con ngi thc hien s t do cua mnh vi nhng quyet nh co y thc oi nghch lai van e nghiem trong luan ly. c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II cung nhac nh chung ta rang : Cong ong Trente long trong nh tn nh mot chan ly c tin Cong giao : n cong chnh hoa a lanh nhan xa kia b anh mat khong ch do bo ao ma thoi nhng con bi bat c toi trong nao khac (so 68 tham chieu phien hop th sau cua Cong ong Trente, Sac lenh ve Cong Chnh Hoa Cum Hoc Tempore chng 15, DS 1544 ; Canon 19, DS 1569). Ngai cung tai khang nh giao huan cua Giao Hoi rang, ngi ta mac toi trong khi ho hieu biet va t y, v bat c ly do g, chon la lam ieu g o nghiem trong, mat trat t (so 70, tham chieu Tong th Reconciliatio et Poeritentia so 17). V vay, ieu nay i en viec cho rang tach la s chon la nen tang khoi nhng chon la chu y nham ti nhng loai ac thu cua 297

cach ng x t no mat trat t hay xao tron do nhng hoan canh, chung khong lam lien luy la chon o nh the la choi bo giao ly Cong giao ve toi trong (so 70). D. Nhng cam ket Nen Tang, cach song ngi Kito hu va Toi Trong Bat chap nhng li phe bnh va c neu len, nhng ngi ung ho chon la nen tang co ve ung trong khi cho rang s khac biet gia nhng van e nang va nhe c tm thay trong chieu sau o nhng loai hanh vi khac nhau pha o thc tai hien sinh cua con ngi. Thanh Toma co ve ung khi noi rang nhng loai chon la nao o bao gom van e c nhan biet la hoan toan khong phu hp vi tnh yeu Thien Chua va ong loai va do o pha huy nguyen ly i song tinh than luan ly chung ta, trong khi o nhng loai chon la khac oi hoi van e le thuoc, mac du trai luan ly va khong thch hp vi tnh yeu hoan hao oi vi cua Thien Chua va ong loai, ma van e o co the c giao hoa lai vi tnh yeu nh the Them vao o, trong khi tha nhan s thc hanh t do nen tang hay can ban ni cot loi cua con ngi ma nh o, con ngi quyet nh van menh chnh mnh la hoan toan thuan theo Thien Chua hay chong lai Ngai (hay ang Toi hau) nao o) co ve la gia thuyet khong ro va khong can thiet, th co nhng loai chon la t do nao o, ung ra an c goi la nhng ieu cam ket, chung hng dan con ngi theo cach song xac nh. Chang han, chon la tr thanh ngi Kito hu, chon la lap gia nh, thanh mot tu s hay mot hoc gia hoac luat s, chon la gia nhap mafia hay Quoc xa hoac nhom buon ban ma tuy. Can 298

lu y la nhng cam ket nh the la nhng thc hanh ro rang cua chon la t do ma con ngi y thc ro rang 48. Nhng cam ket nay khong la hanh vi b nhiem nam sau trong con ngi en noi, vi suy ngh con ngi khong the lam cho no thanh oi tng cua y thc ro rang, va nhng cam ket nh the oi hoi con ngi phai co nhng lap trng luan ly c ban, lap trng ung ho hay chong lai nhng g chnh ang va thien hao, lap trng ung ho hay chong lai ke hoach yeu thng cua Thien Chua. V vay, nh Germain Grisez a lu y co ve hp ly khi cho rang co mot chon la c ban hay cam ket c ban oi vi Kito hu tc la chon la tr thanh ngi Kito hu qua phep Ra (va neu c ra toi luc nho la chon la e chuan nhan li cam ket khi lanh phep Ra trong B tch Them Sc hay qua nhng c hanh khac, chang han, trong phung vu Th Bay Tuan Thanh) 49. ieu cam ket can ban nay hay chon la nen tang, hanh vi c tin song ong la mot chon la t do chac chan. Nh cac ngh phu Cong ong Vat. II a day :Phai bay to s vang phuc cua c tin, con ngi pho thac toan than cho Thien Chua cach t do, dang len Thien Chua mac khai s quy phuc hoan toan cua ly tr va y ch, ong thi san long chap nhan mac khai Ngai ban cho (Dei Verbuma so 5 ; trch dan trong Cong ong Vat. I : Hien che tn ly ve c Tin, chng III, DS 3008). Hn na, Giao Hoi day, c tin la nguon moi s cong chnh hoa va khi au cho s cu o. Giao Hoi day chung ta rang c tin la an ban cua Thien Chua va an ban nay c lanh nhan do hanh vi con ngi t do 50. Cuoi cung, Giao Hoi day : Chon la chac chan nay a con 299

ngi hng en i song lam nhng ieu tot 51. Hn na, t chnh luc khi au cua mnh Giao Hoi a xem mot so hanh vi luan ly xau la hoan toan khong phu hp vi nhng oi hoi cua c tin, vi cach song cua mot ngi a tr nen mot vi c Giesu, chia se cai chet va s phuc sinh cua Ngai. c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II a day : Co nhng hanh vi ma t no va trong chnh no, khong phu thuoc vao nhng hoan canh, luon luon la sai trai tram trong bi ly do oi tng cua chung. Neu thc hien vi nhan thc au u va t do, nhng hanh vi nay luon la toi nang. Giao ly nay can c vao Thap gii va vao li day cua Cu c va c tham nhuan trong Kerygma cua cac tong o va thuoc ve giao huan s khai cua Giao Hoi, c Giao Hoi thng xuyen khang nh cho en ngay nay c xac minh trong kinh nghiem cua moi ngi thuoc moi thi ai (so 52). Noi cach khac, hanh vi song c tin co nhng ac iem nh ro minh nhien khong ch ton trong nhng g con ngi phai tin ma con ton trong nhng g phai lam va kiem che nhng g khong nen lam. Do vay, t thi Tan c en nay 53, Giao Hoi a day trc sau nh mot rang, nhng loai hanh vi rieng biet nao o tao thanh van e nghiem trong va la nhng toi trong neu c chon la cach hieu biet va t do (gian dam, ngoai tnh, giet ngi vo toi cach chu tam, cung nh nhng toi trc tiep oi nghch vi c tin) (so 54). Tom lai, toi trong la loai toi bao gom van e nghiem trong, ngha la, van e c Giao 300

Hoi tham nh (cho la) khong phu hp vi i song ngi c mi goi en va t cam ket vi qua hanh vi c tin song ong. Them vao, van e c biet la nghiem trong, toi trong oi hoi phai co suy ngh ay u va chon la t do cach ch ang cua con ngi v o la mot hanh ong (cot loi cua no la chon la t do va t quyet nh), qua o, con ngi quay mat khoi Thien Chua hng en tao vat tot lanh nao o. Ngay ca nhng ngi khong tin cung cong nhan nhng chon la xau ve mat luan ly bao gom van e thuoc loai nay th hoan toan khong phu hp vi li cam ket dan en i song luan ly ngay chnh, v ho co trong long luat t nhien, va cach thc rieng tham d vao ke hoach yeu thng cua Thien Chua oi vi cuoc song con ngi. Trong khi toi nhe la trai ao c va khong phu hp vi tnh yeu hoan hao, th no lai co the c tha th hoac do noi dung cua no ma Giao Hoi tham nh la khong phai la hoan toan bat phu hp vi i song ma c tin song ong a uy thac cho con ngi va nhng ngi khong tin ngay chnh co the nhn nhan noi dung o khong phai hoan toan bat phu hp vi s cam ket cua ho dan en cuoc song ngay lanh ve luan ly, hay bi ly do toi nhan thieu hieu biet hay thieu t do. 3. Vai tro Toi Loi trong i song chung ta : Con ng Toi Loi dan en S Chet Thanh Phaolo noi ve luat ma ngai kham pha trong nhng chi the cua ngai, mot luat oi nghch vi luat ma ngai tm thay trong ly tr cua mnh (Rm 7,22-23). Luat trong nhng chi the cua ngai khien ngai co khuynh hng theo nhng phng cach ma ngai biet la trai vi luan ly. Giao Hoi va cac nha than hoc a xem oan van nay cua thanh 301

Phaolo, trong o ngai dien ta kinh nghiem pho quat ni con ngi. Chng t Kinh Thanh ve thc tai cua duc vong : Duc vong co nguon goc t toi nguyen to va lam ta hng ve toi ca nhan th van ton tai ngay ca trong nhng ngi a c tai sinh trong nc cua b tch Ra Toi. Nh hau qua cua toi nguyen to va duc vong ma toi nguyen to gay ra, chung ta thay chnh mnh trong ieu kien tan ra va cam nghiem nhng ap lc ben trong chung ta, nh Cong ong Vat. II nhac nh chung ta, chung ta c loi keo hng en ieu thien bang s thuc ay t nhien cua chung ta va bi luat Chua ghi khac trong tam hon va co khuynh hng nghieng ve ieu xau do duc vong trong chung ta (Gaudium et Spes so 13). Ngoai ra, them vao vi viec b che ng bi duc vong, do ban tnh, chung ta con la nhng hu the am me va cam xuc va cung nh nhng hu the co ly tr va y ch. Nh ca Sach Thanh (Jas 1,13-14) lan kinh nghiem cua con ngi minh chng, nhng am me cua chung ta oi luc co the lam nen nhng chon la toi loi rat loi cuon chung ta. Chung cung co the tao nen nhng chon la ma chung ta biet la rat mau thuan vi luat Thien Chua. Ket qua la chung ta b cam do va sc manh to ln ben trong chung ta (nhng am me di anh hng gay tan v cua duc vong) hng chung ta ng thuan nhng g chung ta biet la ieu xau luan ly. Hn na, hanh vi toi loi cua ca nhan, khi c xa hoi on nhan, tr thanh mot phan cach song cua xa hoi o, the gian b toi nh hng (Rm 5,12 ; Iga 5,16 ; Ga 1,29) nhng gia tr toi tam, cung cap gng xau va 302

thng xuyen xo ay chung ta en toi loi va tao sc ep tren chung ta e pham toi 56. Them vao nhng nguon coi ben trong the gii xui khien chung ta pham toi th ma quy, cha ke gian doi nh s t gam thet rao quanh tm moi can xe (1Pr 5,8). Nh Sach Thanh day ma quy va c binh cua chung ang tm cach dan a chung ta en s ac. Tuy nhien, nguyen nhan duy nhat cua toi la y muon t do rieng cua chung ta, chon la t quyet rieng chung ta, chu tam lam nhng g chung ta biet la xau luan ly va bang cach nay e sang mot ben ke hoach yeu thng cua Thien Chua. Mot khi chung ta t do quy phuc cn cam do, chung ta se le thuoc cam do, them na, nh chung ta tm cach e lien ket i song chung ta vi cai toi toi loi ma chung ta t gay ra. ieu nay dan chung ta en hp ly hoa nhng chon la toi loi cua mnh. cach manh me, chung ta b lam cho co khuynh hng bop meo moi lien he cua chung ta vi Thien Chua bang s t do cho la ung an hay oi khi bang s au tranh, tham ch chung ta tm cach giau giem chnh mnh, can tnh rieng chung ta la ke toi loi. Mac du, toi nhe ch la toi theo ngha loai suy, no co the chuan b e dan en toi trong. No lam cho chung ta nhan thc nhng kha nang cua toi ma neu khong th no co the van con khong c biet ; no at chung ta trong tnh trang kho ma tranh khoi toi trong. No thng xuyen lam cho nhng oi tng ma chung ta b cam do theo uoi bang toi trong tr nen hap dan.

303

Truyen thong Cong giao cung nhn nhan mot so toi la chnh yeu trong mc o, chung la nhng moi toi au hay can nguyen nhng toi khac. T thi thanh Gregono Ca, v Giao Hoang the ky th VIII, Bay moi toi au nh the thng c goi la : Kieu ngao (t man), tham lam (Avarice), dam duc, me an uong, hn gian, ganh ghet, li bieng. Mot so toi nay la thai o canh tranh vi tnh yeu Thien Chua va ong loai. V vay, kieu ngao la mot khuynh hng tm s thoa man than phan va s knh trong cua ngi khac ; Dam duc va me an uong la nhng tnh kh ap ng ngay nhng khuynh hng thoa man ngay nhng hai long cam xuc ; Tham lam, mot khunh hng thoa man tnh s hu. Nhng moi toi khac la nhng cach hp ly hoa toi loi chung ta. Do o, li bieng lam cho chung ta co chieu hng can tr s sa oi i song luan ly va tinh than cua chung ta, chong lai no lc can thiet e t bo nhng rang buoc toi loi 59; Ganh ghet lam cho chung ta ghet ieu tot lanh cua ngi khac, s tot lanh cua ho oi hoi ieu chung ta ma chung ta khong thch. Vi tnh chat la mot moi toi au, gian d la mot khuynh hng tieu diet, nhat la oi vi bat c cai g e doa oi vi cai toi ay toi loi cua chung ta (so 61). Theo c tin Cong giao, moi toi trong i song co the c tha v tnh yeu vo cung cua Thien Chua (DS 349). Tuy nhien Sach Thanh con noi en nhng toi khong the c tha th theo y ngha la chung tao nen mot s chong oi lai cach khung khiep chan ly va anh sang, chong lai Thanh Than (Mt 12,31-32 ; 1Ga 5,16). Bang cach nay, khi noi ve toi, Sach Thanh noi en toi tan can hn toi trong nhat, v no la toi ma ban tnh cua no ngan can s tha th. T thi thanh 304

Augustino, cac nha than hoc a a ra mot danh sach cac toi chong lai Thanh Than, phat xuat t viec khong hoi cai ban au qua s ngoan co, t phu, that vong, t choi chan ly a c nhan biet, ganh ghet an hue c ban cho ngi khac en viec khong an nan gi cuoi cung (so 62). Khong an nan gi cuoi cung a chung ta en hoa nguc, la xa i i khoi Thien Chua bat au trong cuoc song nay xuyen qua nhng chon la t do, t quyet nh cua chung ta quay lng khoi Thien Chua va le luat yeu thng cua Ngai e trung thanh qua mc vi ieu tot thu tao vat nao o ma trong thc te, chung ta at chung the vao cho cua Thien Chua. E KET LUAN Qua viec t y lam ieu g chung ta biet la xau trc mat Thien Chua, chung ta tao ra mot ho ngan cach gia chnh chung ta vi Thien Chua. Bang ly le chung ta tao ra s ngan cach o ngay cang rong ln hn cho en khi chung ta khong the nao nghe li mi goi cua Ngai va nhan biet li Chan Ly ma Ngai a noi trong the gian nay na. Phuc Am la Tin Mng cua chnh Thien Chua a en cu o chung ta khoi toi loi, vi chung ta va cho chung ta, la Emmanuel. Ch do hanh vi t quyet nh hoan cai, an nan co the co c nh s chet va Phuc Sinh cua Chua Giesu, chung ta mi co the c hiep nhat lai vi Thien Chua va song lai mot i song Thanh Thien, mot i song Hoan Cai thng xuyen va ln len trong Chan Ly va S Song. Nhng trong no lc nay, chung ta co the trong cay vng vang vao Thien Chua, v nh thanh Phaolo a noi manh me : Cho du la s chet hay s song, thien than hay ma vng quy lc, hien tai hay tng lai hoac bat c sc manh 305

nao, tri cao hay vc tham, hay bat c loai thu tao nao khac, khong co g tach c chung ta ra khoi tnh yeu cua Thien Chua the hien ni c Kito, Chua chung ta (Rm 8,38-39). Khong co g tach chung ta ra khoi Thien Chua ; Duy chung ta t tach khoi Ngai bang cach khc t tnh yeu va t choi long thng xot cua Ngai. Sach Giao Ly Giao Hoi Cong giao cung cap mot ban giai thch rat ay u ve toi ngan gon nhng ma chng nay rat phu hp vi no trong nhng so 1846-1876.

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CHNG VI

GIAO HOI NH V THAY DAY LUAN LY


Muc ch cua chng trnh nay la khao sat vai tro cua Giao Hoi nh v thay day luan ly. e at c muc ch nay, trc tien toi se xem xet ban chat cua quyen giang day hoac huan quyen cua Giao Hoi va nhng cach thc khac nhau qua o quyen nay c thi hanh. Tiep en toi se nhan nh van e la huan quyen giang day khong sai lam mot so cac chuan mc luan ly ac thu hay khong. Sau cung toi se xem xet ban chat cau tra li cua ngi cong giao ap lai giao huan cua huan quyen c coi la chnh thc nhng khong bat kha ngo ve cac van nan luan ly. Trong tng quan vi van nan ac biet nay, toi se a ra van e bat ong vi giao huan cua Giao Hoi. 1. Quyen giang day va muc vu trong Giao Hoi: Ngi Cong giao tin rang, Giao Hoi la "rng cot cua chan ly" (X 1.Tm.3,15). Chua Giesu a ha vi cac mon e rang, Ngai se khong bo ho mo coi va Ngai se gi Thanh Than en e tr giup ho (X Ga.14, 16-17, 26); (15, 26-27); (Lc. 7-15); (20, 21-22); Lc. 24,49; (Cv.1,8); (2, 1-4). Vai tro cua Chua Thanh Than song song vi vai tro cac tong o, ca hai cung lam chng cho Chua Giesu va thong truyen chan ly a c Mac Khai ni Ngai cho cac cong oan Kito hu au tien (X Ga.15,26-27). Chua 307

Thanh Than khong mac khai ieu g mi; ung hn Ngai giup cho cac tong o hieu c mac khai cua Thien Chua ni c Giesu (X Ga.16,13-15). Trong Giao Hoi, cac tong o gi v tr Hang au (X 1Cor.12, 28), v tren nen tang cac tong o, Giao Hoi a c thiet lap cho hom nay va mai mai (X Eph.2,20). Cac tong o a c tuyen chon e on nhan mac khai cua Thien Chua ni c Giesu, nhng khong co ngha la mac khai nay danh rieng cho mnh ho ma thoi nhng con cho toan the nhan loai, ma c Giesu a gi cac tong o en e rao giang chan ly cho ho (Mt.28,20)... Li giang day cua cac tong o la phng the qua o, mac khai cua Chua a c thong truyen cho Giao Hoi cua cac tong o, nh Cong ong Vat.2 khang nh la "nham c gi gn qua nhieu the he ke tiep nhau en thi tan cung. T o cac tong o truyen giao lai nhng g ho a lanh nhan, khuyen ran cac tn hu duy tr cac truyen thong ho a lanh nhan c bang li rao giang hoac th tn (2Thes.2,15) va khuyen bao ho phai cng quyet chien au cho niem tin a mot lan c trao cho ho va cho tat ca moi ngi (Giud.3). Nhng g c lu truyen bi cac tong o bao gom moi s nham phuc vu e nuoi dng i song dan Chua, trong s thanh thien va gia ang niem tin. Bang loi nay, qua giao ly, i song va phung t, Giao Hoi khong ngng truyen lai cho moi the he tat ca nhng g la chnh Giao Hoi, tat ca nhng g Giao Hoi tin. Hn na, trong Tong o oan Phero, "a Tang", tren o c Giesu a thanh lap Giao Hoi (Mt.16,16) va la ngi c Giesu a uy thac trach nhiem cung co anh em mnh (Ga.21, 15-17), Ngai la thu lanh cua tong o oan. 308

c tin cong giao nhan rang quyen c c Kito trao cho Phero va cac tong o khac e giang day nhan danh c Giesu van con ton tai trong Giao Hoi. Quyen o c trao lai cho Giam Muc oan la nhng ngi ke tuc cac tong o, va nh quyen thu lanh Tong o oan a c Chua trao cho Phero, cung vay, trong Giam Muc oan, quyen ng au nay, do y muon cua Thien Chua, c trao cho ngi ke v thanh la Phero, Giam Muc Roma. Bi the, Cong ong Vat.2 a day ro rang rang: "S mang than linh nay c c Giesu uy thac cho cac tong o phai ton tai cho en ngay tan the " (Mt.28,20). Hn na, nh chc vu ma Chua a ch trao cho mot mnh Phero nh Ngi ng au cac tong o, phai c trao truyen lai cho ang ke v Thanh Phero, chc vu o luon ton tai va cung e vay chc vu ma cac tong o a lanh nhan, tc quyen chan dat Giao Hoi, phai ton tai va c bi chc thanh cua cac Giam Muc. V the, Thanh Cong ong day rang; Chua lap cac Giam muc e thay the vai tro cua cac tong o lam muc t cua Giao Hoi, bi vay, ai lang nghe cac Giam Muc la lang nghe c Giesu, ai khinh de cac Ngai la khinh de c Kito va ang a sai c Kito (Lc.10,16) (Lumen Gentium so 20). Noi tom lai, huan quyen c hieu chnh xac la quyen giang day, nhan danh c Kito, cac chan ly c tin va tat ca nhng g nham phuc vu cho dan Chua song cuoc song thanh thien (Dei Verbum so 8), c uy thac cho Giam Muc oan di quyen thu lanh cua Giao Hoang Roma 1. Hn na, nh thanh Toma thi trung co a noi rang; can nhan manh quyen giang day nay la quyen muc vu thiet yeu va u tien t ban chat, vi trach nhiem cham soc cac linh hon (The Cura animarum) 2. Nh cac than hoc gia ng thi chu trng, trc tien 309

ieu nay khong mang quyen tai phan lien quan en ky luat va pham trat cua Giao Hoi. ung hn la lien quan en cac chan ly va thuoc c tin lan luan ly. Bi the huan quyen va giang day, nhan danh c Kito, cac chan ly phai tin - nh nhng chan ly lien quan en ban tnh cua Thien Chua, i song Ba Ngoi noi tai ni Ngai, Mau nhiem ve s ket hp gia ban tnh Thien Chua va ban tnh nhan loai trong mot ngoi v cua Chua Giesu, va tng t - va cac chan ly phai song, ngha la cac chan ly ve luan ly, cac chan ly ma t o nhng s chon la va hanh ong cua hanh vi nhan linh phai tuan theo khi chung phu hp vi i song ma cac Kito hu a nhan vi t cach nhng ngi con nuoi cua Thien Chua, nh nhng phan t song ong cua than mnh c Kito va la en Th cua Chua Thanh Than (1.Cor.6). Tat ca nhng ieu nay c c Gioan Phaolo II tom tat ay u trong Thong iepVentatis Splendor. Ve phan ket luan au tien trong Thong iepnay, GH a noi vi cac oc gia rang; quyen vt tren con ngi a c c Kito uy thac cho cac tong o va nhng ngi ke v cua Ngai. Trong khi mi goi cach khan thiet hng ti nhng ban van toi Quan trong cua Cong ong Vat.II a c nhac en, c Gioan Phaolo II noi rang, quyen vt tren con ngi, "ro rang xuat phat t truyen thong song ong". Sau o Ngai khang nh ieu nay bang mot oan trch quan trong t Hien Che Dei Verbum, Hien Che tn ly cua Cong ong Vat.II ve Mac Khai than linh. Hien Che nay nhac nh chung ta rang :" nhiem vu dan giai Li Chua cach chan that du la thanh van hay trong Thanh Truyen a c uy thac cho 310

nhng ai co trach nhiem vi huan quyen song ong cua Giao Hoi, quyen c thi hanh nhan danh c Giesu Kito" (Veritatis Splendor so 27) vi oan trch t Hien Che (Dei Verbum so 10). Ngai lu y rang, nh mot chan ly quan trong trong niem tin cua mnh, ngi Cong giao tin c Giesu khong bo chung ta mo coi va a ky thac ni huan quyen quyen vt tren con ngi e cong bo nhan danh Ngai nhng ieu lien quan en c tin va chan ly. ay la trach nhiem cua huan quyen, nham day cho nhng ngi tn hu con ng i en s song i i, chan ly se giai thoat chung ta khoi no le toi loi va giup chung ta song ket hp vi c Kito. Nh Avery Dulles a ghi nhan , huan quyen cung phai "hng ve s khon ngoan cua Than hoc" c tm thay trong cong oan, neu ieu nay lam cho s mang cua huan quyen c thc hien cach hieu qua 4. Nhng ieu quan trong phai nh la huan quyen co trach nhiem va co quyen e nhan nh nguon goc cua s khon ngoan nay t au. Cac than hoc gia thng mau thuan lan nhau; cac tranh cai va thao luan noi len trong Giao Hoi va trong gii cac than hoc gia, huan quyen co nhiem vu va ac sung cua Thien Chua trao ban va quyen e giai quyet cac tranh cai khi chung anh hng en c tin va i song cua Giao Hoi. ay la trach nhiem cua huan quyen nham phan biet cac lap trng than hoc nao tng hp vi nhan thc cua chnh Giao Hoi ve nhng g tren het thuoc ve i song ngi Kito hu va nhng g la khong nh Dulles a lu y 5.

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Theo c tin Cong giao, huan quyen c uy thac ni Giam Muc oan di quyen lanh ao cua GH luon giang day vi uy quyen cua c Kito, quyen vt tren con ngi. Nhng oi khi khi van e c a ra cach bat kha ngo du thuoc c tin hay luan ly, , ngha la... vi s chac chan rang ieu c e ngh th tuyet oi khong thay oi va ngi tn hu phai hoan toan tuan theo. Cac giao huan c e ngh theo hnh thc nay ta phai lay c tin ma chap nhan. nhng thi iem khac, cac van e c tin hay luan ly c huan quyen a ra cach chnh thc va nh la chan ly nhng khong bat kha thay oi cach tuyet oi . Du cho giao huan c a ra theo hnh thc nay khong oi s tha nhan cua c tin, nhng phai c on nhan vi "s thuan phuc mang tnh ton giao cua y ch va ly tr", va tat ca cac Kito hu bao gom Giao Hoang, Giam Muc, giao dan va cac than hoc gia phai chap nhan cac giao huan nay nh chan ly. ieu rat quan trong huan quyen co the giang day khong sai lam cac van e ve luan ly va c tin theo hai cach khac nhau. Trc tien, mot van e c tin hay luan ly co the c cong bo cach long trong hoac la bi Cong ong chung hoac bi GH "vi quyen chu chan toi cao va thay day c tin"... Ngai cong bo mot giao ly ve c tin hay luan ly bang mot phan quyet chung tham (Lumen Gentium so 25 DS 3074). Bang hnh thc nay, Cong ong Nice a nh tn chan ly c tin ve s ket hp gia ni mot Ngoi v duy nhat cua c Kito. Va cung bang cach nay, c Giao Hoang Pio IX a nh tn Tn ieu c Maria thu thai vo nhiem nguyen toi, va c Giao Hoang Pio XII a nh tn viec than xac c Maria vinh hien len tri. Hnh thc giang day vo ngo nay c goi la quyen thi hanh cua Huan quyen. Thu 312

hai, ieu quan trong Huan quyen co the va thc s giang day khong sai lam cac van e luan ly va c tin trong "Hien Che Tn Ly" cua Cong ong Vat. II ve Giao Hoi (Lumen Gentium) a trnh bay ro rang cac ieu kien nay. Cac thc hanh thong thng hang ngay thuoc s mang khi cac ieu kien ac thu c thoa ang. oan trch dan tai lieu ma trong o cac ngh phu Cong ong a tom tat truyen thong bat bien a lanh nhan c cua Giao Hoi nh sau : "Du cac Giam Muc, rieng re khong hng c ac an vo ngo, tuy the cac Ngai cong bo giao ly cua c Kito cach vo ngo theo nhng ieu kien sau: du khi cac ngai song tan mac khap ni tren the gii, nhng hiep thong gia cac Ngai vi nhau va vi ang ke v thanh Phero trong cac giao huan lien quan en van e c tin va luan ly, cac Ngai cung ong y mot giao huan ac biet nao, th buoc phai dt khoat tuyet oi tuan gi (Lumen Gentium so 25). ieu cac Ngh phu Cong ong Vat. II them vao trong oan nay cung rat quan trong ang ghi nh, cac Ngai noi rang: "ieu nay con ro hn trong trng hp khi c trieu tap trung mot Cong ong chung cua Giao Hoi toan cau, cac Ngai la cac thay day va la tham phan cua cac van e c tin va luan ly, cac phan quyet cua cac ngai phai c tuan phuc vi s chap nhan trung thanh va tung phuc cua c tin. Khong phai tat ca cac giao huan cua huan quyen c e ngh cach bat kha ngo. Tuy cac giao huan nay cua huan quyen ve c tin va luan ly khong c e ngh cach bat kha ngo, ngha la c trnh bay nh chung cuoc va khong the thay oi lai, nhng van con c c giang day bi chnh uy quyen cua c Kito. Nhng giao huan nh the th "phi bat kha ngo", nhng can thiet phai hieu chnh 313

xac la ieu nay co y ngha g. Viec nhan ra giao huan cua Huan quyen c e ngh vi uy quyen , va c e ngh nh chan ly va chac chan, nhng khong c day cach tuyet oi khong the oi c la ieu ky thuat. Khong c coi Giao huan di hnh thc nay la kha ngo, nh nhng y kien hoac la nhng loi dien ta cua mot ng loi ang phai hoac chnh sach nha nc. ung hn, du la giao huan ve c tin hay luan ly a c e ngh theo phng thc nay va c day bi huan quyen nh la nhng chan ly th ngi tn hu, bao gom ca cac than hoc gia, phai on nhan di anh sang nh o, ho se hnh thanh t ben trong nhng s la chon va hanh ong cua mnh. Cac giao huan nay, c giang day vi uy quyen vt tren con ngi, c trao ban cho huan quyen do y nh cua c Kito, dien ta chnh xac y cua Ngai tren cac van e c at ra. Du cac giao huan nh the, khong nh cac giao huan c e ngh la bat kha ngo, khong troi buoc lng tam ngi trong c tin, tuy the, chung rang buoc tren lng tam ngi Cong giao oi buoc mot s "trung thanh san sang tuan phuc" cua tr khon (obse quium religiosum). Khi cac Ngai tuyen bo cach uy quyen nhng khong bat kha ngo, "cac Giam Muc, nhng ngi giang day trong s hiep thong vi Giao Hoang Roma", nh cac Ngh phu cua Cong ong Vat. II a nhac nh chung ta, phai c moi ngi nhn nhan nh nhng chng nhan chan ly than linh cong giao; ve phan cac tn hu, ho b oi buoc phai tuan phuc giao huan cua cac Giam Muc, cong bo nhan danh c Kito ve nhng van e c tin va luan ly va phai gan bo vi long trung thanh san sang tuan phuc cua tr khon. S tuan phuc trung thanh cua c muon va ly tr 314

nay phai c bay to theo mot cach the ac biet oi vi quyen giao huan ch that cua Giao Hoang Roma, ngay ca khi Ngai khong cong bo t Tong Toa (ex Cathedra). That vay, theo cach o, quyen giang day toi cao cua Ngai c on nhan vi s ton knh, va ngi ta chap nhan cach chan thanh cac phan quyet cua Ngai, phu hp vi t tng va y hng Ngai a trnh bay c bieu lo cach chnh thc qua tnh chat cua cac tai lieu hoac qua viec cac ngai nhieu lan e ngh mot giao thuyet hoac qua cach tcac ngai trnh bay mot giao thuyet (Lumen Gentium so 25). Ban chat cua s trung thanh san sang tuan phuc, s "trung thanh tuan phuc cua y muon va ly tr" se c e cap ni phan cuoi cua chng nay. iem chnh ay la cac giao huan c e ngh cach uy quyen nhng khong bat kha ngo cua huan quyen ve cac van e c tin va luan ly, c nhn nhan moi ngi cong giao nh la nhng bieu hien y muon cua c Kito va c on nhan nh chan ly. Ngi cong giao phai cung nhiet tam chap nhan va an can vi cac giao huan nay e lam cho chung tr nen cua chnh ho va e lam cho i song cua mnh phu hp vi cac giao huan o. 2. Co cac Giao huan luan ly ac thu c giang day cach bat kha ngo khong ? Tat ca cac Than hoc gia Cong giao eu ong y rang, mot so cac giao huan luan ly cua huan quyen c e ngh la khong sai lam, v du: cac gii ran pho quat va thong thng nh chung ta phai yeu men Thien Chua va ong loai va phai hanh ong hoa hp vi ly tr ngay thang 7. ieu nay th 315

khong tranh cai. ieu tranh cai la co hay khong mot so cac chuan mc luan ly ac thu a c huan quyen giang day cach khong sai lam nh la tuyet oi cam quan he ngoai hon nhan, chu y giet ngi vo toi..v.v. Ngay nay nhieu than hoc gia cong giao phu nhan viec Giao Hoi a day hoac ngay ca co the day cach khong sai lam mot so van e luan ly ac thu va ket qua la khong co chuan mc luan ly ac biet nao a c giang day bi huan quyen. v du: Cac chuan mc cam viec dam duc va ngoai tnh, co y giet mang song ngi vo toi, viec pha thai. Charles E. Curran la mot luat s ngi My noi tieng nhat ve van e nay, nhng ay la mot so ong bao gom Daniel Maguire, Richard Gula, Richard Mc Cormick, Francis Sullivan, mot so khac Hoa Ky va cac nc khac 8. Trc tien ni phan nay, toi se iem lai cach van gon va phe phan nhng ly do a c gi ra bi cac than hoc gia theo khuynh hng xet lai nay, e ung ho cho lap trng la huan quyen a khong va thc s khong the giang day cach khong sai lam ve cac chuan mc luan ly ac thu. Sau o toi se a ra cac chng c va lap luan cho lap trng la huan quyen co the thc s giang day cach khong sai lam ve mot so van e luan ly ac biet va that s a giang day nh the. Cac than hoc gia theo khuynh hng xet lai tm cach e cung co cho li tuyen bo cua ho theo nhieu cach. Trc tien, ho tuyen bo rang khong co giao huan luan ly ac thu nao cua Giao Hoi a c nh tn cach long trong, va ho nai ti giao luat e cung co cho li tuyen bo cua ho. Tiep en, nam 1969 Curran va nhng ngi ung ho ong a nai ti oan 3 cua Giao luat ieu so 1323, trong bo giao 316

luat cu nam 1917 (= ieu luat 749 trong Bo giao luat mi 1986), oan noi nh sau: "Khong co giao thuyet nao c hieu nh la c nh tn bat kha ngo tr khi c bieu th ro rang". Curran va nhng ngi theo ong khang nh rang khong co mot chuan mc luan ly ac thu nao a c nh tn cach long trong. Van e oi vi lap luan nay cho no gii han t ng "c nh tn bat kha ngo" vao t ng c "nh tn cach long trong". oi vi toi va nhieu ngi khac, dng nh do Curran va nhng ngi theo ong a l i cach co li cho lap trng cua ho ieu ma cung khoan giao luat nay a noi trong oan ngay trc oan ho a ke ra o la: Giam Muc oan cung c hng quyen giao huan vo ngo khi...Cac Giam Muc tuy rai rac khap ni tren the gii nhng duy tr moi day hiep thong chung gia cac Ngai va vi ang ke v thanh Phero, cung vi Giao Hoang Roma, giang day cach tham quyen cac van e ve c tin va luan ly, va cung ong y mot Giao huan ac biet nao th phai tuan gi cach triet e 10. Khoan Giao luat nay, nh a thay, co trong Bo giao luat 1917 va c lap lai nguyen van trong Bo giao luat 1983 a a ra cung mot giao huan ve tnh bat kha ngo cua giao huan thong thng tren cac van e va thuoc c tin va luan ly nh Cong ong Vat. II a a ra so 25 Hien Che Lumen Gentium. Noi cach khac, Curran va cac than hoc gia theo khuynh hng xet lai ch n thuan khong chu xem xet viec Huan quyen thong thng hang ngay co e ngh mot so chuan mc luan ly ac thu la khong sai lam hay khong, ieu nay phu hp vi nhng tieu chuan c cac ngh phu trong Cong ong Vat II noi ro rang khi anh gia cac giao huan c e ngh khong sai lam ngang bang vi cac giao huan c 317

nh tn cach long trong, ho a that bai khong nam bat cach nghiem tuc kha nang co mot so giao huan luan ly ac thu cua Giao Hoi c huan quyen thong thng e ngh la khong sai lam. Ly do th hai, c cac than hoc gia theo khuynh hng xet lai a ra nham cung co cho li ho khang nh rang huan quyen a khong day va thc s khong the day cach khong sai lam ve mot so cac chuan mc luan ly ac thu, ieu nay lien he mat thiet vi viec ho phu nhan cac qui tac luan ly tuyet oi. Nh chung ta a thay trong chng ba, ho quan niem rang cac chuan mc luan ly ac thu c nhan biet cach qui nap bi viec con ngi t nhng con ngi song chung vi nhau trong cac cong oan va suy t ve nhng kinh nghiem chung cua nhan loai, ho cong tac vi nhau e x dung tr nang con ngi 11. Bi the, ho ket luan rang: Khong co chuan mc luan ly ac thu nao co the la tuyet oi v kinh nghiem con ngi mang ac tnh ang dien tien (on going) va m- ket. Nh mot than hoc gia ng au thuoc trng phai xet lai Francis Sullivan a ra nhan nh " chung ta khong bao gi co the kha nang cho rang: kinh nghiem tng lai, cho ti nay cha tng tng c, co the at mot van e luan ly vao trong he thong qui chieu kha d oi hoi viec xet lai mot chuan mc khi a c hnh thanh ma khong tnh en kinh nghiem mi 12. Tiep en t iem nay, cac than hoc gia thuoc khuynh hng xet lai khang nh rang Huan quyen khong the n gian giang day khong sai lam ve cac van e luan ly ac biet. 13 V li cong bo cua cac than hoc gia thuoc khuynh hng xet lai a c xem xet chi tiet ni chng ba va sai lam tram trong nen cung 318

khong can thiet nhac lai ay ieu a phe phan 14. Hn na, toi ngh rang Huan th ve n goi mang tnh Giao Hoi cua cac than hoc gia va co tnh khan thiet va quan trong, c Thanh Bo Giao Ly c Tin an hanh ngay 24/5/1990 a khang nh ro rang: "Mac Khai cung cha ng giao huan luan ly t no co the c nhan biet b ly tr t nhien". Tuy con ng i en cac giao huan luan ly gap kho khan do tnh trang toi loi cua con ngi. ay la giao ly c tin t o cac chuan mc luan ly nay co the c Huan quyen giang day cach khong sai lam" (so 16, vi phan tham khao Cong ong Vat.I, Hien Che Tn Ly Dei Filius chng II; DS 3005; phan nhan manh c them vao). Noi tom lai, li tuyen bo cua cac than hoc gia thuoc khuynh hng xet lai, cong vi s sai sot tram trong nh viec tranh cai ve cac van e luan ly ac biet (nh a trnh bay chng III) cung a b huan quyen phu nhan cach ro rang. Mot so ly do khac c a ra bi cac than hoc gia nay nham bien ho cho s bat ong cua ho la Huan quyen a khong va thc s khong the giang day cach khong sai lam ve cac van e luan ly ac thu lan na lai co quan chat che ti viec cua ho phu nhan nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi. Ho vien le rang ieu c goi la ban chat cu the cua con ngi la chu the chu s thay oi c ban va do vay, cac chuan mc c at tren ban chat cu the cua con ngi (nh a c phan biet vi ban chat "Sieu viet cua con ngi" la chu the e thay oi. Do vay, Karl Rahner ve sau, ngha la Rahner sau Thong iepHumanae Vitae (cac quan iem cua Rahner trc kia se c ban luan di ay) tuyen bo rang pham vi co the c cua 319

giao huan luan ly co tnh vo ngo kho trai dai ti cac chuan mc ca nhan hay rieng biet nao cua luan ly Kito giao 15. e cung co cho li cong bo cua ong rang tnh vo ngo c gii han nhng chuan mc tru tng va chung chung (dng nh nhng chuan mc thuc ay chung ta lam ieu tot, tranh ieu xau, tranh lam nhng hanh ong a c ke la vo luan ly nh the giet ngi cach bat chnh), ong ch n thuan khang nh rang ban chat "cu the" la chu the thay oi can ban 16. Li tuyen bo cua cac than hoc gia theo khuynh hng xet lai a c xem lai chng III va a to ra khong u sc thuyet phuc. Do vay, ay cung khong can nhac lai viec phe bnh t tng cua cac than hoc gia nay 17. T tat ca cac y tren, toi ket luan rang nhng tranh luan c cac than hoc gia thuoc khuynh hng xet lai a ra e cung co cho s bat ong cua ho cho rang Huan quyen a khong day va khong thc s co the giang day cach khong sai lam ve cac van e luan ly ac thu..., la ch co ly be ngoai, va khong can thao luan na. Ho hoan toan that bai trong viec xem xet kha nang mot so giao huan luan ly ac thu cua huan quyen trong thc te c e ngh la khong sai lam trong chng mc ho oi pho vi nhng tieu chuan danh cho cac giao huan c e ngh la vo ngo ma chung ta thay so 25 trong Hien che Lumen Gentium cua Cong ong Vat. II. Huan quyen, sau het nh chung ta a thay co tham quyen va quyen oi buoc e hng dan cac Kito hu theo con ng thanh thien va cuoc song phu hp vi li cam ket trong phep Ra. Huan quyen co the ch ro cach chac chan theo cach cam oan loai la chon va hanh 320

ong nao cua con ngi la hoan toan khong phu hp vi i song thanh thien. Toi tin rang- va cac than hoc gia khac cung the 18 - cot loi cua giao huan luan ly cong giao, nh a c tom tat t cac gii ran cua Thap gii (Mi ieu ran) a c hieu cach chnh xac theo truyen thong trong Giao Hoi, c Huan quyen giang day cach khong sai lam trong khi thi hanh thng ngay cua quyen nang thieng lieng a c Chua trao ban. Chung ta khong c giet ngi vo toi cach co y, khong pham toi dam duc, ngoai tnh, luyen ai, khong trom cap, khong c noi doi. Can lu y rang, toi noi ieu cot loi cua Giao huan luan ly cong giao c tom tat trong cac gii ran cua thap gii nh nhng ieu a c hieu theo truyen thong trong Giao Hoi. Do vay, nh gii ran "ngi khong c ngoai tnh" a c hieu theo truyen thong, ro rang loai tr khong nhng cac quan he vi ngi khac ngoai ngi phoi ngau cua mnh (viec ngoai tnh) ma con tat ca cac sinh hoat tnh duc c chon la t do giao c hon nhan. ay la cach hieu hoan toan chnh xac gii ran nay cua thap gii bi cac giao phu nh Augustino 19, cac nha kinh vien thi trung co va tat ca cac than hoc gia cong giao mai en gia thap nien 1960. Do o, khi ban luan ve gii ran th sau Peter Lombard trong tac pham nhng cuon so 4 (Libri IV Sententiarum) c dung lam nen tang cho than hoc cong giao t gia the ky XII en XVI a nhan manh rang gii ran nay oi hoi viec cam tat ca cac sinh hoat tnh duc ngoai hon nhan. Lombard cung vi cac than hoc gia trung co va cac than hoc gia cong giao mai ti thi mi ay a quan niem rang bat c sinh hoat gii tnh nao hoan toan trai vi 321

muc ch hon nhan, va trai s khac biet gii tnh cua cac loai gia nam hay n la toi trong va la vi pham gii ran nay cua thap gii 20. Them vao o, giao huan trong giao ly Roma 21, va giao huan ve giao ly cac gii ran cua thap gii cung rat quan trong. Giao ly Roma c moi ngi biet en la giao ly cua Cong ong Trento, a c uy thac bi Cong ong, chu yeu do Thanh Charles Borromeo viet, c xuat ban vi tham quyen cua thanh Giao Hoang Pio V nam 1566 va c s dung tren khap the gii cho en gia the ky nay. c nhieu Giao Hoang ca ngi va cac Ngai ra lenh rang; cac linh muc quan x phai co trong tay e day giao ly cho cac tn hu. Nam 1721, GH Clemento XIII an hanh Thong iep In Dominico Agro dang tang cho Bo Giao Ly nay. Trong o Ngai noi rang; buoc dung giao ly nay trong khap Giao Hoi toan cau, nh la phng the e bao ve kho tang c tin. Ngai goi o la ban in cua "Giao Huan" la giao ly chung trong toan Giao Hoi 22. Cong ong Vat. I noi rang, nh bo giao ly nay em lai thanh qua ket qua cua giao ly nay "i song luan ly cua ngi tn hu c em lai sc song mi nh viec giang day hoan hao hn c mang en cho ho". T tat ca nhng ieu tren ngi ta co the thay y ngha chng t cua bo giao ly nay oi vi cac chan ly c tin va luan ly. ay la mot bang chng ang tin cay ve giao huan thong thng hang ngay cua cac Giam Muc tren khap the gii hiep thong vi GH. Theo giao ly Roma, viec gi cac gii ran cua thap gii la toi can thiet cho n cu o 24 , va cac gii ran nay ro rang va triet e len an khong nhng toi dam duc, ngoai tnh nhng con tat ca nhng toi vi pham s trong 322

sach nh cac hanh vi ong tnh luyen ai la hoan toan vo luan 25. Cung the, cac gii ran nay trong khi cho phep con ngi giet suc vat va nhng ngi khac e bao ve s song cua chnh mnh bi viec dung sc manh gay chet ngi e chong lai nhng cuoc tan cong vo c, va trong khi nhn nhan cac gii chc chnh quyen co the ket an toi pham va tham gia vao cuoc chien tranh chnh ngha th lai len an triet e viec giet ngi vo toi cung nh viec t sat 26. Tom lai, viec xem xet giao ly ma Giao Hoi a s dung khap ni qua hang the ky trong Giao Hoi vi s xac nhan cua cac c Giao Hoang va cac Giam Muc a phng chng to rang giao ly a day tuan gi nhng qui luat luan ly tuyet oi ac thula toi can thiet cho s cu roi. Chac chan ieu nay co ngha la Giao Hoang va cac Giam Muc trong s hiep thong vi Ngai a ong y rang cac giao huan ac biet (cu the la nhng ieu va c nhac en) phai c tuan gi cach tuyet oi, Lumen Gentium). Vi Cong ong Vat. II, giao huan ve giao ly Roma khong he thay oi g ca. That the, ieu nay a c khang nh cach chac chan. Cong ong a nhac lai rang, sau khi a khang nh cac van e luan ly va c tin co the c giang day khong sai lam trong khi hang ngay quyen giao huan cua Giam Muc tren khap the gii hp nhat vi Giao Hoang, a nhan manh : ieu nay, ca trong tnh huong khi cac Giam Muc hoi hop lai vi nhau trong mot Cong ong chung, hanh ong nh cac ton s cua Giao Hoi hoan vu va la nhng ngi phan quyet cac van e ve c tin va luan ly. Di anh sang cua giao huan ro rang nay, ieu quan trong nhat la xem xet nhng li cong bo then chot a cac ngh phu cua Cong ong Vat. II phat bieu ve cac chuan mc luan 323

ly ac thu. Viec xem xet theo loai nay cho thay, vt qua bong toi s nghi ng, cac Giam Muc hp nhat vi nhau tai Cong ong Vat.II, di s hng dan cua c Giao Hoang a khang nh ro rang rang mot so cac chuan mc luan ly do huan quyen e ngh phai c cac tn hu tuan gi cach triet e. Khi tuan gi nh the, ho a thi hanh ay u cac ieu kien c a ra trong Hien che Lumen Gentium va a c neu len roi, qua o, cac Giam Muc co the e ngh cac van e c tin va luan ly cach khong sai lam. Chang han, sau khi khang nh pham gia con ngi va i song con ngi, cac Ngai a vach ro nhieu toi ac ghe tm chong lai con ngi va i song con ngi bang li tuyen bo rang "s a dang cua toi ac th vo so: tat ca nhng g i ngc vi chnh s song nh la giet ngi, diet chung, pha thai, gay chet em du va t t trc tiep, tat ca nhng g xam pham s toan ven con ngi nh cat bo mot phan than xac , tra tan than xac va tinh than, nhng sc ep tam ly thai qua; tat ca nhng g xuc pham en pham gia con ngi nh la nhng ieu kien song ha nhan pham, giam cam vo c, lu ay, mai dam, buon ban phu n va tre em, ha thap ieu kien lao ong, ni ma con ngi b oi x nh la nhng dung cu lam li hn la nhng con ngi t do va co trach nhiem; tat ca nhng toi nay va nhng ieu tng t au oc nen van minh va chung boi nho nhng ke chu ong hn la boi nho nhng nan nhan, va xuc pham nang ne en danh d ang Tao Hoa. (Gaudium et Spes, so 27). Cac hanh ong c coi la toi ac ay, that ung khi c dien ta bang ngon ng anh gia theo luan ly nh la "giet ngi", ha nhan pham "giam cam vo c", "ha thap ieu kien lam viec". c dien ta nh the, cac 324

hanh ong nay ro rang la vo luan. Nhng nhng hanh ong khac ro rang b len an la hoan toan vo luan thc s c dien ta trong oan nay ma khong can dung en ngon ng anh gia theo tnh luan ly, v du: pha thai, gay chet em du, t y huy hoai (t t), no le, ban phu n va tre em. Cac chuan mc ao c ac thu nham cam cac hanh ong nh the th tuyet oi khong mien tr. Hn na, phan khac, trong cung tai lieu tren, chung ta thay rang toi pha thai va giet tre em c goi la toi ac ghe tm. (ibid. so 51). Them vao o, cac Ngh phu Cong ong trong cung tai lieu nay, khi nhac lai "cac nguyen tac bat buoc pho quat cua luat t nhien", len an nh la "toi ac ghe tm" cua cac hanh ong c coi nh s chu y huy diet co phng phap toan bo mot quoc gia, mot chung toc hoac mot chung toc thieu so (Ibid so 79) va cong bo rang "moi hanh ong cua chien tranh nham trc tiep en s huy hoai ba bai cac o th hoac cac khu vc rong ln cung vi dan c la toi ac chong lai Thien Chua va con ngi, vay phai cc lc va khong ngan ngai len an toi ac o. (Ibid so 80). Theo quan iem nhng li cong bo ro rang minh bach c cac Giam Muc phat bieu khi "hoi hop trong mot Cong ong chung" va a hanh ong nh nhng thay day va tham phan ve cac van e...luan ly (Lumen Gentium), dng nh hp ly e ket luan rang, giao huan luan ly cong giao ve ieu tuyet oi s song cua ngi vo toi, c e ngh la khong sai lam theo tieu chuan c e ra trong Hien Che Lumen Gentium so 25. 325

Tom lai, Cong ong Vat. II a khang nh dt khoat rang huan quyen giang day cach khong sai lam cac van e luan ly khi cac ieu kien ac thu c ap ng. Toi chap nhan rang cac ieu kien nay c ap ng vi s ton trong oi vi iem cot loi cua giao huan luan ly cong giao nh a c a ra trong cac gii ran cua thap gii, c hieu theo truyen thong trong Giao Hoi (v du: ...trong giao ly Roma). Hn na, ket luan nay c chng thc khi xem xet giao huan cua cac Giam Muc a hoi hop tai Cong ong Vat. II ve quyen bat kha xam pham mang song ngi vo toi khoi s co y tan cong co chu y tnh. Hn na, nh chung ta a thay ni phan phuc luc II cua chng III, khi ban luan giao huan cua c Gioan Phaolo II ve nhng hanh vi xau t ban chat va tng ng vi nhng hanh vi nay la cac chuan mc luan ly tuyet oi ma c Gioan Phaolo II, trong khi khong a ra ac tnh bat kha ngo cach ro rang trong Thong iep, tuy the, cho nao Ngai cung eu day rang chan ly ve cac chuan mc luan ly tuyet oi luon luon va moi ni nghiem cam cac hanh vi xau t ban chat la mot chan ly c mac khai. Ngai phi bac Duy hau qua thuyet va Duy can xng thuyet khong nhng v chung la nhng ly thuyet ao c khiem khuyet tram trong, ma quan trong hn con la v chung oi nghch lai vi mac khai cua Chua va giao huan bat di bat dch cua Giao Hoi (X Veritatis Splendor so 76, 79-83 va nhng bai c ke ra phu luc II cua chng III). Ngai vien dan ti uy quyen cua Thien Chua trong mac khai, la nguon mach quyen giang day cua huan quyen. Ro rang ngai coi giao huan cua Giao Hoi ve tnh tuyet oi cua cac gii ran trong thap gii, nh la nhng gii ran a c hieu theo truyen thong trong Giao Hoi la 326

khong the huy bo va khong thay oi,... ngha la..., khong sai lam. Giao ly cua Giao Hoi cong giao a c c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II long trong cong bo ngay le Vo Nhiem Nguyen Toi nam 1992 ro rang tai khang nh giao huan cua giao ly Roma va truyen thong cong giao ve van e nay. Sach day rang co nhng loai hanh vi nhan linh ro rang, c nh ro bi oi tng cua s chon la luan ly, luon luon sai lam ve mat luan ly, ro rang v s c muon chon la mot oi tng cua loai nay dan en mot c muon hon loan, ngha la s xau luan luan ly. Khi ban luan ve nhng gii ran cua thap gii, nh c hieu trong truyen thong cong giao va c huan quyen cong bo trong khi thi hanh trach nhiem cua mnh e bao ve kho tang c tin va trnh bay lai cho ngi tn hu (X Giao Ly Giao Hoi Cong Giao so 2033- 2035). Sach giao ly nhan dien nhieu dang khac nhau cua nhng hanh vi xau t ban chat, b nghiem cam bi cac chuan mc tuyet oi, v du: co y giet ngi vo toi (2273); giet hai tre em (2268); pha thai (2273); giet an hue hay giet ngi em du (2277); toi thu dam (2352); toi dam duc (2253); cng hiep (2356); ong tnh luyen ai (2357); toi ngoai tnh (2380- 2381); nga thai (2370). Ve van e nay, xem phan sau chng VII. S that la Chan ly cot loi cua giao huan luan ly cong giao, nh a c tm thay trong thap gii c huan quyen e ngh la khong sai lam, ngoai ra khong co mi la t nao ca. o la li giang day c on nhan cua cac than hoc gia trc Cong ong Vat. II nh oan trch sau ay t K. Rahner "giai oan au tien" a trnh bay ro rang: Giao Hoi day cac 327

gii ran (mi ieu ran) vi uy quyen cua Thien Chua mot cach chnh xac nh a day cac chan ly c tin khac, hoac qua huan quyen thong thng hoac qua hanh vi cua huan quyen bat thng trong cac phan quyet t tong toa cua c Giao Hoang hoac cua Cong ong chung, nhng cung thong qua huan quyen thong thng cua Giao Hoi ngha la; trong giao huan thong thng ve c tin cho tn hu ni cac trng hoc, cac bai giang, va trong tat ca cac hnh thc huan th khac. Ban chat cua s viec se la, cac chuan mc luan ly, cac phan quyet cua c Giao Hoang hay Cong ong chung cach ngoai le c giang day theo cach thong thng, nhng cung rang buoc lng tam ngi tn hu nh giao huan qua huan quyen bat thng... Bi the, hoan toan la khong ung khi ch co nhng chuan mc luan ly a c long trong phan quyet.. la rang buoc c tin cua ngi Kito hu nh a c Thien Chua mac khai . Thc vay, khi toan Giao Hoi trong giao huan moi ngay giang day luat luan ly moi ni tren the gii nh la gii ran cua Thien Chua, Giao Hoi c gn gi khoi s sai lam bi s tr giup cua Chua Thanh Than va v the ieu luat nay thc vay la y muon cua Thien Chua va rang buoc lng tam ngi tn hu 27. Phan nay a a ra nhng lap luan va chng c e benh vc cho ket luan rang huan quyen khong ch co the giang day cach khong sai lam cac van e luan ly ac thu, nhng thc te a giang day nh the. Ngi ta tm thay cot loi cua giao huan luan ly cong giao trong cac gii ran cua thap gii, c hieu theo truyen thong cua Giao Hoi, a c e ngh la khong sai lam va ieu cot loi nay bao gom cac chuan mc luan ly ac thu. Cac lap luan cua cac than 328

hoc gia thuoc khuynh hng xet lai nham bien ho cho li ho tuyen bo rang; huan quyen a khong day va thc s khong co the day cach khong sai lam tren cac van e luan ly ac thu la non yeu va da tren nhng gia thiet sai lac. 3. Nen ap lai the nao oi vi giao huan luan ly cua huan quyen c e ngh chnh thc nhng khong bat kha ngo ? Nh chung ta a thay. Cong ong Vat.II day rang; cac tn hu bao gom cac than hoc gia phai the hien oi vi giao huan cua huan quyen c e ngh chnh thc nhng khong bat kha ngo "mot s san sang va knh can tuan phuc cua tam tr, s trung thanh tung phuc cua y ch va ly tr" (Lumen Gentium so 25). Nhng ieu nay co ngha chnh xac la g ? Nhng than hoc gia cong giao ngay nay ong y vi Curran rang s trung thanh tung phuc cua y ch va ly tr va s san sang knh can tuan phuc cua tam tr co the cung ton tai vi s bat cong oi vi giao huan chnh thc cua huan quyen. Nam 1969, Curran va cac ong s a ra quan iem rang "ieu giang day thong thng trong Giao Hoi la ngi Kito hu cong giao co quyen bay to y kien bat ong vi nhng giao huan chnh thc khong bat kha ngo cua huan quyen khi co ly do ay u e lam nh the 28. ay van la lap trng c Curran 29 va cac than hoc gia theo trng phai xet lai s dung va c phan anh trong cac sach giao khoa ve than hoc luan ly nham c s dung trong cac chung vien c viet bi cac than hoc gia tren ay cung nh Timothy E. O'Connell va Richard M. Gula 30. 329

Trc khi xem xet nhng ly do ma Curran va nhng nha than hoc gia khac a ra e bien ho cho li tuyen bo cua ho la "cac tn hu cong giao co the bay to y kien bat ong quan iem vi nhng giao huan chnh thc nhng khong bat kha ngo cua huan quyen khi co cac ly do ay u e lam nh the" se that la ieu hu ch e khi xem ky hn na giao huan cua Cong ong Vat. II ve van e nay. Ly do la tai sao lam nh the la ieu quan trong, thc te nh William B. Smith a a ra van e "S bat ong quan " nh c at ra hien nay, v du: bi Curran va cac ong s cua ong th cung thuoc giai oan tng oi gan ay. Nh Smith nhn nhan: "Viec xem xet lai can than sach t ien bach khoa than hoc tieu chuan va t ien than hoc trc nam 1972 th khong co muc Bat ong quan iem. Cac sach giao khoa chuan mc ve than hoc a a ra nhng van nan co the co ve viec hoa hiem mi co mot ca nhan khong chu on nhan giao huan chnh thc cua Giao Hoi, va nhng van nan nh the a c ban thao di s giam nh cua huan quyen hoac giao huan cua Giao Hoi nham tham tra hien trang cua giao huan nh the va tam mc rang buoc hay pham vi cua chung 32. Khong co ieu g c noi cach ro rang ve "Thai o bat ong quan iem" tai Cong ong Vat.II. Tuy the, uy ban than hoc cua Cong ong a tra li cho iem tu chnh c a ra bi ba Giam Muc co lien quan en oan van a c neu trong Hien Che Lumen Gentium, cu the la trong phan cac Ngh phu noi rang: "S san sang va knh can tuan phuc cua tam tr (obsequium relisiosum) va s trung thanh tung phuc cua y ch va ly tr " phai c bay to ra 330

oi vi nhng giao huan cua huan quyen c e ngh chnh thc nhng khong bat kha ngo cua Giao hoi. Ba Giam Muc a a ra s kha the mang tnh ly thuyet rang, mot ngi co hoc thc, trc mot giao thuyet khong c e ngh la bat kha ngo, nen noi tam ho khong the ong y khi co ly do co c s (interne assentire non potest). Mot ngi nh the phai lam g sau o ? Cau tra li cua uy ban than hoc la trong nhng trng hp nh the "luan thuyet than hoc c tan ong o phai c tham khao 33". Nh Smith a nhan xet "nen chu y rang cau hoi c at ra cho uy ban than hoc lien quan en viec khong the ong y cach tch ccno khong giong chut nao nh mot quyen ro rang e bat ong quan iem 34. Neu luan thuyet than hoc c chap nhan nay c tham tra, co ngi ta kham pha ra rang, nh Gerinain G. Grisez a trnh bay chi tiet 35, khong co sach giao khoa than hoc nao c phe chuan ma lai cho phep trnh bay to bat ong quan iem voi giao huan chnh thc cua huan quyen. Mot so trong cac luan thuyet nay ban an van e : noi tam mot ngi co tham quyen t choi khong chu on nhan (giao huan) khi ho co ly do nghiem trong e lam nh the. Cac sach giao khoa day rang, mot ngi nh the phai gi im lang va trnh bay s kho khan ma ngi ay gap phai trong viec on nhan giao huan lien he cho nhng ang giang day thuoc huan quyen (Giao hoang hay Giam muc) co lien he. Noi cach khac, "cac luan thuyet than hoc c tan ong ma uy ban than hoc cua Cong ong Vat.II a nhac en, lien he ti cac Giam muc e nham hng dan van e, khong cach nao ung ho s bat ong cach cong khai vi 331

giao huan cua huan quyen c e ngh chnh thc nhng khong bat kha ngo. Cac luan thuyet nay khong noi ve viec bat ong quan iem nhng ve viec t choi khong chu on nhan, la mot ieu g o khac xa vi viec bat ong quan iem. That ra nh Smith cho thay, trong muc chuan b cho viec chu giai than hoc cac tai lieu cua Cong ong Vat.II, quan iem cua Karl Rahner "luc ban au" a noi ieu nay trong phan chu giai ban van trong Hien Che Lumen Gentium so 25 nay, ... tham quyen cua huan quyen... thay oi cach rong rai ngi ta phai c chap nhan vi s knh can c ban oi vi chc vu noi chung va ong y trong long oi vi cong bo cua huan quyen. Bai viet khong noi en co the co chuyen trong mot so tnh huong, "s im lang tuan phuc" la u, nhng v ieu nay co gia tr chung nen chac chan ngi ta khong c loai tr. Noi tom lai, Cong ong Vat.II khong noi g ve quyen bay to s bat ong. Uy ban than hoc trong khi tra li van e c ba Giam muc neu len a nhac en cac sach giao khoa than hoc a c phe chuan. Cac sach giao khoa nay khong i nao ung ho quyen c bieu lo s bat ong cong khai vi giao huan cua huan quyen. Hn na, cac sach o lu y rang nhng ca nhan co the t choi khong chu chap nhan nhng giao huan khong c e ngh la bat kha ngo va co the duy tr s thinh lang tuan phuc trong khi bay to nhng ly do ve viec mnh t choi khong chu chap nhan vi cac cap tham quyen thch hp cua huan quyen. 332

Do vay, khi Curran va cac than hoc gia khac (nh Gula) tuyen bo rang cac sach giao khoa than hoc a c phe chuan ung ho s bat ong quan iem cong khai oi vi cac giao huan cua huan quyen c e ngh la khong bat kha ngo 38, li tuyen bo cua ho hoa ra sai lam. Gula tiep tuc theo uoi li tuyen bo nay 39 nhng Curran, ngi khi xng nen a buoc phai tha nhan rang "vien canh cua cac sach giao khoa lien quan en van e tan ong va bat ong quan iem chu anh hng t nhng gii han nghiem trong ve than hoc va triet hoc. Theo ong, nhng phan tch cua nhng sach giao khoa ve ban chat cua tan ong th khong thoa ang va hoan toan xa la vi nhng van e trong tam c a ra bi Newman trong quyen Grammar of Assent 40. Quan iem cua Curran ay rat ang kinh ngac. Bat c ieu g c noi en, ieu o chac chan tao nen s choi bo li tuyen bo cua ong trc kia cho rang cac nha giao khoa chng nhan giao huan chung bien minh cho s bat ong quan iem. ay, toi khong the i vao phan tch phan giang giai cua Newman trong quyen Grammar of Assent. Nhng toi ngh rat thch hp e lu y rang Newman khong bao gi khang nh ngi cong giao co quyen bat ong quan iem vi giao huan chnh cua huan quyen. V ong viet that la mau thuan khi noi ve lng tam rang, y ngha ve ung va sai, la yeu to au tien trong ton giao, rat te nh, rat that thng, rat de boi roi, m toi, lam lac, rat tinh te trong nhng phng phap lap luan rat b anh hng bi giao duc, rat b thanh kien bi kieu hanh va am me, rat khong on nh trong qua trnh dien tien, tha nhan nhng thc hanh thay oi va s chien thang cua ly tr con ngi trong cuoc au tranh e ton tai, y 333

ngha nay bong choc lai la v thay cao ca nhat, va lai la iem soi sang toi thieu, va Giao hoi, GH va hang Giao pham la s ho tr cho mot oi hoi khan thiet theo muc ch cua Thien Chua 41. Toi khang nh rang iem noi bat trong tat ca nhng ieu tren tc li vien dan cac sach giao khoa than hoc tien Cong ong Vat.II va Hong Y John Newman cua Curan va nhng ngi khac nham bien ho cho li tuyen bo rang, s bat ong quan iem cong oi vi giao huan cua huan quyen c coi la khong bat kha ngo la chnh ang, ch la mot s khong xac thc, do vay cach chung ieu o phai c loai bo. Curran va cac than hoc gia nay cung tuyen bo rang s khang nh cua ho ve quyen bat ong quan iem cong khai c bao am bi chnh quan iem cua Cong ong Vat.II. Noi cach khac, ho tuyen bo rang chnh Cong ong Vat.II ung ho viec bat ong quan iem cong khai. B thuc ep e trnh bay sao cho li tuyen bo nay c chng thc bi tai lieu cua Cong ong, tuy the, ho nhan ra rang khong co ban van nao cua Cong ong ong minh nhien ung ho s bat ong quan cong khai. Nhng ho van tiep tuc phat bieu nh Curran rang "s hien dien thc s cua Cong ong ung ho cho s bat ong quan iem" va "Giao Hoi hoc hau Cong ong Vat.II a hien ai hoa quyen bat ong quan iem trong boi canh oi thoai. Curran tiep tuc khang nh "Hien Che Lumen Gentium, Gaudium et Spes, Tuyen ngon ve ai ket cua Cong ong Vat.II len tieng rang bau kh mang tnh Giao hoi hoc khac biet t can ban vi ac iem kha mang tnh pham trat trong thong iep Humanae Vitac" 43. Co the noi g ve ieu nay ? Trc tien, nh chung ta a thay rang 334

khong co mot quyen bat ong quan iem ky cu nao c tm thay trong than hoc tien Cong ong Vat.II. Thu hai, chnh Cong ong a khong noi g ve viec ung ho quyen bat ong quan iem ca, mot iem a c Avery Dulles, tha nhan, ong viet : "Giao huan chnh thc cua Cong ong a khong a ra ban luan viec bat ong quan iem vt qua ieu a co trong the he trc 44. Thc ra, cac than hoc gia theo khuynh hng xet lai, la nhng ngi ung ho cho viec bat ong quan iem vi giao huan cua Giao Hoi, nay a tm thay khuyet iem vi mon Giao hoi hoc cua Cong ong Vat. II. Do vay, mot trong nhng ngi ay Richard Mc Cormick lai tuyen bo rang "mot cach rong rai, hoac ngay ca mot cach em tham gii cac than hoc gia (thuoc khuynh hng xet lai) cho rang Lumen Gentium so 25 trnh bay mot khai niem rat loi thi va co the gay tranh luan ve chc vu giao huan cua Giao Hoi 45. Bi the, dng nh oi vi toi viec Curran vien dan "Tnh Giao hoi hoc trong nhng tai lieu cua Cong ong Vat.II nham ung ho cho viec bat ong quan iem cong khai vi huan quyen chnh thc cua Giao Hoi ch la ve ben ngoai. Toi ngh rang, bao lau s vien dan cua ong ta ti "bau kh co tnh cach Giao Hoi hoc" cua cac tai lieu Cong ong c nhac en, cau tra li cua mot hoc gia u e cho thay s nong can cua van e la: "bau kh co tnh Giao Hoi hoc- ngi ta mong i mot ket luan than hoc bong choc lai thay chnh mnh trong lanh vc kh tng hoc sieu hnh" 46. Than hoc gia thuoc khuynh hng xet lai cung tuyen bo rang : s bat ong quan iem cong khai vi giao huan cua huan quyen a c bao am bi s kien la trong qua kh nhng giao huan nh the a co sai lam 47, bi s kien la tn ly a khong the phat trien neu 335

khong co nhng bat ong quan iem nh the c tha nhan 48, va..v.v. Tat ca nhng tranh luan nay a c nhng ngi khac xem xet trong mot thi gian dai, ac biet la Grisez va a thieu sot. Nh Grisez a lu y, a co nhng sai lam thc s trong cac lap trng a c huan quyen a ra trong qua kh, nhng trong nhng khoang thi gian o, cac van nan ang tranh luan, au tien la nhng van e thuoc ve ky luat hoac ieu hanh, ch khong phai ve tn ly (v du: cac sac lenh cua Uy ban Thanh Kinh nam 1905 va 1915) 49. Khi nhng van e ang tranh luan thuoc ve van e tn ly hoac luan ly (v du: van e no le, t do ton giao), ieu nay ang nghi ng khong biet co nhng sai lam hay khong khi ngi ta xem xet cach chnh xac ieu a c xac nhan bi huan quyen trong nhng boi canh khac nhau 50. Grisez cung trnh bay tng t rang s phat trien ung an ve hoc thuyet khong oi hoi phai co oi khang mi xay ra. Quan iem c Curran va cac than hoc gia thuoc phai xet lai theo uoi, cho rang trong thc te giao huan chnh thc cua huan quyen ve cac van e luan ly, thng sai lam (v du: giao huan ve s oc ac hien nhien trong van e tranh thai, tnh vo luan hoan toan cua tat ca hnh thc co y giet ngi vo toi, tnh vo luan hoan toan cua moi hanh vi sinh san c t do la chon ngoai giao c hon nhan) va ngi tn hu c t do a ra thai o bat ong quan iem vi nhng giao huan nh the khi nao ho co ay u ly do chnh ang e hanh ong nh the. Lap trng nay cung len tieng rang, quan niem cua cac nha than hoc khong co the n gian b l i, va khi mot so ong trong ho day rang: cac tn hu cong giao c t do at qua mot ben giao huan cua huan quyen c e ngh chnh thc nhng 336

khong bat kha ngo va thay the vao o bang quan iem cua cac than hoc gia, ngi tn hu hanh ong ung khi bay to bat ong quan iem . Do vay, e cung co cho quan iem cua ong ta ve s oi lap nhng van e nh nga thai thai, a nai en s kien la "tren 750 than hoc gia Bac My a ky mot tuyen bo than hoc e ung ho toi" 52. V the viec nai ti nhng ngi cung quan iem than hoc la li vien dan cuoi cung cua cac nha than hoc thuoc khuynh hng xet lai nham bao cha cho viec bat ong quan iem vi giao huan cua huan quyen cach chnh thc nhng khong c coi la bat kha ngo. ieu g se c noi ve van e nay ? Co the noi ngay rang ay ch la mot s vien dan t phuc vu va a b huan quyen chnh thc phu nhan. Do vay ngay 13/03/1975 trong mot tra li chnh thc oi vi mot vien dan y kien than hoc tng t nh la nguon mach hp phap e minh giai viec a ra bat ong quan iem vi giao huan cua Giao Hoi ve van e nga thai triet san, Thanh Bo Giao Ly c Tin a noi rang : "Thanh Bo, trong khi khang nh giao ly truyen thong cua Giao Hoi (toi vo luan hoan toan cua van e nga thai triet san), cung khong phai khong quan tam en van e cac than hoc gia oi khang vi giao ly nay. Tuy the, Thanh Bo phu nhan rang y ngha hoc thuyet co the c gan cho s kien nay nh the, nham tao nen mot nguon mach than hoc ma ngi tn hu co the vien dan theo va do o t bo huan quyen chan that, va i theo nhng quan iem rieng t cua cac than hoc gia bat ong quan iem vi huan quyen. 337

Noi cach khac, Curran va cac than hoc gia khac tuyen bo rang "Giao huan chung trong Giao Hoi ngi tn hu cong giao co the bat ong quan iem vi nhng giao huan chnh thc nhng khong bat kha ngo cua huan quyen khi co cac ly do ay u e thc hien" ch la ieu gia tao, ch c ung ho bi cac tranh luan xau va co dung y. Hn na, li cong bo nay va mi b phan bac manh me bi chnh huan quyen. Trong huan th nam 1990 ve n goi trong Giao Hoi cua cac than hoc gia nham nhac ti van e a c neu, Bo Giao Ly c Tin a ban en van e nay cach chi tiet. Tai lieu a cung cap li bnh giai hu ch ve ban chat cua "viec tuan phuc mang tnh ton giao cua linh hon hay cua y ch va ly tr" rang cac giao huan cua huan quyen c e ngh chnh thc nhng khong bat kha ngo, ma cac tn hu bao gom cac than hoc gia phai co nh li cac ngh phu cua Cong ong Vat.II a noi. Huan th phan biet ro rang gia cac van nan cac than hoc gia co the a ra ve nhng giao huan nh the (so 24- 31) va viec bat ong quan iem vi nhng giao huan o (3241). Huan th cho rang viec at ra van nan co the tng hp vi s tuan phuc mang tnh ton giao c oi buoc, nhng lai cng quyet va khong ngan ngai bac bo viec bat ong quan iem vi nhng giao huan nay coi o nh khong tng hp vi "s tuan phuc mang tnh ton giao" va khong phu hp vi n goi cua cac than hoc gia. Phai tien thien loai tr viec bat ong quan iem vi nhng giao huan c e ngh la bat kha ngo. 338

Huan th bat au viec thao luan s khac biet gia viec at van nan (questioning) va bat ong quan iem bang nhan manh rang "s san sang tuan phuc cach trung thanh vi giao huan cua huan quyen t no khong phai la bat kha thay oi (ieu so 24). ay la ieu quan trong nhat phai ghi nh. Bat ky viec at van nan nao oi vi giao huan cua huan quyen cung phai dien ra trong boi canh vi s tuan phuc cua y ch va ly tr mang tnh ton oi vi nhng ai nam gi quyen bnh vt tren con ngi trong Giao Hoi. e c hp phap, viec at van nan oi vi cac giao huan cua huan quyen c e ngh la phi bat kha ngo, phai bat nguon t tinh than thuan thao cua ton giao; thai o thu nghch oi vi huan quyen phai c loai bo ngay t au. V tinh than thuan thao "mot than hoc gia co the, tuy nhien huan th nhn nhan co the co viec tuy theo trng hp neu len cac van nan ve tnh hp thi hnh thc hoac ngay ca noi dung cua nhng lan huan quyen can thiep ve loai nay (so 24). Mac dau nhng van nan nh the co the gay ra nhng cang thang gia cac than hoc gia va huan quyen, nhng cang thang nay co the nhng nhan to nang ong, tac nhan kch thch cho ca huan quyen lan cac than hoc gia nham thc thi vai tro rieng biet cua mnh khi thc hien cuoc oi thoai, bao lau vai tro o khong phat xuat t cam giac thu han va oi nghch (so 25). Nhng ieu nay that co y ngha, "ni cac than hoc gia khong bao gi nen co s giam bt tinh than ci m nen tang va trung thanh chap nhan giao huan cua huan quyen, ieu nay ung vi moi tn hu v ly do vang phuc cua c tin", neu can cua nha than hoc "bieu lo y muon san sang xet lai quan iem rieng va e xem xet nhng phan bac cac ong nghiep co the 339

tao cho mnh (so 29). Nen chu y rang, Huan th ro rang nhn nhan viec cac than hoc gia pho bien cac " van nan cua ho", la ieu thch ang va noi en viec ho buoc phai lu y mot cach nghiem tuc en nhng phan bac noi len chong lai quan iem cua ho bi cac than hoc gia khac va buoc phai xem xet lai lap trng cua ho di anh sang cua nhng phe phan nh the va ieu nay thng ch xay ra sau khi mot than hoc gia a pho bien cac van nan cua mnh c biet en qua viec xuat ban tren cac bao chuyen e ve than hoc. Giao huan cua Huan th ve van e nay co c s va ch li. Nh ta co the thay c huan th xac nh lap trng cua cac tac gia a c chuan nhan, la nhng ngi ma cac Ngh phu cua Cong ong Vat.II a nhac en, va ho mong muon c ch dan sau xa hn ve y ngha cua "s tuan phuc mang tnh chat ton giao" ieu Hien Che Lumen Gentium oi buoc oi vi giao huan cua huan quyen c e ngh chnh thc nhng khong bat kha ngo. ieu nay co ngha g... o la cac than hoc gia co quyen a ra cac van nan vi s ton trong cac giao huan nh the, va e xuat nhng la chon xem ra oi nghch lai vi ho, mien la ho san sang... a. e cac ket luan cua ho chu s phe phan cua cac than hoc gia ong nghiep. b. Xet lai quan iem cua ho di anh sang s phe phan nay. c. Chap nhan triet e phan quyet cua huan quyen. Thng cac than hoc gia neu len nhng van nan thuoc dang nay khi ho co the nai en nhng giao huan khac cua huan quyen va c giang day chac chan hn va dt 340

khoat hn, vi ieu o ho cho rang giao huan b at van nan th khong phu hp. at van e theo cach thc nay a b phe phan bi Thanh Bo nham e phu hp vi s tuan phuc mang tnh ton giao cua y ch va ly tr c Hien Che Lumen Gentium oi buoc. Khi trung thanh vi c Kito va Giao Hoi, ngi ta khong the tan ong viec cho ran quyen huan giang day thc s la sai lam va ngi tn hu t do phu nhan giao huan nay va thay the bang quan iem rieng cua ho hay cua cac than hoc gia. Nhng ay chnh la ieu ma s bat ong quan iem ve than hoc dan en. Huan th rat ro rang ve van e nay. Sau khi dien ta s qua ve nhng nhan to anh hng t xa hoac cach gian tiep, en viec bat ong quan iem (so 32) huan th a lu y nhng hnh thc khac nhau cua s bat ong quan iem. Cac nha cap tien tm cach thay oi Giao Hoi cho phu hp vi s phan khang theo khuon mau cua xa hoi chnh tr xa hoi. Nhng "thng hn", nh huan th nhan xet, viec bat ong quan iem bao gom theo li cong bo rang "than hoc gia khong b rang buoc phai tha nhan bat ky giao huan nao cua huan quyen tr khi la giao huan bat kha ngo va do o co the hoan toan t do a ra nhng nghi van hoac phu nhan giao huan khong bat kha ngo cua huan quyen, ac biet trong trng hp cac chuan mc luan ly ac thu"(so 33). ay, huan th a mieu ta cach hoan toan chnh xac hnh thc bat ong quan iem a dien ra hn 1/4 the ky qua. Viec huan th mieu ta s bat ong quan iem cung tng t nh ieu Curran va nhng ngi hau thuan ong nam 1969 a ra va a c ke ra phan tren cu the la "ngi cong 341

giao co the bat ong quan iem vi nhng giao huan chnh thc khong bat kha ngo cua huan quyen khi co nhng ly do ay u e lam nh the". Nhng Curran va cac ong lieu cua ong a tuyen bo rang ay la "giao huan chung trong Giao Hoi", trong khi huan th thang than phu nhan rang, li tuyen bo nay va s bat ong quan iem kieu nay hoan toan khong phu hp vi giao huan cua Giao Hoi va n goi cua cac than hoc gia. Ngi tn hu khong bao gi c la chon quan iem cua cac than hoc gia, tuy a hoc qua, hn nhng giao huan chnh thc cua nhng ngi a c trao ban vi quyen vt tren con ngi e giang day nhan danh c Giesu 54. Gan ay hn c Gioan Phaolo II trong Thong iepVeritatis Splendor nhan manh rang "s bat ong quan iem" di hnh thc bai xch va but chien co he thong can than c thc hien tren cac phng tien truyen thong la chong lai s hiep thong trong Giao Hoi va s hieu biet ung an ve the che pham trat cua dan Chua (so 113). Ngai noi tiep, neu cac than hoc gia bai xch theo loi nay, cac v muc t cua Giao Hoi co bon phan hanh ong phu hp vi s vu tong o cua mnh, khi ngai nhan manh rang; quyen cua ngi tn hu on nhan Giao ly cong giao tinh tuyen va toan ven phai c bao am (so 113). Them vao o, Ngai nhan manh rang "khong e s huy hoai nao pha v s hoa hp gia c tin va cuoc song: s hp nhat cua Giao Hoi khong ch b huy hoai bi cac Kito hu bac bo hay xuyen tac cac chan ly c tin nhng con bi nhng ngi coi thng nhng oi buoc luan ly ma Tin Mng mi goi (X 1Cor.5,9-13)" (so 26).

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Cac than hoc gia, xet nh la cac than hoc gia, khong phai la cac muc t trong Giao Hoi. Ho khong c trao ban s vu, bao gom va la trach nhiem, va la quyen e giao huan ngi tn hu trong "tat ca nham phuc vu cho dan Chua song i song cua ho trong s thanh thien va gia tang c tin (Dei Verbum so 8). S vu a c trao pho cach rieng cho nhng ngi ke tuc s hiep thong trong s mang tong o, ngha la... c trao pho cho huan quyen muc vu a c Chua thiet lap cua Giam muc trong s hp nhat di quyen thu lanh cua c Thanh Cha, ngi ke v thanh Phero va la ngi ai dien c Kito. Khi ho chiem chc vu muc t, cac than hoc gia a hanh ong sai trai va gay thiet hai tram trong cho Giao Hoi, ho tuyen bo la ho co "quyen" bat ong quan iem giao huan chnh thc cua huan quyen, va thay the bang cac quan iem rieng cua mnh va khuyen khch ngi tn hu at sang mot ben ieu ma c Giao Hoang va cac Giam Muc giang day nhan danh c Kito va at vao o nhng quan iem rieng cua ho. Van e toi hau la: ai phat ngon cho Giao Hoi ? Ai co quyen noi nhan danh Chua Kito va gian xep cac tranh cai co the noi len trong gia nh cua Ngai ? Cau tra li cua Giao Hoi Cong giao ve van e nay la bi y muon cua chnh Chua Kito, quyen nay c trao cho Giao Hoang va cac Giam muc hp nhat vi c Thanh Cha. Cac Ngai co nhiem vu phan x moi van e anh hng en s thanh thien va s song cua nhng ai, nh phep ra a tr nen mot vi c Kito. Viec cac tn hu cong giao, bao gom cac than hoc gia a ra nhng van nan ve cac giao huan c e ngh la khong bat kha thay oi hoac bat kha ngo la ieu hp phap, nhng ho 343

khong co quyen nhan v (oi bay) chc vu c Chua trao ban cho c Giao Hoang va cac Giam Muc hiep thong vi Ngai. Va khong hp phap khi ho cho rang ieu ma nhng v thay day cong bo nhan danh c Kito la dt khoat sai lam, cac giao huan nay cua cac ngai co the b gat qua mot ben, va nhng quan iem oi lap vi nhng giao huan nay co the c on nhan nh nhng chuan mc thc hanh cua i song Kito hu. ieu thc s sai lam tram trong la khi cac than hoc gia khch ong cac tn hu ri bo cac giao huan a c e ngh la bat kha ngo. Va nh chung ta a thay, van e cot loi cua giao huan luan ly cong giao, nh a c tm thay trong cac gii ran thap gii, c hieu theo truyen thong trong Giao Hoi nh loai tr triet e va khong mot mien tr tat ca nhng hnh thc giet ngi cach co y, t do chon la moi quan he tnh duc ben ngoai giao c hon nhan a c e ngh la bat kha ngo. Giao huan luan ly cua huan quyen a c nhn nhan khong nhng nh la nhng luat le hp phap nhng con la nhng chan ly quy bau nham giup cho ngi tn hu biet ho la ai va ho phai lam g neu ho hoan toan tr thanh nhng hu the ma Thien Chua muon: nhng ngi con trung thanh cua Ngai, san sang xng ang bc theo n goi ma ho a c goi mi, san sang bc theo tieng goi e tham d vao cong viec cu o cua c Kito. Viec trnh bay ngan gon ve Giao Hoi nh ngi Me va la thay cua i song luan ly c tm thay trong Giao Ly cua Giao Hoi cong giao (so 2030- 2051).

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CHNG VII

I SONG LUAN LY KITO GIAO VA SACH GIAO LY GIAO HOI CONG GIAO
Thang 01.1985, Thng Hoi ong Giam Muc a bat thng keu goi ky niem 20 nam sau ngay Cong ong Vat. II ket thuc, cac ngh phu bay to mong c chuan b mot cuon sach hay ban tom tat giao thuyet Cong giao ve c tin va luan ly theo tinh than cua Cong ong. c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II het long tan thanh mong c o va ngai a ch nh mot uy ban giam muc viet ban d thao giao ly. Ngay 11 thang 10 nam 1992, c Gioan Phaolo II a cong bo Thong iepFidei depositum, ra lenh xuat ban Sach Giao Ly Giao Hoi Cong giao, va vao dp le c Me Vo Nhiem ngay 08.12.1992, c Thanh Cha a chnh thc cong bo ban van Phap ng cua Sach Giao Ly. Sach Giao Ly gom bon phan chnh : Phan mot : Tuyen xng c tin, trnh bay tong hp cac chan ly c tin Cong giao. Phan hai : C hanh Mau nhiem Kito giao, ban ve phung vu va cac b tch cua Giao Hoi. Phan ba : i song trong Chua Kito, nhng van e lien quan en i song luan ly Kito hu. Phan bon : Viec cau nguyen Kito giao, noi en vai tro can thiet cua viec cau nguyen trong i song ngi Kito hu. 346

Moi phan c chia nho thanh nhng oan (section), nhng chng (chapters), nhng tiet (articles) va moi oan van (paragraph) cua toan bo sach Giao ly c anh so, tong cong co 2865 so. Nhng oan tom tat hu ch goi la Tom lai c trnh bay phan ket luan cua moi tiet va cung c phan chia thanh nhng phan khac nhau. Nh a trnh bay, phan ba sach Giao ly danh nghien cu ve i song luan ly Kito giao. Trong phan dan nhap cua thong iep Veritatis Splendor, cuoi cung c Thanh Cha Gioan Phaolo II tuyen bo rang mot trong nhng ly do hoan lai viec chuan b cuoi cung va pho bien thong iep nay o la v e no ra sau cuon Giao Ly Giao Hoi Cong giao trong o co phan trnh bay ay u va co he thong hoc thuyet luan ly Kito giao, th xem ra thch hp hn (Veritatis Splendor, so 5). Nh vay trong thong iep cua ngai, nham giai quyet mot vai van e c ban trong giao huan luan ly cua Giao Hoi, bang cach a ra mot s phan nh can thiet ve nhng e tai hien ang c tranh cai gia cac nha chuyen mon ao c hoc va than hoc luan ly, c Thanh Cha thng xuyen nai en Sach Giao Ly nh la ban van quy chieu vng chac va chnh quy e giang day ve hoc thuyet cong giao (S so 5 vi trch dan trong ngoac lay t Thong iepFidei depoSitum cua ngai, so 4). Nh vay xem ra thch hp khi toi khi trnh bay van gon ve giao huan cua Sach Giao Ly Giao Hoi Cong giao ve s song luan ly Kito giao trc khi trnh bay tong quat thong iep Veritatis Splendor cua c Thanh Cha Gioan Phaolo II trong chng cuoi sach nay. ay trc het toi se trnh bay mot cai nhn khai quat giao huan cua Sach Giao 347

Ly ve i song luan ly Kito giao, roi chu tam en nhng kha canh quan trong cua giao huan rat thch hp cho phan dan vao than hoc luan ly.

348

KHAI QUAT GIAO HUAN CUA SACH GIAO LY VE I SONG LUAN LY KITO GIAO
Xem qua muc luc, chung ta de dang co c cai nhn khai quat ve giao huan cua Sach Giao Ly ve i song luan ly Kito giao. Trong Sach Giao Ly, phan nay gom hai oan chnh : oan th nhat : n goi cua con ngi : i song trong Than Kh (cac so 1699-2051). oan nay gom mot dan nhap ngan (so 1699) va ba chng : Pham gia cua nhan v con ngi (cac so 1700-1876). Cong ong nhan loai (cac so 18771948). n Cu o cua Thien Chua : Le luat va An sung (cac so 1949-2051). Chng pham gia con ngi gom mot dan nhap ngan (so 1700) va 8 tiet :
1. Con ngi hnh anh cua Thien Chua (cac so 1701-1715).

2. 1729). 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

n goi hng vinh phuc cua ta (1716T do cua con ngi (1730-1748). Tnh luan ly cua cac hanh vi nhan linh (1749-1761). Tnh luan ly cua cac am me (17621775). Lng tam Luan ly (1776-1802). Cac nhan c (1803-1845). Toi loi (1846-1876). 349

Chng Cong ong nhan loai gom mot dan nhap ngan (so 1877) va ba tiet 1. Con ngi va xa hoi (1878-1896). 2. Tham d vao sinh hoat xa hoi (18971927). 3. Cong bang xa hoi (1928-1948). Chng n Cu o cua Thien Chua thong qua le luat va an sung c chia thanh mot dan nhap ngan (so 1949) va ba tiet 1. Luat luan ly (1950-1986). 2. An sung va s cong chnh hoa (19872029). 3. Giao Hoi, Ngi Me va Nha Giao Duc (2030-2051). oan hai, phan 3, Mi ieu Ran, bat au bang mot dan nhap dai (cac so 20522082), c chia thanh hai chng : Chng 1 : Ngi hay yeu men Thien Chua, Thien Chua cua ngi het long, het linh hon, het tam tr ngi(cac so 2083-2195) gom ba tiet tng ng vi ieu ran th nhat (cac so 2084-2141), ieu ran th hai (cac so 2142-2167), va ieu ran th ba (cac so 21682195). Chng 2 : Ngi hay yeu men ngi ong loai cua ngi nh chnh ban than mnh (cac so 2196-2557), c chia thanh bay tiet tng ng vi ieu ran th t (cac so 21972257), ieu ran th nam (cac so 2258-2330), ieu ran th sau (cac so 2331-2400), ieu ran th bay (cac so 2401-2463), ieu ran th tam (cac so 2464-2513), ieu ran th chn (cac so 2514-2533), va ieu ran th mi (cac so 2534-2557).

350

Qua phan va trnh bay chung ta co the nam c pham vi Sach Giao Ly trnh bay ve i song luan ly Kito giao. Nhng mot ban liet ke muc luc se khong giup chung ta hieu tinh than va cach nhan thc i song luan ly. Nhng toi tin chac rang nhng nhan xet cua hai giam muc thanh vien cua Uy ban chu trach nhiem viet ban d thao sach Giao ly se cung cap cho chung ta cai nhn ban au e hieu tinh than cua sach Giao ly ve van e i song luan ly Kito giao. Mot v la Jean Honere, Tong Giam muc giao phan Tours nc Phap, chu giai oan I phan III Sach Giao Ly n goi cua con ngi : i song trong Than Kh a nhan nh rang cac giam muc a nhan thc ve cam bay can tranh : Trnh bay va mo ta i song Kito giao di dang luat le luan ly, nh la mot luan thuyet ve hanh vi tot Ngha c ban co the ch la viec quang dien lay t cac Moi Phuc va ong c thuc ay khong la g khac hn la sequela Christi (theo Chua Giesu), mot hanh ong sequela Christi c thay khong ch nh la viec bat chc mot phong cach do quan sat t ben ngoai, nhng la ong hnh ong dang thc s vi ban chat con ngi c Kito, bao ham toan bo trong moi tng quan va thai o quy phuc oi vi Chua Cha, va trong vai tro chng nhan hoan hao qua i song hoan toan thuoc ve Ngai ay la cot loi cua cai nhn ban au u trnh bay nhng ong thi cung giup lam cho chng ban ve luan ly co tnh thong nhat : c tin cua ngi mon e c dien at qua Kinh Tin Knh va c hanh cac b tch c bieu lo trong i song chng nhan va trong viec ap tra li mi goi cua Tin Mng e nen hoan hao 1. Con v kia la David Everyman Konstant, Giam muc giao phan Leeds nc Anh, chu giai oan II phan III Mi 351

ieu Ran va d oan viec phan oi cho rang cach trnh bay noi bat cac ieu ran nh vay co nguy c rang ngi ta se hieu luan ly Kito giao nh mot loat cac lenh cam, ngai a nhan manh rang muc ch cua cac gii ran noi chung, nh chung ta co [thong qua truyen thong Cong giao song ong], khong nham gii han t do nhng nham m ra con ng i en i song t do ch thc. e thc hien ieu nay, chung ta phai phan biet nhng loi thoa man vien vong dan en sai lam va s chet. Ngai tiep tuc trng dan nhng khang nh cua sach Didache (I,1) : Co hai con ng, mot nga dan en s song, nga kia dan en cai chet, va gia hai con ng co mot s khac biet ln. Roi ngai tiep tuc ch ra cac gii ran khong ng biet lap [Hn the na], nhng nh mot cai khung cho giao ly luan ly, cac gii ran tao ra cai dan y e hnh thanh cac chu e khac [an sung, cac moi phuc, nhan c, toi loi va n tha th, i song trong Than Kh va trong Cong oan Giao Hoi].2 Bay gi toi se co gang trnh bay ay u hn cung nh chu giai ieu cot loi chu yeu trong giao huan cua Gao Ly Giao Hoi Cong giao trong chng mc ma giao huan nay thch hp cho viec dan vao than hoc luan ly.

352

Y NGHA COT LOI CUA LUAN LY TNH KITO GIAO THEO SACH GIAO LY
Toi tin rang chung ta co the chu yeu hieu biet luan ly tnh Kito giao c a ra trong Sach Giao Ly Giao Hoi Cong giao. Khi chu tam en nhng van e sau ay : i song luan ly nh mot no lc nang ong cua con ngi e hoan toan tr nen nhng con ngi nh long Chua mong c. Chung ta le thuoc hoan toan vao Thien Chua, nh o mi co hoan toan the tr thanh nhng con ngi hoan hao nh long Chua mong c. Giao Hoi vi t cach la Me va Thay day c Thien Chua ban quyen. ieu chung ta phai lam e hoan toan tr nen nhng con ngi nh long Chua mong c. 1. i Song Luan Ly nh mot no lc cua Con Ngi e hoan toan tr nen nhng Con Ngi nh Long Chua mong c Sach Giao Ly chng I, oan I, phan ban ve i song luan ly cua ngi Kito hu chu trong ve pham gia cua con ngi va tiet 1 chng nay co chu e con ngi thc s la hnh anh cua Thien Chua ch thanh. oan van au 353

cua tiet I, chng I (so 1701) vao e bang mot trch dan kheo leo cua Hien Che Giao Hoi trong the gii ngay nay, Gaudium et Spes (so 22) cua Cong ong Vat. II, Hien che ma c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II thng xuyen e cap en, o chnh la khi mac khai mau nhiem cua Chua Cha va tnh yeu cua Ngai, Chua Kito a bay to cho con ngi biet ay u ve ban than ho va a vach cho con ngi thay s cao sieu cua n goi ho (Thien Chua Sach Giao Ly, so 1701). Ke en chng nay trien khai cac chan ly ve con ngi, c sang tao giong hnh anh Thien Chua, c ban cho ly tr nh o ho co the hieu biet chan ly, va nh co chon la t do ma ho co the quyet nh chnh cuoc song mnh bang chnh cac chon la o (cac so 17041706, 1711-1712, 1730-1748). Them vao o, no gi cho chung ta rang do nguyen toi ma chung ta co xu hng thien ve ieu ac va de b sai lam (cac so 1707,1714), nhng vi long nhan hau vo cung, Thien Chua a sai Con Mot cua Ngai cu chuoc chung ta khoi toi loi va lam cho chung ta, chet i cho toi nh phep ra e tr nen nhng tao vat trong Chua Kito, song xng ang la con cai cua Thien Chua, la ang a keu goi chung ta tr nen nhng phan t cua gia nh cua Ngai va e at c s song vnh cu lam mot vi Ngai (cac so 1708-1709,1715). That vay Sach Giao Ly at trong tam cac moi phuc, nhng phuc lanh, ma Chua Giesu a noi en trong Bai giang tren nui (Mt 5,3-12), nhan manh rang nhng li ha v ai nay cua Chua soi sang nhng hanh vi va thai o mang ac tnh cua i song luan ly Kito giao (cac so 1716-1717,17251726). i kem vi Mi ieu ran, Mi Li cua Chua la iem quy chieu cho lch s cu o va cho viec day giao ly cua cac tong o, 354

cac moi phuc cua Chua trong Bai giang tren nui ch cho chung ta con ng i en Nc Chua (so 1724 ; Thien Chua cac so 1728-1729). Tom lai, ba tiet au cua chng I, oan I, phan III mo ta i song luan ly Kito giao nh mot no lc nang ong cua con ngi e hoan toan tr nen nhng con ngi nh long Chua mong c : la con cai Ngai va la em cua Chua Giesu, ang a vang li cho en chet vi mong c duy nhat la hoan tat d an yeu thng va khon ngoan cua Cha tren tri cho nhan loai. 2. Chung ta tuyet oi le thuoc vao Thien Chua e hoan toan co the tr nen nhng con ngi nh Long Chua mong c Nh a trnh bay, nhng tiet au cua chng I, oan I, phan III nhac chung ta nhng chan ly : c sang tao giong hnh anh Thien Chua, chung ta c ban cho ly tr nh o chung ta co the kham pha ra chan ly, bao gom chan ly luan ly, va vi chon la t do chung ta xac nh cuoc song mnh. Cac tiet ay cung nhac cho chung ta rang, do toi ma chung ta co xu hng ve ieu ac va sai lam, va ch nh tham d vao cai chet va phuc sinh cu chuoc cua Chua Giesu chung ta mi co the song xng ang la con cai Chua va nh o ma hoan toan tr nen nhng con ngi nh long Chua mong c. Nhng chan ly v ai nay c trien khai chi tiet hn trong tiet II, chng III, oan I, trnh bay ve s cong chnh hoa va n sung. ay la ieu lam ta hieu ro ta khong t cong chnh hoa c , nhng do Thien Chua tot lanh a giao hoa toi nhan vi Ngai bang an hue cua Chua Thanh Than, a o tran vao nhng ke tham d vao s chet va phuc sinh cuu o cua Chua Giesu thong 355

qua phep ra (tc. cac so 1987 tt). Ch qua an sung cua Chua Thanh Than, ma Chua Giesu a lap cong cho chung ta xng ang lanh nhan n ay qua cuoc song vang phuc va cai chet t hien tren thap gia, th chung ta mi co the d phan vao hanh ong cu chuoc cua Chua Giesu, thoat khoi toi loi, chap nhan cach t do hay cong chnh hoa cua Thien Chua (cac so 1967-1993). Nh quyen nang an sung cua Chua Thanh Than s chia se vao ban tnh than linh cua Thien Chua oi tran trong tam hon chung ta e chung ta c thanh hoa, c nen thanh va co the song xng ang la con cai Chua (cac so 1996-2000 ; tc. cac so 20172027). Noi cach chnh xac bi v chung ta bay gi thc s la con cai Chua c chia se ban tnh than linh cua Ngai nh chnh Con Ngai a tng c chia se hoan toan ban tnh nhan loai cua chung ta, nen chung ta c keu goi en mot cuoc song hoan hao, thanh thien (cac so 2012-2016 ; tc. cac so 2028-2029). Bon phan chung ta la cong tac vi an sung ma Thien Chua a ban cho chung ta mot cach nhng khong do long t bi vo cung cua Ngai. T sc mnh, chung ta khong the lam c g ang c s song i i cung chang ang c la thanh vien cua gia nh Chua. Nhng Thien Chua lam cho chung ta thanh loai ngi nh chung ta phai la, co ly tr va t do, noi cach chnh xac bi v Ngai muon noi rang o la nhng con ngi ma Ngai co the trao ban chnh s song cua Ngai. Ngai t do ban tang cho chung ta s song nay trong Chua Giesu qua Chua Thanh Than, thuc ay trong tam hon chung ta e chung ta t do chap nhan li Ngai mi goi, nhng Ngai khong ep 356

buoc chung ta. Chung ta co t do pham toi, chon cai chet thay v chon s song, nhng giong nh mot ngi ban khon ngoan nhat va tot nhat cua chung ta, Thien Chua luon vi chung ta cung vi s trao ban an hue khong he sai lam cua Ngai, e ta co the tr nen, mot cach t do, nhng con ngi nh long Chua mong c. ay la s iep cot yeu cua tiet II, an sung va s cong chnh hoa, cua chng III, oan I, phan III. 3. Giao Hoi c Thien Chua ban quyen vi t cach la Me va Thay Day Van e nay c e cap tiet III, chng III, oan I, phan III. Sach Giao Ly trc het ghi nhan rang chnh trong Giao Hoi, trong s hiep thong cua tat ca nhng ngi a lanh nhan phep Ra, ma cac Kito hu thc hien n goi cua mnh, nh thanh Phaolo noi (Thien Chua Rm 12,1), n goi nay oi hoi ho hien dang cho Thien Chua than xac mnh lam hy le thanh thien va ang c chap nhan (cac so 20302031). Sach Giao Ly, theo giao huan cua Cong ong Vat. II, nhan manh rang huan quyen cua Giao Hoi, c trao cho Giam muc oan di vai tro thu lanh cua Giam muc Roma, co u uy quyen va trach nhiem cua Chua e giang day cac chan ly cu o cua c tin va luan ly nhan danh Chua Kito (cac so 2033-2034). Hn na no con khang nh rang ac sung bat kha ngo trai rong en moi yeu to ve giao ly Cong giao, bao gom nhng yeu to lien quan en i song luan ly, v neu khong co ac sung nay, cac chan ly cu o cua Tin Mng se khong the c bao toan, trnh bay cach trung thanh va tuan thu (so 2035). Qua that, Sach Giao Ly khang nh : uy quyen cua Huan quyen cung trai rong ti 357

nhng gii ran ac loai cua luat t nhien, trong chng mc ang Tao Hoa, oi chung ta tuan gi nhng gii ran nay va s tuan gi nay can thiet cho n cu o. Khi cong bo nhng chan ly cua luat t nhien, Huan Quyen thi hanh chc vu ngon s ch thc cua mnh cho nhan loai (so 2036). Sach Giao Ly day : cac tn hu co quyen c giao huan theo tinh than cua Huan quyen, va ho co bon phan nh hng i song noi tam mnh cho phu hp vi giao huan chnh thc cua Giao Hoi (so 2037). Tat ca cac tn hu nen co mot thai o con thao oi vi Giao Hoi, la Me va Thay day cua mnh (so 2040). 4. ieu Chung Ta phai lam hoan toan e tr nen nhng con ngi hoan hao nh long Chua mong c Sach Giao Ly khang nh rang : v c ban cho s t do chon la ma, co the noi rang, con ngi la cha e cac hanh vi cua mnh (so 1749). Ho co bon phan chon la theo chan ly neu ho muon hoan toan la nhng con ngi nh c nham ti. Tiet 1, Luat luan ly (cac so 1950-1968), chng III, phan III, c danh e ban en cac chan ly ln cua menh lenh luan ly ma nhng chon la luan ly ung an co the c thc hien cho phu hp vi nhng menh lenh nay. ay Sach Giao Ly, theo Cong ong Vat. II (va ca thanh Toma va toan bo truyen thong Cong giao), khang nh rang luat vnh cu va than linh cua Thien Chua, ke hoach khon ngoan va yeu thng cua Ngai danh cho cuoc song con ngi, la chuan mc cao nhat oi vi i song va hanh ong cua con ngi (so 1950 ; tc.so 1975). Nhng Thien Chua a giup cho cac tao vat co ly tr cua Ngai, la con ngi, co the tham d cach chu ong vao ke hoach khon 358

ngoan va yeu thng nay qua luat t nhien (so 1954 ; tc. so 1978). Luat t nhien co tnh pho quat va bat bien (cac so 1956,1958). Mac du viec ap dung luat t nhien co the thay oi theo hoan canh (so 1957). Tuy the luat nay la luat hp nhat con ngi vi nhau va ap at tren ho nhng nguyen ly va nhng tieu chuan thong thng van mai co gia tr ve ban chat (so 1958). Hn na, nhng gii luat cua luat t nhien khong de g c nhan thay mot cach ro rang va trc tiep ; nhng trong hoan canh hien tai (mang dau an cua toi), an sung va mac khai cua Thien Chua la can thiet oi vi con ngi toi loi e ho nhan biet ung an nhng chan ly ton giao va luan ly can thiet e co mot i song luan ly chan chnh (tc. so 1960). Luat mi, tc luat Phuc Am, la s hoan hao va vien man cua luat t nhien (so 1965). Trong ban chat luat mi la an sung cua Chua Thanh Than ban vao long cac tn hu nh c tin vao Chua Kito (so 1966). Cac tn hu, nhng ke c keu mi va tang ban an sung e co thai o san sang theo con ng cac moi phuc ch ve (so 1968). Nh ket hiep vi Chua Kito, cac tn hu c keu mi yeu thng en mc nh ho a va ang c Thien Chua yeu thng ho trong c Kito bang mot tnh yeu cha lanh, cu chuoc va thanh hoa (cac so 1970,1972). tiet IV, chng III, oan I, phan III khi ban ve tnh luan ly cua cac hanh vi nhan linh, Sach Giao Ly neu ro rang cac nguon mach oi vi tnh luan ly cua hanh vi nhan linh la oi tng c chon (ieu ngi ta ang lam), chu ch v o oi tng c chon, va cac hoan canh cua hanh vi (so 1750) va xet theo luan ly mot hanh vi nhan linh tot gia thiet tat ca cac d kien tren phai tot ve mat 359

luan ly (so 1755). Chung ta de dang nhan ra oi tng la van e chnh cua hanh vi nhan linh c tac nhan c muon va chon la (V du : Chon viec quan he vi v [hanh ong v chong], chon viec quan he vi con gai cua mnh [loan luan]) (so 1751). Sach Giao Ly khang nh rang mot y hng tot, ngha la y hng cua chu ch v o, oi tng c chon la khong the bien minh cho cac phng tien c chon neu o la phng tien o vo luan do oi tng cua no (so 1753). Sach Giao Ly khang nh ro rang rang co nhng loai hanh vi ro rang cu the do oi tng ma he chon la sai trai, v du : hanh vi ta dam, bi v y muon chon la oi tng nay cho thay y ch b xao tron, ngha la mot ieu xau ve luan ly (so 1755). Noi cach khac, Sach Giao Ly ch ro rang co mot so loai hanh vi nhan linh, c xac nh bi oi tng chon la, la xau t ban chat va, tng ng vi nhng hanh vi nh vay, co nhng chuan mc chan ly tuyet oi, eu khong cong nhan co ngoai le, oan II Sach Giao Ly e cap en Mi ieu Ran, cac hnh thc khac nhau cua nhng hanh vi xau t ban chat ma cac chuan mc luan ly tuyet oi eu ngan cam, c xac nh ro nh sau : chu y giet ngi vo toi (tc. so 2273), nh khi giet tre th (tc. so 2268), pha thai (tc. so 2273), cai chet an hue hay lam chet em du (tc. so 2277), va t t (tc. so 2281), thu dam (so 2352), ta dam (so 2353) ; hiep dam (tc. so 2356), ong tnh luyen ai (so 2357), ngoai tnh (cac so 2380-2381). Sach Giao Ly khang nh ro, theo c Thanh Cha Phaolo VI, rang phng phap tranh thai, c mo ta nh moi hanh ong , hoac trc hoac ang khi dien ra hanh vi v chong, hoac trong khi phat trien hau qua cua hanh vi nay sau o, c xem la muc 360

ch hay phng tien nham ngan can s sinh san c coi la xau t ban chat (so 2370). Ro rang Sach Giao Ly ung ho truyen thong Cong giao cho rang co mot so hnh thc cua hanh vi nhan linh, cu the do oi tng cua no, luon luon la xau t ban chat va cac chuan mc luan ly tuyet oi va khong co ngoai le eu ngan cam. c muon lam nhng viec o la hoan toan i ngc lai vi i song Kito giao. Noi cach chnhtch cc, cac Kito hu c keu goi, nh a trnh bay, yeu thng vi tnh yeu cu chuoc, cha lanh va hoa giai cua Chua Giesu, mot tnh yeu hoan toan oi lap vi c muon e s thien co the xuat hien, va e nh hnh toan bo cuoc song ho cho phu hp khong ch vi chan ly cua Mi ieu Ran ma con phu hp vi nhng trang thai noi tam a c cac moi phuc ch ve. e chon la cho phu hp vi chan ly va t y khong san long lam ieu ac la ieu chung ta phai thi hanh neu chung ta muon hoan toan tr nen nhng con ngi nh long Chua mong c va Ngai tr giup chung ta tr nen con ngi o qua an sung cua Chua Thanh Than, an sung nay a c danh san cho chung ta qua i song vang phuc cua Chua Con oi vi Thanh Y Chua Cha. Khi khai quat ve giao huan cua Giao Ly Giao Hoi Cong giao ve i song luan ly Kito giao, toi a bo qua viec xem xet cua giaohuan ve vai tro cua lng tam (cac van kien cua Cong ong Vat. II va chng I sach nay co noi en viec xem xet nay : no nhac lai cach x s cua lng tam), thai o cua giao huan oi vi toi (ma de dang nhan ra rang ngi ta co the pham toi trong bi chon la t do lam ieu ma ho biet la nghch lai 361

cach nghiem trong luat luan ly), viec trnh bay cua giao huan oi vi cac nhan c t nhien va sieu nhien, s ban luan van gon nhng tuyet vi cua giao huan oi vi i song xa hoi con ngi, va viec ban luan cua giao huan oi vi Mi ieu Ran trong oan II phan II. Tuy nhien toi tin la a cung cap kha u viec anh gia giao huan cua Sach Giao Ly Giao Hoi Cong giao ve i song luan ly e cho thay no thch hp the nao oi vi tai lieu ma tap sach nay a trnh bay. V Sach Giao Ly cung cap mot cai sn tong quat cho bo cuc giao huan cua c Thanh Cha Gioan Phaolo II trong thong iep Veritatis Splendor, gi ay, chung ta co the nghien cu sau hn van kien quan trong nay mot trong nhng y ngha rat quan trong cho viec hieu biet nhng chu e chnh trong e muc dan vao Than Hoc Luan Ly.

CHNG VIII

KHAI QUAT VE THONG IEP "VERITATIS SPLENDOR"


Thong iep Veritatis Splendor cua c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II c phan chia gom: phan dan nhap, ba chng va mot phan ket luan. Trong phan dam nhap, c Giao Hoang a trnh bay ro rang nhng ly do khien Ngai a 362

viet Thong iep nay. o la thi hanh quyen giang day cua mnh nham oi dien vi nhng cuoc khung hoang phat trien trong suy t than hoc luan ly suot thi gian hau Cong ong. Y hng cua Ngai c trnh bay "nham xac nh ro rang cac kha canh vng chac cua hoc thuyet mang tam quan trong chu yeu e ng au vi nhng van e co the chac chan la khung hoang thc s, v nhng kho khan nay sinh nhng lien luy nghiem trong nhat oi vi i song luan ly cua ngi tn hu va moi hiep thong vi Giao Hoi, cung nh cho mot cuoc song cong bang va huynh e trong xa hoi (so 5) - s khung hoang phat trien ac biet ve kha canh than hoc luan ly c ban. c Thanh Cha lu y rang: "ngay nay trong chnh cong oan Kito hu" chung ta khong ch oi dien vi nhng bat ong quan iem co gii han va mang tnh c hoi, nhng con la at thanh nghi van cach toan ven va co he thong lien quan en giao ly truyen thong, da tren nhng gia thiet nhan hoc chac chan va ao c hoc. Khi t nhng gia thiet nay, t nhieu a anh hng en cac dong t tng hien tai va i en cho tach ri t do cua con ngi ra khoi moi tng quan c hu va thiet yeu vi chan ly (so 4). Nham nhan manh en khung hoang nay, Thong iep a e ra, cac nguyen tac cua viec giang day luan ly tren can ban cua Thanh Kinh va truyen thong song ong cua cac tong o co lien quan en nhng e tai gay tranh luan , ong thi a ra anh sang nhng gia thiet va hau qua cua s bat ong quan iem ma viec giang day a gap phai. Moi trong ba chng sau ay eu co mot chu e rieng biet. Chng mot, chu e "c Giesu va cau tra li cho van e luan ly", la 363

mot chu giai c gian trai va suy t ve cau hoi cua ngi thanh nien giau co a hoi Chua Giesu trong Tin mng (Mt.19,16-21). Muc ch la mot noi ket cac yeu to thiet yeu cua mac khai Cu c va Tan c lien quan hanh vi luan ly. Chng th hai, phan dai nhat cua Thong iep c goi la "Giao Hoi - va viec nhan nh mot so khuynh hng trong than hoc luan ly hien nay". Chng nay co tnh cach giao ly, trong o, c Giao hoang e cap en mot so van e nen tang lien quan en giao huan luan ly cua Giao Hoi, thao luan nhng van e ang c cac nha ao c hoc va than hoc gia luan ly tranh luan, va e tra li nhng quan iem sai lac, Ngai trnh bay nhng nguyen tac giao huan luan ly da tren can ban Thanh Kinh va truyen thong (so 5). Chng th ba, c goi la s thien luan ly trong i song Giao Hoi va the gii, nhan manh en van e la ngi Kito hu phai hng vao Chua Giesu va trung thanh vi Ngi e on nhan, e song va truyen lai chan ly ao c ho a c day do bi Giao Hoi, va lam noi bat y ngha cua cac chng nhan t ao va tam quan trong cua viec Giao hoi lam tron vai tro ngi giang day luan ly oi vi the gii hien nay. Cung nh ch nh ro trach nhiem cua nhng ngi giang day, cac linh muc va ac biet la cac giam muc la oi tng c Thong iep nham en- oi vi viec giang day mot nen luan ly lanh manh. Ben trong toan bo tai lieu co mot s duy nhat sau xa. Nh Diogini Tettamanzi, Giam muc Italia, giao s bo mon than hoc luan ly c bau lam Giam Muc, a nhan xet, s duy nhat nay chac chan a c rut ra t van nan can ban lien he ti moi tng giao gia t do va chan ly, hay ung hn la t li song ong 364

cua Chua Giesu ngi se biet c s that va s that se giai thoat cho ngi" (Ga.8,32). Toan bo Thong iep la mot s lang nghe khong ngng oi vi li Chua, mot s suy niem yeu men va dung cam oi vi oi hoi va y ngha cua Li Chua, mot li e ngh va keu goi bc theo Chua Giesu e tm gap ni Ngi cau tra li ay u cho nhu cau khao khat t do va chan ly cua chung ta.

365

CHNG I

C KITO & CAU TRA LI CHO VAN NAN VE LUAN LY


Nh a noi tren, chng nay la mot suy niem ve y ngha cuoc oi thoai gia Chua Giesu va ngi thanh nien giau co a c tng thuat trong Tin Mng Mattheo 19,16-21, cuoc oi thoai bat au khi ngi thanh nien hoi: "tha Thay, toi phai lam ieu g e co s song i i ?" (Mt.19,16). ay, toi phai tom tat trc tien t tng chnh cua chng nay va sau o se xem xet moi phan cach chi tiet hn. Nhng t tng chu yeu gom; (1). van nan ve y ngha ton giao va hien sinh cua ngi thanh nien; (2). Quyen toi thng cua Thien Chua tren trat t luan ly ma Ngi a bay to cho con ngi qua luat t nhien, qua "thap gii" va qua tat ca ni Ngi Con duy nhat a thanh ngi cua Ngai; (3). S noi ket thiet yeu gia i song cuoc song i i va cac gii ran; (4).Viec "hoan thanh" le luat ni Chua Giesu va li mi goi pho quat va s hoan thien co the thc hien c bang ket vi Ngi; (5). i song luan ly, duy nhat trong Giao Hoi va mac khai; (6). Quyen tren con ngi cua huan quyen Giao Hoi trong trat t luan ly. Nhng t tng nay c khai trien ay u hn trong chng hai va chng ba cua Tong Huan. 1. Van nan ve y ngha Ton Giao va hien sinh cua ngi thanh nien: 366

c Gioan Phaolo II nhan manh lien tuc en y ngha ton giao va hien sinh cua cau hoi c ngi thanh nien giau co at ra cho Chua Giesu khi anh ta hoi Ngi, "Tha Thay, toi phai lam g e co s song i ?" (Mt.19,16). c Giao hoang noi rang: oi vi ngi thanh nien khong at nang van e cac luat le phai theo, nhng la ve y ngha cua cuoc song cuoi cung, cau hoi nay chnh la li mi goi hng ve s thien tuyet oi von hang loi cuon va mi goi chung ta; ay la tieng vang vong cua li mi goi en t Thien Chua, Ngai la coi nguon va la cung ch cua i song con ngi (so 7). c Thanh Cha tiep tuc rang; ay la van e cot loi, va khong the tranh c cho cuoc song cua moi ngi, v ay la van e s thien luan ly phai thi hanh va ve cuoc song vnh cu. Ngi thanh nien cam thay rang co mot moi day lien ket gia s thien luan ly va viec hoan thanh van menh cua chnh mnh (so 8). GH Gioan Phaolo II nhan manh rang: cau hoi nay thc s la van nan ve ton giao... s thien, von hap dan con ngi va ong thi oi buoc con ngi, bat nguon ni Thien Chua va la chnh Thien Chua. Cau hoi c at ra bi ngi thanh nien giau co la mot van nan sau tham ve y ngha s hien hu cua con ngi. Do vay, nh TC a nhan manh sau nay trong Thong iep VERITATIS SPLENDOR mot cach chnh xac rang: trong va qua nhng hanh ong ma chung ta t do chon la e lam ieu ma chung ta t quyet nh va t lam nen chnh can tnh cua mnh la nhng hu the mang tnh luan ly. Nh c Gioan Phaolo II a noi: chnh nh cac hanh vi cua mnh ma con ngi hoan thien chnh mnh vi t cach la ngi, ke c mi goi t nguyen tm kiem ang sang tao cua chnh mnh 367

va at en s hoan hao tron ven, thanh thien mot cach t do trong s gan bo vi Ngai (so 71). Cac hanh vi c chon la cach t do khong ch tao ra s thay oi tnh trang nhng yeu to ben ngoai con ngi, nhng con at ti s chon la co can nhac, va noi len c tnh cach luan ly oi vi ca nhan a the hien chung, bang cach to lo dien mao thieng lieng tham sau cua ho. o la mot quyet nh ve chnh mnh va la mot nh hng cho cuoc i nham song theo hoac chong lai, theo hoac chong lai chan lyva cuoi cung theo hoac chong lai Thien Chua. 2. Quyen toi thng cua Thien Chua tren trat t luan ly: Trong khi tra li cho cau hoi cua ngi thanh nien, Chua Giesu a lam sang to cho thay ch co the tm thay cau tra li khi ta toan tam toan tr quay ve vi ang duy nhat tot lanh, ch Thien Chua mi co the tra li cau hoi ve ieu g tot lanh, bi chnh Ngai la ang tot lanh. That ra hoi ve s tot lanh th suy cho cung la hng ve Thien Chua, s thien tron hao (so 9; x. so 11 12). Hn na, Thien Chua a a ra cau tra li cho cau hoi nay: "Ngai a tra li bang cach tao dng nen con ngi, va vi s khon ngoan va tnh yeu qui hng ho ve pha cu canh cua ho qua le luat a c ghi khac trong long ho (Rm.2,15), luat t nhien. ieu nay khong g khac hn la anh sang cua s thong hieu Thien Chua a phu bam cho chung ta, nh o chung ta hieu c ieu g phai lam va ieu g phai tranh. Thien Chua ban anh sang va le luat nay cho con ngi trong cong cuoc tao dng". Ngi cung a ban tang theo dong lch s Israel, ac biet trong "thap ngon", cac gii ran cua giao c Sinai. Qua tang thap 368

gii la li ha va la dau ch cua Giao c mi, trong o luat c ghi khac cach mi me va vnh vien ni tam hon con ngi (x. Jer. 31, 31-34), thay the cho le luat cua toi loi a pha hong tam hon ay (Jer.17,1), (so 12). c Giao hoang a nhan xet; v ch mot mnh Thien Chua la s Thien, nen "khong co mot no lc nao cua con ngi, ngay ca viec tuan gi gii ran cach t m nhat co the at ti s chu toan le luat. Viec chu toan nay ch co the thc hien c nh an sung cua Thien Chua ma thoi: an hue chia se s thien hao cua Chua a c bay to va thong ban ni c Giesu. T tng nay a c GH Gioan Phaolo II trien khai trong phan trnh bay ve c Giesu nh la "ang hoan tat" le luat phan sau cua chng nay va tiep theo trong chng ba, nhng ay la nham ra lenh chung ta, nh TC a nhac nh, nam long ma c Giesu a noi vi ngi thanh nien; "oi vi ngi, muon i vao s song hay gi gn cac gii ran" (Mt.19,17). Bang li noi nh the c Giesu a lam sang to moi lien he chat che... gia s song i i va viec tuan gi gii ran cua Chua: chnh cac gii ran cua Chua ch cho con ngi con ng s song va dan ho en o. ieu nay dan chung ta en chu e chnh th ba cua chng nay. 3. S lien ket thiet yeu gia viec tuan gi cac gii ran va s song i i: Ba gii ran au tien cua thap gii, "thap ngon" mi goi ta nhan biet rang Thien Chua la Chua duy nhat cua muon loai va ch va ton th mot mnh Ngai v s thanh thien vo bien cua Ngai (so 11). Nhng ngi thanh nien, trong cau tra li lai s khang nh cua Chua Giesu rang ngi phai tuan gi cac gii ran 369

neu ngi muon co s song i i, a hoi e biet o la nhng gii ran nao (Mt.19,18). Nh C Giao hoang a lu y, "anh ta hoi xem mnh phai lam g trong cuoc song e chng to rang anh ta nhan biet c s thanh thien cua Thien Chua. e tra li cho cau hoi nay c Giesu a nhac lai cho anh nhng gii ran cua thap gii, lien quan en tha nhan, t ni moi mieng cua c Giesu- Moise mi- TC a nhan nh rang "con ngi mot lan na lai c ban tang nhng le luat cua thap gii" (so 12). Nh c Gioan Phaolo II nhac nh chung ta nhng gii ran nay, a bat nguon t gii ran hay yeu tha nhan nh chnh mnh, gii ran dien ta "pham gia rieng biet cua con ngi" tao vat duy nhat ma Thien Chua muon dng nen v chnh li ch cua no. ay c Giao hoang a trien khai mot van e rat quan trong ve y ngha s hien hu cua chung ta la nhng hu the luan ly ngha la; chung ta co the yeu thng tha nhan va ton trong pham gia con ngi cua ho bang viec ton trong s chan thien hoan hao cua ho, bang viec t bo viec gay thiet hai, huy hoai hoac ngan tr nhng s thien nay. Nai en li mi goi cua Chua Giesu ngai nhan manh s that rang; "nhng gii ran khac cua thap gii that s ch la nhng phan anh cua mot gii ran duy nhat ve s thien cua con ngi mc o tuy nhieu s thien khac nhau, tao nen can tnh con ngi la hu the va co than xac va thieng lieng trong tng quan vi Thien Chua, vi tha nhan va vi the gii vat chat. Nhng gii ran cua Chua Giesu nhac nh cho ngi thanh nien nham gn gi s thien cua con ngi, la hnh anh cua thien Chua, bang viec bao ve cac ieu kien o (so 13). 370

Nhng gii ran tieu cc cua thap gii "ch giet ngi, ch ngoai tnh, ch trom cap, ch lam chng doi"- dien ta cach manh me ac biet nhu cau khan thiet nham bao ve s song con ngi, s hiep thong cua con ngi qua hon nhan...v.v.(so 13) ay, TC ch n thuan nhac lai mot lan na ve truyen thong luan ly cong giao. Cach ay nhieu the ky, Thanh Toma a lu y rang, "Thien Chua b chung ta chong oi bi v chung ta a hanh ong trai vi s thien cua chnh mnh". c Gioan Phaolo II a tr lai van e rat quan trong nay sau o trong Thong iep khi ban ve nhng hanh vi xau noi tai. ay, Ngai nhan manh rang; neu khong co nhng chuan mc ao c tuyet oi, loai tr nhng hanh vi xau t ban chat, cung khong the that s co quyen bat kha xam pham cua con ngi. Trong khi s hoan tien Kito giao oi hoi vang phuc nhieu hn oi vi nhng gii ran nay, "ngi nao ch co the trong tnh yeu ch gn gi chung". 4. S hoan thien cua le luat ni Chua Giesu; mi goi moi ngi en s hoan thien : c Gieus, Mose mi nh chung ta va thay, a tai khang nh s that cua nhng gii ran a c ban cho Moise, cung la ang a ban cho chung ta Bai Giang tren nui ma c Gioan Phaolo II tiep tuc theo thanh AUGUSTINO goi la "Magna charta of Christian morality" (ai Hien Chng cua luan ly Kito giao) (so 15), trong bai giang tren nui, chnh c Giesu a nhan manh rang; Ngai a khong en e xoa bo le luat va cac ngon s, nhng hn the na la e hoan thien le 371

luat va cac ngon s (Mt. 5,17) c Gioan Phaolo II noi rang "c Giesu a cac gii ran ti cho hoan thien... bang cach noi tam hoa cac oi buoc va lam noi bat ra y ngha vien man" nh vay gii ran "ngi ch giet ngi" tr thanh mot li mi goi yeu thng, tran trong nham bao ve va thang tien i song cua tha nhan, Gii ran cam ngoai tnh tr nen mot li mi goi co cach nhn trong sang oi vi ngi khac, co kha nang ton trong y ngha hon nhan cua than xac. Cac moi phuc cua bai giang tren nui noi len trang thai va thai o c ban trong i song va do vay chung khong hoan toan trung hp vi nhng gii ran. Mat khac, khong co s tach biet hoac mau thuan gia cac moi phuc va cac gii ran: ca hai eu noi en s thien va i song vnh cu (so 16). Chung vt tren cac li ha, ma nhng ch dan chuan mc cho i song luan ly gian tiep bat nguon t o, chung la bc chan dung t hoa cua Chua Giesu... va la nhng li mi goi ti viec lam mon e va song hiep thong vi Ngai. Trong phan gii thieu ve thong iep Veritatis Splendor, c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II a keu goi chu y en s that tam quan trong toi thng ni giao huan cua Cong ong Vat.II, mot s that than thng oi vi tam hon Ngai. S that o la "ch trong Mau Nhiem Ngoi Li Nhap The" anh sang o mi chieu toa tren Mau Nhiem con ngi... Chnh Chua Kito, Adam mi, la ang to lo tron ven con ngi cho chnh ho va bay to li mi goi cao ca bang viec mac khai Mau Nhiem Chua Cha va tnh yeu cua Ngai (so 2), c Giesu trong chnh con ngi cua mnh, "hoan thanh" le luat va a ti s tron hao va nh bi nh 372

the, Ngai a mac khai cho con ngi n goi cao ca cua mnh. Do vay, i song luan ly cuoi cung co ngha la bc theo Chua Giesu. Nhng chung ta bc theo Chua Giesu, nh c Gioan Phaolo II a viet, khong phai bat chc be ngoai ma la "tr nen ong hnh ong dang vi Ngai, ang tr nen toi t hien than tren thap gia" (Phil.2,5-8). Theo Chua Giesu ngha la "gan bo vi chnh con ngi cua c Giesu" (so 19). Nhan manh rang, li mi goi cua c Giesu vi ngi thanh nien hay en va bc theo Ngai (Mt.19,21), li mi goi cua Ngai la hay tr nen hoan hao nh Cha tren tri la ang hoan hao (Lc. 6,36), va gii ran mi cua Ngai la hay yeu thng nhau nh Ngai a yeu thng chung ta (Ga.15,12) a c ngo li het moi ngi. Va chung ta co the tr nen ong hnh ong dang vi Chua Giesu, gan bo vi Ngi, va yeu nh Ngi a yeu; nhng c Thanh Cha nhac nh chung ta rang, ieu nay ch co the c nh an sung cua Thien Chua (so 22, x. so 11) ma thoi. "e bat chc va the hien tnh yeu cua Chua Giesu, con ngi khong the t sc rieng cua mnh. Ch co the yeu c do an sung ngi ay a lanh nhan c" (so 22). c Gioan Phaolo II nhac rang "ke song theo xac tht th nhan luat Chua la mot ganh nang", trong khi ke c thuc ay bi tnh yeu th i trong Thanh Than (Gal.5,16) va tm gap ni le luat cua Thien Chua con ng c ban va can thiet e thc thi tnh yeu nh mot ieu c chon la cach t do va chap nhan trong cuoc song. Ngi nam va ngi n, vi an sung khong bao gi phai tan cua Thien Chua co the song cuoc song nay. Ho co the lu lai trong tnh yeu nhng ch co the lam nh the bi viec tuan gi cac gii ran nh Chua Giesu a tng noi: "Neu cac ngi tuan gi cac 373

lenh truyen cua Ta, cac ngi se lu lai trong tnh yeu cua Ta, nh Ta a gi cac lenh truyen cua Cha va a trong tnh yeu cua Ngi". 5. i song luan ly, s duy nhat cua Giao Hoi va Mac Khai: GH trnh bay van e nay ni phan ket cua chng. Ngai viet rang, khong c e cho bat c s ran nt nao pha v s hoa ieu gia c tin va cuoc song: s hiep nhat cua Giao Hoi chang nhng b huy hoai bi nhng ngi Kito hu t choi hoac bop meo chan ly c tin, nhng con do nhng ngi coi thng nhng oi buoc luan ly ma ho c Tin Mng mi goi (1.Cor.5,9-13). Mot trong nhng chu e chnh c trien khai trong suot toan bo thong iep rang: giang day cua huan quyen ve tnh cach tuyet oi cua cac chuan mc luan ly cam nhng hanh vi xau t ban chat a bat nguon t mac khai. Trong chng II, khi thao luan van e cua nhng hanh vi xau t ban chat, c Gioan Phaolo II a nhan manh rang "Chnh c Giesu a tai khang nh, nhng ieu cam ma khong co luat tr: "Neu ngi muon co s song, hay tuan gi cac gii ran...Ngi khong c giet ngi, ch ngoai tnh" (so 52). Toan bo truyen thong cong giao a c tai khang nh trong thong iep nay xac nhan rang; mot so ac loai cua cac hanh vi nhan linh hoan toan khong tng hp vi i song cua ngi Kito hu. Nh Ngai a lu y, "c tr nen mot vi c Kito, ngi Kito hu tr nen chi the cua than the Ngi; o la Giao Hoi (1cor.12,13-27) (so 21). Hn na, nh c Gioan Phaolo II a tiep tuc nhan xet rang: "T thu ban au cua Giao Hoi, cac tong o cham lo hanh kiem tot cho cac Kito hu 7, nh 374

viec cac Ngai chu trong en s tinh tuyen cua c tin va viec ban phat cac an sung qua cac b tch 8 (so 8). Do vay, mot Kito hu t do chon la e dan than vao cac hanh vi a b Giao hoi len an, la hoan toan khong tng hp vi cuoc song cua mot ngi nh phep ra toi, a tr nen mot vi c Kito va nen mot chi the trong than the Ngi la Giao hoi, ho pha v s hp nhat vi Giao Hoi, cung nh mot ngi co y choi bo cac chan ly c tin a c loan bao nhan danh c Giesu Kito. 6. Quyen vt tren con ngi cua huan quyen Giao Hoi ve cac van nan luan ly: Trong so ket luan cua chng mot, c Gioan Phaolo II a nhac nh chung ta rang; quyen vt tren con ngi a c Chua Giesu Kito uy thac cho cac tong o va cac ngi ke v cac ngai. Khi minh nhien nai en nhng ban van quan trong chu yeu cua Cong ong Vat.II, c Thanh Cha lu y rang "ieu nay ro rang phat xuat t truyen thong song ong". Thc te, nh Cong ong Vat.II a day: "Giao Hoi trong viec giang day, trong i song va phung t cua mnh a lu truyen va trao lai cho moi the he tat ca nhng g Giao Hoi la va tat ca nhng g ma Giao Hoi tin". Ngai tiep tuc a ra mot oan theo chot cua mot trong cac Hien che tn ly cua Cong ong Vat.II: "Trach nhiem dien giai li Chua mot cach trung thc, du rang di hnh thc ban van hay truyen thong a c uy thac cho nhng ai c nghe Huan quyen song ong cua Giao Hoi, quyen c thc thi nhan danh Chua Giesu" (so 27). Theo quan iem cua Ngai, cac Kito hu tin rang, nh la s chan that chu chot cua c tin Cong giao, Chua Giesu khong bo chung ta mo coi va a trao cho 375

huan quyen qua Giao Hoang, qua cac Giam Muc qui tu quanh Ngai, quyen vt tren con ngi e noi nhan danh Ngai ve nhng van e lien quan en c tin va luan ly. ay la trach nhiem giang day cua huan quyen cho ngi tn hu con ng a en s song vnh cu; o la s that se giai phong chung ta khoi no le toi loi va a chung ta song ket hp vi c Giesu.

376

CHNG II

GIAO HOI VA NHAN NH VE MOT VAI KHUYNH HNG THAN HOC LUAN LY HIEN NAY
Trong nhng oan gii thieu cua chng nay, c Gioan Phaolo II noi ve s can thiet phai giang day ieu phu hp vi giao ly lanh manh va ton trong s rang buoc lien ket gia t do va chan ly. Trong o, Ngai a lu y rang, trong giai oan hau Cong ong "co mot vai loi dien ta luan ly Kito giao khong phu hp vi giao ly lanh manh" (2 Tim.4,3). Nh Ngai a lu y mot cach ro rang, trong khi huan quyen cua Giao Hoi khong co y ap at len cac Kito hu he thong than hoc rieng biet nao, lai cang khong ap at mot he thong triet hoc nao, tuy the nhiem vu cua huan quyen la phai tuyen bo mot so khuynh hng suy t than hoc va cac khang nh triet hoc khong phu hp vi chan ly Mac Khai (so 29). Huan quyen phai lam the e gi gn cach tran trong va dien giai cach trung thanh Li cua Chua. Chng nay c chia lam bon phan: 1. T do va le luat. 2. Lng tam va chan ly. 3. S la chon can ban va cac thai o ac trng. 4. Hanh vi luan ly. ay toi se chu tam phan ln phan th t cua chng quan trong chu trong Thong iep, tuy nhien toi cung se bay khai quat ba phan tren, va mi goi en yeu trnh chu 377

y en nhng van e c trien khai ni ba phan nay chung mang y ngha phe bnh ngay nay. 1. T do va le luat: Chu e chnh c c Giao Phaolo II trien khai trong phan nay la co va co the khong co nhng xung ot thc s gia viec chon la t do nhan linh va "luat" luan ly. Khong co s xung ot gia chung v luat luan ly co Thien Chua la tac gia, nen khong c lap ra cach tuy tien va cach tuy, ap at cach vu luat len tren t do cua con ngi. Hn na, nh Cong ong Vat.II va c Gioan Phaolo II khang nh, luat luan ly cha ng chan ly nham giup con ngi co c nhng s chon la luan ly chnh ang va theo cach nay con ngi that s hoan thien chnh mnh va at ti pham gia cua nhng con ngi c t do khoi le thuoc cac t tng va vi s chon la ieu thien cach t do, ho eo uoi cung ch chan chnh cua mnh (x. so 42; GS so 7) cua., Noi cach khac ieu TC quan tam ay la noi ro s hieu biet chan that ve s t tr rieng cua con ngi va phan bac mot so ly thuyet luan ly hien ai a qua e cao t do cua con ngi va i en nhan nh chu quan rang con ngi la tac gia cua cac trat t luan ly, cua ieu goi la tot va xau (x. so 35- 37). Ngai nhan xet rang mot so nhng t tng nay chang anh hng nen than hoc luan ly cong giao (so 36) va mot so than hoc gia a phan biet rach roi gia "trat t ao c con ngi va va trat t cu o (so 37). Khi phu nhan nhng quan iem nay nh la bat kha dung hp vi c tin Cong giao, Ngai a ra (so 38 39) li giai thch ve luat t 378

nhien a an sau trong truyen thong cong giao nh a c thanh AUGUSTINO, thanh TOMA va Cong ong Vat.II khang nh 13- Theo truyen thong nay, luat t nhien la s cong tac khon ngoan cua chung ta vi luat vnh cu cua Thien Chua- ke hoach yeu thng va khon ngoan cho cuoc song cua con ngi. That the, nh c Gioan Phaolo II a nhan manh; trong khi "luat luan ly co nguon goc t Thien Chua va luon gap c nguon mach ni Ngi, ong thi, v ly tr t nhien, xuat phat t s khon ngoan cua Thien Chua", nen no la luat ac trng cua con ngi (so 40). Chung ta phai nh rang, luat nay hoan tat va hoan thien bi luat cua an sung, luat mi cua tnh yeu, oi buoc chung ta yeu thng ngi khac khong ch nh yeu chnh chung ta nhng yeu ho y nh chung ta a va ang c yeu bi Thien Chua trong c Giesu Kito. Va TC a ra van e co tam mc quan trong mang tnh phe phan ngay nay trong suy t luan ly cong giao ngha la mot so than hoc gia rang quan iem cong giao truyen thong ve luat t nhien ch mang tnh vat ly va sinh hoc (so 47). c Gioan Phaolo II trc dien kien quyet vi li tuyen bo nay va nhan nh rang; ieu nay khong phu hp vi chan ly ve con ngi va t do, va i ngc lai vi giao huan cua Giao Hoi ve tnh duy nhat cua con ngi trong s hp nhat hon xac, ho la chu the cua cac hanh vi luan ly (48). T Giao huan dt khoat cua Giao Hoi 14, c Giao Hoang tiep tuc khang nh rang con ngi bao gom mot cau truc ac thu thieng lieng va the xac, theo o, "s oi buoc luan ly nguyen thuy nham yeu thng va ton trong con ngi nh la cung ch ch khong bao gi 379

nh la phng tienn thuan, t ban chat s oi buoc nay bao ham s ton trong oi vi mot so nhng ieu thien c ban (so 48) nh s song than xac va s hiep thong trong hon nhan (x. so 13). Ngay nay, mot so than hoc gia tuyen bo rang giao huan cua huan quyen ch mang tnh vat ly va khang nh rang tnh yeu oi vi con ngi th phu hp vi "nhng luat tr" oi vi cac chuan mc cam viec co y giet ngi vo toi va ong loai. c Gioan Phaolo II phu nhan quan iem nay nh "i ngc vi Thanh Kinh va truyen thong" (so 49). So sanh quan iem nay vi mot vai sai lam xa kia...luon luon ... Giao Hoi b chong oi 15", va Ngai vien dan trc tien ti thanh Phaolo a day rang "than xac anh em la en th cua Chua Thanh Than ng tr" (1Cor.6,19) va canh cao mot so hnh thc toi nhan gom toi dam duc, ngoai tnh..v.v. rang ho se b loai khoi vng quoc cua Thien Chua (1Cor.6,9-10); va Ngai nhac en Cong ong Trento 16 ma qua o a liet ke coi nh nhng toi trong hoac la cach thc hanh vo luan, mot so nhng loai ng x ac thu ma neu co tnh chap nhan se ngan can ngi tn hu khong c d phan vao gia nghiep a c ha ban. Trong so ket thuc cua phan nay (so 53), c Gioan Phaolo II a xem xet tng tan quan iem cho rang v chieu kch lch s cua con ngi ma tat ca hu the nhan linh eu chia se vi c Kito, "ang van la mot hom qua, hom nay va mai mai" (so 53). Nen nhng chuan mc luan ly khong bat bien nhng thay oi trong nhng tnh huong lch s va van hoa thay oi. Ngai bac bo chu thuyet Duy tng oi nay v no khong phu hp vi khang nh cua c Kito trong giao huan Chua day chong 380

lai ly d khi noi ve tnh hieu lc vnh vien cua chuong trnh Thien Chua ngay t au, va khong phu hp vi s hiep nhat cua ban tnh con ngi ma moi ngi cung chia se vi c Kito ang ch la hom qua, hom nay va mai mai 17. 2. Lng tam va chan ly: Trong phan tng oi ngan cua chng II, c Gioan Phaolo II ac biet trnh bay ve lng tam 18 theo y ngha chnh xac, la phan quyet mang tnh thc tien giup cho con ngi biet ieu g phai lam hay khong nen lam, hoac anh gia c hanh ong chnh mnh a lam (so 59). ay khong phai la mot quyet nh e hanh ong nh the nao trong cac trng hp ac thu (so 55). Lng tam, nh GH noi ro la "tieu chuan gan cua luan ly ca nhan", nhng pham gia cua no he tai kha nang nhan thc ve chan ly cua s thien luan ly va s d, chan ly c hng dan bi luat Chua, tc chuan mc luan ly pho quat va khach quan (so 60; x so 63). Trong phan nay, c Gioan Phaolo II a phu nhan quan iem cua nhng ngi tach ri hoac ngay ca chong oi "hoc thuyet ve menh lenh" (v du: cam ngoai tnh...) la hoc thuyet co gia tr pho quat, vi chuan mc lng tam ca nhan, quyet nh cuoi cung trong thc te ve ieu g la thien, la ac (so 56). Tren quan iem nay, ch co lng tam ca nhan mi co the quyet nh chung cuoc mot hanh ong thng hay sai lam hay khong khi at no trong hoan canh cu the vi hoan canh cu the. TC lu y rang, "tren nen tang nay", mot co gang hp phap hoa nhng giai phap c goi la muc vu, trai ngc vi giao huan cua huan quyen va bien minh cho 381

mot loi chu giai sang tao theo o lng tam luan ly, trong moi trng hp, khong he b bo buoc bi mot menh lenh tieu cc ac thu nao. Khi giai thch rang, lng tam khong phai la mot quyet nh sang tao nhng ung hn na, o la mot phan quyet c rut ra t nhng chan ly thuoc lanh vc luan ly (so 59), lan na c Gioan Phaolo II lai phai nai ti giao huan cua Thanh Phaolo trong (Rm.2,15) nham phan biet ban chat that s cua lng tam; o la phan quyet luan ly ve con ngi va hanh vi, phan quyet tha bong hay len an tuy theo cac hanh vi nhan linh, co phu hp hay khong vi luat Thien Chua a c ghi khac trong long (so 59). 3. Chon la c ban va cac loai thai o ng x ac thu : Phan th ba cua chng nay khao sat moi tng quan gia nhng s la chon t do cua cac loai hanh vi ac thu nh... ngoai tnh va s la chon can ban cua con ngi theo hoac chong lai s thien, theo hoac chong lai chan ly va cuoi cung theo hoac chong lai Thien Chua (so 69). c Gioan Phaolo II trc tien lu y rang t do nhan linh c nhn nhan cach chnh xac nh "khong ch la la chon hanh ong ac thu nay hay hanh ong ac thu kia, nhng trong s la chon o, con la mot quyet nh ve chnh mnh" (so 65). Noi cach khac, trong va qua nhng la chon t do, chung ta lam cho mnh xac nh chnh ban than. Cung the Ngai lu y rang, that hp ly e nhan manh "tam quan trong cua mot vai s la chon hnh thanh nen toan bo i song ao c cua mot con ngi va c s dung nh nhng khuon kho trong o cac s la chon ac thu khac moi ngay co the c nh v va c phep phat trien" (so 65). Noi cach khac, Ngai nhn nhan ra y ngha 382

luan ly trong tam cua mot vai loai la chon co the c goi la "nhng cam ket". Va phan sau nh chung ta se thay, Ngai nhan dien s chon la c ban, viec cam ket hay la chon cua ngi Kito hu, cu the la viec la chon e chap nhan c Kito trong viec song c tin, viec t dan than cuoc song theo Ngai va cho cong cuoc cu o cua Ngai. Nhng c Giao hoang tiep tuc lu y rang mot so than hoc gia ngay nay e ngh mot s duyet xet lai triet e hn ve moi tng quan gia con ngi vi cac hanh vi cua mnh. Ho noi ve mot th t do c ban, sau xa hn va khac biet vi s t do chon la, t do nay can c quan tam khi cac hanh vi nhan linh c hieu va c anh gia cach chnh xac (so 65). Cac than hoc gia nay chuyen viec t quyet nh t nhng t do la chon ta lam hang ngay, bao gom nhng cam ket c ban en s la chon c ban nh o con ngi t quyet nh cach bao quat (so 65). Nh the, se i en cho du nhap mot s phan biet gia chon la c ban va nhng chon la loai hanh vi ng x cu the co suy tnh. T o ngi ta danh quyen tham nh con ngi ve mat luan ly ung ngha cho s la chon c ban ma lai khong quan tam en la chon nhng hanh vi ac thu, nhng loai ng x cu the (so 65). Theo quan iem nay, viec chon la t do thc hien mot hanh ong c coi la vo luan ly cach tram trong khong b buoc la toi trong. Bi ho tuyen bo rang viec la chon t do e hanh ong nh the khong the ao ngc s chon la c ban, la ieu ma ho coi la tach biet oi vi bat c s la chon, ac thu nao e lam ieu nay hoac ieu kia. 383

c Gioan Phaolo II phe phan rang : tach ri s la chon c ban khoi nhng hanh vi ng x cu the co ngha la mau thuan vi s toan ven ban the hoac la s thong nhat nhan v cua tac nhan luan ly gom hon va xac (so 67). Nhng ngay ca trc khi co phe phan nay, Ngai a bac bo cac khuynh hng ng thi nham chuyen di s t quyet t nhng la chon t do ta lam hang ngay, bao gom ca nhng dan than chung ta, en s la chon c coi la can ban trong ni sau tham con ngi chung ta. Ngai phe phan rang; ieu nay mau thuan vi chnh giao huan cua Thanh Kinh von nhn nhan s la chon can ban la s la chon ch thc cua t do va noi ket s t do nay cach chat che vi nhng hanh vi ac thu (so 67). Ngai day rang "viec t do chon la", ma giao huan Kito giao, ngay ca trong nguon goc Kinh Thanh, nhn nhan nh la nen tang, la phan quyet cua c tin, cua s vang phuc c tin (Rm.16,26). Ngai tiep tuc bang viec trch dan mot oan trong Cong ong Vat. II 19. ay la s chon la t do "nh o con ngi dan than cach tron ven va t do cho Thien Chua, khi quy phuc hoan toan tr tue lan c muon cho Thien Chua nh Ngai a mac khai" (so 65). Ngai tiep tuc noi rang, bi c tin la s dan than cho Thien Chua, dan en viec phat sinh hoa qua bi viec lam (Mt.12,3335); (Lc.6, 43-45); (Rm.8,5-10) (Gal.5,22), ieu nay oi hoi ngi ta tuan gi thap gii va bc theo Chua Giesu ngay ca chu mat mang song mnh v danh Ngai va v Tin Mng (Mc.8,35) (so 66). TC nhan manh rang, s chon la can ban nays chon la t do co the c goi cach chnh xac la s dan than nh hng toan bo i song luan ly cua mot con ngi (x. so 65)- th luon luon c phat huy qua nhng quyet nh co y thc va t do. Do bi ly do nay, s la chon c ban b phu quyet khi con ngi a ay s t do 384

trong nhng quyet nh co y thc oi nghch lai vi no trong nhng van e nghiem trong ve luan ly (so 67). Chng hai, c Gioan Phaolo II trc tien a gi lai giao huan a c Cong ong Trento long trong minh nh rang "n cong chnh hoa mot lan a c lanh nhan b mat i khong nhng do viec boi giao bi t anh mat c tin ma con do bat c toi trong nao khac na"20 (so 68). Do o, Ngai tai khang nh rangnh a noi trong Thong iep Reconciliatio et poenitentia rang, mac toi trong "khi mot ngi vi y thc va c muon, bat c ly do nao, la chon ieu g sai trai tram trong" (so 70). Do vay, viec tach ri s la chon c ban ra khoi nhng s la chon co suy tnh cua cac loai hanh vi ng x ac thu, t chung a b xao tron hoac b xao tron trong chnh trong chnh cac hoan canh cua chung, chung khong lam lien luy en s la chon c ban, von khong can d vi ieu nay dan ti viec phu nhan giao ly cong giao ve toi trong. 4. Hanh vi luan ly: Phan cuoi va quan trong cua chng hai lien quan en can thiet t do cua con ngi cach chnh xac. Trc tien, c Gioan Phaolo phan biet gia ieu Ngai goi la "cu canh luan" va "thuyet duy cu canh". Ngai khang nh rang "Chu yeu i song luan ly mang ac tnh cu canh c ban v no he tai viec chu yeu qui hng cac hanh vi con ngi ti Thien Chua, s thien toi thng va cung ch toi hau cua con ngi" (so 73). Nhng oi chieu cu canh luan vi "thuyet duy cu canh", Ngai viet rang "mot vai ly thuyet luan ly" c goi la cu canh luan to ra quan tam en s phu hp cua cac hanh vi nhan linh vi cung ch ma tac nhan theo uoi va nhng gia tr c tac nhan nham en. Tieu 385

chuan e anh gia ung ve mat luan ly cua mot hanh ong c rut ra t viec can nhng ieu phi luan ly hay tien luan ly phai at en va nhng gia tr tng xng phi luan ly hoac tien luan ly phai ton trong. oi vi mot so tac gia, hanh vi ng x cu the co the ung hoac sai tuy theo no co the hay khong dan en tnh trang tot hn cua s viec oi vi tat ca nhng ngi co the lien quan. Tac phong ngay chnh la tac phong tao c toi a ieu thien va gay ra toi thieu ieu d . Mot hnh thc cua thuyet "Duy cu canh" nhan dien c TC la "thuyet duy hieu qua" chu trng rang, a ra tieu chuan ve s ngay chnh cua mot hanh vi nhat nh bang cach ch can khi i t viec tnh toan nhng hau qua co the tien lieu phat xuat t viec the hien mot la chon. Mot thuyet khac la thuyet Duy can xng, qua viec can nhac nhng gia tr khac nhau va nhng ieu thien c theo uoi, ung hn thuyet nay nham ti s can xng c nhn nhan gia nhng hieu qua tot vi nhng hieu qua xau cua s chon la o, nham ti ieu tot hn hay ieu xau nho hn von trong thc te co the xay ra vao tnh huong ac thu (so 75). Nhng ngi theo ly thuyet nay cho rang khong the quyet nh mot hanh vi c nhn nhan theo truyen thong la xau t ban chat, la xau ve mat luan ly hay khong cho ti khi ngi ta xem xet, trong mot tnh huong cu the, s thien tien luan ly va mot tnh trang xau cua s viec co the a en. Ho ket luan rang nhng s can xng tien lieu cua nhng s thien tien luan ly oi vi nhng ieu xau trong cac s la chon co the co oi khi co the bien minh cho ngoai le oi vi nhng quan iem truyen thong c coi nh tuyet oi. 386

c Gioan Phaolo II phu nhan cac ly thuyet nay cach manh me khi tuyen bo rang nhng ly thuyet nay khong trung thanh vi giao huan cua Giao Hoi bi ho tin rang ho co the bien minh, cho nh s thien luan ly, cac s chon la co suy tnh cua cac loai hanh vi ng x trai vi cac gii ran cua Luat va luat t nhien (so 76). Trc tien, Ngai ch cho thay, loi anh gia cac loai hanh vi nhan linh nay "khong phai la mot phng phap thoa ang e quyet nh hoac la viec la chon cac hanh vi ng x cu the theo tnh ac thu cua no" hay "t ban chat la tot hay xau, c hay khong c phep" hay khong , v "moi ngi tha nhan rang kho hay ung hn khong the anh gia tat ca nhng hau qua xau hay tot va cac anh hng- c coi nh la tien luan ly cua nhng hanh vi rieng biet cua chnh mnh" (so 77). Nhng ay khong phai la van e chnh vi thuyet "duy cu canh". TC tiep tuc nhan manh rang "trc tien va t nen tang, tnh chat luan ly cua hanh vi nhan linh tuy thuoc vao oi tng a c y ch co suy tnh chon la cach hp ly ". Trong mot oan rat quan trong c thanh Toma noi ro ve truyen thong luan ly cong giao, c Gioan Phaolo II a viet nh sau: e co the nam vng c oi tng cua hanh vi a phan loai cho hanh vi ay ve mat luan ly, can phai at mnh trong vien tng cua tac nhan. oi tng cua hanh vi y muon thc s la loai hanh vi c chon la cach t do. Trong pham vi mc o phu hp vi menh lenh cua ly tr, oi tng ay la nguyen nhan cho ieu tot s thien c muon, no kien toan chung ta ve mat luan ly. Nh oi tng cua mot hanh vi luan ly nhat nh,ngi ta khong the ngh: mot qua trnh hay mot bien co cua mot trat t vat ly thuan tuy se c lng gia tren can ban no co the a en tnh trang 387

nhat nh cua cac s viec trong the gii ben ngoai. Hn na, oi tng o la cung ch gan cua mot quyet nh co suy tnh quyet nh hanh vi c muon ve pha tac nhan hanh ong (so 78). ay TC a trnh bay thc chnh xac va ro rang rang "oi tng" cua hanh vi luan ly chnh la ieu ma ngi ta "chon". ay la oi tng cua c muon ca nhan, ay la ieu ngi ta chon la cach t do va chu y va khi lam nh the, lng tam ho a phe chuan va tan ong. V du: neu "oi tng" s chon la cua toi la quan he tnh duc vi ngi khac khong la ngi phoi ngau cua toi, toi t do chon la e pham toi ngoai tnh va khi hanh ong nh the, toi t bien mnh thanh ke ngoai tnh. Vi s hieu biet ve oi tng cua hanh vi nhan linh, trong tam tng, ta de dang nam bat c li bien giai cua GH, chnh Ngai a tom tat khi phat bieu: Ly tr chng thc rang co nhng oi tng cua hanh vi nhan linh ma t chnh ban chat khong the qui ve Thien Chua v chung a mau thuan t nguon goc vi s thien cua con ngi c tao dng theo hnh anh Ngai (so 80). Van e quan trong can lu y ay la thuyet "Duy can xng" va "Duy hau qua", lien quan en tnh trang khach quan cua cac s viec a en do cac hanh vi nhan linh, a khong lu tam xem xet cach ng an s t quyet nh hoac t ban quyen cho mnh cua cac hanh vi nhan linh. c Gioan Phaolo II a nhan nh van e cach nghiem trong nh a lu y trc o. Neu mot ngi chon la e lam nhng hanh vi c truyen thong coi la xau t ban chat, ca nhan o khong nhng chon e gay nen ket 388

qua "trong tnh trang cac s viec ngoai y muon (so 71), nhng trong khi lam nh the, ca nhan con lam nen mot quyet nh ve chnh mnh (so 65). Bi vay , khi toi t do chon la giet mot ngi vo toi nh la oi tng cua c muon, toi a t bien toi thanh ke giet ngi. Nhng c Gioan Phaolo II a phu nhan thuyet duy hau qua va thuyet duy can xng bi chung la nhng thuyet luan ly khong nhng sai lam ve phng dien triet hoc va than hoc nhng quan trong hn la chong oi lai mac khai cua Chua va giao huan dt khoat cua Giao Hoi. Ngai nhac nh chung ta rang "ngi tn hu buoc phai biet va ton trong gii luat luan ly ac thu c Giao Hoi cong bo va giang day nhan danh Thien Chua la ang sang tao va la Chua (so 76) va khi nhac nh chung ta ve ieu nay Ngai a minh nhien qui chieu en giao huan cua Cong ong Trento 23. Sau o Ngai noi rang "khi day ve s ton tai cua nhng hanh vi xau t ban chat, Giao Hoi chap nhan giao huan cua Sach thanh (so 81). Roi Ngai trch dan hai ban van cua thanh Phaolo gi tn hu Roma (3.8) va th (1Cor.6,9-10).. Trc tien Ngai lu y ti th Roma, trong phan trch dan thanh Toma(so 78) 24, sau o trong phan au t so 79- 83 va sau cung trong mot oan trch t thong iep Humanae Vitae trong o, c Phaolo day day rang: "ngay ca nhng ly do nghiem trong nhat, khong bao gi c phep lam ieu d e t o co c ieu thien (Rm.3,8) (so 80). Va ni phan ket ban luan ve nhng hanh vi xau t ban chat cua chng hai, c Gioan Phaolo II a ch ro rang: "hoc thuyet ve oi tng nh la nguon mach cua luan ly a trnh bay s minh giai xac thc ve nen luan ly cua giao c va cac gii ran" (so 82). Ngai tr lai van e cac hanh vi xau t ban chat ni phan th ba va chng ket thuc cua Thong iep, toi se e cap tiep theo ay... 389

Phan III Chng VIII


S THIEN LUAN LY CHO I SONG GIAO HOI VA THE GII
Trong chng ba va cung la chng cuoi cung cua Thong iep, lan na, c Gioan Phaolo II lai ac biet co gang ch cho thay : T do nhan linh ch thc lien ket bat kha phan ly vi chan ly, va cuoi cung vi chan ly a c c Giesu mac khai nham hoan thien va hoan tat gii luat a c ghi khac ni coi long cua chung ta. Ni phan au ngai viet : Moi ngay, Giao Hoi nhn len Chua Giesu vi tnh yeu khong ngi ngh, y thc mot cach ay u rang, li giai ap chan that va cuoi cung cho van e luan ly ch co ni Ngai ma thoi. Trong mot phng the ac biet, ni c Kito chu ong inh, Giao Hoi a tm c cau giai ap cho van e ang gay ban khoan cho nhieu ngi thi nay rang : Lam sao viec tuan theo cac chuan mc luan ly pho quat va bat bien lai co the ton trong tnh duy nhat va ca tnh cua con ngi, ma lai khong e doa t do va pham gia cua ngi ay ?(so 85) ay, toi a tap trung s chu y vao nhng van e tiep theo a c c Thanh Cha trien khai trong chng III, khi ngai thuc duc chung ta on nhan li mi goi cua Chua Giesu e bc theo Ngai bang viec hien than mnh song yeu thng ngi khac, yeu tha nhan nh Ngai yeu thng chung ta va bang cach the nay ta at ti s hoan thanh Thien Chua muon : 390

(a) Moi tng quan gia t do cua con ngi va chan ly. (b) S ket hp tham sau bat kha phan gia c tin va luan ly. (c) Moi tng quan bat kha tach biet gia viec ton trong pham gia con ngi va viec t choi dan than vao cac hanh vi xau t ban chat. (d) Tuyet oi can en an sung cua Thien Chua nam hng dan i song ngay chnh ve luan ly. (e) S ong gop cua cac nha than hoc luan ly. (f) Trach nhiem cua cac Giam muc.

1. Moi tng quan gia t do ca nhan va chan ly


c Gioan Phaolo II a cong bo cach hung hon rang c Kito chu ong inh a mac khai y ngha chan that cua s t do ; Ngai a song s t do ay cach tron ay bang viec t hien hoan toan va mi goi cac mon e e chia se s t do cua Ngai cua con ngi. Trong mot oan van tuyet hao ngai a viet : S t thuoc ve chung ta la loai thu tao : S t do nay c trao ban nh mot tang pham, nh mot hat mam c on nhan va c vun xi vi tinh than trach nhiem. ay la yeu to thiet yeu cua hnh anh tao, nen tang pham gia con ngi. Trong s t do o, tieng vang vong cua n goi au tien ma ang Tao Hoa a keu goi con ngi hng en s thien 391

chan that, va hn na, qua mac khai cua c Kito, e tr nen ban hu cua Ngai va chia se s song than linh cua Ngai. o la s bat kha vong than va ong thi la s m ra trc tat ca nhng g hien hu, bang s vt qua chnh mnh e nhan biet va yeu thng ngi khac. Do o, s t do bat nguon t chan ly ve con ngi va cuoi cung hng ti s hiep thong. Va nh Chua Giesu a mac khai cho chung ta, s t do c thanh toan trong tnh yeu, o la trong viec t hien mnh S t hien e phuc vu Thien Chua va anh em. ay chnh la chan ly toi thng nham a dan chung ta ti s la chon t do e yeu, ngay ca a va ang c yeu bi Than Kh qua Chua Giesu, ma than the chu ong inh cua Ngai mac khai tron ven moi day lien ket bat kha pha huy gia t do va chan ly, va cuoc Phuc Sinh t coi chet cua Ngai nh la mot bieu dng tot nh ve nguon phat sinh hieu qua va sc manh cu o cua s t do c bieu lo trong chan ly. Thien Chua a lam chung ta nen loai hu the ta ang hien hu, nen nhng con ngi c phu ban s khon ngoan va t do, bi v Ngai muon tao dng nen nhng hu the ma Ngai co the trao ban cho tnh yeu va s song cua chnh Ngai. Chung ta c t do e yeu, ngha la t trao ban mot cach tron ven cho ngi khac va bang con ng nay i vao s hiep thong vi ho. Khong ch nh the, v nh s hiep nhat vi c Kito qua an sung, chung ta cung t do e yeu nh Ngai a yeu chung ta, vi mot tnh yeu hy sinh va cu o. ay la chan ly 392

lam cho chung ta c t do. ay la moi lien ket tham sau noi ket t do va chan ly.

2. Moi tng giao, s hiep nhat bat kha phan ly cua c tin va luan ly
Trong chng III, c Gioan Phaolo oi dien vi mot trong nhng quan tam muc vu sau sac nhat cua Giao Hoi hien nay la tien trnh tuc hoa S tach ri gia c tin va luan ly (so 88). Ngai nhan manh ieu nay rat khan cap, nham tai kham pha s mi me cua c tin va sc manh ma c tin mang lai cho e phan oan nen van hoa ang thnh hanh va tran lan. Khan thiet phai tai kham pha va trnh bay mot lan na c thc tai ch thc cua c tin Kito giao, von khong ch la nhng menh e c tr tue tha nhan nhng la mot nhan thc song ong ve c Kito , mot ky c song ong ve cac gii ran cua Ngi, va mot chan ly phai the hien bang cuoc song 9so 88). c Gioan Phaolo nhan manh c tin con co mot noi dung luan ly. No khi nguon va oi buoc mot s dan than nhat quan trong i song : no va bao gom va kien toan s on nhan va tuan gi cac gii ran cua Thien Chua (so 89). Ngai tiep tuc noi, that the, trong va qua i song luan ly hang ngay, c tin cua chung ta tr nen li tuyen xng mot chng t trc mat Thien Chua va con ngi. c tin song ong, nh chung ta a gap trc ay, chnh la s chon la c ban cua ngi Kito hu phai sinh hoa trai ni cong viec ; Vt tren nhng hoa qua cua c ai va s t do chan that c bieu lo va song trong s t hien, en o t hien a hoan toan, nh s t hien cua c Giesu (so 89). 393

Mot so ngi ngay nay hoan toan phi ly khi phat bieu rang luan ly mang tnh t tr va ch gian tiep lien he ti c tin va chan ly cu roi. Chung ta the hien n cu o trong nhng cong viec bnh thng cua i song hang ngay, va song n goi Kito hu la ket hp toan bo cuoc song vi c tin song ong cua chung ta trong Chua Giesu, mot niem tin sinh hoa trai trong nhng hanh ong tot lanh va quang ai.

3. Moi tng quan gia viec ton trong pham gia con ngi va viec t choi dan than vao cac hanh vi xau t ban chat
Phan au chng III, c Gioan Phaolo nhan manh rang, Giao Hoi thc hanh viec phan nh vi s ton trong, oi vi nhng thuyet duy hau qua, c xem xet chng II, khong ch gii han trong viec to cao hay phu nhan chung v chung a a ti s choi bo cac chuan mc luan ly tuyet oi cam oan cac hanh vi xau noi tai. Hn na trong khi lam cong viec phan nh nay trong mot hng tch cc, Giao Hoi tm kiem vi tnh yeu bao la nham giup moi ngi tn hu co c mot lng tam luan ly e phan quet va a ti nhng quyet nh phu hp vi chan ly, cuoi cung phu hp vi chan ly a c mac khai ni c Giesu. Nh a lu y trc ay, that hoan toan ung khi noi Chnh ni c Kito a chu ong inh ma Giao Hoi a tm c cau tra li cho van nan la tai sao chung ta phai tuan theo nhng chuan mc luan ly pho quat va khong thay oi (so 85). Cac chuan mc nay noi ket vi nhau cach chnh 394

xac bi chung bao ve pham gia bat kha xam pham cua con ngi la oi tng chung ta yeu thng vi tnh yeu cua c Kito. c Giao Hoang minh hoa chan ly cao ca nay trc tien bang viec mi goi hng ti cac chng nhan t ao : Viec khong the chap nhan cac ly thuyet luan ly cu canh luan, duy hau qua va duy can xng la nhng ly thuyet phu nhan s ton tai cua nhng chuan mc luan ly tieu cc lien quan en cac loai hanh vi ac thu, nhng chuan mc gia tr va khong mien tr, a c khang nh bang mot con ng rat hung hon la cac cuoc t ao cua cac Kito hu (so 90). Sau o ngai tiep tuc neu them cac v du nh : chuyen ba Sa-sa-na trong Cu c, ba san sang chu chet hn la pham toi ngoai tnh ; Thanh Gioan Tay Gia, ang chu chet nham lam chng cho Heroe ve luat cua Thien Chua ve Hon nhan va nhng chuyen khac trong Kinh Thanh Tan c, nhat la ve chnh Chua Giesu (so 91). c Gioan Phaolo lu y rang T ao c chap nhan nh la mot s khang nh bat kha xam pham cua trat t luan ly, va ong vai tro chng ta rang ngi ve s thanh thien cua luat Thien Chua va ve tnh bat kha xam pham cua pham gia con ngi, c tao dng theo hnh anh cua Thien Chua va giong nh Ngai (so 92). That vay, viec t ao phu nhan s sai lam va gia tao,cua nhng eu ma y ngha nhan ban oi gan cho, ngay ca nhng trng hp ngoai le, nhng hanh ong luan ly xau t ban chat. Hn the na, chng t t ao con boc tran khuon mat that cua mot hanh ong nh the ay la s xam pham nhan tnh con ngi oi vi ke hanh ong vi pham hn la ke ganh chu hanh ong o 26. (so 92) 395

Tiep theo, c Thanh Cha minh hoa chan ly cao ca nay bang nhan nh rang : ch co nhng chuan mc luan ly, loai tr cac hanh vi xau t ban chat, co gia tr mai mai va cho moi ngi, khong mien tr, moi thc s co nhng quyen bat kha xam pham cua con ngi (so 97). Ngai viet : Cac chuan mc nay, thc ra, trnh bay mot nen tang khong the chuyen lay va s bao am chac chan s chung song cong bang va hoa bnh cua nhan loai, va t o mot nen dan chu thc s co the nay sinh va phat trien ch co tren nen tang s bnh ang cua cac thanh vien, co nhng quyen li va ngha vu ngang bang nhau. Khong co ac quyen hoac ngoai le cho bat c mot ai khi o la van e thuoc cac chuan mc luan ly ngan cam xau t ban chat (so 96). Viec phu nhan cac hanh vi xau t ban chat dan en viec choi bo quyen bat kha xam pham cua con ngi, nhng quyen phai c nhn nhan va ton trong khi xa hoi xuong doc.

4. Tuyet oi can en an sung cua Thien Chua e song mot i song ngay chnh ve luan ly
Ni phan cuoi cua chng ba, c Giao Hoang neu len mot phan bac cho rang Giao hoi khac khe va khong thc te khi day rang, co nhng chuan mc ao c tuyet oi cam cac hanh vi xau t ban chat. n gian la ngi ta khong the tuan theo nhng chuan mc o c trong tat ca cac tnh huong. c Thanh Cha tra li cho s phan oi nay bang s tai khang nh giao huan khong thay oi cua Giao Hoi. Thien Chua khong bao gi ra lenh 396

ieu bat kha thi : Th thach co the vt qua, toi loi co the tranh c Thien Chua ban cho chung ta cac gii ran ong thi cung ban cho ta kha nang e gi luat o (so 102). Sau o ngai trnh bay them rang, ay la van e c tin Cong Giao trch ra li ket an nang ne cua cong ong Trento oi vi quan iem cho rang ngi a c cong chnh hoa, khong the gi noi cac gii ran cua Thien Chua. Bi le Thien Chua khong truyen day nhng ieu bat kha thi, nhng khi truyen day, Ngai khuyen ban lam ieu g ban co the va cau xin cho ieu ban khong the lam c, va Ngai nang ban e giup ban lam. (so 102) That ra, co nhng hanh vi xau t ban chat va tng ng vi chung, la cac chuan mc luan ly tuyet oi khong chap nhan ngoai le, ieu nay khong the nao mau thuan vi t do va pham gia con ngi. Trai lai, no bat nguon sau xa trong pham gia bat kha xam pham cua con ngi c tao dng cho hnh anh va giong Thien Chua, va c keu goi nh chnh Ngai, tuyet oi khong lam ieu xau, khong nghieng long tr, s la chon ve ieu xau, e lam hai, pha huy hay lam ngan tr cac ieu thien hao cua con ngi. ay la chan ly ma cac thanh t ao a lam chng va bat nguon tren chan ly quyen bat kha xam pham cua con ngi. Hn na, vi s nang thng xuyen cua an sung Thien Chua, chung ta co the that s khong mang en lam ieu xau. Nh thanh Thomas nhan nh cach ay vai the ky, c Giesu that s la ngi ban tot nhat va khon ngoan nhat cua chung ta, va Ngai se ban cho chung ta an sung e tr thanh nhng hnh anh trung thanh vi Thien Chua, nhng ngi con yeu dau cua Cha Tren Tri. 397

5. S ong gop cua cac nha than hoc luan ly


ay c Thanh Cha nhan manh rang Tat ca nhng ngi do s uy thac cua cac muc t hp phap e giang day bo mon Than hoc luan ly trong cac chung vien va cac phan khoa than hoc co trong trach giang day cac tn hu ac biet cac muc t tng lai ve tat ca cac gii ran va cac chuan mc thc hanh a dung quyen cong bo Giao Hoi (so 110). c Gioan Phaologhi nhan rang thnh thoang, cac nha than hoc khi nhan ra nhng gii han co the co cua cac luan chng mang tnh nhan linh c Huan quyen s dung va t o ho c mi goi trien khai s hieu biet sau sac hn nhng ly do nam di giao huan e trnh bay tnh chat chac chan va bo buoc cua huan lenh a ra, dan chng s lien ket cua cac menh lenh ay vi nhau va moi tng quan vi muc ch toi hau cua con ngi (so 110). c Giao Hoang nhn nhan s ong gop toi quan trong nay khong nhng cho i song va s mang cua Giao Hoi ma con cho xa hoi va nen van hoa loai ngi. Nhng ngai nhan manh s bat ong quan iem : di hnh thc nhng chong oi co s tnh toan tinh vi hoac nhng cuoc but chien c s dung tren cac phng tien thong tin, i ngc lai vi s hiep thong cua Hoi Thanh va s hieu biet ung an ve c che pham trat cua dan Chua (so 113). Ngai tiep rang : Neu cac nha than hoc s dung s bat ong quan iem theo phng thc nay, cac muc t cua Giao Hoi co bon phan hanh ong phu hp vi s mang tong o cua mnh, khi nhan manh rang, quyen cua ngi tn hu trong viec on nhan hoc thuyet 398

Cong giao tinh tuyen va toan ven phai c ton trong.

6. Trach Giam Muc

nhiem

cua

cac

Trong nhng so ket cua chng III, c Gioan Phaolo a nhac nh cac anh em trong giam muc oan ve s oi buoc oi vi cac ngai, c Cong ongVat. II nhan manh, loan bao Tin Mng va chu tam gat bo nhng sai lam ang e doa an chien cua cac ngai (2 Tm 4,1-4) 29 (so 170). Trong Thong iepnay, c Thanh Cha a anh gia vai xu hng cua Than hoc luan ly ngay nay, chia se nhng tham nh nay cho cac giam muc, trong s tuan phuc oi vi Li Chua la ang a uy thac cho Phero nhiem vu cung co anh em mnh (Lc 22,32) nham lam sang to va ho tr cho s tham nh chung. Ngai nhan manh rang moi ngi chung ta co the thay mc o nghiem trong cua ieu c at ra, khong nhng cho ca nhan ma con cho toan the xa hoi na, cung vi viec tai khang nh ve tnh pho quat va bat ben cua cac gii ran luan ly, ac biet la cac ran cam nhng hanh vi xau t ban chat trong moi tnh huong va khong co s mien tr nao (so 115).Vi cac giam muc anh em, ngai thiet tha keu goi cung hp tac vi ngai trong s than trong e Li Chua c giang day cach trung thanh (so 116), chnh xac sao cho li cua c Giesu, li cua chan ly ve thien va ac se c on nghe bi dan Chua (x. so 117). Trc khi nhn lt lai phan ket luan cua thong iep Ventatis Splendor, toi tin rang that la quan trong khi a ra mot iem a c Germain Grisez khai trien trong mot bai viet ang lu y phan giai thch thong iep. 399

Ong nhan xet rang, khong mot ni nao trong thong iep cua c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II ban ve tnh bat kha ngo cua huan quyen trong khi o, ni nao ngai cung day rang cac chuan mc thiet yeu khong co cac ngoai le la mot chan ly a c mac khai, ngha la mot chan ly c oi hoi ni moi ngi tn hu Cong Giao s on nhan cua c tin. Li mi goi o la tham quyen cua Thien Chua trong mac khai la nguon suoi cua n bat kha ngo cua Giao Hoi trong khi tin nhan va la tham quyen cua Huan Quyen trong khi giang day. Ngai noi tiep rang cac than hoc gia bat ong quan iem vi giao ly a c tai khang nh trong Thong iep nay, th t ay ho ch co ba s chon la : Tha nhan rang ho a sai lam, hoac tha nhan rang ho khong tin Li Chua na hoac tuyen bo rang c Giao Hoang a giai thch Kinh Thanh sai lam cach tam trong. Ong ket luan khi viet rang : Khi cong bo giao huan a c on nhan lien quan en cac hanh vi xau t ban chat la chan ly a c mac khai, c Giao Hoang cung a ngam ngam khang nh rang ieu o a co the c nh tn. ieu khang nh ngam nay se b nhng ngi chong lai giao huan phu nhan. Khong the phu nhan lap luan nay tren nhng van e c ban va khong the keo dai khong giai quyet c Ch phan quyet cuoi cung cua Huan Quyen se la quyet nh 30.

PHAN KET
Trong phan ket luan ngan ngui oi vi Thong iep Veritatis spendor, c Giao Hoang a pho thac tat ca moi ngi chung ta cho c Maria, Me Thien Chua, Me Xot Thng. ay, ngai nhan manh rang, khong toi loi nao cua 400

con ngi co the triet tieu c long xot thng cua Thien Chua, long thng xot at ti mc o ay tran trong an sung cua Chua Thanh Than, ang phat sinh s song mi va keu mi song i song mi (so 118). ay, ngai nhan manh rang, li tuyen bo nen luan ly Kito giao qua oi hoi, la ieu sai lam, bi le Luan ly Kito giao, trong s n s cua Tin Mng la viec bc theo Chua Kito bang s t bo chnh mnh, la s e mnh c bien oi nh an sung cua Ngai va oi mi nh long thng xot cua Ngai (so 1190. Trong s t ai bao la cua Ngai, chnh c Giesu a uy thac cho Giao Hoi va toan the nhan loai cho Me Maria, ang thau hieu con ngi toi loi va thng yeu con ngi vi tnh mau t. Bi chnh v nguyen do nay, c Maria luon ng ve pha chan ly va chia se ganh nang cua Giao Hoi, bang viec luon nhac nh moi ngi nhng oi buoc cua luan ly. Me se khong e con ngi b la doi bi nhng ke a ra nhng hoc thuyet hap dan bi Me biet rang Ch co Thap Gia va vinh quang cua ang a Phuc Sinh mi co the em lai bnh an cho lng tam con ngi va n cu o cho s song cua ho ma thoi. o la li ket thuc cua c Thanh Cha.

401

Notes for Chapter One


1. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, 1, 93, 4. In this article St. Thomas actually distinguishes a threefold dignity proper to human persons. The first is the dignity human beings have by virtue of being made in God s image and likeness: the second is their dignity as beings who know and love God by conforming to his grace. but in an imperfect way as sojourners in this life; the third is their dignity as beings now living in complete union with God. and this is the dignity of the blessed. 2. On the "beatifying beginnings" of human existence. see the probing analyses of Pope John Paul n in The Original unity of Man and Woman: Catechesis on Genesis (Boston: St. Paul Editions, 1981). 3. The Church has always taught that human life, precisely because it is a gift from God and is destined for life everlasting in union with him, is priceless and merits the most profound respect from its beginning. A useful collection of Church documents emphasizing the inherent dignity, indeed sanctity, of human life is Yes to Life (Boston: St. Paul Editions, 1977), an anthology of important Christian affirmations of the preciousness of human life from the time of the Didache in the second century of this era to the pastoral letter of the American bishops on moral values in 1976, To Live in Christ Jesus. See also the Instruction on ? Respect for Huma,? Life il? its Origin ? and on ? the Dignity of Procreation issued by the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith in 1987. 4. Karol Wojtyla, Love and Responsibility, trans. H. Willetts (New York: Farrar, Straus, and Giroux, 1981), p. 41. 5. On the significance of being human as a matter of crucial moral significance, see Mortirner Adler, The Difference of Man and the Difference It Makes (New York: Meridian Books, 1968). 6. In the Abbott edition of The Documents of Vatican Council 11 (New York: America Press, 1965), this passage from Gaudium et Spes, n. 16, is incorrectly translated as

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"the voice of conscience." The Latin text is cuius vox, with the antecedent of cuius being lex (law), not conscientia (conscience). 7. St. Augustine devoted one of his earliest works, after his baptism, to the subject of free choicel, namely, De Libero Arbitrio. The apostolic Fathers, such as Justin Martyr, stressed free choice in the face of pagan determinism. Early in Christianity Justin developed a line of reasoning that was to be used over and over again by such writers as Augustine, John Damascene, and Aquinas. He wrote: "We have learned from the prophets and we hold it as true that punishments and chastisements and good rewards are distributed according to the merit of each man's actions. Were this not the case, and were all things to happen according to the decree of fate, there would be nothing at all in our power. If fate decrees that this man is to be good, and that one wicked. then neither is the former to be praised nor the latter to be blamed. Furthermore. If the human race does not have the power of a freely deliberated choice in fleeing evil and in choosing good, then men are not accountable for their actions ' (The First Apology, 43; trans. W. A. Jurgen, The Faith of the Early Fathers [Collegeville. MN: Liturgical Press, 1970], Vol. 1, n. 123). 8. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, 1-2, Prologue. 9. The Council of Trent solemnly defined the truth that human persons. even after the fall, are gifted with free choice. For text, see Henricus Denzineer and Adolphus Schonmetzer, Enchiridion Symholorum Det'initionum et Declarationum de Rebus Fidel et Morum (35th ea.: Rome: Herder. 1975). n. 1555. Hereafter, this source will be referred to as DS. 10. Joseph Boyle, Germain Grisez, and Olaf Tollefsen, Free Choice: A Self-Referential Argument (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press. 1976). 11. Germain Grisez. The Way of the Lord Jesus, Vol. I. Christian Moral Pnnciples (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1983), p. 41. On this. see also St. Thomas Aquinas. S'`mma Theologiae, 1, 83, 1; 1-2, 1,1: 1-2.6.1: 1 -2 18. 1.

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12. Grisez, Christian Moral Principles, p. 50. 13. On this, see the interesting treatment of human action as language in Herbert McCabe, What Is Ethics All About? (Washington. DC: Corpus Books. 1969), pp. 90-94 14. Grisez, Christian Moral Principles, p. 59. 15. Sigmund Freud, An Outline of Psychoanalysis. trans. James Strachey (London: Hogarth Press, 1949), pp. 34. 16. John Macquarrie, Three Issues in Ethics (New York: Harper and Row, 1971).p. 111. 17. In the New Testament the use of "conscience" was apparently limited to consequent conscience or the judgment of one's past actions. On this, see James Turro. "Conscience in the Bible," in Conscience: Its Freedom and Limitations, ed. W. C. Bier, S.J. (New York: Fordham University Press. 1971). pp. 3-8. But see Eric D'Arcy. Conscience and Its Right to Freedom (New York: Sheed and Ward, Inc., 1961), pp.$-12, for an interesting argument that St Paul has a directive or antecedent sense of conscience as welf. 18. In his Themes in Fundamental Moral Theology (Notre Dame IN: University of Notre Dame Press. 1977), p. 211, Charles E. Curran mistakenly argues that the traditional view of conscience as one's best moral judgment cannot account for the legitimate role of affectivity in conscience. For a more adequate account. see Grisez. Christian Moral principles. ch. 10, q. D: ch. 31. q E. I 19. On this. see St. Thomas Aquinas, De Veritate, q. 17. a. 3. See D'Arcy. Conscience and Its Right to Freedom, pp. 87-112, for a commentary on St. Thomas's position. 20. Macquarrie. Three Issues in Ethics, p. 111. 21. On this. see St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae. 1. 79. 12. 22. Macquarrie. Three Issues in Ethics, p. 114.

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23. Pope Pius XII, "Radio Message on Rightly Forming Conscience in Christian Youth." March 23, 1952, Acta Apostolicae Sedis 44 ( 1952) 271. 24. Macquarrie, Three Issues in Ethics, p. 114. 25. Walter Conn. Conscience: Development and Self-Transcendence (Birmingham, AL: Religious Education Press, 1981), p. 205. 26. Ibid., p. 213. 27. See St. Thomas Aquinas, De Veritate, q. 17, a. 3. 28. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, 1-2, 19, 6. 29. To Live i,? florist Jesus: A Pastoral Letter of the American Bishops on the Moral Life (Washington, DC: USCC, 1976), p. 10.

Notes for Chapter Two


1. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae. 1-2. 93, 2; the other texts of St. Thomas to which Dignitatis Humanae refers are I -2, 91, 1, and 93, 1. 2. For the historical development of Thomas's thought on natural law, see the following: Odon Lottin, Le droll naturel chez Saint Thomas d'Aquin et ses predecesseurs (Bruges: Beyaert, 1931); Michael Bertrarn Crowe, The Changing Profile of the Natural Law (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1977), pp. 136-191: R. A. Armstrong, Primary and Secondar. Precepts in Thomistic Natural Lad Thinking (The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. 1966), pp. 56-114. Lottin,

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Armstrong, and Crowe in an earlier article (St. Thomas and the Natural Law," Irish Ecclesiastical Record 76 [1951] 293-305) follow the chronology of Aquinas's works proposed by Grabmann and Mandonnet, and consequently consider the discussion of natural law in St. Thomas's Commentary on the Nicornachean Ethics (written, according to Grabmann, c. 1261-64, or, accordino to Mandonnet, c. 1266) chronologically prior to the presentation in the Summa Theologiae. In his Changing Profile of the Natural Law Crowe adopts the more accurate chronology proposed by R. Gauthier ("La date du commentaire de saint Thomas sur l'ethique a nicomaque," Recherches de theologie ancienne et medievale 18 [1951] 66-105 and Sententia Libri Ethicon~m {Sancti Thomae de Aquino Opera Omnial, t. xlvii, Romae, 1969, praefatio, p. 201), who suggests the years 1271-72 for the composition of the Commentary on the Vicomachean Ethics, making it either contemporary with or perhaps a little after the composition of the Prima Secundae of Summa Theologiae. 3. Summa Theologiae, 1-2, 90, 1: "Lex quaedam regula est et mensura acmum, secundum quam inducitur aliquis ad agendum vet ab agenda retrahitur . . . Regula autem et mensura humanorurn actnum est ratio, quae est primum principium actuum humanorum.... rationis autem est ordinare ad finem, qui est principium in agendis.... Unde reLinquitur quod lex sit aliquid pertinens ad ranonem." 4. Ibid., ad 1: "cum lex sit regula quaedam et mensura, dicitur dupliciter esse in aliquo. Uno modo, sicut in mensurante et regulante. Et quia hoc est proprium rationis, ideo per hunc modum lex est in ratione sola. Alio modo, sicut in regulato et mensurato. Et sic lex est in omnibus quae inclinantur in aliquid ex aliqua lege, potest dici lex, non essentialiter, sed quasi participative." 5. Ibid., ad 2: "sicut in actibus exterioribus est considerare operationem et operatum . . . ita in operibus rationis est considerare ipsum actuary rationis, qui est intelligere et ratiocinari, et aliquid per huiusmodi acturn constitutum. Quod quidem in speculative ratione primo quidem est deDmitio; secundo, enunciatio; tertio vero, syllogismus vel argumentatio. Et quia ratio practice utitur

406

quodam syllogismo in operabilibus ... ideo est invenire aliquid in ratione practice quod ita se habeas ad operationes, sicut se habet propositio in ratione speculative ad conclusiones. Et huiusmodi propositiones universales rationis practicae ordinatae ad actiones habent rationem legis. Quae quidem propositiones aliquando actualiter considerantur, aliquando vero habitualiter a ratione tenentur." 6. Ibid., 90, 2. 7. Ibid..90.3. 8. Ibid.. 90. 4. 9. Ibid., 91. 1: "nihil est aliud lex quam quoddarn dictamen practicae rationis in principe qui gubernat aliquam communitatem perfectam. Manifestum est autem . . . quod tote communitas universi gubernatur ratione divine. Et ideo ipsa ratio gubernationis rerum in Deo sicut in principe universitatis existens, legis habet rationem ' 10. Ibid.. 93. : "lex aeterna nihil aliud est quam ratio divinae sapientiae, secundum quod est directive omnium actuum et motionum." ll. Ibid..91. l.ad 1 and ad 2; 93, 1, ad 2. 12. Ibid., 91. 2: "lex, cum sit regula et mensura, dupliciter potest esse in aliquo . .. alio modo, sicut in regulato et mensurato, quia inquantum participat aliquid in regula vel mensura, sic regulatur et mensuratur. Unde cum omnia quae divinae providentiae subduntur, a lege aeterna regulentur et mensurentur .. . manifestum est quod omnia participant aliqualiter legem aeternam, inquantum scilicet ex irnpressione eius habent inclinationes in proprios actus et fines." 13. Ibid., 91. 2 and ad 3. The text cited in note 12 (91, 2) and the response to the third objection, ad 3: "in creature irrational) non participatur rationaliter: uncle non potest dici lex nisi per similitudinem." 14. Ibid., 91, 2: "Inter cetera autem rationalis creature excellentiori quodammodo divinae providentiae subiacet,

407

inquantum et ipsa fit providentiae particeps, sibi ipsi et aliis providers. Unde et in ipsa participatur ratio aeterna, per quam habet naturalem inclinationem ad debitum actuary et tmem. Et talis participatio legis aetemae in rationali creature lex naturalis dicitur. Unde cum Psalmista dixisset (Ps 4.6), 'Sacrificate sacrificium iustitiae,' quasi quibusdam quaerentibus quae sunt iustitiae opera, subiungit: 'Multi dicunt, Quid ostendit nobis bona?' cui quaestioni responders, dicit: 'Signatum est super nos lumen vultus tui, Domine,' quasi lumen rationis naturalis, quo discernmus quid sit bonum et malum, quod pertinet ad naturalem legem, nihil alind sit quarn impressio divini luminis in nobis. Unde pates quod lex naturalis nihil aliud est quam participatio legis aeternae in rational) creature." On this issue it is worth noting what D. O'Donoghue says in his helpful article, The Thomist Concept of the Natural Law," Irish Theologia Quarterly 22 (1955) 93-94: "there are two ways of understanding rational participation: We might see it as a receptive participation: created reason is receptive of Etemal Law just as irrational nature is ... though in a higher wa`.... Or we might see rational participation as legislative. as participation in he very activit,v of legislating.... That we must understand rational partic~pation in the second sense. seeing human reason as regulative rather than recuiated, is clear from the fact that St. Thomas identifies the Natural Lau with the propositions or 'precepts of natural reason [see below. notes :8-21]. The matter is put beyond doubt bv the discussion in Q. 93. a. 6. where a sharp distinction is drawn between participation in Eternal Law by wax of inclinatio naturalis ad id quod est consonunz legi aeternae and ipsa nua~raiis cognido boni.... That which differentiates Natural Law from natural incunation, and makes it law in the proper sense, is the fact that it is the work or reason, expression rather than impression. It comes from God. as all hum;m things ... but the mind receives it, not as itself an object which is revealed bv it, but as becoming a source of light, discerning and declaring the truth for human activity (cf. 1-2, 91, 9)." On this matter. see also Martin Rhonheimer, iVatur als Gr7undlage der .lloral: Eine Auseinanderset:ung mit autonomer und teleologisher Ethik (Innsbruck and Vienna: Tyrolia Verlag, 1987) pp. 67-74.

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15. Summa Theologiae 1- 2, 91, 1, ad 3: etiam animalia irrationalia participant rationem aetemam uno modo, sicut et rationalis creatura Sed quia rationalis creature participat eam intellectualiter et rationaliter. ideo participatio legis aetemae in creature rational) proprie lex vocatur nam lex est aliquid rationis.... In creature autem irrational) non participaurr rationaliter; uncle non potest dici lex nisi per sirnilitudinem." 16. Ibid.. 91. 2, ad 1. On this matter, see Rhonheimer, Natur ais Grundlage der Moral, pp. 70-72. 17. On the views of Thomas's predecessors regarding the relarionship between synderesis and natural law, see Crowe, The Changing Profile of the Natural Lan. pp 111-135. Also see Crowe, "The Term Synderesis an~d tbe Scholastics: St. Thomas and Svnderesis," Irish Theological QuarteriN 23 (1956) 228-245. 18. Summa Theologiae, 1-2, 94, 1: "aliquid potest dici esse habitue dupliciter. Uno modo, proprie et essentialiter; et sic lex naturalis non est habitue. Dictum est enim supra quod lex naturalis est aliquid per rationem c~nstitutum.... Non est autem idem quod quid agit, et quo quis agit.... Cumigitur habitue sit quo quis agit, non potest esse quod lex aliqua sit habitue proprie et essentialiter. Alio modo potest dici habitue id quod habitu tenetur.... Et hoc modo, quia praecepta legis naturalis quandoque considerantur in actu a ratione. quandoque autem sunt in ea habitualiter tantum, secundum hunc modum potest dici quod lex naturalis sit habitus. 19. Here it is important to stress the role that practical reason plays for St. Thomas and the significance of the difference between speculative and practical reason. Accordinc to Thomas, there are not two reasons in man. speculative and practical, but there are two basically different ways in which intelligence or reason is exercised. In speculative inquiry its concem is with what is. In practical inquiry its concern is with what-is- to-be-done-or-made bx rational or intelligent beings. And in both realms there are nondemonstrable startin,e points or principles. On this matter. see Rhonheimer. Natur als Grundla,qe der Moral. pp. 42-62 and Germain Grisez. Contraception and the Natural

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Law (Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co., 1964). chapter 3. and tne literature cited there. 20. Summa Theologiae, 1-2, 94, 2: "Sicut autem ens est primum quod cadi! in apprehensione simpliciter. ita bonum est primum quod cadit in apprehensione practicae rationis, quae ordinatur ad opus: omne enim agens agit propter finem qui habet rationem bond. Et ideo primum principium in ratione practice est quod fundatur supra rationem bond. quae est. Bonum est quod omnia aD petunt. Hoc est ereo primum praeceptum legis. quod bonum est faciendum e. prosequendum, et malum vitandum. Et super hoc fundantur omnia alla praecepta le~is naturae: ut scilicet omnia illa facienda vel vitanda pertinent ad praecepta legis naturae. quae ratio practice naturaliter apprehendit esse bona humana.' 21. Ibid.: 'Quia vero bonum habet rationem f~nis, malum autem rationem contrarii, inde est quod omnia illa ad quae homo habet naturalem inclinationem. ratio naturaliter apprehendit ut bona, et per consequens ut opere prosequenda, et contraria eorum ut male et vitanda." 22. See ibid., 1, 18, 2. 23. Ibid., 1-2, 94, 2: "Inest enim primo inclinatio homini ad bonum secundurn naturam in qua cornmunicat cum omnibus substantiis; prout scilicet quaelibet substantia appetit conservationem sui esse secundum suam naturam. Et secundum hanc inclinationem pertinent ad legem naturalem ea per quae vita horninis conservatur, et contrarium impeditur. Secundo inest homini inclinatio ad aliqua magis specialia, secundum naturam in qua communicat cum ceteris animalibus. Et secundum hoc, dicuntur ea esse de lege natural), quae na~tura omnia animalia docuit, ut est coniunctio maris et feminae, et educatio liberorum, et similia. Tertio modo inest hoinini inclinatio ad bonum secundum naturam rationis, quae est sibi propria; sicut homo habet naturalem inclinationem ad hoc quod veritatem cognoscat de Deo, et ad hoc quod in societate vivat. Et secundum hoc, ad legem naturalem pertinent ea quae ad huiusmodi inclinationem spectant; utpote, quod homo ignorantiam vitet, quod altos non

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offendat cum quibus debet conversari, et cetera huiusmodi quae ad hoc spectant." 24. Ibid. 25. Ibid., 100, 1: "illa communia et prima praecepta." 26. Ibid., lOO, 8: "quorum non oportet aliquam editionem esse, nisi quod sunt scripta in ratione natural) quasi per se note." See also lOO, l 1. 27. Ibid.. 95, 2: nulli esse malum faciendum." 28. Ibid., 94, 4, ad l: "Uncle cum dixisset Gratianus quod ius naturale est quod in Lege et Evangelio continetur, statim. exempli-ficando, subiunxit, quo q!iisque iubetur aliif acere 4uod sibi v ultf ieri. " 29. Ibid., 100, 3, Ist objection: Diliges Dominum Deum tuum, et Diliges proximum tuum." 30. Ibid., l00, 3, ad l: 'illa duo praecepta [Diliges Dominum Deum tuum, et Diliges proximum tuum] sunt prima et communia praecepta lezis naturae, quae sunt per se note ration) humanae, vel per naturam vel per fidem. Et ideo omnia praecepta decalogi ad illa duo referuntur sicut conclusiones ad principia communia." See also lOO, l 1. 31. Ibid., lOO, l: "quae statim per se ratio naturalis cuiuslibet hominis diiudicat esse facienda, vel non faciend?." 32. Ibid., 3 and lOO, l l. 33. Ibid., lOO, l: "statim, cum modica consideratione." 34. Ibid., lOO, 11. 33. Ibid., lOO, 1: "sunt absolute de lege natural)." 36. Ibid., l OO, l 1: "Quaedam vero sunt magis determinaia, quorum rationem statim quilibet, etiam popularis, potest de facili videre; et tamen quia paucioribus circa huiusmodi contingit iudicium humanum pervert), huiusmodi editione indigent; et haec sunt praecepta decalogi."

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37.Ibid., lOO, l:"subtilioriconsiderationerationis." 38. Ibid.,100, 3 and 100, 11. 39. Ibid. 40. The principal texts bringing out this structure of natural law according to St. Thomas are Summa Theologiae, 1-2, 100, 1; 100, 3; and 100, 11. R. A Armstrong, Primary and Secondary Precepts in Thomistic Natural law Teaching, pp. 98-114, offers a very illuminating presentation of these texts with commentary. 41. On this, see Armstrong, Primary and Secondary Precepts. . ., p. 109. 42. Summa Theologiae, 1-2, 100, 3: "Inter praecepta ergo decalogi non computantur duo genera praeceptorum, illa scilicet, quae sunt prima et communia, quorum non oportet aliquam editionem esse. nisi quod sunt scripta in ration) natural) quasi per se note, et iterum illa, quae per diligentem inquisitionem sapientum inveniuntur ration) convenire; haec enim proveniunt a Deo ad populum mediante discipline sapientum." 43. Ibid.: "Utraque tamen horum praeceptorum continentur in praecepris decalogi, sed diversimode. Nam illa quae sunt prima et communia, continenrur in eis sicut principia in conclusionibus proximis; illa vero quae sapientes cognoscuntur continentur in eis e converso, sicut conclusiones in principiis." 44. Ibid., 94, 6: "ad legem naturalem pertinent primo quidem quaedarn praecepta communissima, quae sunt omnibus note; quaedam autem secundaria praecepta magis propria. quae sunt quasi conclusiones propinquae principiis. Quaritum ergo ad illa praecepta communia, lex naturalis nullo modo potest a cordibus hominum deleri in univers41i. Deletur tamen in particular) operabili. secundum quod ratio impeditur applicare commune praeceptum ad particulare operabile, propter concupiscentiam vel aliquam aliarn passionem."

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45. Ibid.: "Quantum vero ad alla praecepta secundaria, potest lex naturalis deleri de cordibus hominum, vel propter males persuasiones, eo modo quo etiam in speculativis errores contingunt circa conclusiones necessaries. vel etiam propter pravas consuetudines et habitue corruptos." 46. Ibid., 100, 8. On this matter, see Patrick Lee, "The Permanence of the Ten Commandments: St. Thomas and His Modern Commentators," Theological Studies 42 (1981) 422-433. 47. Charles E. Curran, "Natural Law and Contemporary Moral Theology. in his Contemporary Problems in Moral Theology (Notre Dame, IN:- Fides. 1970), p. 106. See his "Absolute Norms in Moral Theology," in his A New Look at Christian Morality (Notre Dame, IN: Fides, 1968), pp. 75-89. 48. Timothy E. O'Connell, Principles for a Catholic Morality (New York: Seabury, 1978), p. 138. See Richard M. Gula, Reason Informed by Faith: Foundations of Catholic Morality (New York: Paulist Press, 1989), pp. 223 -228.

49. On St. Thomas's use of Ulpian, see my "The Meaning and Nature of the Natural Law in Thomas Aquinas," American Journal of Jurisprudence 22 (1977) 168-189, especially 175-185.
50. In IV Sent., d. 33, q. 1, a. 1 (reprinted as q. 65, a. 1 of the Supplementum of the Pars Tertia of the Summa Theologiae): "Lex ergo naturalis nihil est aliud quam conceptio homini naturaliter indite, qua dirigitur ad convenienter agendum in actionibus propriis, sive competunt ei ex nature generic, ut generare, comedere, et huiusmodi sive ex nature specie), ut ratiocinari, et similia." 51. Ibid.: "PIuralitas ergo uxorum neque totaliter tollit neque aliqualiter impedit primum finem ... sed secundum finem etsi non totaliter tollat, tamen multum impedit, eo quod non facile potest esse pax in familia ubi uni viro plures uxores iunguntur.... Tertium autem f~nem totaliter tollit, eo quod sicut Christus est unus, ita Ecclesia una; et ideo pates ex dictis quod pluralitas uxorum quodammodo est contra legem naturae, et quodammodo non."

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52. The expression 'strictissimo modo accipiendi ius naturale" is not to be understood as "taking natural law in its most precise (or formal) sense" but rather as 'taking natural law in its most restricted and limited sense." Whenever Thomas wishes to express theformal, essential meaning of something, he uses the terms 'proprie" or "essentialiter," as we have seen repeatedly in his insistence that natural law, as law, is found essentially and properly only in the rational creature. In A Lexicon of St. Thomas Aquinas hased on the Summa Theologiae and selected passages of his other works, Roy J. Deferrari et al. (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1949) 5.1055, show us that the participial adjective strictus (with its comparative and superlative) is frequently used in the sense of what is "most rigid in interpretation," and this very text is used to illustrate this meaning. 53. In IV Sent., d. 33, q. 1, a. 1, ad 4: "ius naturale multipliciter accipitur. Primo enim ius aliquod dicitur naturale ex principio, quia a nature est inditum; et sic definit Tullius . . . dicers, 'ius naturae est quod non opinio genuit sed quacdam innate vis inseruit.' Et quia etiam in rebus naturalibus dicuntur aliqui motus naturales, non quia sunt ex principio intrinseco, sed quia sunt a principio superior) movente . . . ideo ea quae sunt de lure diving, dicuntur esse de lure natural), cum sint ex impressione et infusione superioris principii, scilicet Dei, et sic accipitur a Isidoro . . . qui dicit quod 'ius naturale est quod in lege et in Evangelio continetur.' Tertio dicitur ius naturale non solum a principio, sed a nature, quia de naturalibus est. Et qui nature contra rationem dividitur, a qua homo est homo, ideo strictissimo modo accipiendi ius naturale, illa quae ad homines tantum pertinent, etsi sint de dictamine rationis naturalis, non dicuntur esse de lure natural); sed illa tantum quae naturalis ratio dictat de his quae sunt homini aliisque communia; et sic datur dicta definitio, scilicet, 'ius naturale est quod nature omnia animalia docuit.' " 54. In the Summa Theologiae Thomas refers (at least by implication) to Ulpian's definition in 1-2, 94, 2; 95, 4, ad 1. 55. Here the pertinent text is In V Ethicorum, lee. 12, n. 1019.

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56. Summa Theologiae, 1-2, 90, 1; 90, 1, ad I and ad 2; 91, 2. 57.Ibid., 1-2,90,1,ad 1;91,2,ad3. 58. For further discussion of St. Thomas's use of Ulpian, see my work referred to in note 49 and Michael Bertram Crowe, "St. Thomas and Ulpian's Natural Law," St. Thomas Aquinas 1274-1974 Commemorative Studies (Toronto: Pontifical Institute of Mediaeval Studies, 1974), pp. 261-282. 59. See. for example, Summa Contra Gentes, 3.114: "lex nihil aliud sit quam quaedam ratio et regula operandi": ibid.: "lex nihil aliud sit quam ratio operis." 60. Ibid., 115: "Lex . . . est quaedam ratio divinae providentiae gubemantis." 61. Ibid., 113: Creatura rationalis sic providentiae divinae subiacet quod non solum ea gubernatur, sed etiam rationem providentiae utcumque cognoscere potest: uncle sibi competit etiam aliis providentiam et gubernationem exhibere.... Per hoc autem quod aliquis facultatem providendi habet, potest etiam suos actus dirigere et gubernare. Participat igitur rationalis ereatura divinam providentiam non solum secundum gubernari, sed etiam secundum gubernare. Gubernat enim se in suds actibus propriis, et etiam aliis." 62. Ibid., 1 11, 1 13, and 114. 63. Ibid., 114. 64. Ibid.. 1 16. 65. Ibid., 120: 'haec est principalis legis divinae intentio. ut homo Deo subdatur, et ei singularem reverentiam exhibeat non solum corde, sed etiarn ore et opere corporal).' 66. Ibid., 1 17. 67. Ibid., 128.

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68. Ibid.: 'Secundum leaem divinam homo inducitur ut ordinem rationis serves in omnibus quae in eius usum venire possum." 69. Ibid., 120. 70. Ibid., 128. 71. Ibid., 129. 72. rbid. 73. Ibid., 122. 74. The texts referred to are: Summa Theologiae, 1-9, 93. 2; 91, 1; and 93. 1. I should note here that for some reason neither the Abbott nor the Flannery translations of the documents of Vatican Council II include this important note. Yet it is found in the official text of Dignitatis Humanae. 75. An excellent study of the teaching of Vatican Council II on natural law is: John M. Finnis, "The Natural Law, Objective Morality, and Vatican Council II," in Principles of Catholic Moral Life, ed. William E-. May (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1981), pp. 113-150. 76. The Church teaches that human beings are able, by the exercise of their own intelligence, to come to the knowledge of some truths about God and human existence. It thus teaches that men can come to know the truth that God exists by the use of reason unaided by revelation. Similarly, men can come to know the moral truths set forth in the Decalogue by the use of their reason. We leave seen that this was indeed the teaching of St. Thomas in our review of his thought on natural law. Yet St. Thomas himself, as we also saw in our review of his thought, taught in common with all Catholic theologians that God had graciously revealed these moral norms to us insofar as they are so necessary for our salvation and insofar as knowledge of them is made difficult by reason of sin (cf. Summa Theologiae, 1,1, 1; 1-2, 98, 5). Vatican Council I (1870-72) clearly taught that God chooses to reveal himself and his moral law to us partially so that "even in the present

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condition of the human race, those religious truths which are by their nature accessible to human reason can readily be known by all men with solid certitude and no trace of error" (Vatican Council I. DS [Denzinger-Schonmetzer] 3005/1786; cf. Vatican Council II, Gaudium etSpes,n. 17). 77. Frequently this understanding of natural law is attributed only to Germain Grisez and John Finnis. While they have surely been its principal exponents, the contributions of Joseph Boyle to the development of this understanding must, in justice, be taken into account. He has collaborated with Grisez in several works, including the most comprehensive study of Grisez on moral principles, and he has coauthored major books and articles with Grisez and Finnis. Here I will list first major sources authored individually by Grisez, Finnis, and Boyle, and then works in which they have jointly collaborated. I will include only material relevant to the issue of natural law and not all the writings of these authors. (1) Works by Grisez alone: Contraception and the Natural Lair (Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co., 1964); Abortion: The Myths, the Realities, and the Arguments (New York: Corpus, 1970); The Way of the Lord Jesus, Vol. 1, Christian Moral Principles (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1983) [although Grisez is the exclusive author of this work, he notes in the preface that Joseph Boyle devoted over a half a year of full-time work in helping him with this centrally important work and that he could even be regarded as a coauthor; Finnis also provided help in preparing it]; '`The First Principle of Practical Reasoning: A Commentary on the Summa Theologiae, [- II, Q. 94. A. 2," ,Vatural Law Forum IO (1965) 168-196; Toward a Consistent Natural Law Ethics of Killing," American Journal of Jurisprudence 15 (1970) 64-96: "Against Consequentialism," American Journal of Jurisprudence 23 (1978) 21-72; "Suicide and Euthanasia," in Death. Dying, and Euthanasia. ed. Dennis Horan and David Mall (Frederick, MD: University Publications of Amenca, 1980), pp. 742-817: 'Moral Absolutes: A Critique of the View of Josef Fuchs. S.J.," Anthropos Now Anthropotes): Rivista di Studi sulfa Persona e la Famiglia 1(1985) 155-201. In collaboration with Russell Shaw, Grisez also wrote a work of relevance b his natural law theory, Beyond the New

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Morality (Notre Dame. I.N': University of Notre Dame Press, 1st ea., 1974; 2nd ea., 1980; 3rd ed.,- 1988). (2) Works by John Finnis alone: Natural Law and Natural Rights tOxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1980); Fundamentals of Ethics (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press, 1985); Moral Absolutes: Traditioi?, Revision. and the Truth (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press. i991): Natural Law and Unnatural Acts.' Hey thrap .lournal l l t1970) 366-372: 'The Rights and Wrongs of Abortion: A Reply to Judith Thomson. Philosophy and Public Affairs 2 (1972) 119-147: '... Obiectivis critenis ex personae eiusdemque actuum desumptis....' in Etica y Teologia ante la crisis conlemporanea: Actas del I Simposio Inlernacional de Teologiu: Facuitad de Teologia de la Universidad de Navarra (Pamplona: EUNSA, 1980), pp. 633- 642; "The Natural Law, Objective Morality, and Vatican Council II. in Principles of Catholic Moral Life, ed. William E. May (Chicago Franciscan Herald Press, 1981), pp. 113- 150; "The Act of the Person,' Persona, Verita e Morale (Rome: Citta Nuova Editrice, 1987), pp. 159176; Natural Inclinations and Natural Rights: Deriving 'Ought' from 'Is' According to Aquinas, ' in Lex et Libertas: Freedom and Natural Law According to St. Thomas (Stud) Tomistici, 30), ed. L. J. Elders and K. Hedwig (Vatican City: Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 1987), pp. 43-55; "The Consistent Ethic of Life: A Philosophical Analysis," in Joseph Cardinal Bernardin et al., Consistent Ethic of Life (Shawnee emission, KS: Sheed and Ward, Inc., 1988). pp. 140- 181; ''Absolute Moral Norms: Their Ground, Force, and Permanence," Anthropotes: Rivista di Studi sulfa Persona e la Famiglia 4 (1988) 287-303. (3) Works by Joseph Boyle alone: "Aquinas and Prescriptive Ethics," in Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association 49 (1975) 82-95; "'Praeter Intentionem' in Aquinas," Thomist 42 (1978) 649-665: "Toward Understanding the Principle of Double Effect." Ethics 90 (1980) 527-538; "Moral Reasoning and Moral Judgment," in Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association 58 (1984) 37-49; "Aquinas, Kant, and Donagan on Moral Principles," The Nets Scholasticism 58 (1984) 391-08.

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(4) Works jointly authored by Grisez and Boyle: Life and Death with Liberty and Justice: A Contribution to the Euthanasia Debate (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1978). (5) Works jointly authored by Grisez, Finnis, and Boyle: Nuclear Deterrence, Morality, and Reality (Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 1987); 'Practical Principles, Moral Truth, and Ultimate Ends," American Journal of Jurisprudence 32 (1987) 99-151. In a later note I will refer to more recent writings of these authors in which they respond to some of the criticism that has been raised about their work. 78. On reason as practical, see in particular Grisez. "The First Principle of Practical Reason: A Commentary on Summa Theologiae, I-ll, Q; 94, A. 2," esp. 170-175; Finnis, Natural Law and Natural Rights, pp. 33-36; Finnis, Fundamentals of Ethics, pp. 1-25; Grisez, Boyle, and Finnis, "Practical Principles, Moral Truth, and Ultimate Ends," esp. 115-117. 79. See works cited in note 78. Also see Grisez. Christian Moral Principles, pp. 178- 180. 80. Christian Moral Principles, p. 179. 81. Ibid., p. 180. 82. See above, p. 48. 83. In Contraception and the Natural Law, pp. 63-64, Grisez listed life itself, mating and raising children, experiences worthwhile in themselves, play, knowledge of the truth, fellowship with others, harmony with unknown higher powers, and the use of intelligence in guiding actions (practical reasonableness). In Abortion: The Myths, the Realities, and the Arguments, pp. 312-313, he listed life itself, activities engaged in for their own sake, experiences sought for their own sake, knowledge pursued for its own sake, interior integrity, genuineness, justice and friendship, and worship and holiness. In Natural Law and Natural Rights, pp. 83-91, Finnis listed life, knowledge, play,

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aesthetic experience, sociability or friendship, practical reasonableness, and religion. The more recent articulation of the basic human goods is provided in Grisez's Christian Moral Principles, pp. 121-124, and the essay jointly authored by Grisez, Finnis, and Boyle, "Practical Principles, Moral Truth, and Ultimate Ends," 107-108. The goods identified as basic in these last two works are substantially the same as those listed in previous writings, but our authors have attempted to bring their terminology into harmony and to make as clear as possible the sorts of goods that are fundamental. They have also sought to describe the "reflexive" goods, i.e., those involving harmony, without importing moral value into them. In some of their earlier writings such moral value was imported, e.g., in describing the good of harmony within the person as "practical reasonableness." 84. Internal citations in the text are from "Practical Principles. Moral Truth. and Ultimate Ends.' 108: a very similar formulation of the four reflexive goods having harmony as their theme is given in Christian Moral Principles. p. 123. 85. In their Cost recent joint article, "Practical Principles, Moral Truth, and Ultimate Ends,' Grisez, Finnis, and Boyle draw explicit attention to the fact that the reflexive roods, as such, are not moral goods, i.e., that it is a mistake to import moral value into them, insofar as one can realize them in immoral ways. They observe, as I pointed out in note 83, that in some of their previous writings they had not, at times, avoided importing moral value into them. Thus they had called the harmony between judgments and choices 'practical reasonableness"; the harmony between choices and perfor.-nances they called 'authenticity'; and the harmony between humankind and God they referred to as 'holiness." Cf. Practical Principles, Moral Truth, and Ultimate Ends,' 139140. 86. On this. see ibid., 108. 87. Ibid.. 107: Christian Moral Principles, p. 124. 88. E.g.. Gnsez. Contraception and the Natural Law. p. 54. and p. 74. notes 19 and 20. refers to the work of

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psychologist Ernest R. Hilgard and the anthropologists Robert H. Lowie and Alexander MacBeath regarding tendencies or inclinations universally found in human beings. Likewise Finnis. in .Natural Law and .Natural Rights, pp. 83, 97-98, refers to the work of a number of anthropologists and psychologists on the same subject. 89. For this. see Grisez (with Shaw), Beyond the New Morality lard ea., 1988), pp. 77-79: Finnis, Natural Law and Natural Rights, pp. 38-39. 90. Practical Principles, Moral Truth, and Ultimate Ends, 110. 91. Ibid. 92. Thus St. Thomas says that "nullus enim intendens ad malum operatur" ("no one intentionally does evil"), Summa Theologiae, 1-2, 72, 1. Sin is not irNational, although it is unreasonable. 93. "Practical Principles, Moral Truth, and Ultimate Ends," 121. Immoral acts, however, do not, as Grisez, Finnis, and Boyle explicitly note at this point, respond as fully to the first practical principle as do morally good acts. 94. See above, p. 49, and accompanying notes. 95. For St. Thomas, see Summa Theologiae, 1-2, lOO, 3, 1 and ad 1. Note. however, that here Aquinas explicitly says that the love commands are 'per se nota ration) humanae, eel per naturam vel per fidem" ("per se known to human reason, either through nature or through faith"). On this, see Christian Moral Principles, p. 183; Nuclear Deterrence, Morality', and Reality,, p. 284. 96. Christian Moral Principles, p. 184, citing Gaudium et Spes, n. 35. 97. NuclearDeterrence, Morality, ana' Reality, p. 284. 98. Christian Moral Principles, p. 184. 99. "Practical Principles, Moral Truth, and Ultimate Ends," 128.

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100. Ibid., 121. 101. In his earlier writings Grisez did not articulate this basic moral principle clearly. Rather, he said that all the principles of practical reasoning taken together constitute the norm; e.g., in Contraception and the Natural Lau, p. 76. In Abortion, p. 315, he spoke of choosing with an "attitude of openness to goods not chosen," and of respecting "equally all of the basic goods." Similarly, Finnis, in Natural Lau' and Natural Rights, pp. 23. 101. spoke of bringing all the principles of practical reasoning to bear upon definite ranges of action or particular actions. But in later writings Grisez, Finnis, and Boyle have clearly articulated this moral norm. The formulation given in the text is found in Christian Moral Principles, p. 184; it is also found in Nuclea/ Deterrence, Morality, and Reality, p. 283. On this whole point see what Grisez, Finnis, and Boyle have to say in "Practical Principles, Moral Trut'n. and Ultimate Ends." 128. 102. On this, see. for instance, Grisez and Boyle. Life and Death with iberty and Justice, pp. 365-366. 103. "Practical Principles, Moral Truth. and Ultimate Ends." 132. 104. Nuclear Deterrence, Morality, and Reality. p. 283. 105. "Practical Principles, Moral Truth. and Ultimate Ends." 132. 106. Christian Moral Principles, p. 186. 107 ' Practical Principles, Moral Truth, and Ultimate Ends. 127- 132. 108. St. Thomas, Summa-Theologiae, 1-2, 58, 5; cf. 58, 3, ad 2. 109. In Natural Lau and Natural Rights, pp 100-127, Finnis called these the "requirements of practical reasonableness." "Modes of Responsibility' is now the proper way to refer to these. See CI,~ristia/i Moral Principles. pp. 205278.

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110. Christian Moral Principles, p. 189. 111. On this, see Christian Moral Principles. pp. 215-221. 112. See ibid., p. 191. 113. Ibid., p. 225: "These are the eight modes of responsibility. (1) One should not be deterred by felt inertia from acting for intelligible goods. (2) One should not be pressed by enthusiasm or impatience to act individualistically for intelligible goods. (3) One should not choose to satisfy an emotional desire except as part of one's pursuit and/or attainment of an intelligible good other than the satisfaction of the desire itself. (4) One should not choose to act out of an emotional aversion except as part of one's avoidance of some intelligible evil other than the inner tension experienced in enduring that aversion. (5) One should not, in response to different feelings toward different persons, willingly proceed with a preference for anyone unless the preference is required by intelligible goods themselves [this is Grisez's way of foTTnulating the principle of fairness or the Golden Rule]. (6) One should not choose on the basis of emotions which bear upon empirical aspects of intelligible goods (or bade) in a way which interferes with a more perfect sharing in the good or avoidance of the bad. (7) One should not be moved by hostility to freely accept or choose the destruction, damaging, or impeding of any intelligible human good. (8) One should not be moved by a stronger desire for one instance of an intelligible good to act for it by choosing to destroy, damage, or impede some other instance of an intelligible good." 114. Christian Moral Principles, p. 226. 115. See above, pp. 50-51, and accompanying notes. 116. Christian Moral Principles, pp. 251 -274. 117. Ibid., pp. 256-257. 118.Ibid., pp.257-958.

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119. "Practical Principles, Moral Truth, and Ultimate Ends," 137: emphasis added. 120. Ibid., 137, 138- 139. 121. Ibid., 107. 122. ibid., 137. 123. Ibid., 141. 124. Ibid., 142. 125. Ibid. 126. ibid., 144. 127. Ibid., 143- 145. 128. Ibid., 145. 129. Ibid., 146. 130. Natural Law and Natural Rights, p. 23. 131. On this, see the following: Ralph McInerny, "The Principles of Natural Law," American Journal of Jurisprudence 25 (1980) 1-15 (substantially reprinted as the third chapter of his Ethica Thomistica [Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press, 1982]); Henry Veatch, "Review of Natural Law and Natural Rights by John Finnis," American Journal of Jurisprudence 26 (1981) 247-259; Vernon Bourke, "Review of Natural Law and Natural Rights by John Finnis," American Journal of Jurisprudence 26 (1981) 247-259; Russell Hittinger, A Critique of the New Natural Law Theory (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1987); Hittinger, 'The Recovery of Natural Law and theCorrunon Morality,' " This World, No. 18 (Summer, 1987) 62-74. 132. On this, see the following: Grisez, "A Critique of Russell Hittinger's Book, A Critique of the New Natural Late Theory," New Scholasticism 62 (1988) 62-74; Grisez and Finnis, "The Basic Principles of Natural Law: A Reply to Ralph McInerny," American Journal of Jurisprudence 26 (1981) 21 -31; Finnis, "Natural Law and

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the Is-Ought Question: An Invitation to Professor Veatch," Catholic Lawyer 26 (1980-81)-265-277; Finnis. "Observations de hIJ.M. Finnis," Archives de Philosophie du Droit (1981) 425-427; Finnis, "'Practical Reasoning, Human Goods, and the End of Man,' Proceedings of the American Catholic Philosophical Association 58 (1984) 23-36, also published in New Blac/ffriars 66 (1985) 438~49. It is pertinent to observe here that McInerny tool; note of the "Reply to Ralph McInerny" referred to above in his book, Ethica Thomistica: The Moral Philosophy of Thomas Aquinas. As already noted (note 131, above), Chapter 3 otthat work includes substantively the material from his article, "The Prin. iples of Natura] Law. In a "Bibliographic Note" appended to his book, McInerny refers to the Grisez-Finnis "Reply'." He then says: "Alas, this book was already in proof before I became aware of their response and thus I a n unable ', give it the attention it deserves here. The two authors nova seem reluctant to be assessed in terms of fidelity to St. Thomas. That of course was the angle from which I read them" (p. 128). McInernv here clearly leaves his readers, which the impression that Grisei and Finnis concede that McInernv's interpretarion of St. Thomas's understanding of natural law is correct and that they simply do not wish to be judged on Thomistic grounds. This. unfortunately. is a very: erroneous impression. for in the "Reply" Finnis and Grisez take great pains to show that on a Key matter, namely. the underivability of the first principles of practica] reasoning. they. and not McInerny, are being faithful to St. Thomas. In short. McInerny simply misleads his readers. In addition, McInemy has nowhere sought to answer the arguments given by Grisez and Finnis he has not. in other words. given their rep]y."the attention it deserves. In my opinion. McInern)~, in order to be fair, ought to have omitted the final two sentences of his observations as cited above insofar as they seriously misrepresent the nature of the "Reply" given to his article by Grisez and Finnis. 133. Robert George. "Recent Criticism of Natura] Law Theory, The Universin of Chicago Lau! Relies' 55 (1988) 1371-1429: William Marshner, ' A Tale of Two Beatitudes," Faith & Reason, 16.2 ( 1990) 177- 199.

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134. Aurelio Ansaldo, El Primer Principio del Obrar Moral ~ Las Nornzas Morales Espec~ficas en cl Pensamiento de G. Grise: ~ J. Finnis (Rome: Pontificia Universita Lateranense, 1990). 135. Ansaldo raises four import issues about the work of Grisez, FnTiis (and Boyle). He believes, first of all, that they need to develop more systematically the metaphysical/anthropological foundations of ethics. He notes that they in no way deny these foundations and in fact defend them, but he thinks that they need to be more explicit, in particular, in showing the created nature both of human persons and of human goods. They need to, he thinks, show that the ultimate reason for the dignity of human persons and for the inviolability of the goods perfective of them is the fact that human persons are the only created material entities whom God has made for themselves and whom he has called to life in union with himself. Second, he thinks that they should develop more systematically the relationship between fulfillment in the goods or ends of human existence and personal union with God. Third. he thinks that in their articulation of the first principle of morality they need to include reference to love of God. Fourth, he believes that their way of articulating the modes or responsibility needs to be more closely linked to the traditional Christian understanding of virtue. His critique in no way challenges the basic structure of their thought but is meant to suggest ways in which it can be strengthened and made more appealing. I think that Gnsez, Finnis. and Boyle have. to some measure at any rate, sought to take into account the first and second tiff the issues raised by Ansaldo in their article entitled Practical Principles. Ntoral Truth. and Ultimate Ends." Ansaldo includes this essay in his bibliography. but it appeared (it was actually published only in 1988) too late for him to take it fully into account in his study. Nonetheless. it seems to me that further attention needs to be given to these issues. The third issue raised by.Ansaldo can be answered, I think, by saying that love of neighbor (at the heart ot the first principle of morality as expressed by our authors) implicitly includes love of Godas St. Thomas noted and as Ansaldo himself. in his excellent chapter on St. Thomas, likewise notes. The fourth point raised by Ansaldo is one that doubtlessly should

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be given further consideration. For more detailed comment on Ansaldo's important study, see my review of it in Thomist 55 (April. 1991). 136. Here I want to note that in Living a Christian Life (Quincy, IL: Franciscan P,ress, 1993), Vol. 2 of his The Way of the Lord Jesus. Grisez adds a new basic human good to his list of goods, namely, marriage (see pp. 567569). In his earlier writings he thought that the good of marriage, which includes the marital union and the procreation and education of children, could be reduced to the reflexive good of friendship (the marital union) and to the substantive good of life and other human goods (the procreation and education of children). But he now argues that marriage is a distinct basic human good. irreducible to other goods.

Notes for Appendix I to Chapter Three


1. See St. Thomas. Summa Theologize, 1-2, I t30, 8. See above, pp. 51 -52. 2. Charles E. Curran. Absolute Nonns in Moral Theology.' in his A New Look at Christian Morality (Notre Dame, IN: Fides, 1968), p. 83: Louis Janssens, Ontic Evil and Moral Evil," Louvain Studies 4 (1972): John Dedek. intrinsically Evil .Acts: An Historical Study of the Mind of St. Thomas. Totemist 43 (1979) 385-413; Richard M. Gula, Reason Informed by Faith. Foundations of Catholic Morality (New York: Paulist Press, 1989), p. 292. For a critique of Dedek, see Patrick Lee, "Permanence ot the Ten Commandments: St. Thomas and His Modem Commentators," Theological Studies 42 (1981) 422-443. For a critique of Janssens,-see William E. May, "Aquinas and Janssens on the Moral Meaning of Human Acts," Thomist 48 (1984) 566606. 3. E.g., Dedek. 'Intrinsically Evil Acts," 408409.

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4. E.g., Richard A. McCormick, Notes on Moral Theology: 1965-1980 (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1981), pp. 582-584, 767, n. 52. See Franz Scholz, 'Problems on Norms Raised by Ethical Borderline Situations," in Readings in Moral Theology, No. 1: Moral Norms and the Catholic Tradition, ed. Charles E. Curran and Richard A. McCormick (New York: Paulist Press, 1978y, pp. 164-165. Revisionist theologians constantly appeal to the passage in Summa Theologiae, 1-2, 94, 4, where St. Thomas speaks of norms that 'valent ut in pluribus" but are subject to exceptions ut in paucioribus." 5. Janssens, "Ontic Evil and Moral Evil," 125-126. 6. The text in question is Quaestiones Quodlibetales, 9. q. 7, a. 2. Janssens, orms and Priorities in a Love Ethic," Louvain Studies 6 (1978), 232; McCorrnick, "Moral Theology since Vatican II: Clarity or Chaos?" Cross Currents 29 (Spring, 1979) 21. 7. Summa Theologiae, 1-2, 1* 3, ad 3; see In 1I Sent.. d. 40, q. 1, a. 2, ad 4. 8. Summa Theologiae, 2-5, 64, 6. 9. Ibid., 2-2, 64, 2, on execution of criminals as an act of justice; and 64, 7, on self-defense. Note that in 64. 7. Thomas says that if a private person deliberately intends the death of the assailant, the act. in its moral species, is changed from an act of self-defense into an immoral act of killing. 10. Ibid., 1-2. 18. entire question. 11. Ibid., 1-2, 18, 1-3. 12. Ibid., 1-2, 18, 7c and ad 3. 13. Ibid., 1-2, 20, 2. 14. Ibid., 1-2,100, 8. 15. For a detailed examination of relevant texts from St. Thomas on this matter, see Lee, "The Permanence of the Ten Commandments."

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16. On killing the innocent, summa Theologiae, 2-2. 6A, 6; on adultery, ibid. 2-2, 154, 8, on theft, ibid., 2-2, 64, 5 and 6: on fomication, ibid 2-2, 154. 2 ~_ 17.DeMalo,q. 15,a. Lad I5. 18. Janssens. "Norms and Priorities in a Love Ethic. 232: Mc Cormick, Sloral Theology since Vatican II: Clarity or Chaos?" 21. 19. On this, see Summa Theologiae. 1-2, 18, 10. 2O. Qunestiones Quodlibetales. 9. q. 7, a. 2: aliae circumstantiae possum supervenire ita honestantes actuary. quod praedictoe inordinaliones totaliter e, acunntur." 21. Ibid.: "quaedam enim sunt quae habent deformitatem inseparabiliter anne.xarn, ut fornicatio. adulterium. et alla huiusmodi, quae nullo modo bene fieripossenl," 22. summa Theologiae. 2-2, 64. 6. 23.DeMalo,q. 15, a. 1,ad5. 24. Summa Theologiae 2- 2, 69. 2. 25. Ad Romanos. c. 13, lect. 2; cf. In 111 Sent.. d. 25. q. 2. a. Ib. ad 3; In IV Sent . d. 17. q. 3, a. Id, ad 3; De Malo. q. 7, a. 1, ad 8; summa Theologiae. 2-2, 3 3. 2: 79, 3. ad 3. 26. In resent., d. 6, q. 1, qua. 1, a. 1. ad 4; Summa Theologiae. 2-2. 110, 3, ad4: 3.68, ll,ad3;80,6,ad2. 27. Summa Theologiae. 3, 68, 11, ad 3. 28. Ibid., 1-2, 100, 8; In 111 Sent., d. 37, q. 1, a. 4.

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Notes for Chapter Four


1. Good accounts of original sin are found in the following sources: Germain Grisez, The Way of the Lord Jesus, Vol. 1, Christian Moral Principles (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1983), pp. 333-360; T. C. O'Brien, "Appendix 2" and "Appendix 3" in St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, Vol. 26 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1965), 110-120; C. J. Peter. 'Original Justice" and 'Original Sin," blew Catholic Encyclopedia 10.774-801. 2. On the meaning of sin in Scripture, consult the following: Johannes Bauer, 'Sin.' in Sacramentum l erbi (New York: Herder and Herder, 1971) 3.849-862: J. Lechowski, Sin (in the Bible)," New Catholic Encyclopedia 13.226-241; S. Lyonnet. 'Sin.' in Theological Dictionary of the Bible. ed. X. Leon-Dufour (rev. ea.; New York: Seabury, 1973), pp. 50-55. 3. Some hold that sin is essentially a violation of the covenant. While it is true that sin does violate the covenant once it has been established, it does not follow from this that sin is limited to covenant violations. The Chosen People s idolatry was sinful prior to the establishment of the covenant (Ez 20.7-8), and the prophets vehemently denounced the sins of pagan nations Who had no special covenant relationship with God (Am 1.32.3). In the New Testament St. Paul taught that the pagans living outside the covenant are nonetheless guilty of sin by reason of the "law" written in their hearts because of their immoral acts (Rom 1.18-2?; 2.14-16). 4. On the biblical vocabulary for sin, see G. Quell et al., Harmatano?" in Theological Dictionary of the Bible, ed. G. Kittel. trans. G. Bromiley (Grand Rapids. NII: Eerdmanns. 1969) 1.267-316. 5. Stanislaus Lyonnet, Sin," in Theological Dictionary of the Bible, p. 553. 6. Johannes Bauer, "Sin. ' in Sacramentum Verbi 3.856. 7. Ibid., 857-858.

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8. On this, see Bauer, Lyonnet, and other authors cited in note ?. 9. St. Augustine, Contra Faustum, 22.27: "factum, dictum, vel concupitum contra legem aetemam." 10. St. Augustine, De Libero Arbitrio, 2.53: "aversio a Deo, conversio creanlram. | 11. Philip Keane, SexuakUorality: A Catholic Perspective (New York: Paulist Press, 1977), pp. 35-36. 12. On this, see Chapter Two, above. 13. St. Thomas Aquinas, De Malo, 7, 3. 14. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles, 3.122. 15. St. Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologiae, 1-2, 71, 2, ad 4; 71, 6. 16.1bid., 71. 6, ad 5. 17. Ibid.. 89. 6. 18.Ibid.,71,6. 19. Ibid., 94, 2. 20. Ibid., 72, 1. ~ 21. Ibid 72. 1; 73, 1; 75, 1 and 2; 78. 1. 22. Ibid 71,2,ad3;77. 23.Ibid., 71, 6;79,2. 24. Ibid.. 57, 4. 25. Ibid., 86, all articles; 87, 6. 16. 26. Pope John Paul II, Reconciliatio et Poenitentia. n. 27. Ibid., n. 14. See Rom 7.7-25; Eph 2.2.

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28. See St. Au~ustine, Expositions on the Psalms, 81 (80), 19-20: St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, 1-2. 89, 2. See also Th. Deman. 'Peche Mortel et Peche Veniel," Dictionnaire de Theologie Catholique 12.225-226. 17. 29. Pope John Paul II, Reconciliatio et Poenitentia. n.

30. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae. Supplement to the Third Part. 65. 4c: "ilk actus ex suo genere sunt peccata mortalia per quos foedus amicitiae hominis ad Deum et hominis ad hominem violatur: haec enim sunt contra duo praecepta caritatis, quae est animae vita.' See also ibid., 3. 89. 6. 31. Ibid.. 1-2, 88, 1. 32. Ibid.. 88, 1, ad 1. 33.Ibid..88,1,ad2;see88,2; 89, 34. Ibid.. 88, 2 and 6. 35. Ibid., 88, 2. 36. See texts cited in note 30. 37. Josef Fuchs, Human Values and Christian Moralin (New Yorl;: Macmillan. 1970). p. 93. 38. Richard McCorrnicl:, "The Moral TheologN of Vatican II. ' in The Euture of Ethics and Moral Theolog~ (Chicago: Argus Communications. 1968). p. 12. 39. John Glaser, "Transition Between Grace to Sin: Fresh Perspectives." Theological Studies.29 (1968) 261-262. Also see Karl Rahner, "Theology of Freedom,' Theological /n~ estigations, Vol. 8 (New YorL;: Herder and Herder, 1969), pp. 178-196. 40 Tosenh Rovle "Freedom the Human Person. and Human Action.' In Principles of Catholic Moral Life. ed. William E. May (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1980), p.250.

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41. St. Thomas Aquinas, De Veritate, 27, 1, ad 9. 42. Boyle, "Freedom, the Human Person, and Human Action," pp. 237-266. 43. On this, see, for example. Richard McCormick, in An American Catechism, ed. George Dyer (New York: Seabury, 1975), pp. 189-190. 4. 44. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, 1-2, 57,

45. On this, see Keane, Sexual Morality, pp. 3840; Fuchs, Human Values and Christian Morality, pp. 99-100: Timothy E. O'Connell, Principles for a Catholic Morality (1st ea.; New York: Seabury, 1978), p. 62. 17. 46. Pope John Paul II, Reconciliatio et Poenitentia, n. 47. Ibid. 48. In his The Critical Call: Dilemmas in Moral Theology (Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. 1989), McCormick seeks to defend advocates of fundamental option theory from criticism that this view considers fundamental freedom as an act that is not accessible to consciousness. He stresses that it is not accessible to "explicit or 'thematic ' consciousness, but that its proponents recognize it as an awareness or consciousness that is unthematic." McCormick's response to criticism is totally inadequate. He fails, for example, even to consider Boyle's essay (noted above) or to note that Boyle is clearly aware of the distinction between thematic ' end "unthematic" consciousness. The major difficulty is that most versions of fundamental option theory relocate self-determination from the tree choices human persons make to an exercise of freedom that is to say the le fist. very obscure. 49. Grisez, Christian Moral Principles, pp. 393-398. 50. DS 1528-1532; Vatican Council II, Dei Verbum, n. 5; Dignitatis Humanae, nn. 2, 3.

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51. DS 1532-1539; Vatican Council II, Lumen Gentium, n. 35: Dignitatis Humanae. on. 5, 10. 17. 50. Pope John Paul II, Reconciliatio et Poenitentia, n.

53. Thus the Church has always taught, from the days of the Didache in the second century on, that such acts as abortion. infanticide, adultery, fornication, and homosexual activity are always gravely wrong. On this, see William E. May, Moral Absolutes: Catholic Tradition, Current Trends, and the Truth (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1989). 54. See Pope John Paul TI, Reconciliatio etPoenitentia, n. 17. 55. Council of Trent; DS 1515. 56. On this, see Piet Schoonenberg, Man and Sin (Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press, 1968). 57. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologize, 1-2, 88, 3, see Grisez, Christian Moral Principles, pp. 439440. 58. Summa Theologiae, 1-2, 84, 4; 2-2, 118, 7: 148, 5; 155, 4: 162. 8. 59. Ibid.. 2-2. 35 60. Ibid.. 2-2, 36. 61.Ibid..2-2. 158,2,6,7. 62 laid 2-2.1-4.

Notes for Chapter Five


1. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae 1-2, 91, 4: "Praeter legem naturalem et legem humanam'necessarium

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fun' ad directionem humanae vitae habere legem divinam.... Primo quidem, quia per legem dirigitur homo ad actus proprios in ordine ad ultimum finem.... Sed quia homo ordinatur ad finem beatitudinis aeternae, quae excedit proportionem naturalis facultatis humanae ... idea necessarium fun' ut supra legem naturalem et humanam, dirigeretur etiam ad suum Deem lege divinitus data. Secundo, quia propter incertitudinem human) iudicii, praecipue de rebus contingentibus et particularibus, contingit de actibus humanis diversorum esse diverse iudicia, ex quibus etiarn diversae et contrariae leges procedunt. Ut ergo homo absque omni dubitatione scire possit quid ei sit agendum et quid vitandum, necessarium fun' ut in actibus propriis dirigeretur per legem divinitus datam, de qua constat quod non potest errare." 2. Ibid., 2-2. 22, 1, ad 1: "ad ea etiarn ad quae naturalis ratio inclinat. sicut sunt actus virtutum moralium, necesse fun' praecepta legis divinae dart, propter maiorem firmitatem, et praecipue quia naturalis ratio hominis obtenebrata erat per concupiscentias peccati." 3. On this, see John Macquarrie. Three Issues in Ethics (New York: Harper and Row, 1970), pp. 119-125, where he discusses "enabling and 'disabling' factors in our struggle to know and do the good. 4. Here it is worthwhile to consider what Bemard Lonergan, S.J., has to say with respect to the fact that we enter a world "mediated by meaning." See his Method in Theology (New York: Herder and Herder. 1972), pp. 18-25. 5. Piet Schoonenberg, S.J., Man and Sin, trans. J. Donceel (Notre Dame, IN: UniversitN of Notre Dame Press, 1968), p. 104. See also pp. 112-117, where Schoonenberg discusses the negative effects of bad example, bad example with pressure, and the obscuring of norms and values. 6. Pope Paul VI, The Credo of the People of God. n. 16, as found in Candido Pozo, S.J., The Credo of the People of God: A Theological Commenta':, trans. Mark Pilon (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press. 1980), p. 103. Pozo s commentary on Paul s teaching, pp. 104- 118, is very helpful.

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7. The Fathers of the Council of Trent, in setting forth Catholic teaching on original sin. took for granted what is today called ' monogenism," i.e., the view that all human persons derive from a single couple, Adam and Eve. Because of evolutionary theory and the evidence in support of it. some contemporary theologians think that monogenism is unlikely and therefore support the view called "polygenism, ' i.e., the view that at the beginning of the human race stands not a single couple but a population of ' many' first parents. Both Pope Pius XII (in his 1951 encyclical, Hum~ni Generis [see DS 3897]) and Pope Paul VI (in his "Original Sin and Modern Science: Address of Pope Paul VI to Participants in a Symposium on Original Sin," The Pope Speaks 11 [1966] 934) warn that polygenism appeaJs incompatible with the received teaching of the Church on original sin. But it is not clear that either of these popes intended to propose dehmitively that monogenism must be held. Consequently, as Gerrnain Grisez has noted (The Way of the Lord Jesus, Vol. 1, Christian Moral Principles [Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1983], p. 340): "if a Catholic can show how polygenism is compatible with the essential elements of the Church s teaching on original sin, then he or she may admit polygenism on the evidence for it." On this entire issue Grisez's treatment (ibid., pp. 339 341) is most helpful. Of value too are Pozo, The Credo of the People of God: A Theological Commentar, pp. 108-112, and O. W. Garrigan, "Monogenism," New Catholic Encyclopedia (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1968) 9.1063-1064. 8. DS 1513. 9. St. Augustine. Sermo 193; Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Latina (hereafter PL) 38.1334. 10. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa' Theologiae, 1-2, 108, 4, sed contra: "Christus maxime est sapiens et amicus." 11. Ibid., 106, 1: i'Principaliter lex nova est ipsa gratia Spiritus Sancti. quae datur Christi fidelibus. ' 12. Ibid., 3, 69, 5: "Per baptismum aliquis regeneratur in spiritualem vitam, quae est propria fidelium Christi; sicut Apostolus dicit (Gal 9.20), ~Quod autem nunc vivo in came, in fide vivo Filii Dei.' Vita autem non est nisi membrorum capiti unitorum, a quo sensum et motum suscipiunt. Et ideo necesse est quod per baptismum aliquis incorporetur

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Christo quasi membrum ipsius. Sicut autem a capita natural) derivatur ad membra sensus et motus, ita a capite spiritual). quod est Christus, derivatur ad membra eius sensus spiritualis, qui consistit in cognitione veritatis, et motus spiritualist qui est per gratiae instinctum. Unde Joan. I (14) dicitur, 'Vidimus eum plenum gratiae et ventatis. et de plenitudine eius omnes accipimus.' Et ideo consequens est quod baptizati illuminentur a Christo circa cognitionem veritatis, et fecundentur ab eo fecunditate bonorum operum per gratiae infusionem." 13. Grisez develops this truth magnificently in Christian Moral Principles, ch. 24, "Christians: Human Children of God," pp. 573-598, with a wealth of documentation from Scripture, Vatican Council II, St. Thomas, and other sources. 14. Ibid., p. 794. 15. St. Leo the Great, Sermo 63; PL 54.3576. 16. Grisez, Christian Moral Principles, pp. 463, 472. 17. On this matter, see Pierre Benoit, O.P., Jesus and the Gospel, trans. Benet Weatherhead (London: Darton, Longrnan and Todd, 1979), Vol. 1, pp. 58-67. 18. Roman Missal, Introduction, 2. 19. Grisez, Christian Moral Principles, p. 554; cf. Chapter 33, pp. 789806, for a rich development of this idea. 20. Ibid., p. 553. 21.Ibid.,p.551. 22. On this theme, see George T. Montague, S.M., Maturing in Christ (Milwaukee: Bruce Publishing Co., 1964), pp. 193-230.1 23. Montague gives rich commentary this Pauline theme in ibid., pp. 15-53. 24. Again, Montague, ibid., pp. 92-100, offers a superb commentary on this matter and on the "constitutive-progressive" texts found in St. Paul. On this matter. cf. also Manuel Miguens, O.F.M., "On Being a

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Christian and the Moral Life: Pauline Perspectives," in Principles of Catholic Moral Life, ed. William E. May (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1981), pp. 89- 110. 25. Grisez, Christian Moral Principles, p. 559. 26. Ibid., p. 560. ~ 27. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, 1-2. 106, 1: `'Id autem quad est potissimum in lege novi testament), et in quo tote virtue eius consistit, est gratia Spiritus Sancti, quae datur per fidem Christi. Et ideo principaliter lex nova est ipsa gratia Spiritus Sancti, quae datur Christi fidelibus." An excellent commentary on St. Thomas's teaching on the new law, the very pinnacle of his moral thought, is provided by Servais Pinckaers, O.P., Les sources de la morale chretienne: sa methode, son contend, son histoire (Fribourg and Paris: Editions Universitaires and Editions du Cerf, 1985), pp. 174-l9S. 28. Summa Theologiae, 106. 1, ad 2: "lex nova est indite homini, non solum indicans quid sit faciendum, sed etiam adiuvans ad implendum.' 29. Ibid., 106, 2, ad 2: "lex nova. . . quantum est de se. sufficient auxilium dat ad non peccandum." 30. Ibid., 107, 1, ad 2.: "lex nova, cuius principalitas consistit in ipsa spiritual) gratia indite cordibus, dicitur lex amoris." 31. See above, Chapter Two, pp. 49-53. 32. See above, Chapter Two, p. 75: see also Grisez. Christian Moral Principles, p. 184. 33. Grisez, Christian Moral Principles, p. 604. 34. Ibid., p. 605. 35. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, 1-2. 108, 3: "Sermo quem Dominus in Monte proposuit (Matt 5), totem informationem Christianae vitae continet. In quo perfecte interiores motus hominis ordinantur."

438

36. St. Augustine, The Lord's Sermon on the Mount. Ill: trans. John J. Jepson, S.S., in Ancient Christian Writers, No. 5 (Westminster, MD: The Nev`man Press, 1948), p. 11. On this, see also Pinckaers, Les sources de la morale chretienne. . ., pp. 150- 173. 37. Pope Paul VI, The Credo of the People of God. n. 12; in Pozo, The Credo of the People of God: A Theological Commentary, p. 53. 38. Grisez, Christian Moral Principles, Chapter 26, "Modes of Christian Response," pp. 627-659. 39. See above, Chapter Two, pp. 77-79, and especially note 113, pp. 102103. 40. Gr~sez, Christian,lforal Principles. p. 653; cf. pp. 628-629. 41. St. Augustine, The Lord's Sermon on the Mount, I.5, in the Jepson translation, pp. 18-21. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae. 1-2, 69, 1 and 3. In 1-2, 68, 1, Aquinas distinguishes the gifts from the virtues, maintaining that the gifts are added to virtues and enable one to be led by the Spirit. Grisez, with others, does not see the need to distinguish so sharply between infused virtues and gifts of the Holy Spirit. 42. Grisez, Christian`lloral Principles, pp. 654-655. 43. For the views of these theologians on this topic see: Charles E. Curran, Catholic Moral Theology in Dialogue (Notre Dame, IN: Fides, 1972), pp. 123; Timothy E. O'Connell. Principles for a Catholic Morality (New York: Seabury, 1978). pp. 199-209. "7; Richard A. McCormick, Votes on Moral Theology 1965 through 1980 (Lanham, SID: University Press of America. 1981), pp. 299-303; Joset Fuchs. 'Is There a Specifically Christian Morality?" in Readings in Moral Theolog! . No. 2: The Distinctiveness of Christian Ethics. ed. Charles E. Curran and Richard A. McCormick, S.J. (New York: Paulist Press, 1980), pp. 3-17; Bruno Schuller, S.J., 'Christianity and the New Man: The Moral DimensionSpecificity of Christian Ethics," in Theology and Discovery. Essays in Honor of Karl Rahner, SJ.,

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ed. William J. Kelly, S.J. (Milwaukee: Marquette University Press, 1980), pp. 307-327. 44. Thus Fuchs. for example. clearly acknowledges that Christian faith determines the intentionality. motivation. and way of life that characterizes persons who seek to live as Christians. But he denies that faith specifies moral requirements unknowable without it and whose fulfillment is demanded by Christian love. See Fuchs. Is There a Specifically Christian Morality'?" pp. 14-16. 45. St. Thomas Aquinas. Summa Theologiae, 1-2, 108, 2. 46. Ibid., 1 -2, 51, 4; 63, 3. 47. Ibid., 2-2, 147, on tasting; 2-2, 32, on almsgiving. 48. For these authors see the following: Hans Urs von Balthasar, "Nine Theses in Christian Ethics," in Readings in Moral Theology, No. I: The Distinctiveness of Christian Ethics. pp. 191-193; Josef Ratzinger, "Magisterium of the Church, Faith, Morality. ' in Readings in .l~loral Theology. . ., pp. 176-178; Dionigi Tettarnanzi, "Is There a Christian Ethics?" in Readings in Moral Theology..., pp. 2049; Bernard Stoeckle, "Flucht in das Humanum'? Erwagungen zur Diskussion uber die Frage nach dem Proprium christlicher Ethik," Internationale katholische Zeitschrift (Communio) 6 (1977) 312-324; Grisez, Christian Moral Principles, pp. 606-609, 664-666. 49. Grisez, Christian.Woral Principles, p. 607. 50. Ibid., p. 609. 51. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, 3, 69, 5; text cited above in note 12. 52. St. Augustine, Confessions, 8.12. 53. St. Augustine, De Natura et Gratia! 43.50: PL 44.271. 54. Ibid., 69.72; PL 44.289.

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4.

55. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, 1-2, 107,

56. On the points developed in this section and on many others as well pertinent-to the practicability of Christian morality, see Grisez. Christian Moral Principles, pp. 683-704.

Notes for Chapter Six

1. The task of authentically interpreting the word of God! whether written or handed on, has been entrusted exclusively to the teaching office of the Church, whose authority is exercised in the name of Christ" (Del Verbum, n. 10). 2. St. Thomas Aquinas, In lYsentenfian~m, d. 19, q. 2, a. 2. qua. 2, ad 4. 3. See, for example, Avery Dulles, S.J., The Survival of Dogma (New York: Doubleday, 1973), p. 102, where he emphasizes the jurisdictional" supremacy of bishops. In the same work (p. 108) and in his presidential address to the Catholic Theological Society of America in 1976, .'The Theologians and the Magisterium," Catholic Theological Society of America: Proceedings of the Thirty-First Annual Convention 31 (1976) 235-246, he seems at times to see the role of the ecclesial magisterium as being concerned with 'good order" in the Church and not so much with the 441

truth. However, in other places (e.g., Survival of Dogma,


p. 100) he clearly acknowledges that the magisterium of bishops in union with the pope has the final "say" on matters of faith and morals insofar as they express the mind of Christ. 4. Dulles, Survival of Dogma, p. 108. 5. Ibid., p. 100. Also see Dulles's essay, "Successio apostolorumsuccessio prophetarumsuccessio doctorum: Who Has the Say in the Church?" Concilium, Vol. 148 (New York: Seabury, 1981), p. 62, where he says: "Without unified authoritative leadership, the Church would disintegrate into a plurality of movements having. indeed, a certain common inspiration but incapable of adopting a clear corporate stand on any controversial issued (p. 62). 6. On this, see notes I and 3 above. Also see the helpful essay of Ronald E. Lawler, O.F.M. Cap., "The Magisterium and Catholic Moral Teaching." in Persona, Verita, e Morale: Atti del Congresso Interna ionale di Teolo,cia Morale (Roma, 7-12 aprile, 1986) (Rome: Cilia Nuova Editrice. 1987). pp. 217-233. . :: 7. This is admitted, for instance, by Richard M. Gula, a typical representative of revisionist moral theology. See his Reason Informed b~ Faith. Foundatidns of Catholic Morality (New York: Paulist Press, 1989), p. 158; cf. p. 209. 8. Charles E. Curran, Robert E. Hunt, and the "Subject Professors. with John Hunt and Terence Connelly, Dissent in and for the Church: Theologians arid "Humanae Vitae" (New York: Sheed and Ward. Inc., 1969). p. '6: cf. Curran. "Humanae Vitae: Ten Years Later." commonweal 105 (July 7. 1978) 429: Daniel Maguire. "Morality and the Magisterium." Cross Currents 18 (Winter, 1968) 41 -65: Gula, Reason Informed by Faith. pp. 209-210. 9. Curran et al., Dissent in and for the Church. p. 63. Curran and his associates erroneously give the number of the relevant canon as 1223. Fine correct number is 1323 in the 1917 Code.

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10. Code of Canon Lax (1983 ea.; Rome: Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1983), canon 749, n. 2. See also Vatican Council 1, DS 3011.

11. Francis Sullivan, S.J., Magisterium: Teaching Authorit in the Church (New York: Paulist Press. 1983), pp. 150-151. Sullivan notes that Curran. Franz Bockle, Bruno Schuller, Bernard Haring, and many other theologians agree with this way of expressing the matter. 12. Ibid., pp. 151-152. 13. Ibid. See also pp. 166-173 and 215-216 where Sullivan claims that specific moral issues are beyond the range of infallible teachings. Sullivan's claim has been devastatingly criticized by Germain Grisez, "Infallibility and Specific Moral Norms: A Review Discussion," Thomist 49 (1985) 255-271. Moreover, James O'Connor has conclusively shown that Sullivan's interpretation of the famous "Relatio" of Bishop Gasser at Vatican Council Ian interpretarion central to Sullivan's claimsis quite mistaken. On this latter point, see James O,Connor, The Gift of Infallibility (Boston: St. Paul Editions, 1986). 14. See above, pp. 125- 127. 15. Karl Rahner, S.J., Theological Investigations, Vol. 14, Fcclesiology, Questions in the Church, the Christian in the World, trans. David Bourke (New York: Seabury, 1976), p. 14. 16. Ibid. pp. 14-15. An excellent and devastating critique of Rahner's anthropology is provided by Cornelio Fabro, La svolta antropologia di Karl Rahner (Milan: Rusconi, 1974), especially pp. 87-121. 17. See above, p. 126. 18. E.g.. Germain Grisez. John Ford, S.J., et al. Here a key text is Germain Grisez and John Ford, "Contraception and the Infallibility of the Ordinary Magisterium." Theological Studies 39 (1978) 258-312. See also Grisez's "Infallibiliry and Specific Moral Norms." 19. St. Augustine, Quaestiones in Ex. 9, PL 31.622.

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20. Peter Lombard, Libri IV Sententiarum, i~, d. 37, c. iv.: ''non moechaberis. id est. ne cuilibet miscearis excepto foedere matrimonii. A parse enim forum intelligitur. Nomine ergo 'moechiae' omnis concubitus illicitus illorum membrorum . . . debet intelligi." See also ibid., IV, d. 28, c. ii. On this marcer, see Ronald Lawler et al., Catholic Sexual Erhics A Summa Explanation. and Defense (Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor, Inc.. 1985). pp. 31 -56. 21. Roman Catechism. translated and annotated by Robert Bradley, S.J., and Euzene Kevane (Boston: St. Paul Editions, 1983). 22. Cited by Bradley and Kevane in their introduction to the Roman Catechism. p. vii. 23. Documents of Vatican Council 1, trans. John F. Broderick, S.J. (Colege\ ille. ^\LN: Liturgical Press, 1971), p. 38. 24. Roman Catechism, p. 351. 25. Ibid.. pp. 420-422. 26. Ibid.. pp. 411-413. '7. Karl Rahner, S.J., Nah~re and Grace: Dilemmas in the Modern Church (London: Sheed and Ward, 1963), pp. 51-52. 28. CuIIan et al., Dissent in andfor the Church. p. 26. 29. See his Free and Faithful Dissent (Kansas City, MO: Sheed and Wara, inc., 1987).passim. 30. Gula. Reason Informed by Faith, pp. 207-217; Timothy E. O'Connell, Principles for a Catholic Morality (New York: Seabury, 1978), pp. 93-97. 31. William B. Smith, "The Question of Dissent in Moral Theology," in

Persona, Verita, e Morale, pp. 235-254, at 233. Smith's essay is most worthwhile. He published a somewhat expanded version under the title "Is Dissent Legitimate?" Social Justice Review 77.9 and 10 (September/October, 1986) 164-169, 181. 444

32. Ibid., p. 235. 33. Acta Synodalia Concilii Oecumenici Vaticani Secundi, III/8 (Rome Typis Polyglottis Vaticanis, 1976), n. 159, p. 88. 34. Smith, "The Question of Dissent," p. 239. 35. Grisez, The Way of the Lord Jesus Vol. 1, Christian Moral Principles (Chicago: Franciscan Herald Press, 1983), pp. 853, 867-869, notes 38, 39, 40, 41, and 42; cf. pp. 873-874. 36. See Smith, "The Question of Dissent," p. 239. 37. Rahner, in Commentary on the Documents of Vatican Council 11, ed. Herbert Vorcrimler, trans. K. Smyth, Vol. I (New York: Herder and Herder. 1967), p. 209; cited by Smith, "The Question of Dissent," p. 239. 38. Curran et al., Dissent in andfor the Church, p. 26. 39. Gula, Reason Informed by Faith. pp. 208, 218. n. 9. 40. Curran et al., Dissent in andfor the Church, pp. 47-48. 41. John Henry Cardinal Newman, Letter to the Duke of NorfolL cited by the bishops of Ireland in their pastoral letter on conscience. 1975. Conscience and Moraiih, n. 20. 42. Curran et al., Dissent in andfor the Church, p. 119. 43. Ibid., p. 124. 44. Dulles, The Resilient Doubleday, 1977), p. 109. Church (New York:

445

45. Richard A. McCormick, S.J., Notes on Moral Ti~eolog! 196 -19X0 (Lanham, MD: University Press of America, 1980), p. 667. 46. Grisez, Christian Moral Principles, p. 874. 47. In Readings in Moral Theology, No 3, The Mogisterium and Moralin ed. Charles E. Curran and Richard A. McCormick (New Yorl:: Paulist Press, 1985), a number of revisionist theologians, among them Daniel Maguire and Bruno Schuller, argue that dissent is warranted because of "errors' in past magisterial teaching, particularly, so they claim. on the subject of religious liberty. See pp. 29-30, 4546. 48. Gula, Reason Ir~formed by Faith, pp. 207-216. 49. Grisez, Christian Moral Principles, pp. 883-885. 50. Ibid., pp. 891-894, 899-900. 51. Ibid., pp. 901-902. 52. Curran, Origins 15 (8/20/86) 667-680. 53. Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, "Response ad quasita Conferentiae Episcopalis Americae Septentrionalis circa sterilizationem in nosocomiis Ca~olicis, ' March 13, 1975, in Acta Apostolicis Sedis 68 (1976) 739.
54. On this, see St. Thomas Aquinas, Quadlibetum [X, q. 8: "we must abide by the pope's judgment rather than by the opinion of any theologian, however well versed he may be in divine Scriptures."

Notes for Chapter Seven


1. Jean Honore. 'Catechism Presents Morality as a Lived xperience or Faith in Christ," in Reflections on the Catechism of the Catholic Church, compiled by Rev.

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James P. Socias (Chicago: Midwest Theological Forum, 1993) pa. 139-140. 2. David Everyman Konstant, "The Ten Commandments Provide a Positive Framework for Life in Christ." in Reflections on the Catechism of the Catholic Church, p. 146.

Notes for Chapter Eight


1. Dionigi Tettamanzi, "Introduzione e guide alla lettura," in Lettera Enciclica di S.S. Papa Giovanni Paolo 11, Veritatis Splendor (Cassale Monferrato: Edizioni Piemme, 1993), p. 13. 2. St. Thomas Aquinas, In Duo Praecepta Caritatis et in Decem Legis Praecepta. Prologus: Opuscula Theologica, II, No. 1129, ed. Taurinen (1954), 245; cf. Summa Theologiae, 1-2, 91, 2; Catechism of the Catholic Church, n. 1995. 3. Second Vatican Council, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (Gaudium et Spes), n. 24. 4. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Contra Gentiles, 3, 122: "Non enim Deus a nobis offenditur nisi ex eo quod contra nostrum bonum agimus." 5. St, Augustine, The Lord's Sermon on the Mount, I.1; trans. John J. Jepson, S.S., in Ancient Christian Writers, No. ~ (Westminster, MD: The Newman Press, 1948), pp. 18-21. 6. Second Vatican Council II, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (Gaudium et Spes), n. 22. 7. Cf. St. Irenaeus,AdversusHaereses, IV, 26, 2-5: SCh 100/2, 712-729.

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8. Cf. St. Justin, Apologia, I, 66; PG [Patrologiae Cursus Completus: Series Graeca] 6, 427-430. 9. Second Vatican Council, Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation (Del Verbum), n. 8. 10.Ibid.,n. 10. 11. Cf. First Vatican Council, Dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith (DeiFilius), ch. 4, DS 3018. 12. Cf. Second Vatican Council, Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation (Del Verbum), n. 10. 13. Throughout these numbers John Paul II refers frequently to and cites from relevant passages in St. Thomas's Summa Theologiae, in his opusculum In Duo Praecepta Caritatis et in Decem Legis Praecepta, in St. Augustine's Contra Faustian, and in Vatican Council It's DecIarat~on on Religious Freedom (Dignitatis Humanae) and Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (Gaudium et Spes). 14. Here the pope refers to the teaching set forth at the Council of Vierme, constitution Fidel Catholicae: DS 902, the Fifth Lateran Council, papal bull 4postolici Regiminis: DS 1440 (note 86), and Vatican Council II, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modem World (Gaudium et Spes), n. 14 (note 87). ~ 15. Here the pope obviously has in mind Gnosticism, manichaeism, and other ancient heresies which repudiated the good of bodily life, regarding it as subhuman and subpersonal. 16. Cf. Session VI, Decree on Justification Cum Hoc Tempore, ch. 15, DS 1544. John Paul II also refers here to his apostolic exhortation Reconciliatio et Poenitentia, n. 17. 17. Here John Paul refers to the teaching of Vatican Council II in its Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modern World (Gaudium et Spes). n. 10. 18. Here I want to note that a serious error is found in the English translation provided by the Vatican press in a

448

key passage on conscience from Vatican Council II's Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Modem World (Gaudium et Spes), n. 16, cited by John Paul II in n. 54. The English translation uses the version of this document of Vatican II found in the Abbott edition of the documents of the Council, and the passage in question reads: "Always summoning him to love good and avoid evil, the voice of conscience can when necessary speak to his heart more specifically: 'do this, shun that.' " The Latin text of Gaudium et Spes, used in the encyclical. has: "In imo conscientiae legem homo detegit ... cuius vox, semper ad bonum amandum ac malum vitandum eum advocans...." The antecedent of "voice" is not conscience but rather the law. Thus the proper translation is 'voice of this lax." and not "voice of conscience." 19. Vatican Council II, Dogmatic Constitution on Divine Revelation (Del Verbum), n. 5: cf. Vatican Council~I, Dogmatic Constitution on the Catholic Faith (Del Filius), ch. 3, DS 3008. 20. Session VI, Decree on Justification Cum Hoc Temoore. ch. 15. DS 22. Here John Paul explicitly refers to the teaching of St. Thomas Aquinas n Summa Theologiae, 1-2, 18, 6. 23. Cf. Council of Trent, Session VI, Decree on Justification Cum Hoc Tempore, Canon 19, DS 1569. See also Clement XI's constitution Unigenitus Dei Filius (8 September 1713) against the Errors of Paschasius Quesnel, Nos. 53-56: DS 2453-2456. 24. The Thomistic text cited by John Paul and referred to in note 128 is from In Duo Praecepta Caritatis et in Decem Legis Praecepta. De Dilectione Dei: Opuscula Theologica, 11, No. 1168, ed. Taurinen (1954), 250. 25. Cf. Vatican Council II, Pastoral Constitution on the Church in the Iodern World (Gaudium et Spes), n. 24. 26. Ibid., n. 27.

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27. Council of Trent, Session VI, Decree on Justification Cum Hoc Tempore, ch. 11, DS 1536; cf. Canon 18, DS 1568. In his footnote John Paul 1I remarks that in this text the Council quotes and makes its own a celebrated passage from St. Augustine, found in his De Natura et Gratia, 43, 40 (CSEL 60, 270). 28. Cf. St. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiae, 1-2, 108. 4, sed contra: "Christus est maxime amicus et sapiens." 29. Vatican Council II, Dogmatic Constitution on the Church (Lumen Gentium), n. 25. 30. Germain Grisez, "Revelation versus Dissent," The Tablet, October 16, 1993, 1331.

Muc luc Noi trang Li Noi au Dan nhap Cho an ban lan th nhat co sa oi Dan nhap Cho an ban lan th nhat CHNG I dung

PHAM GIA CON NGI, HANH VI T DO CUA CON NGI VA LNG TAM
1. Hai loai pham gia con ngi

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2. Chon la T do 3. Y Ngha Cua Hanh Vi Nhan Linh Va Cua Nhan Cach 4. Lng Tam Va i Song Luan Ly CHNG 2

LUAT T NHIEN VA I SONG LUAN LY


Dan nhap

Luat t nhien Trong hoc thuyet thanh Thomas Aquinas.


1. Hieu biet can ban ve luat trong Tong luan than hoc. 2 . Luat vnh cu 3. Luat t nhien : Y nghia chnh va ac tnh. 4. Nhng gii luat e nhat cua luat t nhien, nhng gii luat gan vi gii luat e nhat, va nhng gii luat khac cua luat t nhien. PHU CHNG SO MOT

Thanh Toma va nh ngha cua Ulpian ve luat t nhien.


PHU CHNG SO HAI

Hoc Thuyet Cua Thomas ve Luat T Nhien Trong Summa Contra Gentes
1. Y ngha chnh cua luat trong SCG, tap 3, chng 111 va tiep theo.

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2. Luat Chua va s phuc tong cua cac tao vat co ly tr va tr khon oi vi no. 3. Cung ch hay muc ch cua luat Chua. 4. Nhng oi hoi cua luat nay va cua t nhien. Tom tat

Luat t nhien Cong ong Vat. II va c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II


1. Luat t nhien va Cong ong Vat. II 1. Luat T nhien Trong Giao Huan cua c Giao Hoang Gioan Phaolo II TOM TAT LUAT T NHIEN THEO T TNG CUA GERMAIN GRISEZ, JOHN FINNIS VA JOSEPH BOYLE 1. Nguyen ly e nhat cho ly tr thc tien va nhng ac iem chung cua no 2. Nguyen ly e nhat cua luan ly va ly tng hoan thanh con ngi toan ven. 3. Cac ac iem cua nguyen tac luan ly e nhat : cac hnh thai trach nhiem. 4. T nhng hnh thai cua tnh hu trach en nhng chuan mc luan ly ac thu. 5. Nhng u tien luan ly, ton giao va Thien Chua 6. Tom tat hoc thuyet luat t nhien

452

cua Grise, Finnis va Boyle 7. anh gia t tng cua Grise, Finnis, va Boyle ve luat t nhien KET LUAN CHNG III

QUY TAC LUAN LY TUYET OI


Dan Nhap 1. Phai xet lai bac bo qui tac luan ly tuyet oi A. Lam ro he thong thuat ng B. Nhng Luan Chng ung ho cac Nha Xet Lai phu nhan quy tac Luan Ly Tuyet oi 1. Nguyen ly u Tien hay nguyen ly ieu Tot Can Xng 2. Ban chat cua mot hanh vi nhan linh nh mot tong the 3. Lch S tnh ve hien sinh con ngi 2. Phe bnh quan iem xet lai choi bo quy tac luan ly tuyet oi 1. Nguyen ly u tien hay nguyen ly ieu tot can xng 2. Ban chat cua hanh vi nhan linh nh mot tong the 3. Tnh lch s cua cuoc song con ngi va nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi 3. Bao ve chan ly nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi.

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PHU TRNG I THANH TOMA & NHNG QUI TAC LUAN LY TUYET OI. PHU TRNG II C GIAO HOANG GIOAN PHAOLO II & NHNG QUI TAC LUAN LY TUYET OI. 1. Viec nh loai luan ly nhng hanh vi nhan linh. 2. Thieu chuan e anh gia tnh trang tot hay xau cua hanh vi nhan linh 3. Nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi bao ve pham gia bat kha xam pham cua con ngi va ch ra con ng hng ti s vien man trong c Kito.

4. S thieu mach lac gia nhng thuyet luan ly choi bo s hien hu cua nhng hanh vi xau noi tai vi nhng qui tac luan ly tuyet oi. 5. Tnh bat kha ngo cua giao huan trong veritatis Splendor. CHNG IV

C TIN KITO GIAO va I SONG LUAN LY CUA CHUNG TA


1. Boi canh hien sinh cua i song luan ly

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2. c Giesu, nen tang i song luan ly Kito giao. 3. Giao c Phep Ra va n goi ca nhan 4. Tnh yeu Kito giao nguyen ly i song trong c Kito 5. Cac moi phuc nh ro nhng oi buoc cua tnh yeu Kito giao. 6. Van nan ve cac chuan mc luan ly ac thu Kito giao. 7. Thc hanh i song Kito giao. Ket luan : CHNG V

TOI LOI VA I SONG LUAN LY


1. Yngha cot loi cua Toi A. Nhan thc ve toi theo Kinh Thanh 2 B. Nhan thc ve Toi trong truyen thong Than hoc Cong giao 2. Phan biet Toi Trong va Toi Nhe A. Nguon goc Kinh Thanh va Huan Quyen cho s Phan biet gia toi trong va toi nhe B. Quan niem Than Hoc Co ien ve s phan biet Toi Trong va Toi Nhe C. Ly thuyet chon la nen tang va s phan biet gia Toi Trong va Toi Nhe D. Nhng cam ket Nen Tang, cach song ngi Kito hu va Toi Trong 3. Vai tro Toi Loi trong i song chung ta : Con ng Toi Loi dan en S Chet

455

E KET LUAN CHNG VI

GIAO HOI NH V THAY DAY LUAN LY


1. Quyen giang day va muc vu trong Giao Hoi: 2. Co cac Giao huan luan ly ac thu c giang day cach bat kha ngo khong ? 3. Nen ap lai the nao oi vi giao huan luan ly cua huan quyen c e ngh chnh thc nhng khong bat kha ngo ? CHNG VII

I SONG LUAN LY KITO GIAO VA SACH GIAO LY GIAO HOI CONG GIAO
KHAI QUAT GIAO HUAN CUA SACH GIAO LY VE I SONG LUAN LY KITO GIAO Y NGHA COT LOI CUA LUAN LY TNH KITO GIAO THEO SACH GIAO LY 1. i Song Luan Ly nh mot no lc cua Con Ngi e hoan toan tr nen nhng Con Ngi nh Long Chua mong c 2. Chung ta tuyet oi le thuoc vao Thien Chua e hoan toan co the tr nen nhng con ngi nh Long Chua mong c 3. Giao Hoi c Thien Chua ban quyen vi t cach la Me va Thay Day

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4. ieu Chung Ta phai lam hoan toan e tr nen nhng con ngi hoan hao nh long Chua mong c CHNG VIII

KHAI QUAT VE THONG IEP "VERITATIS SPLENDOR"


CHNG I C KITO & CAU TRA LI CHO VAN NAN VE LUAN LY 1. Van nan ve y ngha Ton Giao va hien sinh cua ngi thanh nien: 2. Quyen toi thng cua Thien Chua tren trat t luan ly: 3. S lien ket thiet yeu gia viec tuan gi cac gii ran va s song i i: 4. S hoan thien cua le luat ni Chua Giesu; mi goi moi ngi en s hoan thien : 5. i song luan ly, s duy nhat cua Giao Hoi va Mac Khai: 6. Quyen vt tren con ngi cua huan quyen Giao Hoi ve cac van nan luan ly: CHNG II GIAO HOI VA NHAN NH VE MOT VAI KHUYNH HNG THAN HOC LUAN LY HIEN NAY. 1. T do va le luat: 2. Lng tam va chan ly:

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3. Chon la c ban va cac loai thai o ng x ac thu : 4. Hanh vi luan ly: Phan III Chng VIII S THIEN LUAN LY CHO I SONG GIAO HOI VA THE GII 1. Moi tng quan gia t do ca nhan va chan ly 2. Moi tng giao, s hiep nhat bat kha phan ly cua c tin va luan ly 3. Moi tng quan gia viec ton trong pham gia con ngi va viec t choi dan than vao cac hanh vi xau t ban chat 4. Tuyet oi can en an sung cua Thien Chua e song mot i song ngay chnh ve luan ly 5. S ong gop cua cac nha than hoc luan ly 6. Trach nhiem cua cac Giam Muc PHAN KET

458

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