WINTER

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01
Seminar

QUANG HNH HC
(Geometrical Optics)
Cc nh lut c bn (fundamental laws)
Quang l (Optical path)
Nguyn l Fermat (Fermats principle)
Ngi thc hin
L Xun Dng
Nguyn Tin Dng
Nguyn Tin Mnh
o Hu Thun
I. Cc nh lut c bn
- Quang hnh hc da trn khi nim tia sng
- Cc nh lut c bn
- nh lut v s truyn thng ca nh sng
- Nguyn l tc dng c lp
- Hai nh lut Decartes v s phn x v khc x
Tia sng l ng thng, v theo ng truyn ca nh sng. y l mt
khi nim l tng ha, v: ta khng th to ra mt l c ng knh bng
0 ch cho mt tia sng i qua v ngay c khi to c l c ng knh
bng 0 hin tng nhiu x nh hng r rt, lm cho nh lut truyn
thng khng cn ng na
I. Cc nh lut c bn
Trong mi trng trong sut v ng tnh, nh sng truyn theo
ng thng
- nh lut v s truyn thng ca nh sng
Cho php ta gii thch hin tng nht thc v nguyt thc
Khng ng vi hin tng nhiu x
Ngi ta cng thy rng khi nh sng truyn qua nhng l c kch thc
rt nh, hoc gp nhng vt cn c kch thc rt nh (vo c bc sng
nh sng) th nh lut truyn thng khng cn ng na
I. Cc nh lut c bn
I. Cc nh lut c bn
II
Tc dng ca cc chm sng khc nhau th c lp vi nhau,
ngha l tc dng ca mt chm sng ny khng ph thuc vo s
c mt ca cc chm sng khc
- nh lut v tc dng c lp ca tia sng
Khng ng vi hin tng giao thoa
I. Cc nh lut c bn
II
Law of reflection : Tia phn x nm trong
mt phng ti v s o ca gc phn x
(angle of reflection) bng gc ti (angle
of indicence)
- nh lut Descartes
Khi tia sng chiu ti mt phn cch gia hai mi trng (trong sut
v ng tnh) b tch thnh 2 tia : phn x v khc x
Law of refraction : Tia khc x nm trong
mt phng ti v t s gia sin gc ti v
gc khc x l mt s khng i
Tia ti Tia phn x
Tia khc x
O
S
R
1

R
2

u
i

u
r

u
t

u
i
= u
r

i
21
t
sin
n
sin
u
=
u
I. Cc nh lut c bn
II
- nh lut Descartes
Tia ti Tia phn x
Tia khc x
O
S
R
1

R
2

u
i

u
r

u
t

i 2
21
t 1
sin n
n
sin n
u
= =
u
n
21
> 1 ut < ui : mi trng 2 c
chit quang hn mi trng 1
n
21
< 1 ut > ui : mi trng 2 c chit
quang km mi trng 1

Chit sut t i : bng t s ca vn tc truyn nh sng trong hai mi
trng
Chit sut tuyt i : bng chit sut t i ca mi trng vi
chn khng

II
Hin tng phn x ton phn: tia sng i t mi trng 1 n mi trng 2
Xt 2 mi trng c chit sut n
1
n
2
v n
1
> n
2
. Khi r > i, ngha l khng phi
mi tia ti u cho tia khc x. Khi gc ti i t mt gi tr i
gh
no th gc khc
x r = 90 , khi tia khc x nm trng vi mt phn cch hai mi trng. Khi
i> i
gh
th ton b tia sng b phn x. Hin tng ny gi l hin tng phn x
ton phn.
I. Mt s nh lut c bn
ng dng ca hin tng phn x ton phn:
nh sng ban ngy c th phn x ton phn nhiu ln qua cc mt
trong tinh th kim cng ri mi l ra ngoi to lp lnh. Lc do hin
tng tn sc cc mu ca quang ph nh sng trng c phn tn, v
th trng kim cng ta thy c nhiu mu sc.

Kim cng sng lng lnh do phn x ton phn:
Hnh 27.4: kim cng sng lng lnh
(kim cng tn x tt vi nh
sng thng)
n1
n2
n4
n5
A
A
n
3
Hin tng o nh:
II. Quang l (Optical path)
II
Khi nim quang l
Quang l gia hai im A, B l qung ng nh sng truyn c
trong chn khng trong khong thi gian t, vi t l thi gian m nh
sng i c on AB trong mi trng.
L : quang l gia A, B : L = c.t
t = d/v
c = n.v
L = n.d
- Khi nh sng truyn qua cc mi trng c b dy d
i
khc nhau
v chit sut n
i
khc nhau : L = n
1
d
1
+ n
2
d
2
+ n
3
d
3
+ =

n
i i
i=1
nd
A
B
d
Chit sut n
A
A
B
d
1

d
2

d
3

n
1
n
2

n
3

ds
B
A
L n.ds =
}
III. Nguyn l Fermat (Fermats principle)
Nguyn l Fermat
Gia hai im A v B, nh sng s truyn theo ng no m quang l
t cc tr (cc i, cc tiu hoc khng i)
Ta cng c th pht biu nh sau: Gia hai im A,B nh sng s
truyn theo con ng no hoc t thi gian nht hoc mt nhiu thi
gian nht hoc s theo nhng con ng no m thi gian truyn
bng nhau
II. Fermats Principle
III. Fermats principle
Gng kim loi, hnh tr, c tit din thng l mt elip, vi ngun sng l mt
n ng, song song vi hnh tr, v vt c ri sng l mt hnh tr bng thy
tinh, hoc mt ng thy tinh cha cht lng hoc cht kh, ln lt t ti tiu
im c dng trong k thut phn tch ph Raman, v trong k thut laze.
Vm trn ca mt s ga tu in ngm Pari cng c dng elip, nn hai ngi
tiu im, tuy ng kh xa nhau, m vn c th nghe c ting ni ca
nhau do cc tia sng m pht i t ming ngi ny c vm trn hi t gn
nh ng vo tai ngi kia.
III. Nguyn l Fermat (Fermats principle)
II
- ng dng nguyn l Fermat : nh lut phn x nh sng
Ngun sng
O
S
R
1

u
i

u
r

nh
M
N
I
- Theo nh lut phn x :
L
SOM
= SO + OM = SO + ON = SN = 2SO
- Gi s as c th truyn theo ng SIM
bt k L
SIM
= SI + IM = SI + IN
- A SIN c SN < SI + IN
L
SOM
< L
SIM
Hay nh sng truyn theo ng m quang l
cc tiu
III. Nguyn l Fermat (Fermats principle)
- ng dng nguyn l Fermat : nh lut khc x nh sng
Ngun sng
S
u
i

u
r

nh
N
I
- Quang l : L
SIN
= n.SI + n.IN


- Nguyn l Fermat :


S
x
N
( )
2
2 2 2
SIN 1 1 2 2
L n x h n S'N' x h = + + +
dL
0
dx
=
( )
1 2
2 2 2
2
1
2
x S' N' x
n n 0
x h
S' N' x h

=
+
+
Hay n
1
.sinu
i
= n
2
.sinu
r
nh lut Descartes
h
1
h
2
n
1
n
2

1. Cc nh lut c bn (Fundamental laws)
nh lut v s truyn thng
nh lut tc dng c lp ca tia sng
nh lut Descartes
2. Quang l (optical path)
3. Nguyn L Fermat (Fermats principle)
Mt s cu hi th v v quang hc
II
1..Nhng m h quang my khng Trng ngi hng mt ngoi sn,
chng ta thng say m ngm bu tri, vi mun vng ngi sao lp
lnh. Nu qua st k, chng ta s thy rng, nhng ngi sao thp
gn chn tri lp lnh mnh hn, cn nhng ngi sao cao, gia
vm tri, th khng lp lnh. Hy gii thch ti sao?
Mt s cu hi th v v quang hc
Cc tia sng t sao n mt ta cng qua mt lp kh quyn dy. Ban ngy
mt t b Mt Tri nung nng nn trong kh quyn lun lun c dng kh i
lu nh, chic sut khc nhau. Tia sng t v sao ti mt ta, khi i qua nhng
dng kh y, b khc x thnh hi cong, lc cong v pha ny, lc cong v
pha khc. Do mt mt v tr ca ngi sao hnh nh b thay i lin tc,
mt khc s tia sng ri vo mt cng khng u, lc nhiu, lc t khin ta
thy sao c lc sng hn, c lc ti hn, tc l thy n lp lnh.
Sao cng gn chn tri, lp khng kh m tia sng phi i qua cng dy,
sao cng lp lnh mnh. Khi sao gia nh u, lp khng kh m nh
sng i qua mng hn, tia sng li i cng phng vi dng kh, nn tia
sng khng b cong v hu nh khng lp lnh.
Ti sao x lnh, trn cc ng c hay i dng ta c th thy
hin tng nh o ca nhng vt pha di ng chn tri?
Ti v vng lnh chit sut ca khng kh gim theo cao