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PHNG PHP GII CC BI TON HNH GII TCH
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Bin son: GV Nguyn Trung Kin 0988844088
Phn mt: Bi tp lin quan n xc nh cc yu t trong tam gic
Trong phn ny ta thng nht k hiu: Trong tam gic ABC:
- AM, AH, AD ln lt l trung tuyn, ng cao, phn gic trong gc A
- G, I ln lt l trng tm, tm vng trn ngoi tip tam gic.
- S, p ln lt l dn tch, na chu vi tam gic
gii quyt tt bi tp trong phn ny hc sinh cn nm chc cc vn sau:
- Nu
( ; )
M M
M x y
thuc ng thng
M
:ax+by+c=0 ax 0
M
by c + +
hoc
( ; )
M M
M x y
thuc ng thng
0
0 0
0
( ; )
x x at
M x at y bt
y y bt
+
+ +
'
+

- Khong cch t M n ng thng l

M
( / )
2 2
ax
M
M
by c
d
a b

+ +

+
- Nu M l im bt k thuc cnh AC ca tam gic ABC th im i xng vi M
qua phn gic trong AD lun thuc cnh AB.(Tnh cht rt quan trng trong tam,
gic ABC)
- Cho 2 ng thng
1 1 1 2 2 2
: 0, : 0 a x b y c a x b y c + + + +
gc to bi
1 2
,
k
hiu
1 2
1 2 1 2
1 2
2 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 2 2
.
cos os( , )
n n
a a b b
c n n
n n a b a b

+

+ +
ur uur
ur uur
ur uur , nu
1 2
;
vung
gc vi nhau th
1 2 1 2 1 2
. 0 0 n n a a b b +
ur uur
- Tam gic ABC cn ti A osB=cosC c
- Trong tam gic vung tm vng trn ngoi tip tam gic l trung im cnh huyn
-
( ) /
1
.
2
ABC A BC
S BC d

- Nu ng thng bt k i qua
( ; )
M M
M x y
th phng trnh
: ( ) ( ) 0 ax+by-(a ) 0
M M M M
a x x b y y x by + +
vi ( ; ) n a b
r
l VTPT ca
v (
2 2
0 a b + )
- Phng tch ca im M bt k vi ng trn ( C) tm I bn knh R l
( /( )) M C
P
2 2
MAMB IM R
uuuruuur
(Vi A, B l giao im ca ct tuyn qua M vi ng
trn (C )
Nu M nm ngoi ng trn th
( /( ))
0
M C
P >
Nu M nm trong ng trn th
( /( ))
0
M C
P <
Nu M thuc ng trn th
( /( ))
0
M C
P
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Nu MT l tip tuyn
2
( /( )) M C
P MT
MT S DNG BI TP CN LU :
1) Bit nh A ca tam gic ABC v 2 trung tuyn BM, CN. Vit phng trnh cc
cnh?
PP: Trc ht ta tm ta nh
( ; )
B B
B x y
: V B BM ta c phng trnh (1). T to
B ta biu din ( ; )
2 2
B A B A
x x y y
N
+ +
v N CN ta c phng trnh (2). Gii h gm 2
phng trnh (1) (2) ta tm c to im B. Tng t c nh C
2) Bit nh A ca tam gic ABC v trung tuyn BM, ng cao BH. Vit phng trnh
cc cnh?
PP: - Tm to B l giao im ca BM v BH. Vit phng trnh AB, AC. Giao ca AC
v BM ta c to M dng tnh cht trung im suy ra to C.
3) Bit nh A ng cao BH trung tuyn CM. Vit phng trnh cc cnh tam gic?
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B C
M N
B
A
C
H
M
2
A
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PP: Vit phng trnh AC.Giao im ca AC v CM ta c to C. Gi
( ; )
B B
B x y
v M l
trung im AM nn ( ; )
2 2
B A B A
x x y y
M
+ +
M thuc CM nn thay vo phng trnh CM ta
tm c to im B.
4) Bit nh A trung tuyn BM, phn gic trong BD. Vit phng trnh cc cnh?
PP: Tm B l giao im ca BM, BD. Vit phng trnh AB. Tm to A
1
i xng vi
A qua phn gic trong BD suy ra A
1
thuc BC. Vit phng trnh ng thng BC (i qua
B, A
1
). Tm to
( ; )
C C
C x y
v C thuc BC ta c phng trnh (1) . M l trung im AC
suy ra ( ; )
2 2
C A C A
x x y y
M
+ +
V M thuc trung tuyn BM ta c phng trnh (2). Gii h
(1) (2) ta c to C.
5) Bit nh A trung tuyn BM phn gic trong CD. Vit phng trnh cc cnh?
PP:Tm to
( ; )
C C
C x y
V C thuc CD nn ta c phng trnh (1). M l trung im AC
nn ( ; )
2 2
C A C A
x x y y
M
+ +
. V M thuc BM thay vo ta c phng trnh (2). Gii h (1) (2)
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B
A
C
H
M
A
B
C
D M
A1
3
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ta c to C. Tm A
1
i xng vi A qua phn gic trong CD. Vit phng trnh BC (i
qua C v A
1
). Ly giao im BC v BM ta c to im B.
6) Bit nh A ng cao BH, phn gic trong BD. Vit phng trnh cc cnh tam
gic ?
PP: Vit phng trnh AC. Tm B l giao im ca BH v BD vit phng trnh AB.Tm
A
1
i xng vi A qua phn gic trong BD. Vit phng trnh BC(i qua A
1
v B). Tm C
l giao im AC v BC
7) Bit nh A ng cao BH phn gic trong CD. Vit phng trnh cc cnh tam
gic?
PP: Vit phng trnh AC. Tm C l giao im ca AC v CD.Tm A
1
i xng vi A qua
phn gic trong CD. Vit phng trnh BC (i qua C v A
1
). Tm B l giao im ca BH
v BC.
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A
B
C
M
D
A
B
C H D
A1
4
A1
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8) Bit nh A thuc mt ng thng d v cch cnh BC mt on bng h cho trc.
PP: Vit phng trnh BC. Biu din to A theo dng phng trnh tham s ca ng
thng (d): Dng cng thc tnh khong cch tm to im A.
9) Bit nh A hoc trng tm G ca tam gic ABC thuc mt ng thng (d) cho
trc, Bit to 2 nh B,C v din tch tam gic ABC. Tm to nh A?
PP: Biu din to A theo phng trnh tham s ca (d).( Nu bit trng tm G thuc
ng thng d. th biu din G trc sau suy ra to A theo G). Dng cng thc tnh
din tch tam gic
( ) /
1
.
2
ABC A BC
S BC d

ta tnh c to A.
(Ch : i khi thay v cho din tch tam gic ABC gi thit bi ton l cho din tch tam
gic GBC hoc GAB, GAC. Khi cc em hc sinh cn ch cc tam gic ny u c
din tch bng 1/3 ln din tch tam gic ABC)
10) Bit to nh A hoc mt cnh ca tam gic cn ABC i qua M cho trc, Bit
phng trnh 2 cnh khng cha im M. Tm to cc nh?
PP: Gi l ng thng bt k i qua
( ; )
M M
M x y

: ( ) ( ) 0 ax+by-(a ) 0
M M M M
a x x b y y x by + +
vi ( ; ) n a b
r
l VTPT ca v (
2 2
0 a b + ).
Nu l mt cnh ca tam gic cn ABC ( gi s cn ti A) th
os( ,AB)=cos( ,AC) c
(nu bit trc phng trnh 2 cnh l AC, AB v BC i qua M). t gii a theo b ta vit
c phng trnh ca
Ta xt mt s v d sau
V d 1) Trong mt phng Oxy cho tam gic ABC c A(4;-1) v phng trnh 2 ng
trung tuyn BM: 8x-y-3=0, CN:14x-13y-9=0. Tnh to cc nh B, C
HD Gii:
Gi s
1 1 1 1
( ; ); 8 3 0 B x y B BM x y
.(1) V N l trung im AB nn
1 1 1 1
4 1 4 1
( ; ); 14 13 9 0
2 2 2 2
x y x y
N N CN
+ + + + _ _


, ,
(2)
Gii h (1) v (2) ta c
1
1
1
(1;5)
5
x
B
y

'

Tng t ta c C(-4;-5)
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A
B
C
D
H
A1
5
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V d 2) Trong mt phng Oxy cho tam gic ABC c A(4;-1) v phng trnh hai ng
phn gic trong l BM:x-1=0; CN:x-y-1=0. Tm to cc nh B,C
HD Gii:
Theo tnh cht ca ng phn gic: Cc im i xng ca A qua cc ng phn gic
BM; CN u thuc BC. Gi D l im i xng vi A qua CN th ng thng AD i qua
A(4;-1) v vung gc vi CN nn c VTPT l (1;1) ( ) : 3 0. n PT AD x y +
r
Nu AD ct
CN ti I th I l trung im ca AD v to I l nghim ca h
3 0 2
(2;1) (0; 3)
1 0 1
x y x
I D
x y y
+

' '


Tng t nu gi E l im i xng vi A qua BM th ta tm c E(-2;-1)
ng thng BC l ng thng i qua D,E:

PT(BC):
0 3
2 3 0
2 1 3
x y
x y

+

B l giao im ca BM v BC nn to B l nghim ca h
1 0 1
(1;5)
2 3 0 5
x x
B
x y y


' '
+

. Tng t c C(-4;-5)
V d 3) Trong mt phng Oxy cho tam gic ABC c C(-4;-5) v phng trnh ng cao
AD:x+2y-2=0, ng trung tuyn BM: 8x-y-3=0. Tnh to cc nh A,B
HD Gii:
Hs d dng vit c phng trnh (BC):2x-y+3=0. Ta B l nghim ca h
2 3 0
1, 5 (1; 5)
8 3 0
x y
x y B
x y
+

'

Gi s A(x;y)
2 2 0 x y +
(1) v M l trung im AC nn
4 5 4 5
( ; ); 8 3 0
2 2 2 2
x y x y
M M BM
+ + + + _ _


, ,
(2). Gii h gm 2 phng
trnh (1) v (2) ta c
4; 1 (4; 1) x y A
V d 4) Cho tam gic cn ABC c cnh y BC:x-3y-1=0, cnh bn AB:x-y-5=0. ng
thng AC i qua M(-4;1). Tm to nh C?
HD gii:
Gi
( ; ) n a b
r
l VTPT ca ng thng AC, V AC i qua M(-4;1)
( )
2 2
( ) : ( 4) ( 1) 0 ax+by+(4a-b)=0 a 0 PT AC a x b y b + + +
V tam gic ABC cn ti A nn
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
1.1+(-3)(-1) ( 3)

osABC=cosACB cos(AB,BC)=cos(AC,BC)
1 ( 3) 1 ( 1) 1 ( 3)
a b
c
a b
+

+ + + +
2 2 2 2
4 2 3 7 6 0 a b a b a ba b + + coi a l n ta c
7
a b
b
a

TH1: a=-b chn a=1 suy ra b=-1 ng thng AC l x-y+5=0 loi v AC song song vi AB
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TH2:
7
b
a chn a=1;b=7 ng thng AC l x+7y-3=0. Khi C l giao im ca AC v
BC nn to C l nghim ca h
3 1 0 8/ 5
8 1
;
7 3 0 1/ 5 5 5
x y x
C
x y y

_

' '

+
,

Phn hai: Mt s dng bi tp lin quan n ng trn
Trong phn ny gii quyt tt cc bi tp hc sinh cn nm chc cc vn sau:
Cho ng trn ( C) tm I(a;b) bn knh R v im
( ; ) M x y
.
Cc dng bi tp thng gp:
1) Vit phng trnh ng thng qua M ct ng trn (C ) ti A, B sao cho dy
cung AB c di bng l cho trc
PP: Gi ( ; ) n a b
r
l VTPT ca ng thng i qua M.
Phng trnh ng thng
M
: ( ) ( ) 0 ax+by-(ax ) 0
M M M
a x x b y y by + +
.V
ng thng ct ( C) theo dy cung AB=l nn
2
2
2 2
( / )
2 4
I
AB l
d R R

_


,
t
gii phng trnh tnh a theo b suy ra phng trnh ng thng
2) Tm iu kin ng thng ct ng trn ( C) theo dy cung AB sao cho
din tch tam gic IAB bng mt s cho trc.
PP: iu kin ng thng ct ng trn ( C) l
( / ) I
d R

<
Khi
( )
2
/

1 1

. .sin .sin . os
2 2 2
IAB I
AIB
S IA IB AIB R AIB d R c

_


,
. T dng cng
thc khong cch tm iu kin.
3) Tm iu kin ng thng ct ng trn ( C) ti A, B sao cho din tch tam
gic AIB ln nht
PP: iu kin ng thng ct ng trn ( C) l
( / ) I
d R

<
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A B
I
H
7
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Khi
2
1 1

. .sin .sin ax sin 1
2 2
ABC
S IA IB AIB R AIB Sm AIB AIB

vung cn
ti I
2
2
( / )
2
2
2
I
R
AB R d R

_



,
. T dng cng thc khong cch tm
iu kin.
4) Cho ng trn (C ) v 2 im A, B cho trc nm ngoi ng trn. Tm M
thuc ng trn sao cho din tch tam gic MAB ln nht, nh nht.
PP: Cch 1: Xt M thuc ng trn
( sin ; cos ) M a R b R + +
( Vi I(a;b))
Ta c
( ) ( / ) M/AB
1
. ax d ax
2
ABC M AB
S AB d Sm m

, T vit phng trnh ng thng

qua AB. Tnh khong cch, dng Bt ng thc Bunhiacpxki tm iu kin. Tng t
ta gii cho trng hp Smin
Cch 2: Xt im M bt k thuc ng trn
( ) ( / ) M/AB
1
. ax d ax
2
ABC M AB
S AB d Sm m

,
min min S d . T suy ra cc im M cn tm chnh l giao im ca ng thng
i qua tm I vung gc vi AB v ng trn (C ). T vit phng trnh ng thng
tm cc giao im, tnh khong cch suy ra im M cn tm
5) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn ( C) bit tip tuyn i qua M cho
trc.
PP: Gi ( ; ) n a b
r
l VTPT ca ng thng tip tuyn : V tip tuyn i qua M nn
phng trnh ca :
M
: ( ) ( ) 0 ax+by-(ax ) 0
M M M
a x x b y y by + +
. V l tip
tuyn nn
( / ) I
d R

. T gii a theo b v vit phng trnh ng thng.
6) Tm im M thuc ng thng cho trc sao cho qua M k c 2 tip tuyn
MA, MB n ng trn (C ) sao cho din tch tam gic IAB max.
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I
A B
M
8
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PP:
2
1 1

. .sin .sin ax sin 1
2 2
IAB
S IA IB AIB R AIB Sm AIB MAIB

l hnh vung
2 MI R
. T tnh to im M theo phng trnh tham s ca . Gii iu
kin
2 MI R
M
7) Qua im M cho trc nm ngoi ng trn vit phng trnh tip tuyn
MA,MB n ng trn. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua A,B. Tnh din
tch tam gic MAB
PP: Goi T(x;y) l tip im. V T thuc ng trn ( C) nn ta c
2 2
2ax+2by+c=0 x y + +
(1). T l tip im nn MT vung gc vi IT
. 0 MT IT
uuur uur
t tnh to cc vc t
, MT IT
uuur uur
dng cng thc tch v hng thit lp phng trnh bc 2 theo x, y dng
2 2
x+ny+p=0 x y m + + (2). Ly (1) (2) ta c phng trnh ng thng cn tm. (Ch
ng thng qua A,B gi l trc ng phng ca ng trn (C )). Tm giao im A, B t
tnh din tch tam gic MAB.
8) Qua im M cho trc vit phng trnh ng thng ct ng trn ti A, B
sao cho
MA MB
uuur uuur
.
PP: T iu kin
MA MB
uuur uuur
tnh di dy cung AB. Sau quy bi ton v dng1.
- Hoc xt cc trng hp c bit ca ng thng qua M l x=x
0
v y=y
0
vi M(x
0
;y
0
)
- Sau xt ng thng y=k(x-x
0
)+y
0
. Giao im ca ng thng v ng trn l
nghim ca h phng trnh gm phng trnh ng thng v ng trn. Rt y theo x
th vo phng trnh ng trn ta c phng trnh bc 2 theo x. Dng nh l viet
tnh tng v tch cc nghim ( Chnh l honh ca A v B) Kt hp iu kin
MA MB
uuur uuur
tnh k
Ta xt mt s v d sau:
V d 1) Vit phng trnh ng thng qua A(2;1) ct ng trn
( C):
2 2
2 4 4 0 x y x y + + theo dy cung MN c di bng 4
HD gii:
ng trn ( C) c tm I(-1;2) bn knh R=3
Gi ( ; ) n a b
r
l VTPT ca ng thng i qua A.
PT : a(x-2)+b(y-1)=0
ax+by-2a-b=0
(*)
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M
A
B
I
9
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V dy cung MN c di bng 4 nn
2
2
( / )
9 4 5
2
I
MN
d R

_


,
Hay
2 2 2 2
2 2
2 2
5 3 5 4 6 4 0
a b a b
b a a b a ab b
a b
+
+
+
2 2
(3 11)
4
2 3 0
(3 11)
4
b
a
a ab b
b
a

TH1:
(3 11)
4
b
a
+
chn b=4; a=(3 11) + thay vo (*) ta c phng trnh ng thng
: (3 11) 4 2 11 10 0 x y + +
TH2:
(3 11)
4
b
a

chn b=4;a=(3 11) thay vo (*) ta c phng trnh ng thng
: (3 11) 4 2 11 10 0 x y + +
V d 2) Trong mp Oxy cho ng trn (C ):
2 2
4 6 12 0 x y x y + + c tm I v ng
thng
: 4 0 x y +
. Tm trn ng thng im M sao cho tip tuyn k t M tip
xc vi (C ) ti A, B m tam gic IAB c din tch ln nht
HD gii:
T phng trnh ca (C) ta suy ra
(2;3); 1 I R
2 2
1 1 1

( ) . .sin sin ax sin 1
2 2 2
dt IAB IA IB AIB R AIB R dtm AIB
MAIB L hnh vung cnh IA=R=1
2 2 MI R
. V M thuc ng thng
nn M(x;4-x)
( ) ( )
2 2
2
3 3
2 1 2
2
MI x x x
t
+ Vy c 2 im M tho mn bi
ton
3 3 5 3 3 3 5 3
; ; ;
2 2 2 2
M M
_ _
+ +


, ,
V d 3) Trong mp Oxy Gi (C ) l ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC vi
(2; 2), (4; 0), (3; 2 1) A B C v ng thng
: 4 4 0 x y +
. Tm trn ng thng
im M sao cho tip tuyn ca (C ) qua M tip xc vi (C ) ti N v din tch tam gic
NAB ln nht
HD gii:
D dng kim tra tam gic ABC vung ti C hay AB l ng knh ng trn ngoi tip
tam gic ABC. Gi H l hnh chiu ca N ln AB th
1 1
. .
2 2
ABC
S AB NH AB R

du bng xy ra khi N l trung im dy AB hay tip tuyn ti

N song song vi AB.
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C (2; 2) 2 2 2 AB AB R
r
gi
1

l tip tuyn qua N suy ra phng trnh ca

1

l :
0 x y c +
V
1

l tip tuyn nn
1
/
3 1
2 2 6
2
I
c
d R c c

+ +

1
1
: 2 0
: 6 0
x y
x y

M l giao im ca tip tuyn

1

vi ng thng
: 4 4 0 x y +
t tm c 2 im M tho mn l M(2;-4) hoc M(6/5;-4/5)
V d 4) Cho ng trn (C) ( )
2
2
1 ( 2) 4 x y + v N(2;1). Vit phng trnh ng
thng d i qua N ct (C ) ti 2 im A, B sao cho
a) Dy cung AB ln nht
b) Dy AB ngn nht
Gii:
D thy im N nm trong ng trn
Dy cung AB ln nht khi AB l ng knh ca ng trn suy ng thng d i qua N
v tm I ca ng trn (HS t lm)
V IH vung gc vi ng thng d ti H ta c AB=2AH
2 2
2 min ax H N AB R IH AB IHm
Vy AB ngn nht khi ng thng d vung gc vi IN hay d nhn IN lm vc t php
tuyn
Ta c ( 1;1) IN
uur

( ) : 1( 2) 1( 1) 0 1 0 PT d x y x y + + +
V d 5) Cho ng trn ( C)
2 2
2 2 14 0 x y x y + + v M(2;2). Vit phng trnh
ng thng qua M ct ng trn ( C) ti A v B sao cho MA=3MB
Gii:
D dng tnh c
( /( ))
6
M C
P
suy ra im M nm trong ng trn
( /( )) M C
P
2 2
MAMB IM R
uuuruuur
. 6 3 . 6 2 3 2 MAMB MB MB MB MA
4 2 AB MA MB +
. Bi ton tr thnh vit phng trnh ng thng qua M ct
ng trn ( C) theo dy cung
4 2 AB
( HS t lm)
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d
N
A B
I
H
A
B
I
N
11
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Phn ba: Cc dng bi tp lin quan n Elip, Hipebol, Parabol
gii quyt tt cc dng bi tp trong phn ny hc sinh cn nm chc cc vn
sau:
I) i vi phn Elp
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b
+ .
- Trc ln 2a; Trc nh 2b; Tiu c f=2c vi
2 2
c a b
; Tm sai (E) k hiu l
c
e
a

- Tiu im tri
1
( ; 0) F c
; Tiu im phi
2
( ; 0) F c
- Nu im M thuc Elip th M(asin

;bcos

)
- Bn knh qua tiu im tri k hiu l
1 M
c
MF a x
a
+ ;Bn knh qua tiu im phi k
hiu
2 M
c
MF a x
a

II) i vi Hipebol
2 2
2 2
1
x y
a b

- Trc thc 2a; Trc o 2b; Tiu c f=2c;
2 2
c a b +
;Tm sai (E) k hiu l
c
e
a

- Tiu im tri
1
( ; 0) F c
; Tiu im phi
2
( ; 0) F c
- Nu im M thuc Hipelbol th M
; tan
cos
a
b

_

,
- Bn knh qua tiu im tri k hiu l
1
| |
M
c
MF a x
a
+ ;Bn knh qua tiu im phi k
hiu
2
| |
M
c
MF a x
a

III) i vi Parabol:
2
2 y px
- Tiu im F
; 0
2
p _

,

- ng chun
2
p
x
- Bn knh qua tiu
2
M
p
MF x +
- Nu im M thuc Parabol th
2
( ; )
2
y
M y
p
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Ta xt mt s v d sau:
V d 1) Trong mt phng to , cho elip (E) c phng trnh 4x
2
+9y
2
=36 v im
M(1;1). Lp phng trnh ng thng qua M v ct elip (E) ti 2 im M
1
, M
2
sao cho
MM
1
=MM
2
.
Gii: Ta c: (E):
2 2
2 2
4 9 36 1
9 4
x y
x y + +
T suy ra (E) c tm i xng O, trc ln Ox c di 2a=6, trc nh Oy c di
2b=4.
rng, OM=
2 2 3 b a < <
nn suy ra im M(1;1) nm bn trong (E). Do
ng thng d i qua M lun lun ct (E) ti hai im phn bit M
1
, M
2
.
D thy, v M(1;1)

Ox nn ng thng (d): x=1 i qua M v song song vi trc Oy ct

(E) ti 2 im M
1
, M
2
th MM
1
MM
2
.
Gi k l h s gc ca ng thng (d) qua M. Phng trnh ca (d) c dng: (d): y=kx+1-
k.
Honh
1 2
,
M M
X X
hai giao im M
1
, M
2
ca (d) v (E) l nghim ca phng trnh:
( ) ( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2
4 9 1 36 0 9 4 18 1 9 18 27 0 x kx k k x k k x k k + + + +
V vy MM
1
=MM
2
nn suy ra M l trung im ca on M
1
M
2
. Do :
( )
1 2 2
18 1
4
2 2
9 4 9
M M M
k k
b
X X X S k
a k

+
+
Vy phng trnh ng thng (d) cn tm l: (d): ( )
4
1 1 4 9 13 0
9
y x x y + +
V d2) Trong mt phng to , cho (E):
2 2
1
25 16
x y
+
a) Tm mi lin h gia k v m ng thng (d): y=kx+m, k

R tip xc vi (E)
b) Khi (d) tip xc vi (E), gi giao im ca (d) vi cc ng thng x=5 v x=-5 l
M v N. Tnh din tch tam gic FMN theo k, trong F l tiu im ca (E) c
honh dng.
c) Xc nh k tam gic FMN c din tch nh nht.
Gii:
a) Elip (E) cho c tm i xng O, trc ln 2a=10, trc nh 2b=8, tiu im c honh
dng l F(3;0)
Phng trnh ng thng (d) c vit li: (d) : kx-y+m=0
(d) tip xc vi (d) khi v ch khi: 25k
2
+16=m
2
b) Gi (d
1
): x=-5, (d
2
): x=5. D thy:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2
5; 5 ; 5; 5 d d M m k d d N m k + I I
Ta c ( ) ( ) 8; 5 ; 2; 5 FM m k FN m k +
r r
nn
. 0 FM FN FMN
r r
vung ti F. Do :
( ) ( )
2 2 1 1
. 64 5 4 5
2 2
FMN
S FM FN m k m k

1 1
+ +
] ]
r r
c) D thy rng: ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
1 1
2.8 5 5 16 25 16
2 2
FMN
S m k m k m k

1 + + +
]
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Du ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi
3
5
k t
Vy tam gic FMN c din tch nh nht bng 16(vdt) khi
3
5
k t
V d 3) Trong mt phng vi h trc to Oxy cho elip (E):
2 2
1
8 4
x y
+ v ng
thng (d) ct (E) ti 2 im B v C. Tm to im A trn (E) sao cho tam gic ABC c
din tch ln nht.
Gii: Xt h phng trnh:
2 2
3 1
2 6
1
2
8 4
3 1
2 2 0
2 6
2
x
x y y
x
x y
y

'
+

'

+

'

Vy ng thng (d) ct (E) ti 2 im

2 6 2 6
3 1; ; 3 1;
2 2
B C
_ _
+



, ,
Ly im A(x
A
,y
A
)

(E) ta c:
2 2
1
8 4
A B
x y
+ (1)
Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca A ln BC, ta c: ( )
1
.
2
dt ABC BC AH , trong
( ) ( )
2 2
3 2, ;
3
A A
x y
BC AH d A d
+

Tam gic ABC c din tch ln nht khi v ch khi AH ln nht.
Theo bt ng thc Bu-nhi-a-cp-xki, ta c: AH=
2 2
8
8 8
2 2. 2
8 4 2 2
2 8
2 3
3 3 3
A A
A A
A A
x y
x y
x y
_
_
+ +
+ +

+
, ,

Do : ( )
ax
max
2 3 3 6
m
AH dt ABC t c khi: ( )
2 2
1
8 4
2; 2
8
8
2 2
2
A A
A
A
x y
x
A
y

'

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V d 4) Trong mt phng to Oxy, cho im M(0;2) v Hypebol (H):
2
2
1.
4
x
y Lp
phng trnh ng thng (d) i qua M ct (H) ti 2 im phn bit A, B sao cho:
3 5 0. MA MB
r r
Gii:
D thy rng, ng thng (d) i qua M, ct (H) ti 2 im phn bit khng th l trc Oy.
Do phng trnh ca (d) c dng: (d):y=kx+2
Honh giao im ca (d) v (H) l nghim ca phng trnh:
( )
2 2
4 1 16 20 0 k x kx + +
(1)
(d) ct (H) ti 2 im phn bit A, B khi v ch khi:
( )
2
2 2
2
1
1
4 1 0
2
2
64 20 4 1 0 5 5
16 20 0
2 2
k
k
k
k k
k
k

t

t


' ' '
>

<
< <

(2)
Vi iu kin (2) phng trnh (1) c 2 nghim phn bit x
A
,x
B
theo th t l honh ca
A v B. Theo nh l Vit ta c:
2
2
16
4 1
20
.
4 1
A B
A B
k
x x
k
x x
k

+

'

(3)
Mt khc 2 im A, B cng nm trn ng thng (d) nn ta c to ca A v B l:
( ) ( ) ; 2 ; ; 2
A A B B
A x kx B x kx + +
Do ta c: ( ) ( ) ; ; ;
A A B B
MA x kx MB x kx
r r
Theo yu cu bi ta c:
3 5 0
5
3 5 0
3 5 0 3
A B
A B
A B
x x
MA MB x x
kx kx


'

r r
(4)
T (3) v (4) ta c:
( )
2
2 2
2 2
2
2
2 2
5 16 6
12 36
3 4 1 4 1
1
5 20 12 4 1
4 1
.
3 4 1 4 1
B B B
B B B
k k
x x x
k
k k
k
k
k
x x x
k k

+


t
' '

Vi 1 k t tho mn iu kin (2). Vy phng trnh c 2 ng thng tho mn yu cu
bi ton l:
2 y x t +
.
V d 5) Trong mt phng to Oxy, cho parabol (P): y
2
=4x. Mt ng thng bt k i
qua tiu im F ca (P) v ct (P) ti 2 im phn bit A v B. CMR tch cc khong cch
t A v B n trc ca parabol l mt i lng khng i.
Gii: Parabol(P) cho c tiu im F(1;0), nh O(0;0), ng chun : 1 x v trc
i xng l Ox
Gi (d) l ng thng bt k i qua tiu im F ca (P).
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+ Khi (d) qua tiu im F v song song vi Oy th phng trnh ca (d) l: x=1. D thy
rng, lc (d) ct (P) ti 2 im A(1;-2) v B(1;2). Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
; . . 2 . 2 4 d A Ox d B Ox AF BF
+ Khi (d) qua tiu im F v song song vi Oy th phng trnh ca (d) l: y=k(x-1).
Phng trnh honh giao im ca (d) v (P) l:
( ) ( )
2
2 2 2 2 2
1 4 2 2 0 k x x k x k x k + + (1)
ng thng (d) i qua F ct (P) ti 2 im phn bit A, B khi v ch khi phng trnh (1)
c 2 nghim phn bit (x
1
v x
2
), tc l:
2
0 0
0
0 1 0
k k
k
k


' '
> + >

(2)
Khi to 2 giao im ca (d) v (P) l ( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
; ; ; A x y B x y
vi y
1
=k(x
1
-1) v
2 2
( 1) y k x
Ta c:
( ) ( )
[ ]
2 2
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 / Ox / Ox
. ( 1)( 1) 1 ( )
A B
d d y y k x x k x x x x + +
Theo nh l vit ta c
2
1 2 2
1 2
2( 2)
1
k
x x
k
x x
+
+

'

2
2
1 2 2
2( 2)
1 1 4
k
y y k dpcm
k
1 +
+
1
]
V d 6) Trong mt phng Oxy cho Parabol (P) c phng trnh
2
64 y x v ng thng
: 4x-3y+46=0. Hy vit phng trnh ng trn c tm nm trn ng thng tip
xc vi parabol v c bn knh nh nht.
Gii:
Gi M(x;y) l tip im ca ng trn cn tm vi Parabol. V M thuc Parabol nn
2
( ; )
64
y
M y
ng trn (C ) c tm nm trn ng thng tip xc vi (P) v c bn knh nh nht
nn bn knh ng bng khong cch ngn nht t M n :
Ta c
( )
( )
( )
2
2
/ /
4 3 46
24 160
64
2 min 2
80 16 9
M M
y
y
y
d d

+
+

+
khi
24 (4; 24) y M
Tm I ca ng trn chnh l hnh chiu vung gc ca M trn ng thng
Phng trnh tham s ca IM l
9 4
(9 4 ; 24 3 )
24 3
x t
I t t
y t
+
+
'

V I
2 37 126
4(9 4 ) 3(24 3 ) 46 0 ( ; )
5 5 5
t t t I + +
Phng trnh ng trn cn tm l
2 2
37 126
4
5 5
x y
_ _
+

, ,
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Phn bi tp
1) Cho A(1;1). Tm to im B trn ng thng y =3 v im C trn trc honh sao
cho tam gic ABC u.
2) Vit phng trnh cc cnh tam gic u ABC bit A(2;6) cnh BC nm trn ng
thng : 0 6 3 3 + y x
3) Cho tam gic ABC c din tch
2
3
S ,to cc nh A(2;-3), B(3;-2) v trng tm
tam gic nm trn ng thng 3x-y-8=0. Tm to nh C.
4) Cho tam gic ABC c A(2;-1) v 2 ng cao c phng trnh 2x-y+1=0 v 3x+y+2=0.
Vit phng trnh ng trung tuyn qua A.
5) Trong mt phng Oxy cho ng thng c phng trnh x-y+1=0 v ng trn (C )
c phng trnh x
2
+ y
2
+2x-4y=0 . Tm M thuc ng thng m qua c th k
c 2 tip tuyn n ng trn (C ) m
0
60

B M A
(Trong A, B l cc tip im)
6) Trong mt phng Oxy cho tam gic cn ABC nh A c trng tm )
3
1
;
3
4
( G v phng
trnh ng thng BC l x-2y-4=0, phng trnh ng thng BG l
0 8 4 7 y x
. Tm
to cc nh tam gic .
7) Cho A(0;1), B(6;3),G(a;0) l to nh A,B v trng tm G ca tam gic ABC. Tm
nh C bit din tch tam gic ABC bng 10 5
8) Tm to tm vng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC bit trng tm G(2;-1) v trc tm
H(1;4)
9) Vit phng trnh ng trn (C) c bn knh bng 2 ng thi tip xc vi ng trn
x
2
+y
2
=1 v ng thng 3x-4y-10=0
10) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca ng trn x
2
+y
2
=25 bit tip tuyn hp vi
ng thng x+2y-1=0 mt gc c cosin bng
5
2
11) Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua M(2;1) ct ng trn (C )
0 7 2 2
2 2
+ + y x y x ti A ,B m MA=MB
12) Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua gc to O(0;0) ct ng trn
0 8 8 2
2 2
+ y x y x ti A, b sao cho 2 OB BA
13) Vit phng trnh ng thng qua M(1;2) ct ng trn x
2
+y
2
=8 ti hai im A, B
m dy cung AB= 3 2
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14) Trong mt phng to cho Elip (E) c phng trnh 36 9 4
2 2
+ y x v im M(1;1).
Lp phng trnh ng thng qua M ct (E) ti A v B sao cho MA=MB
15) Cho Elp (E) c phng trnh 1
9 25
2 2
+
y x
. Gi F1, F2 l hai tiu im ca (E). ng
thng (d) di ng lun i qua F2 ct (E) ti P v Q. Gi s (Ox, )
2
P F = vi (
) 360 0
0 0
. Tnh di Q F P F
2 2
; theo . Chng minh rng
Q F P F
2 2
1 1
+
khng i,
T tm gi tr nh nht v ln nht ca on PQ.
16) Cho Elp (E) c phng trnh 1
16 25
2 2
+
y x
. Xt ng thng (d): y=kx+m .Tm mi
lin h k v m (d) tip xc vi (E).Khi (d) tip xc vi (E), Gi giao im ca (d) v cc
ng thng x=5 v x=-5 l M v N.Gi F l tiu im phi ca (E). Tnh din tch tam
gic FMN theo k. Tm k din tch tam gic FMN nh nht.
17) Cho (E) c phng trnh 1
2
2
2
2
+
b
y
a
x
. A v B l hai im thuc (E) sao cho OA
vung gc vi OB. Tm v tr ca A,B trn E din tch tam gic OAB ln nht, nh
nht.Tnh cc gi tr .
18) Cho (E) c phng trnh 1
4 8
2 2
+
y x
v ng thng (d) 0 2 2 + y x . ng
thng (d) ct (E) ti A v B. Tm C thuc (E) tam gic ABC c din tch ln nht.
19) Trong mt phng Oxy lp phng trnh ca Hipebol (H) bit mt nh trn trc thc l
A(-1;1) v ng trn ngoi tip hnh ch nht c s l ( ) ( ) 9 1 1
2 2
+ y x
20) Trong mt phng Oxy cho M(0;2) v hipebol (H) c phng trnh 4 4
2 2
y x . Lp
phng trnh ng thng (d) i qua M ct (H) ti hai im phn bit A,B sao cho
0 5 3

B M A M
21) Trong mt phng Oxy cho Hipebol (H): 8 8
2 2
y x v ng thng(d): 2x y
+m=0. Chng minh rng (d) ct (H) ti hai im phn bit A,B thuc hai nhnh khc nhau
ca (H). Gi s
B A
x x < . Tm m B F A F
2 1
2
22) Trong mt phng Oxy cho parabol (P) c phng trnh x y
2
c tiu im F. Gi (d)
l ng thng c h s gc k qua F ct (P) ti A, B (Gi s (d) khng song song vi Oy).
Tnh AB theo k. Tm v tr A,B di AB nh nht
23) Trong mt phng Oxy cho parabol (P) c nh l gc to v i qua A( ) 2 2 ; 2 .
ng thng (d) qua I(5/2;1) ct (P) ti M, N sao cho IM=IN. Tnh di MN.
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24) Trong mt phng Oxy Cho (P) c phng trnh x y 8
2
v im I(2;4) nm trn (P).
Mt gc vung quay quanh I ct (P) ti M,N khc I. Chng minh rng ng thng MN
lun i qua mt im c nh
25) Trong mt phng Oxy cho Parabol (P) c phng trnh x y 64
2
v ng thng (d)
c phng trnh 4x-3y+36=0. Vit phng trnh ng trn c tm nm trn (d) tip xc
vi (P) c bn knh nh nht.
26) Trong mt phng Oxy cho (P) c phng trnh x y
2
. ng thng (d) c phng
trnh x-y-2=0 ct (P) ti A v B. Tm M trn cung AB ca (P) sao cho tng din tch hai
phn hnh phng gii hn bi (P) v hai dy cung MA,MB l nh nht.
27) Tm m ng thng (d): 0 2 1 2 + + my x ct ng trn (C ) tm I co phng
trnh : 0 4 4 2
2 2
+ + y x y x ti A v B. Tm m din tch tam gic IAB ln nht.
Tm GTLN
28) Trong mt phng Oxy cho 2 ng trn (C1) v (C2) c phng trnh ln lt l

1 5 4 2 : ) 2 (
1 : ) 1 (
2 2 2
2 2
+ + +
+
m my mx y x C
y x C
Tm m (C1) ct (C2) ti 2 im phn bit
A,B. Chng minh rng ng thng AB c phng khng i
29) Trong mt phng Oxy cho ng trn (C): 0 4 4 4
2 2
+ + y x y x v ng
thng (d) c phng trnh x+y-2=0. Chng minh rng (d) lun ct (C ) ti 2 im phn
bit A,B. Tm M thuc ng trn (C ) din tch tam gic MAB ln nht?Nh nht
30) Trong mt phng Oxy cho ng trn (C ) c phng trnh ( ) ( ) 2 3 2
2 2
+ y x v
ng thng (d) c phng trnh x-y-2=0. Tm M(x
0
;y
0
) thuc (C ) sao cho P=x
0
+y
0
l
ln nht?Nh nht?
31) Cho Elip (E) c phng trnh 1
9 16
2 2
+
y x
. im M,N chuyn ng trn Ox v Oy
sao cho MN lun tip xc vi (E). Tm to ca M,N on MN nh nht. Tnh GTNN

32) Vit phng trnh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC bit A(2;-4) v phng trnh cc
ng phn gic ca gc B, C ln lt l x+y-2=0 v x-3y-6=0
33) Vit phng trnh cc cnh ca tam gic ABC bit A(1;2) v phng trnh 2 ng
trung tuyn l 2x-y+1=0 v x+3y-3=0
34) Tam gic ABC c C(4;4) ng cao v trung tuyn k t nh A c phng trnh 2x-
3y+12=0 v 2x+3y=0. Vit phng trnh cc cnh tam gic.
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35) Vit phng trnh cc cnh tam gic ABC bit B(2;-1) ng cao k t A v phn
gic gc C c phng trnh ln lt l 3x-4y+27=0 v x+2y-5=0
36) Cho tam gic ABC vung ti A cc nh A,B nm trn trc honh v phng trnh
cnh BC l 0 3 3 y x . Tm to trng tm tam gic bit bn knh ng trn ni
tip tam gic bng 2.
37) Lp phng trnh cc cnh ca hnh vung ABCD bit mt nh c to (-4;5) v
mt ng cho c phng trnh 7x-y+8=0
38) Vit phng trnh cc cnh tam gic MNP bit N(2;-1) ng cao h t M v phn
gic trong nh P l 3x-4y+27=0 v x+2y-5=0
39) Tam gic cn ABC c cnh y BC: x-3y-1=0 cnh bn AB:x-y-5=0. ng thng
cha cnh AC i qua M(-4;1). Tm to nh C.
40) Vit phng trnh ba cnh tam gic ABC bit C(4;3) ng phn gic trong v trung
tuyn k t mt nh ln lt l x+2y-5=0 v 4x+13y-10=0
41) Trong mt phng Oxy cho tam gic ABC c M(2;0) l trung im ca cnh AB ng
trung tuyn v ng cao k t A ln lt c phng trnh 7x-2y-3=0 v 6x-y-4=0. Vit
phng trnh cnh AC.
42) Cho hnh ch nht ABCD c giao im 2 ng cho l I(6;2). im M(1;5) thuc
ng thng AB v trung im E ca CD thuc ng thng (d) x+y-5=0. Vit phng
trnh cnh AB.
43) Cho ng trn (C ) c phng trnh 0 4 4 2
2 2
+ + y x y x v A(3;5). Hy vit
phng trnh cc tip tuyn k t A n (C ). Gi M, N l cc tip im tng ng. Tnh
di MN
44) Trong h trc to Oxy cho Parabol c phng trnh x y 64
2
v ng thng
c phng trnh 4x-3y+46=0. Hy vit phng trnh ng trn c tm nm trn ng
thng v tip xc vi Parabol sao cho bn knh ng trn nh nht
45) Cho ng trn (C) c phng trnh ( ) ( )
2 2
4 2 36 x y + v M(-1;0). Vit phng
trnh ng thng i qua M ct ng trn (C ) theo dy cung AB m di AB nh nht
46) Cho ng trn ( C) c phng trnh
2 2
2 2 8 0 x y x y + Tm im M trn
ng thng d: x+y+4=0 sao cho t M v c ti (C ) hai tip tuyn vung gc vi nhau
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47) im M di chuyn trn (E) lp c pt
2 2
1
9 4
x y
+ v im N di chuyn trn ng
thng
: 3 4 24 0 x y +
. Tm GTNN ca MN
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