Hng dn thc hnh SPSS c bn

SPSS 16.0

GV: Th.S Phm L Hng Nhung

CCH THC TIN HNH LNH FREQUENCIES (Tnh tn s) 1. Sau khi m file d liu, vo menu Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies

Mn hnh s xut hin hp thoi sau:

V biu

2. Chn bin mun tnh tn s (bin Place V1) bng cch click chut vo tn bin ri

a sang khung Variable(s).

3. Click Ok. Trng hp mun v biu thc hin thm bc 4 trc khi click Ok. 4. v biu click chut vo Charts. Chn dng biu Chart type, chn gi

tr th hin trn biu l s m (frequencies) hay phn trm (percentages). Click Continue tr li hp thoi Frequencies Ok thc hin lnh.

Hng dn thc hnh SPSS c bn

GV: Th.S Phm L Hng Nhung

Hng dn thc hnh SPSS c bn

GV: Th.S Phm L Hng Nhung

TNH TR TRUNG BNH (2 CCH)

CCH 1. DNG LNH FREQUENCY 1. Vo menu Analyze Descriptive Statistics Frequencies. a bin cn tnh tr trung bnh vo variables nh bc 1 v 2 phn trc. 2. Click chn th Statistic, m hp thoi, v click chn cc thng s cn thit:

3. ngha mt s thng s thng dng: Mean: Sum: trung bnh cng tng cng (cng tt c cc gi t trong tp d liu quan st)

Std. Deviation: lch chun Minimum: Maximum: S.E. mean: gi tr nh nht gi tr ln nht sai s chun khi c lng tr trung bnh CCH 2. DNG LNH DESCRIPTIVES (Tnh im trung bnh)

Hng dn thc hnh SPSS c bn

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1. Vo menu Analyze Descriptive Statistics Descriptives, xut hin hp thoi

2. Chn 1 hay nhiu bin (nh lng) mun tnh im trung bnh a vo khung Variable(s). 3. Click vo Options xut hin hp thoi Descriptive Options. Chn cc i lng thng k mun tnh ton bng cch click vo vung cn thit.
4. Chn cch sp xp kt qu tnh ton theo th t danh sch bin (Variable list), th t

Alphabetic ca nhn bin, th t tng dn (Ascending list), v th t gim dn (Descending list).

5. Click Continue tr v hp thoi Descriptive Ok thc hin lnh.

ngha ca tng gi tr trung bnh i vi thang o khong (Interval Scale)

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Gi tr khong cch = (Maximum - Minimum) / n = (5 -1) / 5 = 0.8 Gi tr trung bnh 1.00 - 1.80 1.81 - 2.60 2.61 - 3.40 3.41 - 4.20 4.21 - 5.00 ngha

Rt khng ng /Rt khng hi lng/Rt khng quan trng Khng ng /Khng hi lng/ Khng quan trng Khng kin/trung bnh ng / Hi lng/ Quan trng Rt ng / Rt hi lng/ Rt quan trng

CCH THC TIN HNH PHN TCH BNG CHO (CROSSTABULATION) Phn tch bng cho dng kim nh mi quan h gia cc bin nh tnh vi nhau bng cch dng kim nh Chi bnh phng (Chi-square). Cch thc tin hnh vi SPSS nh sau:
1. Vo menu Analyze Descriptive Statistics Crosstabs,

2. Xut

hin

hp thoi sau:

Hng dn thc hnh SPSS c bn

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3. Chn v a cc bin vo khung Row(s) (dng) v Column(s) (ct) v Layer 1 of 1 (i vi trng hp trn 2 bin).

4. Click vo Statistics, xut hin hp thoi sau:

5. Chn cc kim nh cn thit. Trong trng hp ny ta dng kim nh Chi bnh

phng (Chi-square). Cc kim nh Norminal dng kim nh mi lin h gia cc bin biu danh. Cc kim nh Ordinal dng kim nh mi lin h gia cc bin th t.

6. Click vo continue tr li hp thoi Crosstabs Click vo Cells, hp thoi sau

xut hin:
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Hng dn thc hnh SPSS c bn

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7. Counts chn Observed (th hin tn s quan st). Trong trng hp mun th hin tn s mong i chn Expected. 8. Chn cch th hin phn trm theo dng hay theo ct Percentages.
9. Click Continue tr li hp thoi Crosstabs Ok thc hin lnh.

CCH C KT QU KIM NH Khi thc hin kim nh, ta c 2 gi thuyt. H0: khng c mi quan h gia cc bin. H1: c mi quan h gia cc bin. kt lun l chp nhn hay bc b gi thuyt H0, ta s dng cc kim nh ph hp. Da vo gi tr P (p-value) (SPSS vit tt p-value l sig.) kt lun l chp nhn hay bc b gi thuyt H0 p-value (sig.) (mc ngha) bc b gi thuyt H0. C ngha l c mi quan h c ngha gia cc bin cn kim nh. p-value (sig.) > (mc ngha) chp nhn H0. Khng c mi quan h gia cc bin cn kim nh. I VI KIM NH CHI BNH PHNG Hng u tin ca bng Chi-square tests th hin gi tr P
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Chi-Square Tests Value Pearson Chi-Square Likelihood Ratio Linear-by-Linear Association N of Valid Cases 16.217
a

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df 8 8 1

Asymp. Sig. (2-sided) .039 .017 .653

p-value

18.708 .202 511

a. 8 cells (44.4%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is 1.69.

Cui bng Chi-Square tests SPSS s a ra dng thng bo cho bit % s c tn sut mong i di 5. Kim nh Chi-bnh phng ch c ngha khi s quan st ln, nu c qu 20% s trong bng cho c tn s l thuyt nh hn 5 th gi tr chi-bnh phng khng cn ng tin cy. Trong v d trn c n 44.4% s c tn s mong i di 5, bin php cho trng hp ny l ta s gom cc biu hin trn cc bin li tng s quan st trong mi nhm.

CCH THC TIN HNH KIM NH GI THUYT V TR TRUNG BNH CA 2 TNG TH C LP (Independent Samples T-test)
1. Vo menu Analyze Compare Means Independent-samples T-test

2. Chn bin nh lng cn kim nh tr trung bnh a vo khung Test Variable(s).

Chn bin nh tnh chia s quan st thnh 2 nhm mu so snh gia 2 nhm ny vi nhau a vo khung Grouping Variable.

Hng dn thc hnh SPSS c bn

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3. Chn Define Groups nhp m s ca 2 nhm. Click Continue tr li hp

thoi chnh Click Ok thc hin lnh

Trong kim nh Independent-samples T-test, ta cn da vo kt qu kim nh s bng nhau ca 2 phng sai tng th (kim nh Levene). Phng sai din t mc ng u hoc khng ng u ( phn tn) ca d liu quan st.

Hng dn thc hnh SPSS c bn

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Independent Samples Test A.Cleanliness and comfort of room Equal variances assumed
Levene's Test for Equality of F Variances t-test for Equality of Means

Equal variances not assumed

.138 .710 -3.066 509 .002 -.231 .075 Lower Upper -.379 -.083 -3.040 448.100 .003 -.231 .076 -.380 -.082

Sig. t df Sig. (2-tailed) Mean Difference Std. Error Difference 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference

Nu gi tr Sig. trong kim nh Levene (kim nh F) < 0.05 th phng sai ca 2 tng th khc nhau, ta s dng kt qu kim nh t dng Equal variances not assumed. Nu Sig. 0.05 th phng sai ca 2 tng th khng khc nhau, ta s dng kt qu kim nh t dng Equal variances assumed. Trong VD trn Sig. ca kim nh F = 0.71 > 0.05 chp nhn gi thuyt H0 khng c s khc nhau v phng sai ca 2 tng th s dng kt qu dng Equal variances assumed. Nu Sig. ca kim nh t (mc ngha) c s phc bit c ngha v trung bnh ca 2 tng th. Nu Sig. > (mc ngha) khng c s khc bit c ngha v trung bnh ca 2 tng th. Trong VD trn sig. = 0.002 < 0.05 c s khc bit c ngha v trung bnh ca 2 tng th.

CCH THC TIN HNH KIM NH GI THUYT V TR TRUNG BNH CA 2 TNG TH PH THUC HAY PHI HP TNG CP (Paired-Samples T-test)

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Hng dn thc hnh SPSS c bn

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1. Vo menu Analyze Compare means Paired-samples T-test

2. Chn cp bin mun so snh (nhn gi phm ctrl chn 2 bin) a vo khung

Paired Variable(s). C th chn nhiu cp so snh cng 1 lc. 3. C th chnh li tin cy bng cch click vo Option, nhp tin cy vo khung Confidence Interval. 4. Click Ok thc hin lnh.
5. Xem cch c kt qu kim nh phn trn. Cng dng gi tr Sig.

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Hng dn thc hnh SPSS c bn

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CCH THC TIN HNH PHN TCH PHNG SAI (ANOVA Analysis of Variance) Phn tch phng sai ANOVA l phng php so snh tr trung bnh ca 3 nhm tr ln. C 2 k thut phn tch phng sai: ANOVA 1 yu t (mt bin yu t phn loi cc quan st thnh cc nhm khc nhau) v ANOVA nhiu yu t(2 hay nhiu bin phn loi). phn thc hnh c bn ch cp n phn tch phng sai 1 yu t (One-way ANOVA). Mt s gi nh i vi phn tch phng sai mt yu t: Cc nhm so snh phi c lp v c chn mt cch ngu nhin. Cc nhm so snh phi c phn phi chun hoc c mu phi ln c xem nh tim cn phn phi chun. Phng sai ca cc nhm so snh phi ng nht.

1. T menu Analyze Compare Means One-Way ANOVA, xut hin hp thoi

sau:

2 k thut dng kim nh su ANOVA

2. a bin nh lng (tr trung bnh) vo khung Dependent list.

a bin phn loi xc nh cc nhm cn so snh vi nhau vo khung Factor.

3. Click vo nt Option m hp thoi One-Way ANOVA Options.

Trong hp thoi One-way ANOVA Options: Click chn Descriptive tnh i lng thng k m t (tnh tr trung bnh) theo tng nhm so snh. Click chn Homogeneity of variance test kim nh s bng nhau ca cc phng sai nhm (thc hin kim nh Levene).
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Hng dn thc hnh SPSS c bn

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4. Click chn Continue tr li hp thoi ban u click Ok thc hin lnh. 5. Da vo kt qu kim nh ANOVA, nu H 0 c chp nhn th kt lun khng c

s khc bit c ngha gia cc nhm vi nhau. Nu H0 b bc b c s khc bit c ngha gia cc nhm tr li hp thoi One way ANOVA thc hin kim nh su ANOVA nhm xc nh c th trung bnh ca nhm no khc vi nhm no, ngha l tm xem s khc bit ca cc nhm xy ra u.
6. Tuy nhin c th thc hin kim nh ANOVA v su ANOVA cng lc vi nhau.

Da vo s chp nhn hay bc b gi thuyt H0 quan tm hay khng quan tm n kt qu kim nh su ANOVA.

Phn tch su ANOVA Xc nh ch khc bit

C 2 phng php phn tch su ANOVA, l kim nh trc (kim nh Priori Contrasts) v kim nh sau (kim nh Post-Hoc test). Phng php kim nh gn vi phng php nghin cu thc l Post-Hoc test. Nn trong phn ny ta s s dng PostHoc test thc hin kim nh su ANOVA nhm tm ra ch khc bit. Cc phng php kim nh thng k ca Post-Hoc test thng c s dng:
-

LSD: y l php kim nh dng kim nh t ln lt cho tng cp trung bnh nhm, do vy nhc im ca n l tin cy khng cao v lm gia tng mc phm sai lm tng ng vi vic so snh nhiu nhm cng mt lc. Bonferroni: ging quy tc ca LSD nhng iu chnh c mc ngha khi tin hnh so snh bi da trn s ln tin hnh so snh. y l mt trong nhng th tc kim nh n gin nht v hay c s dng cho mc tiu ny.
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Tukey: cng c s dng ph bin cho vic tm kim cc trung bnh cc nhm khc bit. N s dng bng phn phi Studentizze range distribution. Tukey hiu qu hn Bonferroni khi s lng cc cp trung bnh cn so snh kh nhiu. R-E-G-W: thc hin 2 bc kim nh, u tin tin hnh kim nh li ton b cc gi tr trung bnh nhm xem c bng nhau khng; nu khng bng th bc k tip n s kim nh tm cc nhm no khc bit tht s vi nhau v tr trung bnh. Nhng kim nh ny khng ph hp khi kch c cc nhm mu khng bng nhau. Dunnett: l th tc cho php chn so snh cc tr trung bnh ca cc nhm mu cn li vi tr trung bnh ca mt nhm mu c th no c chn ra so snh (nhm iu khin), SPSS mc nh chn nhm cui (last) lm nhm iu khin.

S dng kim nh no l tu thuc vo mc ch ca nh nghin cu v tnh hnh thc t nghin cu.

c kt qu phn tch phng sai

1. Bng u tin th hin cc i lng thng k m t
Descriptives Willingness to introduce 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Std. N Single Married/Living with partner Divorced Widowed Total 153 341 15 2 511 Mean 4.12 4.28 4.13 4.50 4.23 Deviation .811 .645 .743 .707 .704 Std. Error .066 .035 .192 .500 .031 Lower Bound 3.99 4.22 3.72 -1.85 4.17 Upper Bound 4.25 4.35 4.54 10.85 4.29 Minimum 1.00 1.00 3.00 4.00 1.00 Maximum 5 5 5 5 5

2. Bng th 2 th hin kt qu kim nh Levene. Trong VD ny Sig. = 0.273 > mc

ngha 0.1 chp nhn gi thuyt H0 phng sai cc nhm khng khc nhau mt cch c ngha c th s dng kt qu phn tch ANOVA bng tip theo.
Test of Homogeneity of Variances Willingness to introduce Levene Statistic 1.303 df1 3 df2 507 Sig. .273

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3. Bng th 3 th hin kt qu kim nh ANOVA. Trong VD ny sig. = 0.089 < mc

ngha 0.1 bc b gi thuyt H0 c s khc bit c ngha v gi tr trung bnh ca mc sn lng gii thiu ca cc nhm tnh trng hn nhn.
ANOVA Willingness to introduce Sum of Squares Between Groups Within Groups Total 3.228 249.523 252.751 df 3 507 510 Mean Square 1.076 .492 F 2.186 Sig. .089

4. Bng th 4 th hin kt qu kim nh su ANOVA (dng kim nh LSD).

Multiple Comparisons Willingness to introduce LSD Mean (I) Marital status Single (J) Marital status Married/Living with partner Divorced Widowed Married/Living with partner Single Divorced Widowed Divorced Single Married/Living with partner Widowed Widowed Single Married/Living with partner Divorced *. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level. Difference (I-J) Std. Error Sig.
*

95% Confidence Interval Lower Bound Upper Bound

-.167

.068 .190 .499 .068 .185 .498 .190 .185 .528 .499 .498 .528

.015 .934 .444 .015 .415 .665 .934 .415 .488 .444 .665 .488

-.30 -.39 -1.36 .03 -.21 -1.19 -.36 -.51 -1.40 -.60 -.76 -.67

-.03 .36 .60 .30 .51 .76 .39 .21 .67 1.36 1.19 1.40

-.016 -.382 .167

*

.151 -.216 .016 -.151 -.367 .382 .216 .367

Da vo kt qu kim nh LSD ny, ta c th kt lun ch c hai nhm kt hn v c thn l c s khc nhau v mc sn lng gii thiu. Trong VD ny nhm kt hn s sn lng gii thiu hn nhm c thn (xem bng thng k m t).

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M HNH HI QUY TUYN TNH BI

1. T menu Analyze Regression Linear

2. Xut hin hp thoi sau:

a bin ph thuc vo khung Dependent(s). a bin c lp vo khung Independent(s).

3. Chn phng php a bin vo Method.

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Mc nh SPSS s chn phng php a bin vo l Enter. y l phng php m SPSS s x l tt c cc bin c lp m nh nghin cu mun a vo m hnh. Phng php a vo dn (forward selection). Bin c lp u tin c xem xt a vo m hnh l bin c tng quan ln nht vi bin ph thuc. Tip tc SPSS s xt iu kin a cc bin c lp cn li vo m hnh. Nu bin u tin khng tho iu kin vo th th tc ny s chm dt, khng c bin no c a vo m hnh. Phng php loi tr dn (backward elimination). u tin tt c cc bin c lp c a vo m hnh, bin c h s tng quan nh nht s c kim tra u tin, nu khng tho iu kin s b loi ra. Lc ny m hnh ny s c tnh ton li m khng c bin c lp va loi. Tip theo SPSS s lp li th tc trn cho n khi no gi tr F ca bin c h s tng quan nh nht ln hn iu kin th qu trnh ny s dng li.

Tham kho iu kin a vo v loi ra PIN, FIN, FOUT, POUT.

Phng php chn tng bc (stepwise selection) l s kt hp ca phng php a vo dn vo loi tr dn v l phng php c s dng thng thng nht. S dng phng php a bin vo no ph thuc vo tnh cht ca cuc nghin cu. V phng php c s dng nhiu nht l phng php chn tng bc (stepwise selection).

4. Click vo Statistics, m hp thoi sau:

Click chn Collinearity diagnostics kim tra hin tng a cng tuyn (Multicollinearity). chp nhn ca bin (Tolerances) v h s phng i
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phng sai (Variance inflation factor VIF) c dng pht hin hin tng a cng tuyn. Quy tc l khi VIF vt qu 10 l du hiu ca a cng tuyn.
5. Click Continue tr li hp thoi Linear Regressions click Ok thc hin lnh.

Cc bc nh gi m hnh VD: s dng stepwsise a cc bin c lp vo m hnh. M hnh: s hi lng ca DK v im n = + 1 (s hi lng v dch v lu tr) + 2 (s hi lng v dch v n ung) + 3 (s hi lng v dch v mua sm) + 4 (s hi lng v dch v vn chuyn) Gi tr Tolerances v VIF bng s 3 (bng Coefficients) cho thy khng hin din hin tng a cng tuyn ca cc bin. tip tc nh gi m hnh. 1. nh gi ph hp ca m hnh H s xc nh R2 v R2 hiu chnh (Adjusted R square) c dng nh gi ph hp ca m hnh. V R2 s tng khi a thm bin c lp vo m hnh nn dng R2 hiu chnh s an ton hn khi nh gi ph hp ca m hnh. R2 hiu chnh cng ln th hin ph hp ca m hnh cng cao.
Model Summary Adjusted R Model 1 2 3 4 R .618a .664b .677c .684d R Square .382 .441 .459 .468 Square .381 .439 .455 .463 Std. Error of the Estimate .461 .439 .432 .429

R2 hiu chnh ca m hnh s 4 l 0.463 46.3% s bin thin ca mc hi lng ca DK v im n c gii thch bi mi lin h tuyn tnh ca cc bin c lp. Mc ph hp ca m hnh tng i cao. Tuy nhin s ph hp ny ch ng vi d liu mu. kim nh xem c th suy din m hnh cho tng th thc hay khng ta phi kim nh ph hp ca m hnh. 2. Kim nh ph hp ca m hnh Gi thuyt H0: 1 = 2 = 3 = 4 = 0. kim nh ph hp ca m hnh hi quy tuyn tnh a bi ta dng gi tr F bng phn tch ANOVA sau:

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ANOVAe Model 1 Regression Residual Total 2 Regression Residual Total 3 Regression Residual Total 4 Regression Residual Total Sum of Squares 66.904 108.216 175.119 77.248 97.872 175.119 80.296 94.823 175.119 81.897 93.223 175.119 df 1 509 510 2 508 510 3 507 510 4 506 510 20.474 .184 111.131 .000d 26.765 .187 143.109 .000c 38.624 .193 200.475 .000b Mean Square 66.904 .213 F 314.686 Sig. .000a

Gi tr sig. ca tr F ca m hnh s 4 rt nh (< mc ngha) bc b gi thuyt H0 m hnh ph hp vi tp d liu v c th suy rng ra cho ton tng th. 3. ngha cc h s hi quy ring phn trong m hnh
Coefficientsa Unstandardized Coefficients Model 4 (Constant) Overall satisfaction Accommodation Overall satisfaction Transportation Overall satisfaction Food Overall satisfaction Shopping a. Dependent Variable: Overall satisfied B 1.172 .300 Std. Error .136 .041 Standardized Coefficients Beta t 8.595 .335 7.331 Sig. .000 .000 .502 1.990 Collinearity Statistics Tolerance VIF

.168 .139 .103

.032 .041 .035

.218 5.168 .150 3.404 .121 2.947

.000 .001 .003

.589 .538 .624

1.697 1.857 1.603

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ngha ca h s ring phn l k o lng s thay i gi tr trung bnh Y khi Xk thay i 1 n v, gi cc bin c lp cn li khng i. H s Beta (ct th 4 t bn tri) c dng so snh khi cc bin c lp khng cng n v o lng. VD ny ta c th vit li m hnh nh sau:

Hi lng v im n = 1.172 + 0.300(hi lng v lu tr) + 0.168(hi lng v vn chuyn) + 0.139(hi lng v n ung) + 0.103(hi lng v mua sm). Gii thch m hnh: Phng trnh hi quy bi c phng php stepwise c lng cho thy s hi lng ca du khch v 4 dch v: lu tr, vn chuyn, n ung, v mua sm c tc ng t l thun vi s hi lng chung ca du khch v im n. Trong s hi lng v dch v lu tr c tc ng mnh nht n s hi lng v im n.

MT S BIN PHP KHC PHC HIN TNG A CNG TUYN TRONG M HNH HI QUY TUYN TNH ( ngh tham kho chi tit hn trong gio trnh Kinh t lng ca Tin s Mai Vn Nam) 1. S dng thng tin tin nghim Thng tin tin nghim c th t cc cng vic thc t trc y trong xy ra hin tng cng tuyn nhng t nghim trng hoc t cc l thuyt tng ng trong lnh vc nghin cu. 2. Loi tr mt bin gii thch ra khi m hnh Bc 1: Xem cp bin c quan h chc ch. Gi s X 3 v X4 c tng quan chc ch vi nhau.
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Bc 2: Tnh R2 i vi cc hm hi quy: c mt c 2 bin; khng c mt 1 trong 2 bin. Bc 3: Loi bin m gi tr R2 tnh c khi khng c mt bin ln hn. VD: R2 ca hm c mt 2 bin l 0.94; R2 ca m hnh khng c bin X3 l 0.92; R2 ca m hnh khng c bin X4 l 0.87 loi bin X3 ra khi m hnh. 3. Thu thp thm s liu hoc ly mu mi Vn a cng tuyn l mt c tnh ca mu, c th l trong mt mu khc, cc bin cng tuyn c th khng nghim trng nh trong mu u tin. V vy, tng c mu c th lm gim bt vn cng tuyn.

HI QUY BINARY LOGISTIC

Hi quy Binary Logistic s dng bin ph thuc dng nh phn c lng xc sut mt s kin s xy ra vi nhng thng tin ca bin c lp m ta c c. Khi bin ph thuc dng nh phn ( hai biu hin 0 v 1) th khng th phn tch vi dng hi quy thng thng m phi s dng hi quy Binary Logistic. I. Cch thc tin hnh phn tch hi quy Binary Logistic vi SPSS
1. Vo menu Analyze Regression Binary Logistic, xut hin hp thoi sau:

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2. a bin ph thuc Y dng nh phn vo dependent, v bin c lp sang khung Covariate. 3. Chn phng php a bin vo (Method) tng t nh hi quy tuyn tnh thng thng. Tuy nhin iu kin cn c trn s thng k likelihood-ratio (t l thch hp) hay s thng k Wald. Enter: a vo bt buc, cc bin trong khi bin c lp c a vo trong mt bc. Forward: Conditional l phng php a dn vo theo iu kin. N kim tra vic loi bin cn c trn xc sut ca s thng k Likelihood-ratio da trn nhng c lng thng s c iu kin. Forward: LR l phng php a dn vo kim tra vic loi bin cn c trn xc sut ca s thng k Likelihood-ratio da trn c lng kh nng xy ra ti a (maximum-likelihood estimates). Forward: Wald l phng php a dn vo kim tra vic loi bin cn c trn xc sut ca s thng k Wald. Backward: Conditional l phng php loi tr dn theo iu kin. N kim tra vic loi bin cn c trn xc sut ca s thng k Likelihood-ratio da trn nhng c lng thng s c iu kin. Backward: LR l phng php loi tr dn vo kim tra vic loi bin cn c trn xc sut ca s thng k Likelihood-ratio da trn c lng kh nng xy ra ti a. Backward: Wald l phng php a dn vo kim tra vic loi bin cn c trn xc sut ca s thng k Wald. Stepwise: hi quy tng bc, s thng k c s dng cho cc bin c a vo v loi ra cn c trn s thng k Likelihood-ratio, hay s thng k Wald.

4. hin th phn loi gi tr tht v gi tr d bo ca bin ph thuc, chn Option, chn Classification plots trong phn Statistics and plots. Click Continue tr v hp thoi u tin.

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5. Mun tnh c gi tr d on, l xc sut m mt i tng s (bin ph thuc

Y), ta chn Predict value trong hp thoi Save. Chn Continue Ok thc hin lnh.

II. Cch thc c kt qu phn tch hi quy Binary Logistic V d: s dng phng php a bin vo mc nh l Enter. Phn tch mc nh hng ca s hi lng v 4 dch v n mc hi lng chung v im n khi i du lch ca du khch. Y: mc hi lng chung v im n (0: khng hi lng, 1: hi lng) X1 X4: mc hi lng v 4 dch v (tng t nh phn hi quy tuyn tnh) Thc hin cc bc trn tin hnh phn tch. Kt qu xut hin vi rt nhiu bng. Ta s ch phn tch cc bng sau:

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Bng 1. Omnibus Tests of Model Coefficients Chi-square Step 1 Step Block Model 178.459 178.459 178.459 df 4 4 4 Sig. .000 .000 .000

bng 1, ta c kt qu kim nh H0: 1 = 2 = = k = 0. Kim nh ny xem xt kh nng gii thch bin ph thuc ca t hp bin c lp. Kt qu bng 1 cho thy ph hp tng qut c mc ngha quan st sig. = 0,000 nn ta bc b H0. Ngha l t hp lin h tuyn tnh ca ton b cc h s trong m hnh c ngha trong vic gii thch cho bin ph thuc.
Bng 2. Model Summary Cox & Snell R Step 1 -2 Log likelihood 26.793a Square .595 Nagelkerke R Square .769

a. Estimation terminated at iteration number 6 because parameter estimates changed by less than .001.

Bng 2 th hin kt qu ph hp ca m hnh. Khc vi hi quy tuyn tnh thng thng h s R2 cng ln th m hnh cng ph hp, hi quy Binary Logistic s dng ch tiu -2LL (-2 log likelihood) nh gi ph hp ca m hnh. -2LL cng nh cng th hin ph hp cao. Gi tr nh nht ca -2LL l 0 (tc l khng c sai s) khi m hnh c ph hp hon ho. Kt qu bng 2 cho thy gi tr ca -2LL = 26,472 khng cao lm, nh vy n th hin mt ph hp kh tt ca m hnh tng th.

Bng 3. Classification Tablea Predicted Satisfied dummy Observed Step 1 Satisfied dummy Dissatisfied Satisfied Overall Percentage a. The cut value is .500 Dissatisfied 51 22 Satisfied 49 389 Percentage Correct 51.0 94.6 86.1

Mc chnh xc cng c th hin bng 3, bng ny cho thy trong 73 trng hp khng hi lng v im n (xem theo ct) m hnh d on ng 49 trng hp (xem theo
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hng), vy t l ng l 51%. Cn vi 438 trng hp hi lng v im n, m hnh d on sai 22 trng hp, t l ng l 94,6%. T ta tnh c t l d on ng ca ton b m hnh l 86,1%.
Bng 4. Variables in the Equation B Step 1a Satisfied with Accom Satisfied with Food Satisfied with Shopping Satisfied with Transp Constant 1.567 .435 .672 .918 -11.737 S.E. .255 .249 .222 .228 1.347 Wald 37.812 3.051 9.164 16.273 75.891 df 1 1 1 1 1 Sig. .000 .031 .002 .000 .000 Exp(B) 4.794 1.546 1.959 2.505 .000

a. Variable(s) entered on step 1: Q3.2.a, Q3.2.f, Q3.2.s, Q3.2.t.

Bng 4 th hin kt qu ca kim nh Wald (kim nh gi thuyt hi quy khc khng). Nu h s hi quy B0 v B1 u bng 0 th t l chnh lch gia cc xc sut s bng 1, tc xc sut s kin xy ra hay khng xy ra nh nhau, lc m hnh hi quy khng c tc dng d on. i vi hi quy tuyn tnh s dng kim nh t kim nh gi thuyt H 0: k=0. Cn i vi hi quy Binary Logistic, i lng Wald Chi Square c s dng kim nh ngha thng k ca h s hi quy tng th. Kt qu bng 4 cho thy mc hi lng v 4 dch v c gi tr p (sig.) nh hn mc ngha = 0,05 bc b H0. Nh vy cc h s hi quy tm c c ngha v m hnh c s dng tt.

T cc h s hi quy ny ta vit c phng trnh:

Din gii ngha ca cc h s hi quy Binary Logistic nh sau: Mc hi lng v 4 dch v u lm tng mc hi lng chung v im n , trong hi lng v DV lu tr tc ng mnh nht. C th tc ng bin ca mc hi lng v DV lu tr ln mc hi lng chung vi xc sut ban u = 0,5 th tc ng ny bng 0,5(1-0,5)1,57 = 0,3925.
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VN DNG M HNH HI QUY BINARY LOGISTIC CHO MC CH D BO M hnh hi quy Binary Logistic c th c p dng d bo kh nng tr n khi i tng i vay hay d bo nhu cu s dng mt sn phm c th no . Ta s dng cng thc sau:

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CCH THC TIN HNH PHN TCH NHN T

1. T menu Analyze Data Reduction Factor

2. Xut hin hp thoi sau:

3. Chn tt c cc bin cn gom nhm vo Variables.

4. Click chn Descriptives, xut hin hp thoi sau:

Chn cc tham s thng k m t.

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Chn tnh cc ma trn h s tng quan. Chn kim nh Bartlett. Trong phn tch nhn t, cn kim nh mi tng quan ca cc bin vi nhau (H0: cc bin khng c tng quan vi nhau trong tng th). Nu gi thuyt H0 khng c bc b th phn tch nhn t c kh nng khng thch hp. Click continue tr li hp thoi Factor analysis

5. Click chn Extraction m hp thoi sau:

Chn phng php rt trch nhn t, phng php mc nh l rt cc thnh phn chnh Principal components. Phn tch ma trn tng quan hay hip phng sai Analyze. Th hin phng n nhn t cha xoay v v biu dc Display. Xc nh tiu chun rt trch nhn t hay s lng nhn t cn rt trch. C 2 cch xc nh tiu chun ny Extract: Xc nh t trc da vo ca nh nghin cu v kt qu ca cc cuc nghin cu trc. Nh nghin cu xc nh s nhn t Number of factors. Xc nh da vo Eigenvalue (Determination based on eigenvalue. Ch c nhng nhn t no ln hn 1 mi c gi li trong m hnh phn tch.

Click Continue tr li hp thoi Factor Analysis.

6. Click chn Rotation (Xoay nhn t) m hp thoi sau: Xoay nhn t l th tc gip ma trn nhn t tr nn n gin v d gii thch hn.

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C nhiu phng php xoay khc nhau trong c s dng rng ri nht l Varimax procedure (xoay nguyn gc cc nhn t ti thiu ho s lng bin c h s ln ti cng mt nhn t, v vy s tng cng kh nng gii thch cc nhn t). Click Continue tr li hp thoi chnh. 7. Click chn Factor Score tnh im cc nhn t

Nu nh nghin cu mun xc nh tp hp nhn t t hn s dng trong cc phng php phn tch a bin tip theo (phn tch ANOVA, hi quy), ta c th tnh ton ra cc nhn s (tr s ca cc bin tng hp) cho tng trng hp quan st mt. Nhn s ca nhn t th i bng: Fi = Wi1X1 + Wi2X2 + Wi3X3 + + WikXk My tnh s tnh cc nhn s ny v t ng save vo file d liu nhng bin mi ny. Mc nh ca chng trnh l phng php tnh nhn s Regression (theo n v o lng lch chun).
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Chn th hin bng trng s nhn t bng cch click vo Display factor Click Continue tr li hp thoi ban u click Ok thc hin lnh.

C KT QU CA V D SAU VD: xc nh nhn t nh hng n quyt nh chn nh tr ca sinh vin khoa cng ngh trng i hc Cn th.

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Bng 1. Descriptive Statistics

Mean gia ca ve sinh an ninh moi truong song gan truong gan khu vui choi, giai tri phong co gac lung co nha ve sinh trong phong noi qui dien, nuoc 3.91 4.05 4.35 4.09 3.60 3.28 3.33 3.67 3.79 4.16 Std. Deviation 1.065 .950 .948 .811 1.072 1.161 .993 1.063 .940 .871 Analysis N 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43 43

Bng 2. Correlation Matrix Correlation moi truong gia ca gia ca ve sinh an ninh moi truong song gan truong gan khu vui choi, giai tri phong co gac lung co nha ve sinh trong phong noi qui dien, nuoc 1.000 .522 .528 .313 .238 .291 ve sinh .522 1.000 .801 .581 .392 .096 an ninh .528 .801 1.000 .607 .303 .191 song .313 .581 .607 1.000 .372 .174 gan truong .238 .392 .303 .372 1.000 .569 gan khu co nha ve dien, noi qui .123 .198 .378 .307 .034 .142 nuoc .402 .393 .535 .315 .275 .401

vui choi, phong co sinh trong giai tri .291 .096 .191 .174 .569 1.000 gac lung .209 .337 .129 .021 .325 .270 phong .288 .298 .281 .257 .219 .365

.209

.337

.129

.021

.325

.270

1.000

.238

.049

.130

.288 .123 .402

.298 .198 .393

.281 .378 .535

.257 .307 .315

.219 .034 .275

.365 .142 .401

.238 .049 .130

1.000 .478 .470

.478 1.000 .479

.470 .479 1.000

Bng 1 th hin i lng thng k m t. Bng 2 th hin ma trn tng quan gia cc bin. Ta thy h s tng quan gia cc bin trong ma trn ny tng i cao.
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Bng 3 th hin kt qu ca kim nh Barlett. Da vo kt qu ny ta c th bc b H 0 (Cc bin khng c tng quan vi nhau). Phn tch nhn t l phng php ph hp phn tch ma trn tng quan bng 2.
Bng 3. KMO and Bartlett's Test Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin Measure of Sampling Adequacy. Bartlett's Test of Sphericity Approx. Chi-Square df Sig. .714 167.933 45 .000

Bng 5. Total Variance Explained

Component 1 Initial Eigenvalues Total % of Variance Cumulative % Extraction Sums of Squared Loadings Total % of Variance Cumulative % 3.989 39.892 39.892 3.989 39.892 39.892 2.776 27.758 27.758 2 1.406 14.058 53.949 1.406 14.058 53.949 2.006 20.056 47.814 3 1.283 12.829 66.778 1.283 12.829 66.778 1.896 18.965 66.778 4 .892 8.916 75.694 5 .760 7.599 83.293 6 .526 5.259 7 .412 4.116 8 .324 3.238 9 .290 2.903 98.809 10 .119 1.191 1.000E2

88.552 92.668 9.591E1

Rotation Sums Total of Squared Loadings % of Variance Cumulative %

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis.

Da vo bng 5 v theo tiu chun eigenvalue ln hn 1 th ch c 3 nhn t c rt trch ra. Gi tr Cumulative % cho bit 3 nhn t u gii thch 66.78% bin thin ca d liu. Bng s 4 (bng Cummunalities) cho bit thng tin v phn bin thin c gii thch bi cc nhn t chung. Bng s 6 l bng th hin cc nhn t cha xoay. d dng gii thch cc nhn t hn ta s dng bng s 7 c kt qu.

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Bng 6. Component Matrixa Component 1 gia ca ve sinh an ninh moi truong song gan truong gan khu vui choi, giai tri phong co gac lung co nha ve sinh trong phong noi qui dien, nuoc .647 .781 .814 .667 .573 .514 .369 .601 .498 .718 2 -.039 -.245 -.379 -.324 .527 .661 .529 .127 -.288 -.040

GV: Th.S Phm L Hng Nhung

3 -.221 -.419 -.205 -.206 -.268 .179 -.184 .525 .651 .369

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. a. 3 components extracted.

Bng 7. Rotated Component Matrixa Component 1 gia ca (1) ve sinh (2) an ninh (3) moi truong song (4) gan truong (5) gan khu vui choi, giai tri (6) phong co gac lung (7) co nha ve sinh trong phong (8) noi qui (9) dien, nuoc (10) .604 .896 .875 .743 .312 -.015 .119 .124 .176 .364 2 .149 .069 .280 .198 .020 .358 -.014 .746 .838 .689 3 .286 .198 .056 .041 .762 .778 .660 .285 -.148 .215

Da vo bng s 7 ta thy bin 1,2,3,4 c tng quan mnh vi nhau v thuc nhn t th 1. Tng t nhn t 2 bao gm cc bin 8,9,10. Cc bin 5,6,7 l cc bin gii thch cho nhn t 3. Da vo nhng im ging nhau (th hin tnh chung) ca bin nm trong nhn t v nhng nghin cu trc nh nghin cu s t tn cho nhng nhn t ny. VD: nhm 1 l nhn t an ton; nhm 2 l nhn t iu kin sinh hot; nhm 3 l nhn t v tr thun li.

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Bng 8. Component Transformation Matrix Component 1 2 3 1 .736 -.461 -.495 2 .516 -.090 .852 3 .437 .883 -.171

GV: Th.S Phm L Hng Nhung

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Bng 9. Component Score Coefficient Matrix Component 1 gia ca ve sinh an ninh moi truong song gan truong gan khu vui choi, giai tri phong co gac lung co nha ve sinh trong phong noi qui dien, nuoc .218 .386 .354 .309 .036 -.191 -.034 -.134 -.065 .003 2 -.060 -.161 -.006 -.030 -.138 .143 -.108 .418 .515 .341 3 .076 -.012 -.122 -.103 .430 .448 .397 .076 -.213 .004

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Component Scores. Bng 10. Component Score Covariance Matrix Component 1 2 3 1 1.000 .000 .000 2 .000 1.000 .000 3 .000 .000 1.000

Extraction Method: Principal Component Analysis. Rotation Method: Varimax with Kaiser Normalization. Component Scores.

Da vo bng 8, 9 v 10 ta xc nh nhn s nh sau: F1 = 0.218*gi c + 0.386*v sinh + 0.354*an ninh + 0.309*mi trng sng F2 = 0.418*c nh v sinh trong phng + 0.515*ni quy + 0.341*in nc
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F3 = 0.430*gn trng + 0.448*gn khu vui chi + 0.397*c gc lng

X L CU HI NHIU LA CHN
1. M HO Trong qu trnh nghin cu, c nhng cu hi cho php ngi tr li chn nhiu hn 1 la chn. V d: cu hi v tin s phu thut, bnh nhn c th cng mt lc c nhiu phu thut trc y. y c gi l cu hi nhiu la chn. S th t 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Tn phu thut Ct vim rut tha M ly thai Ct t cung Phu thut u bung trng Vim ti mt Phu thut khc nh du v ghi ch (nu c)

i vi cu hi nhiu la chn, mi mt la chn s c m ho thnh 1 bin. Theo v d trn ta s m ho thnh 6 bin. Cch thc khai bo Value: c 2 cch thc Cch 1: dng dng cu hi phn i C Khng (Dng bin Dichotomy)

Cch 2: dng chnh s th t ca bin m ho. Nu bnh nhn no c tin s ct vim rut tha s nhp vo s 1, c tin s m ly thai s nhp vo s 2. (Dng bin Category)

2. CCH THC X L
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i vi cu hi nhiu la chn, khi cn phn tch tn s chng ta khng s dng cng c thng k m t tnh Frequency thng thng. Cng c dng x l cu hi nhiu la chn l Multiple Response. 2.1. nh dng bin tng hp thoi sau:

1. T menu Analyze Multiple Response Define Variable Sets m hp

2. Chn tt c cc bin thuc cu nhiu la chn a vo khung Variables in Set. 3. Khai bo cch m ho khung Variables Are Coded As:
-

Nu dng cch m ho 1: dng dng cu hi phn i C Khng, ta s khai bo bin dng Dichotomies. V s m gi tr C Counted value. i vi v d trn, do ta khai bo 1. Khng, 2. C, nn ny ta s nhp gi tr cn m l 2 Nu dng cch m ho 2, ta s khai bo dng Categories, v m cc s th t ca bin. Trong v d trn c 6 bin, ta s m t gi tr 1 n 6 ti Range: 1 through: 6.

4. Khai bo tn v nhn bin khung Name v Label.

5. Click vo Add xc nhn bin tng hp c to Click chn Close

hon tt qu trnh nh dng bin tng hp. 2.2. Phn tch tn s (Frequency)

1. T menu Analyze Multiple Response Frequency, xut hin hp thoi sau: 36

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2. a bin tng hp va to phn trn vo Tables for Click chn Ok

hon tt thao tc. 3. Kt qu hin ra ca s Output nh sau:

$TSPHAUTHUATTH Frequencies Responses N TIEN SU PHAU THUAT TONG HOP
a

Percent 38 3 2 3 9 55 69.1% 5.5% 3.6% 5.5% 16.4% 100.0%

Percent of Cases 76.0% 6.0% 4.0% 6.0% 18.0% 110.0%

tien su cat viem ruot thua tien su mo lay thai tien su mo cat tu cung tien su phau thuat u buong trung ts mo do benh khac

Total a. Dichotomy group tabulated at value 2.

Percent of Cases: phn trm trn tng s bnh nhn c quan st (50 bnh nhn) Percent of Responses: phn trm trn tng s tr li (v mi bnh nhn c th c nhiu tin s phu thut nn tng s tr li = 55 > c mu quan st = 50)

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M HO LI BIN
Trong qu trnh phn tch d liu ngi lm nghin cu i khi s phi m ho li bin s dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau, v trng hp n c nht l: Khi nh nghin cu mun chuyn mt bin nh lng (thang o t l) sang mt bin nh tnh (thang o biu danh hay th t). V d: Khi thu thp thng tin v tui ca bnh nhn, chng ta s dng thang o t l (dng chnh xc s tui ca bnh nhn: 52, 67, hay 81 tui). n khi x l s liu, nh nghin cu li mun s dng nhm tui phn tch v vit bo co: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. < 30 tui 30 39 tui 40 49 tui 50 59 tui 60 tui

Quy trnh m ho li bin nh sau:

1. Vo menu Transform Recode into Different Variables

Nu chng ta chn Recode into Same Variables th bin c (s tui chnh xc) s mt i v c thay th bng mt bin mi vi cc biu hin mi (l nhm tui). Thng thng ta s chn Recode into Different Variables to ra bin mi m vn gi li bin c. 2. Xut hin hp thoi sau:

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3. a bin cn m ho li t khung cha b bin sang khung Numeric Variable -> Output Variable.
4. Ti khung Output Variable, khai bo tn v nhn cho bin mi Click chn Change

thc hin thay bin. 5. Tip tc thay i gi tr ca bin bng cch click chn Old and New Values, m hp thoi sau:

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6. Ta ln lt khai bo gi tr c bn tay tri (Old Value) thnh gi tr mi bn tay phi

(New Value) Click chn Add sau mi ln khai bo. Vi gi tr c c cc dng sau y: Value: tng gi tr c ri rc System-missing: gi tr khuyt h thng System or user missing: gi tr khuyt ca h thng hoc do ngi s dng nh ngha - Range: mt khong gi tr (t n / range: through: ) - Range, LOWEST through value: mt khong gi tr t gi tr nh nht n mt gi tr c nhp vo - Range, value through HIGHEST: mt khong gi tr t gi tr nhp vo n gi tr ln nht 7. Chn Continue tr v hp thoi trc, v chn OK hon tt knh. 8. Khai bo value cho bin va to ti Value ca ca s Variable View nh hnh sau: -

9. Tip tc thc hin cc php thng k m t hay kim nh da trn bin mi va to nhm phc v cho mc tiu nghin cu.

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CCH TNH TON GI TR BIN MI T BIN C SN

C th s dng SPSS cng, tr, nhn chia cc bin c sn tr thnh 1 bin mi (th tc TransformCompute). Tuy nhin bin mi c tnh ton ny khng t ng thay i nu ta thay i cc bin thnh phn nh cng c tnh ton trong Excel. V vy, th tc tnh ton ny thng c tin hnh sau khi chnh l d liu. Th tc tnh ton ny c s dng kh nhiu trong phn tch s liu. c bit i vi nhng ti c s dng phn tch nhn t gom nhm. Sau khi tin hnh gom nhm cc yu t c cng tnh cht, ta s tnh ton gi tr ca nhm bng th tc Compute ny. V d: kt qu sau khi tin hnh phn tch nhn t nh sau

KT QU PHN TCH NHN T

KT QU SAU KHI COMPUTE V THNG K M T

Vi N1, N2, N3 l k hiu m ho cho 3 nhm c gom t 12 bin nh gi cht lng dch v. Nu nhng bc tip theo ca ti cn thc hin kim nh t, ANOVA hay phn tch hi quy lin quan n cc tiu ch nh gi cht lng dch v ny, chng ta s khng dng 12 bin thc hin m dng nhm ln (3 nhm).
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tnh c gi tr cho cc nhm ln (bng tr trung bnh ca cc bin trong nhm) nhm phc v cho mc ch kim nh t, ANOVA hay phn tch hi quy, chng ta s thao tc trong SPSS theo trnh t nh sau 6. M ho bin mi (nhm ln) i vi v d trn, sau khi phn tch nhn t ta c c 3 nhm, vy ta s tin hnh m ho 3 bin mi (i din cho 3 nhm) trong b s liu c ti ca s Variable View.

7.

Tin hnh tnh ton cho nhm

Vo menu Transform Compute Variables, xut hin hp thoi sau:

PHM CNG C CHO CC PHP TNH MI TN A BIN VO CNG THC

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Ti Target Variable, ta nhp vo tn bin mi s cha gi tr tnh ton (tn bin ca nhm). Ch cn nhp ng tn khai bo bc 1. Ti Numberic Expression, ta nhp cng thc tnh ton cho bin mi. Trong v d trn, nhm 1 gm 5 bin 5.1, 5.6, 5.7, 5.8 v 5.9. Nh vy bin mi (N1) s bng trung bnh ca 5 bin. Cch nhp cng thc ti ny nh sau: ta chn bin t khung cha cc bin ri dng du mi tn a bin vo cng thc, v s dng cc phm cng c cho php tnh trong ca s ny hoc trn bn phm my vi tnh. Sau chn nt OK hon tt lnh, mt hp thoi xut hin xc nh qu trnh tnh ton bin, ta tip tc chn OK. n y thao tc tnh ton bin hon thnh.

Trong v d ny, ta tnh tr trung bnh. Thao tc tng t nu chng ta cn cc php tnh nhn, chia, hiu s, hay kt hp nhiu php tnh. Kt qu sau khi compute s th hin r ti ca s Data View. Lnh compute gip ta tnh ton c nhm ln (3 nhm) cho tng quan st (tng i tng nghin cu mt)

GI TR CA BIN N1, N2, V N3 CHO QUAN ST 1

Chng ta c th thc hin lnh thng k m t (tnh tr trung bnh ca cc nhm trn tng mu quan st kt qu 2 ct cui cng VD trang 1), kim nh t, ANOVA hay phn tch hi quy (i vi nh nghin cu thuc trng phi ng tr trung bnh lm bin c lp X) trn 3 bin N1, N2, v N3 ny. ************************ CHC THNH CNG ************************
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