1. H thc lng trong tam gic vung: Cho ABC vung A ta c : 2 2 2 a) nh l Pitago : BC = AB + AC A b) BA2 = BH .BC; CA2 = CH .CB b c) AB.

. AC = BC. AH c 1 1 1 = + d) 2 2 AH AB AC 2 H M C B e) BC = 2AM a b c b c f) sin B = , cosB = , tan B = , cot B = a a c b b b = g) b = a. sinB = a.cosC, c = a. sinC = a.cosB, a = , sin B cos C b = c. tanB = c.cot C 2.H thc lng trong tam gic thng: * nh l hm s Csin: a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc.cosA a b c = = = 2R * nh l hm s Sin: sin A sin B sin C 3. Cc cng thc tnh din tch: a/ Cng thc tnh din tch tam gic: 1 a. b. c 1 a+b+c S = a.ha = a.b sin C = = p.r = p.( p a)( p b)( p c) vi p = 2 2 2 4R c bit : ABC vung A :
1 S = AB .AC 2

b/ Din tch hnh vung : S = cnh x cnh c/ Din tch hnh ch nht : S = di x rng 1 d/ Din tch hnh thoi : S = (cho di x cho ngn) 2 1 d/ Din tch hnh thang : S = (y ln + y nh) x chiu cao 2 e/ Din tch hnh bnh hnh : S = y x chiu cao f/ Din tch hnh trn : S = .R 2 4. Cc h thc quan trng trong tam gic u:

- 1-

A.QUAN H SONG SONG 1.NG THNG V MT PHNG SONG SONG I. nh ngha: a ng thng v mt phng gi l song song a / /(P a (P ) = ) vi nhau nu chng (P) khng c im no chung. II.Cc nh l: L1:Nu ng thng d d khng nm trn mp(P) v d (P) song song vi ng a d / /a d / /(P) thng a nm trn mp(P) (P) a (P) th ng thng d song song vi mp(P) L2: Nu ng thng a (Q) a/ /(P) a song song vi mp(P) th d / /a mi mp(Q) cha a m ct a (Q) d (P) (Q) = d mp(P) th ct theo giao tuyn song song vi a. (P) L3: Nu hai mt phng ct nhau cng song song vi mt ng thng th giao tuyn ca chng song song vi ng thng . I. nh ngha: Hai mt phng c gi l song song vi nhau nu chng khng c im no chung. II.Cc nh l:

(P) (Q) = d (P) / /a (Q) / /a

d / /a
P Q

2.HAI MT PHNG SONG SONG

(P) / /(Q)

(P) (Q ) =

P Q

- 2-

L1: Nu mp(P) cha hai ng thng a, b ct nhau v cng song song vi mt phng (Q) th (P) v (Q) song song vi nhau. L2: Nu mt ng thng nm mt trong hai mt phng song song th song song vi mt phng kia. L3: Nu hai mt phng (P) v (Q) song song th mi mt phng (R) ct (P) th phi ct (Q) v cc giao tuyn ca chng song song.

a,b (P) / /(Q) (P) a b = I a/ /(Q),b / /(Q)

a P b I Q

(P) / /(Q) a/ /(Q) a (P)

a P Q

(P) / /(Q) (R) (P) = a a/ /b (R) (Q) = b

P Q

a b

B.QUAN H VUNG GC 1.NG THNG VUNG GC VI MT PHNG I.nh ngha: b, Mt ng thng c a mp(P) a b (P) a gi l vung gc vi mt H qu: mt phng nu n vung a mp(P) gc vi mi ng a b c P b mp(P) thng nm trn mt phng . II. Cc nh l: L1: Nu ng thng d d vung gc vi hai ng d a, d b thng ct nhau a v b cng nm trong mp(P) th a , b m p( P) d m p( P) b ng thng d vung gc a , b cat n hau a P vi mp(P). L2: (Ba ng vung gc) Cho ng thng a khng vung gc vi a a mp(P ), b mp(P ) mp(P) v ng thng b nm trong (P). Khi , iu kin cn v b b a b a' vung gc vi a l b b a' P vung gc vi hnh chiu a ca a trn (P). 2.HAI MT PHNG VUNG GC I.nh ngha: Hai mt phng c gi l vung gc vi nhau nu gc gia chng bng 900.
- 3-

II. Cc nh l: L1:Nu mt mt phng cha mt ng thng vung gc vi a mp(P) mp(Q) mp(P) mt mt phng khc th a mp(Q) hai mt phng vung gc vi nhau. L2:Nu hai mt phng (P) v (Q) vung gc (P ) (Q ) vi nhau th bt c a (P ) (Q ) = d (Q ) ng thng a no nm a (P ),a trong (P), vung gc vi d giao tuyn ca (P) v (Q) u vung gc vi mt phng (Q). L3: Nu hai mt phng (P) v (Q) vung (P) (Q) gc vi nhau v A l A (P) mt im trong (P) th a (P) ng thng a i qua A a im A v vung gc a (Q) vi (Q) s nm trong (P) L4: Nu hai mt phng ct nhau v cng (P) (Q) = a vung gc vi mt a (R) phng th ba th giao (P) (R) tuyn ca chng vung (Q) (R) gc vi mt phng th ba. 3.KHONG CCH 1. Khong cch t 1 im ti 1 ng thng , n 1 mt phng: Khong cch t im M n ng O thng a (hoc n mt phng (P)) l khong cch gia hai im M v H, H trong H l hnh chiu ca im M a trn ng thng a ( hoc trn mp(P)) d(O; a) = OH; d(O; (P)) = OH 2. Khong cch gia ng thng v mt phng song song: Khong cch gia ng thng a v mp(P) song song vi a l khong cch t mt im no ca a n mp(P).
- 4a

Q a

P a

P a A

d(a;(P)) = OH 3. Khong cch gia hai mt phng song song: l khong cch t mt im bt k trn mt phng ny n mt phng kia. d((P);(Q)) = OH 4.Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau: l di on vung gc chung ca hai ng thng . d(a;b) = AB a) Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau bng khong cch gia mt trong hai ng thng v mt phng song song vi n, cha ng thng cn li. b) Khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau bng khong cch gia hai mt phng song song ln lt cha hai ng thng . 4.GC 1. Gc gia hai ng thng a v b l gc gia hai ng thng a v b cng i qua mt im v ln lt cng phng vi a v b. 2. Gc gia ng thng a khng vung gc vi mt phng (P) l gc gia a v hnh chiu a ca n trn mp(P). c bit: Nu a vung gc vi mt phng (P) th ta ni rng gc gia ng thng a v mp(P) l 900. 3. Gc gia hai mt phng l gc gia hai ng thng ln lt vung gc vi hai mt phng . Hoc l gc gia 2 ng thng nm trong 2 mt phng cng vung gc vi giao tuyn ti 1 im
a

Q
a

H
A

a '

b '

a '

a P

b Q

- 5-

4. Din tch hnh chiu: Gi S l din tch ca a gic (H) trong mp(P) v S l din tch hnh chiu (H) ca (H) trn mp(P) th trong l gc gia hai mt phng (P),(P).

S' = Scos

C. CC HNH A DIN

1. Hnh chp
1. Hnh chp: Cho a gic A1A2...An v mt im S nm ngoi mt phng cha a gic . Ni S vi cc nh A1, A2,..,An c n tam gic: SA1A2, SA2A3,...,SAnA1. Hnh gm n tam gic v a gic A1A2...An gi l hnh chp v c k hiu l S.A1A2...An. 2. Hnh chp u: Mt hnh chp c gi l hnh chp u nu y ca n l a gic u v cc cnh bn bng nhau. Mt hnh chp c gi l hnh chp u nu y ca n l a gic u v c chn ng cao trng vi tm ca a gic y.

Hnh chp t gic u + Trong mt hnh chp u th - Cc cnh bn to vi y cc gc bng nhau. - Cc mt bn to vi y cc gc bng nhau. Hnh chp tam gic u

2. Hnh lng tr
- 6-

1. Hnh lng tr: Hnh hp bi cc hnh bnh hnh A1A2A'2A'1, A2A3A'3A'2,...,AnA1A'1A'2 v hai a gic A1A2...An, A'1A'2...A'n gi l hnh lng tr hoc lng tr, v k hiu l A1A2...An.A'1A'2...A'n. + Trong mt hnh lng tr th - Cc cnh bn bng nhau; - Cc mt bn l cc hnh bnh hnh; - Hai y l hai a gic bng nhau. 2. Hnh hp: l hnh lng tr c y l hnh bnh hnh. + Trong mt hnh hp th - Cc mt bn l cc hnh bnh hnh; - Cc ng cho ca hnh hp ct nhau ti trung im mi ng. 3. Hnh lng tr ng: l hnh lng tr c cnh bn vung gc vi mt y. + Trong hnh lng tr ng th - di cnh bn l chiu cao; - Cc mt bn l cc hnh ch nht.

4. Hnh lng tr u: l hnh lng tr ng c y l a gic u. + Trong hnh lng tr u th - di cnh bn l chiu cao; - Cc mt bn l cc hnh ch nht bng nhau.

5. Hnh hp ng: l hnh lng tr ng c y l hnh bnh hnh.

- 7-

6. Hnh hp ch nht: l hnh hp ng c y l hnh ch nht.

7. Hnh lp phng: l hnh hp ch nht c tt c cc cnh bng nhau

- 8-

CC BI TON N TP
Bi 1: Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic u cnh l a 3 . Cnh SA vung gc vi mt phng (ABC), cnh bn SB to vi mt phng y mt gc 300 . Tnh SA. Bi 2: Cho hnh chp SABC c y ABC l tam gic vung ti A c AB = a 3 , AC = a .Mt bn SBC l tam gic u v vung gc mt phng (ABC). Tnh d(S;(ABC)) . Bi 3: Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung ti A, AB = a , AC = a 3 , mt bn SBC l tam gic u v vung gc vi mt phng y. Tnh khong cch t S n mt phng (ABC). Bi 4: Cho hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD c cnh y bng a, gc SAC bng 450. Tnh khong cch t S n mt phng (ABCD). Bi 5: Cho hnh chp tam gic u S.ABC c cnh y bng a. Bit cnh bn hp vi y mt gc 600. Gi M l trung im ca SA. Tnh d(M;(ABC)) Bi 6: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, cnh bn SA vung gc vi mt phng y, gc gia mt phng (SBD) v mt phng y bng 600. Tnh SA. Bi 7: Cho hnh chp S.ABC c mt bn SBC l tam gic u cnh a, cnh bn SA vung gc vi mt phng y. Bit BAC = 1200 , tnh khong cch t S n mt phng (ABC). Bi 8: Cho hnh chp S.ABC c SA vung gc vi mt phng (ABC), y ABC l tam gic vung ti B, AB = a 3,AC = 2a , gc gia mt bn (SBC) v mt y (ABC) bng 600 . Gi M l trung im ca AC. Tnh SA v khong cch t im M n mt phng (SBC). Bi 9: Cho hnh lng tr ng ABC.A'B'C' c y ABC l mt tam gic vung ti A v AC = a, 0 C = 600 . ng cho BC' ca mt bn BB'C'C to vi mt phng (AA'C'C) mt gc 30 . Tnh theo a khong cch gia hai y ca lng tr. Bi 10: Cho hnh chp t gic S.ABCD vi y l hnh ch nht, SA vung gc vi mt phng y, AB = a, AC = 2a , cnh bn SD hp vi mt phng y mt gc 300. Tnh SA. Bi 11: Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y l tam gic vung cn ti B vi AC = a, SA vung gc vi mt phng y v SB hp vi y mt gc 600 . Tnh SA. Bi 12: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, mt phng (SAB) vung gc vi mt phng y, SA = SB , gc gia ng thng SC v mt phng y bng 450. Tnh khong cch t S n mt phng (ABCD). Bi 13: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, cnh bn SA = a ; hnh chiu vung gc ca nh S trn mt phng (ABCD) l im H thuc on AC,
- 9-

AH =

AC . Gi CM l ng cao ca tam gic SAC. Chng minh M l trung im SA v 4

tnh khong cch t S n mt phng (ABCD). Bi 14: Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a. Gi M v N ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh AB v AD; H l giao im ca CN v DM. Bit SH (ABCD) v SH = a 3 . Tnh SH v d(DM;SC) theo a.

- 10-