Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Mc lc
1.
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
1.4.1.
1.4.2.
1.4.3.
1.4.4.
1.4.5.
1.4.6.
1.4.7.
2.
2.1
2.1.1.
2.1.2.
2.2
2.2.1.
2.2.2.
2.3
2.4
2.4.1.
2.4.1.1.
2.4.1.2.
2.4.1.3.
2.4.2.
2.5
2.5.1.
2.5.1.1.
2.5.1.2.
2.5.2.
2.5.3.
2.5.3.1.
2.5.3.2.
2.5.4.
3.
3.1
3.1.1.
3.1.2.
3.1.3.
3.1.3.1.
3.1.3.2.
3.1.3.3.
3.1.3.4.
3.2
3.2.1.
3.2.1.1.
3.2.1.2.
3.2.1.3.
Mt cu t. ..................................................................................................... 13
Mt cu dng bn BTCT................................................................................... 13
Mt cu bng kim loi. ..................................................................................... 14
Mt cu xe la. ................................................................................................ 14
Mt cu c t vt t trc tip........................................................................... 14
Mt cu c mng dm.................................................................................. 15
H thng dm mt cu. ................................................................................... 15
Lin kt dm dc vo dm ngang, dm ngang vo dm ch hoc gin ch. 16
Lin kt dm dc vo dm ngang. .................................................................... 16
Lin kt dm dc t chng ln dm ngang: .................................................... 17
Lin kt ng mc: ........................................................................................... 17
Lin kt vi bin dm dc t thp hn:........................................................... 17
Lin kt dm ngang vo gin ch hoc dm ch. ............................................. 18
Tnh ton h dm mt cu v lin kt chng. ................................................ 19
Dm dc:........................................................................................................... 19
Dm dc b ct ti ch ni vi dm ngang ....................................................... 20
Dm dc l kt cu hon ton lin tc .............................................................. 20
Dm ngang:....................................................................................................... 20
Tnh lin kt dm dc vo dm ngang. ............................................................. 20
Trng hp c bn con c v vai k.................................................................. 21
Trng hp lin kt c cc bn con c trn v di: ........................................ 22
Tnh lin kt dm ngang vo gin ch. ............................................................. 22
cc lin kt trong cu thp .......................................................................23
4.1
4.1.1.
4.1.2.
4.2
4.2.1.
4.2.1.1.
4.2.1.2.
4.2.1.3.
4.2.2.
4.2.2.1.
4.2.2.2.
4.2.2.3.
4.2.3.
4.3
4.3.1.
4.3.2.
4.3.2.1.
4.3.2.2.
4.3.2.3.
4.4
4.4.1.
4.4.2.
4.4.3.
4.4.4.
4.4.4.1.
4.4.4.2.
4.4.5.
4.4.5.1.
4.4.6.
4.4.6.1.
4.4.6.2.
4.4.6.3.
4.4.6.4.
4.4.6.5.
4.4.6.6.
4.4.7.
4.4.7.1.
4.4.7.2.
4.4.7.3.
4.4.8.
4.4.8.1.
4.4.8.2.
4.4.8.3.
4.4.9.
4.4.9.1.
4.4.9.2.
4.4.9.3.
4.4.9.4.
5.1
5.1.1.
5.1.2.
5.1.3.
5.1.3.1.
5.1.3.2.
5.1.3.3.
5.1.3.4.
5.1.4.
5.2
5.2.1.
5.2.2.
5.2.2.1.
5.2.2.2.
5.2.2.3.
5.2.2.4.
5.2.3.
5.3
5.3.1.
5.3.1.1.
5.3.1.2.
5.3.2.
5.3.3.
5.3.3.1.
5.3.4.
5.3.4.1.
5.3.4.2.
5.3.4.3.
5.3.4.4.
5.3.4.5.
5.3.4.6.
5.4
5.4.1.
5.4.1.1.
5.4.1.2.
5.4.1.3.
5.5
5.5.1.
5.5.1.1.
5.5.1.2.
6.1
6.1.1.
6.1.2.
6.1.3.
6.2
6.2.1.
6.2.2.
6.2.3.
6.2.4.
6.3
6.3.1.
6.3.2.
6.3.3.
6.3.4.
6.4
Bng 1-1
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Name
Pont de Qubec
Firth of Forth
Minato
Commandore Barry
Greater New Orleans-1
Greater New Orleans-2
Howrah
Gramercy
Transbay
Baton Rouge
Location
Qubec
Edinburgh
Osaka
Chester, PA
New Orleans, LA
New orleans LA
Calcutta
Gramercy, LA
San Francisco, CA
Baton Rouge, LA
Country
Canada
Scotland
Japan
USA
USA
USA
India
USA
USA
USA
Year
1917
1890
1975
1975
1958
1988
1943
1936
1968
Span
549
521
510
501
480
480
457
445
427
376
Cu Dm hp hoc bn thp
Bng 1-2
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
Name
Ponte Costa e Silva
Neckartalbruecke-1
Sava-1
Ponte de Vitoria-3
Zoobruecke
Sava-2
Kaita
Shirinashi-Gawa
Auckland Harbour
Trans Tokyo Bay
Koblenz Suedbruecke
Shorenji-Gawa
Grand Duchess
Neckartalbruecke-2
Foyle
Konrad Adenauer Bruecke
Ariake-Nichi Unga
San Mateo-Hayward II
Location
Rio de Janeiro
Weitingen
Belgrade
Espirito Santo
Cologne
Belgrade
Hiroshima
Osaka
Auckland
Tokyo
Koblenz
Osaka
Alzette Valley
Weitingen
Foyle River
Bonn
Tokyo
San Francisco, CA
Country
Brazil
Germany
Yugoslavia
Brazil
Germany
Yugoslavia
Japan
Japan
New Zealand
Japan
Germany
Japan
Luxembourg
Germany
North Ireland
Germany
Japan
USA
Year
1974
1978
1956
1989
1966
1970
1991
1994
1969
1996
1975
1989
1966
1978
1983
1972
1993
1967
Span
300
263
261
260
259
250
250
250
244
240
236
235
234
234
234
230
230
229
+
+
Name
Amagasaki-Ko
Rader Insel bruecke
6
Location
Hyogo Pref.
Hamburg
Country
Japan
Germany
Year
1993
1972
Span
223
222
Cu gin thp
Bng 1-3
1
2
3
4
Name
Francis Scott Key
Oshima Ohashi
Tenmon
Rio-Niteroi
Location
Country
USA
Japan
Japan
Brazil
Year
1977
1976
1966
1973
Span
366
325
300
300
Remarks
b)
1995/2
1995/2
1610/2=805
1610/2=805
155
490
340
155
660
660
Hnh 1-1. Mt ct ngang dm thp cu ng Nai (a. trn tr, b. gia nhp)
1.2
1.3
Cu l cng trnh nm ngoi tri, chu nh hng ca mi trng v thi gian, ti trng
tc ng khng nhng ln v cng m cn c tnh cht ng v lp, kt cu c cu to
phc tp cho nn thp dng lm cu phi c cht lng cao, t nhng qui nh v cc c
trng c l, thnh phn ha hc, cng ngh ch to.
M hiu thp ca cc nc khc nhau. C nc dng m hiu l ch v s ch thnh
phn cc kim loi c bn c trong thp, c nc dng m hiu ch c trng c hc.
Mun n hi v h s gin n nhit ca tt c cc cp ca thp kt cu phi gi nh
l 200.000 MPa v 11,7x10-6 mm/mm/ oC.
Bng 1-1. Cc c tnh c hc ti thiu ca thp kt cu theo hnh dng, cng v chiu dy
[A 6.4.1.1]
K hiu
AASHTO
K hiu ASTM
tng ng
Chiu dy ca cc
bn, mm
Thp hnh
Cng chu
ko nh nht, Fu,
MPa
im chy nh
nht hoc cng
chy nh nht Fy,
MPa
Thp kt
cu
M270M
Cp 250
A 709M
Cp 250
M270M
Cp 345
A 709M
Cp 345
M270M
Cp 345W
A 709M
Cp 345W
Thp hp
kim thp
ti v ram
M270M
Cp 485W
A 709M
Cp 485W
Ti 100
Ti 100
Ti 100
Ti 100
Ti 65
Tt c
cc
nhm
Tt c
cc nhm
Tt c
cc nhm
Khng
p dng
Khng
p dng
Trn 65
n 100
Khng
p dng
400
450
485
620
760
690
250
345
345
485
690
620
Bng 1-2
Cng tnh ton (kg/cm2)
Loi thp
Thp ccbon s hiu CT.3 cu M16C
Khi chu un
Ru
2000
2700
2000
1500
2800
2100
1600
Bng 1-3
TT
1
2
3
4
5
6
1.4
H s tnh
chuyn
0,6
1,5
0,75
0,04
1,5
1,75
Cu dm:
c s dng ph bin nht trc y v n nay vn cn c p dng nhiu. c
im ca cu dm l:
1.4.2.
Cu gin:
c s dng rng ri. Khi nhp ln cu gin tit kim vt liu hn cu dm v cc
thanh chu lc dc nn tn dng c kh nng lm vic ht cng ca ton tit din.
Cng nh cu dm, cu gin ch truyn p lc ng.
D tiu chun ha v nh hnh ha kt cu ni chung v tng thanh tng phn t ni
ring.
Thi cng n gin, lp rp theo cng ngh hng khng cn gin gio.
C th lm cu n gin, lin tc, mt tha. Mt cu c b tr i trn hoc i di.
Chiu di nhp thng thng t 50-60m n 120-150m, c th t nhp trn 500m. Ni ting l
cc cu Forth (1890) Scottland l - 521m, cu Qubec (1917) Canada l - 549m, cu MinatoOhashi Nht l - 510m.
10
Cu vm:
Trc kia thng dng vt nhp ln, ngy nay t c s dng. c im ca cu
vm l c lc y ngang do m tr thng c kch thc ln.
11
Cu khung:
Hu nh khng c s dng v khng vt c nhp ln v cc mt kinh t k thut
khng c g u vit.
i vi cu t c p dng h lin hp khung dm c kt hp iu chnh ng sut t
hiu qu kinh t tt v c th vt nhp ti 150m hoc hn.
1.4.5.
Cu h lin hp:
L do cc h n gin hp li vi nhau. y l cc h siu tnh nn thng c iu
chnh hoc gy to ni lc trc ngc du vi ni lc do ti trng ngoi. Trong cu thp
thng p dng h dm cng vm do, dm cng c bin ph di.
C th s dng cho cu xy mi hoc gia c tng kh nng chu lc ca cu c. t
ti nhp 150-200m.
1.4.6.
Cu treo:
Thc cht y cng l mt dng lin hp gia dm v dy: dm cng c dy treo .
Cu treo dy parabon hay cn gi l cu treo dy vng dng vt nhp ln v rt ln ti hng
ngn mt.
Cu treo chia lm:
+ C lc ngang truyn xung t.
+ Khng c lc ngang truyn xung t.
Kt cu chu lc ch yu l dy lm bng thp cng rt cao (ti 1.800-2.000MPa),
chu ko rt thch hp v kinh t.
Thng vt nhp rt ln, t 500-600m n 1500-1600m.
Mt vi cu ni ting: Trong na th k 20 v trc: Golden Gate (1280m) 1937 M.
Nhng thp k gn y: Humber (1981) Anh l - 1410m.
Great Belt East (1997), an mch l - 1624m, Akashi Kaikyo (1998), Nht l - 1991m.
1.4.7.
Cu dy vng:
Xut hin t na sau th k 20 v ngy nay c s dng rt ph bin. Cc dy c b
tr xin v c tc dng nh gi ta n hi cho cc dm cng. Kinh t i vi nhp t 150m tr
ln. C th t ti nhp gn ngn mt. Cc cu ni ting:
Tatara (1999) Nht l = 890m.
Normandie (1995) Php l= 856m. Qingzhou Minjiang (1996) Trung Quc l = 605m.
Cu chnh ca cu Sutong l dng cu dy vng hai mt phng dy, hai thp, dm bng
thp, tit din hp, s cu chnh: 100+100+300+1088+300+100+100=2088 (m).
Cu Stonecutters (Hng Kng) di 1596m, nhp chnh di 1018m.
12
13
2. H mt cu ca cu thp
H mt cu l phn trc tip chu hot ti, tip nhn p lc t bnh xe hot ti v truyn
ti kt cu chu lc chnh l kt cu nhp.
Trong cu thp, kt cu nhp c th cu to khc nhau v s v h thng, nhng mt
cu u ging nhau. S khc nhau ca mt cu l cu t hay cu xe la.
H mt cu bao gm:
+ Mt cu: l b phn trc tip chu p lc t bnh xe.
+ H thng dm mt cu: mt cu cng vi hot ti trn v truyn cc ti trng
cho h thng kt cu nhp.
Trng hp cu h dm c cc dm ch t gn nhau hoc dm tit din hnh hp, mt
cu c th t trc tip ln chng m khng cu to h thng dm mt cu.
2.1
Mt cu t.
Yu cu: bng phng, t hao mn, tui th cao, c gng cng nh nhm gim bt tnh
ti;
Ngy nay mt cu t thng lm bng b tng ct thp hoc bng thp (kim loi). Mt
cu phi c cu to dc ngang v dc dc gii quyt vn thot nc.
2.1.1.
Mt cu dng bn BTCT.
Loi mt cu ny c s dng rt ph bin. Bn BTCT c th c ti ch hoc lp
ghp. Trn mt bn c cc lp m, phng nc, bo v, b tng nha. dc ngang cu
1,52% c th c cu to nh lp m hoc thay i chiu cao vt k ln dm thp.
14
Li ct thp
Tm thp
mm
Sn tng cng
Mt cu xe la.
Kt cu mt cu xe la c 2 loi:
Mt cu c t vt t trc tip.
Kh ng st tiu chun 1435mm th khong cch gia
cc dm c th b tr trong phm vi 1,82,5m. Trong kt cu
nh hnh thng ly 2,0m. i vi kh cu ng st 1000m
th cc dm c th b tr khong cch nh hn. Khng t ray
trc tip ln nh dm ng c n hi. T vt g chun
di 3,0m v tit din ti thiu 20x24cm, b tr vi khong
cch 10cm v 15cm phng khi trt bnh th bnh xe khng
ri xung mt qu su lm gy t vt. v tr nh dm
ngang cho php c khong cch gia t vt ln nhng 30cm
(theo iu kin chu lc ca ray). Ti v tr gc ln cnh dm,
t vt khc su 0,53cm v c bu lng mc lin kt. Ray
Hnh 2-2. Mt cu sn mt
co (1. di thp bn chu lc;
2. di thp bn un; 3. dm
mt cu)
15
Hnh 2-3. Mt cu ng st
2.2.2.
Mt cu c mng dm.
Mt cu loi ny rt nng, c bit khi mng dm BTCT. u im l to s ng
nht gia cu v ng.
Trong cu ln, dng mng thp s gim bt trng lng, nhng ch vn chng r
tt.
Ngy nay c xu hng khng dng t vt v dm m t ray trc tip qua mt m
n hi.
2.3
H thng dm mt cu.
H thng dm mt cu gm c cc dm dc, dm ngang lm nhim v:
+ phn mt cu,
+ Truyn ti trng t phn mt cu ti kt cu chu lc chnh; truyn ti trng vo
ng nt gin ch.
16
Hnh 2-4. H dm mt cu
Khong cch gia cc dm dc mt cu hoc cc dm ngang ph thuc kt cu mt cu,
khong cch gia cc dm ch hoc gin ch, chiu di khoang gin ch. i vi cu t b c
th t 1,21,5m n 2,53,0m hoc hn.
Dm mt cu thng c tit din I. Khi nhp nh, ti trng nh c th dng I cn. Khi
h 1 1
nhp ln dng I tn ghp hoc I hn. Dm I cn thng thng = , I ghp t s l
l 8 12
1 1
7 10
h 1 1
= . Tit din dm phi bo m v cng v vng. Dm ngang
l 5 7
thng c tit din ln hn dm dc. Khi cc dm ch t rt xa nhau, c th cu to gin
ngang thay cho dm ngang.
Cu xe la
2.4.1.
Lin kt dm dc vo dm ngang.
17
18
+ Hay dng trong cu xe la, khi chiu cao kin trc nh nht.
+ Ch c thp gc lin kt v vai k dm dc.
2.4.2.
19
Dm dc:
Dm dc l kt cu lin tc k trn cc gi n hi l cc dm ngang. Tnh ton gn
ng xem l dm gin n k t do trn 2 gi xc nh momen M gia nhp v lc ct V
gi. Dng cc ni lc M & V ny xc nh tit din dm.
20
(2-1)
Trong :
Q Ni lc tnh ton, c th l M hoc V
DW - ti trng trn mt mt di dm dc do trng lng lp ph mt;
DC -
DW , DC
LL+IM
ti, h s xung kch,
cc h s vt ti ca ti trng DW v DC.
Hot ti tc dng ln dm dc c xt n h s vt ti ca hot
h s phn phi ti trng.
(2-2)
Dm ngang:
Dm ngang l thnh phn ca khung ngang v chu ti trng ca cc dm dc k ln n.
n gin dm ngang cng c coi l dm gin n c nhp bng khong cch gia tim
cc gin ch v gi t do ln gin ch. Ni lc momen v lc ct c tnh vi s v t
xc nh tit din dm. Dm ngang gi cu phi n xt iu kin k kch.
Thit k v tnh ton tit din dm dc, dm ngang mt cu c thc hin tng t nh
i vi dm ch v s c trnh by chng dm ch.
Dm ngang ch c sn dm c lin kt:
Ni lc momen v lc ct c tnh vi s coi l dm gin n c nhp bng khong
cch gia tim cc gin ch v gi t do ln gin ch.
Cn tnh ton maxM v minM do ti trng tnh ton v ti trng tiu chun gy ra ti
gia nhp, V gi v gia nhp.
Dm ngang c u mt tha
M men gi ly bng m men khi t ti trng trn mt tha. M men ti gia nhp do
tnh ti phi tr bt tr s m men ti gi do tnh ti ca phn mt tha gy ra.
2.5.3.
21
(2-3)
n=
Q
m 2 [Sd ]
(2-4)
Nc =
Mg
(2-5)
hd
Din tch tit din bn con c cn thit chu lc Nc (phn tit din t hng inh gn
trc dm ngang nht n tim dm ngang)
Fgi =
Nc
R0
(2-6)
Av = nv
Trong :
A
n
(2-7)
22
n v nv l s lng inh tn b tr trn thp gc lin kt v ch trn phm vi chiu cao vai
k.
Do Mg, bn con c v vai k chu:
S=
Mg
(2-8)
hd
(2-9)
Ni lc ln nht s l inh tn nm trn cng hoc di cng thuc vai k (tu theo
chiu momen tc dng ln vai k Mv) v c tr s Tmax v ni lc ny phi nh hn hoc bng
kh nng chu lc ca inh:
A S M y
= + + v max
n n v
y i2
2
Tmax
[Sd ]
(2-10)
Bn tam gic vai k s kim tra chu Av v Mv ti tit din gim yu do hng inh.
2.5.3.2. Trng hp lin kt c cc bn con c trn v di:
Trng hp cch lin kt gm hai bn con c bin trn v bin di ni dm dc, cc
thp gc lin kt ni sn dm dc vo dm ngang, th ngi ta cho rng cc bn con c
chu ton b m men, cc thp gc ch truyn lc ct ti gi, nh vy s lng inh tn hoc
hoc bu lng cn thit lin kt sn dm dc s c xc nh theo lc ct V, Mg truyn
cho cc bn con c chu.
2.5.4.
23
Lin kt bu lng
3.1.1.
Bu lng thng
3.1.2.
3.1.3.
(3-1)
(3-2)
24
Ns
[A 6.13.2.9-1]
(3-3)
+ Nu hoc khong cch tnh gia cc l nh hn 2,0d, hoc khong cch tnh u
nh hn 2,0d:
Rn = 1,2 Lc tFu
[A 6.13.2.9-2]
(3-4)
[A 6.13.2.9-3]
(3-5)
+ Nu hoc khong cch tnh gia cc l nh hn 2,0d, hoc khong cch tnh u
nh hn 2,0d:
Rn = Lc tFu
[A 6.13.2.9-4]
(3-6)
trong :
d
Fu
Lc
(6.13.2.8.-1)
(3-7)
25
trong :
Ns
Pt
Kh
Ks
Lc ko yu cu - Pt (kN)
M164 (A325M)
M253 (A490M)
16
20
22
24
27
30
36
91
142
176
205
267
326
475
114
179
221
257
334
408
595
1,0
0,85
0,70
0,60
0,33
0,50
0,33
26
Tn - 0,76 Ab Fub
(6.13.2.10.2-1)
(3-8)
trong :
- din tch ca bulng tng ng vi ng knh danh nh (mm2)
Ab
Fub
(MPa).
Sc khng mi [A 6.13.2.10.3]
ni cc bulng cng cao trong ko dc trc chu mi, phm vi ng sut, f, trong
bulng, do hot ti mi thit k, cng vi s tnh n ti trng ng i vi ti trng mi quy
nh trong A 3.6.1.4, cng vi lc nh ln do tnh chu k ca ti trng mi, phi tha mn
Phng trnh A 6.6.1.2.2-1.
(f ) (F )n
[A 6.6.1.2.2-1]
(3-9)
trong :
ng knh danh nh ca bulng phi c s dng trong tnh ton phm vi ng sut
bulng. Lc nh ln tnh ton khng c vt qu 60% ca ti trng bn ngoi t ln.
Cc bulng thp ccbon thp ASTM 307 khng c s dng trong cc lin kt chu
mi.
Tc dng nh [A 6.13.2.10.4]
Lc ko do tc dng nh ln phi c ly nh sau:
3b
t3
Qu = Pu
8a 328000
(6.13.2.10.4-1)
(3-10)
trong
Qu
m (N)
Pu
(mm)
Ko v ct kt hp [A 6.13.2.11]
Sc khng ko danh nh ca bulng chu ct kt hp ko dc trc, Tn, phi ly nh sau:
Nu
Pu
0,33 th
Rn
Tn - 0,76 Ab Fub
(6.13.2.11-1)
(3-11)
27
P
1- u
s R n
(6.13.2.11-2)
(3-12)
trong :
Ab
Fub
(MPa)
Pu
Rn
Tu
Pt
(6.13.2.11-3)
(3-13)
trong :
3.2
3.2.1.
Tu
Pt
Lin kt hn
Rr - 0,6 e1 Fexx
[A 6.13.3.2.2b-1]
(3-14)
trong :
Fexx
e1
28
Sc khng tnh ton i vi mi hn rnh ngu khng hon ton chu ko trc giao vi
din tch hiu dng phi c ly theo tr s nh hn ca hoc tr s cho bi hoc Phng
trnh 1, hoc sc khng tnh ton ca kim loi c bn:
Rr - 0,6 e1 Fexx
(6.13.3.2.3a-1)
(3-15)
trong :
e1
Ct
Sc khng tnh ton ca mi hn rnh ngu khng hon ton chu ct song song vi trc
ca ng hn phi ly theo tr s nh hn ca hoc sc khng danh nh tnh ton ca vt
liu lin kt quy nh trong iu 6.13.5, hoc sc khng tnh ton ca kim loi hn ly nh
sau:
Rr - 0,6 e2 Fexx (6.13.3.2.3b-1)
(3-16)
trong :
e2
3.2.1.3. Mi hn gc [6.13.3.2.4]
Ko v nn
Sc khng tnh ton i vi cc lin kt hn dng ng hn gc chu ko hoc nn
song song
vi trc ca ng hn phi c ly theo sc khng tnh ton ca kim loi c bn.
Ct
Cc lin kt hn dng ng hn gc chu ct trn din tch hiu dng phi c ly
theo tr s nh hn ca hoc sc khng tnh ton ca vt liu lin kt quy nh trong iu
6.13.5, hoc sc khng tnh ton ca kim loi hn ly nh sau:
Rr - 0,6 e2 Fexx
(6.13.3.2.4b-1)
(3-17)
29
Thit k mi ni
30
4.
Cu dm thp
Cu dm thp c cc u im:
+ Cu to tng i n gin, ch to v thi cng d dng, nhanh chng hn so vi cu
gin thp hoc h thng khc. Trc y thng ch c ch tiu kinh t tt hn i vi cc
nhp nh v va, nhng ngy nay cng ngh thi cng hin i nn vi nhng nhp 50-80m
nhiu khi vn t ra u vit hn.
Vi kt cu nhp dm ngi ta c th s dng lin kt hn mt cch thun li. Mi ni
thi cng ti hin trng cng c th p dng lin kt hn.
+ a bn mt cu vo tham gia chu lc cng dm ch (bn b tng ct thp lin hp,
bn trc giao).
cu dm thp c xy dng vi nhp ti 200-300m. Cu Costa e Silva Rio de
Janeiro (Brazil) 1974 vi nhp 300m; Cu Sava -1 Belgrad (Nam t c) nhp 261m xy dng
nm 1956.
Trong cc kt cu nhp thuc h thng cu dm vi ng i trn ca cu trn ng
t v ng thnh ph th vic s dng kt cu lin hp gia thp v BTCT l c trng hn
c, v tm BTCT mt cu c b tr vng chu nn cng tham gia chu lc dn n gim ni
lc tc dng vo dm thp.
4.1
Hnh 4-1. Cc s cu dm
31
Cu xe la c
dm ch ph
32
Cu dm gin n:
Kt cu nhp gin n c ng dng rng ri vi nhp trung bnh (3566m), nhp nh
(935m), chiu cao dm cu to khng thay i, tit din ch I. Quan h gia chiu cao v
chiu di nhp.
h 1 1
h 1 1
=
(cu t) v =
(cu ng st).
l 12 15
l 9 13
1
h 1
= (ng t) v
l 15 25
h 1 1
=
(ng st).
l 10 16
+ Theo A 2.5.2.6.3: vi nhp gin n chiu cao ti thiu ca dm lin hp h = 0,04l ,
trong phn dm thp h = 0,033l .
4.1.2.
Cu dm lin tc:
Dng vi cc nhp khong t 50-60 m tr ln.
Cu dm lin tc c u im:
+ Tit kim vt liu hn so vi cu dm gin n do c momen gi nn gim momen
dng nhp, trn cc tr ch c mt gi v chu lc ca tr l nn ng tm nn
kch thc nh hn.
+ cng ln hn so vi cu dm gin n v ng n hi khng b gy khc.
Tuy nhin cu dm lin tc cng c nhng hn ch l khi m tr ln khng u s pht
sinh ni lc v bin dng tch lu u dm ln.
Cc kch thc c bn ca cu dm l chiu cao dm h, chiu di nhp l v khong cch
gia cc dm ch B.
Khi nhp di 60-80m thm ch 100m thng lm dm c chiu cao khng thay i.
Nhp ln c th lm dm vi chiu cao thay i tng ln ti cc gi nhp gia.
Quan h gia chiu cao v chiu di nhp ca dm c th ly:
+
+
h 1
1
cho nhp va v chiu cao khng thay i
=
l 20 30
h
1
1
=
33
Cu to Dm ch
Tit din dm ch I:
max 20 v 600mm - . st
max 30 v 800mm - . t
50mm
50mm
34
I yc
0,9
Iy
( 6.10.2.1-1)
(4-1)
trong :
2D c
E
6,77
tw
fc
2D c
E
11,63
tw
fc
(6.10.2.2.1)
(6.10.2.2-2)
(4-2)
(4-3)
trong :
Dc - chiu cao ca bn bng chu nn trong phm vi n hi (mm)
fc - ng sut bn cnh chu nn do lc tnh ton (Mpa).
t w - chiu dy ca sn dm.
E - m un n hi ca thp
4.2.1.3. Thay i bn bin
Trng hp bin dm cu to c 1 tm thp, momen qun tnh ca tit din c thay
i nh thay i b rng b f hoc b dy t f ca bn bin. Cc bn bin c hn ni bng
mi hn i u. trnh ng sut tp trung, kch thc bn thp nn c vt tit din
thay i u u, vi cc mi hn phng n bn nn dc khng dc hn 1,0/2,5 (v chiu
rng hoc chiu dy). Mi hn cng nn gia cng nhn v vt.
35
L cp 2d s + 900 (mm)
(6.10.9.1-1)
(4-4)
Trong :
ds - chiu cao ca mt ct thp (mm)
Ti v tr ct b 1 bn bin nn cu
to vt c v b rng ln b dy ca
bn bin . Chiu rng cc u ca cc
bn tp vut thon khng c nh hn 75
mm.
4.2.2.
Sn tng cng
Trong dm ch c th cu to cc
sn tng cng m bo n nh ca
sn dm. C th ch cu to sn tng
cng ngang (ng) hoc va c sn
tng cng ngang, va c sn tng
cng dc.
Khong cch gia cc g tng cng ngang, do, phi tha mn.
(4-5)
36
260
d0 D
(6.10.7.3.2-2)
(D t w )
(4-6)
d
bt 0,48t p
30
E
f ys
V 16,0t p bt 0,25b f
(4-7)
(4-8)
trong :
d - chiu cao mt ct thp (mm)
tp - chiu dy ca phn t cha ra (mm)
Fys - cng chy nh nht quy nh ca g tng cng (MPa)
bf - ton b chiu rng ca bn cnh thp trong mt mt ct (mm)
Cc sn tng cng b tr ti ni truyn lc tp trung, ti cc v tr t h lin kt ngang
dng cc dm vi nhau, ngoi ra t vi khong cch khng ln hn 23m v khng ln
hn d. C th t i xng hai bn tm sn dm hoc hi so le trnh cc mi hn tp
37
Dp
J - h s, J = 2,5
d0
(4-9)
2,0 0,5
Trong :
It - mmen qun tnh ca sn tng cng ngang quanh mp tip xc vi bn bng i
vi cc sn n v quanh trc gia chiu dy ca bn bng i vi cc sn kp (mm4)
tw - chiu dy bn bng (mm)
do - khong cch gia cc sn tng cng ngang (mm)
Dp - chiu cao bn bng i vi cc bn bng khng c cc sn tng cng dc hoc
chiu cao ln nht ca panen ph i vi cc bn bng c cc sn tng cng dc (mm).
Cc sn tng cng ngang s dng kt hp vi cc sn tng cng dc cng phi
tha mn:
b
I t t
bl
3,0d o
I l
(6.10.8.1.3-3)
(4-10)
trong :
bt - chiu rng thit k ca sn tng cng ngang (mm)
bl - chiu rng thit k ca sn tng cng dc (mm)
Il - mmen qun tnh ca sn tng cng dc ly qua mp tip xc vi bn bng, cn
c trn mt ct hiu dng theo quy nh trong iu 6.10.8.3.3 (mm4)
D - chiu cao bn bng (mm)
4.2.2.2. Sn tng cng ngang trn gi [A 6.10.8.2]
Cc phn lc gi v cc ti trng tp trung khc, hoc trng thi cui cng hoc trong
khi thi cng, phi do cc sn tng cng gi chu.
Cc sn tng cng gi phi c t ln cc bn bng ca cc dm thp cn ti tt
c cc v tr gi v cc im ca cc ti trng tp trung khc m :
Vu > 0,75 b Vn
(6.10.8.2.1-1)
(4-11)
trong :
b
Vu
Vn
38
Cc sn tng cng phi ko di ra ton b chiu cao ca bn bng v cng kht cng
tt, ti cc mp ngoi ca cc bn cnh.
Mi sn tng cng phi c hoc mi lp kht vo bn cnh thng qua n nhn
c phn lc, hoc c gn vo bn cnh bng ng hn rnh ngu hon ton.
4.2.2.2.1 Chiu rng phn cha
E
Fys
(6.10.8.2.2-1)
(4-12)
trong :
tp
Fys
4.2.2.2.2 Sc khng ta
(6.10.8.2.3-1)
(4-13)
trong :
Fys
Apn
Sc khng tnh ton dc trc, Pr, phi c xc nh theo quy nh trong iu 6.9.2.1.
Bn knh qun tnh phi c tnh i vi gia chiu dy ca bn bng v chiu di c hiu
phi bng 0,75D, trong D l chiu cao ca bn bng.
4.2.2.2.4 Mt ct hiu dng
< 0,70
(6.10.8.2.4b-1)
(4-14)
trong :
Fyw
Fyf
(MPa)
39
E
Fyc
[A 6.10.8.3.2]
(4-15)
trong :
ts
Fyc
Fyc
I l Dt 2,4 0,13; r = 0,234d 0
E
D
3
w
[A 6.10.8.3.3]
(4-16)
y:
Il
=
mmen qun tnh ca sn tng cng dc v di bn bng quanh mp
tip xc vi bn bng (mm4)
r
=
bn knh hi chuyn ca sn tng cng dc v di bn bng quanh
mp tip xc vi bn bng (mm)
4.2.3.
do
tw
Fyc
Mi ni dm
i vi mi ni ti nh my, gm mi ni cc bn bin dm v bn sn dm u c
thc hin bng mi hn i u, do cng ca tit din ni hon ton m bo.
i vi mi ni ti cng trng thng c th gii quyt theo cc phng n sau:
+ Hn bng my hn bn t ng kt hp vi hn tay.
+ S dng lin kt bu lng cng cao kt hp cu to cc bn ni, hoc trong
trng hp khng dng bu lng cng c cao th s dung lin kt inh tn. khc
phc s gim yu tit din do l inh c th hn tp cc bn b.
B rng L ph thuc kch thc my hn thc hin mi hn 1. Cc mi hnh 1, 2, 3
thc hin theo th t v bng my hn bn t ng, mi hnh 4 phi hn bng tay v khng th
dng my hn c. Cht lng ca mi hn 4 khng c nh cc mi hn 1,2,3.
Cc bn b c tit din xc nh trn c s phn gim yu do l inh v yu cu cu to.
Cc bn b c hn trc vo dm.
Bn ni
40
Bn ni
Bn b
Bn b
Dm ch
Dm ch
Chiu di bn ni
b > 35
60mm
b 35
a
Hnh 4-10. Mi dm hn c bn b
4.3
4.3.1.
41
bt,tr
bt,d
th,tr
y2
tnh 1
tnh 2
th,d
hot
tng cng
th,tr
bt,d
y2
+
th,d
tnh 1
(c tr tm)
tnh 2
(+d tr tm)
hot
tng cng
Hnh 4-12. Biu ng sut qua cc giai on ca tit din dm lin hp c iu chnh ni lc
bng tr tm
4.3.2.
c im cu to ca dm lin hp:
Tit din dm: Dm thp trong dm lin hp thng c chiu cao thp hn khong 20%
chiu cao dm thp khng lin hp c cng chiu di nhp. Tit din lin hp chu m men
un dng, tc l bn BTCT lm vic chu nn, nn din tch bin trn ca dm thng lm
nh hn so vi bin di, kch thc bin trn ny m bo s lm vic an ton khi bn BTCT
cha tham gia lm vic trong qu trnh thi cng v cng bo m vic b tr neo lin kt. C
th c cc dng tit din nh di y:
a)
42
b)
c)
d))
43
a)
b)
c)
d)
Neo cng (Hnh 4-14) c lm bng thp gc c cnh dy 10-12mm hoc thp bn, c
hn 1 hoc 2 sng tng cng dy 8 n 10mm. C th gim bt cng ch to neo nu dng
thp I ct cnh. Chiu rng neo c chn sao cho b tr cc ng hn, thng ly nh
hn b rng bin trn dm thp chng 3-5cm. Nu neo ch nm trong phm vi sn hoc vt
ca bn BTCT th chiu rng neo khng c ln hn bs/1,5, trong bs - chiu rng sn
hoc vt ca bn BTCT ti mc ng vi im gia chiu cao ca neo.
Neo cng c u im l cu to n gin, khng s h hng trong qu trnh vn chuyn
lao lp; nhc im l gy ng sut tp trung v dnh kt vi b tng khng tht tt.
4.3.2.2. Neo mm
b)
hn
h'
c)
h'
a)
dn
44
Neo mm c ch to t nhng thp hnh (Hnh 4-15, a, b) hoc t nhng on thp trn
c mc hoc inh c m (Hnh 4-15, c)
Do c th n hi mt cht, nn neo mm c kh nng phn b v lm du lc trt tp
trung truyn t bn sang dm tt hn so vi neo cng.
Mt s yu cu cu to ca neo mm theo quy trnh AASHTO-LRFD 98:
Theo phng ngang khong cch tnh gia mp ca bn cnh trn v mp ca neo
chng ct gn nht khng c nh hn 25 mm
I
I-I
Neo ct thp nghing (Hnh 4-16) lm t cc thanh thp trn, ng knh 12-16mm, un
thnh hnh quai sanh. Loi ny ph hp vi tit din dm c phn BTCT hnh ch T. Khi cn
b dong ra trn mt bng th cu to neo theo kiu cc nhnh n c mc u. Theo
phng dc cu, neo ct thp c b tr nghing mt gc 45. Chiu di tnh ton ca neo
khng c nh hn 7d v 12cm vi neo hnh quai sanh v 25d vi neo nhnh n (d - ng
knh thanh neo). Nu neo quai sanh nm gn trong sn BTCT v c chiu di nh hn 25d
th b rng quai sanh khng c vt qu 1/3 b rng sn. Khong cch tnh khng gia
cc neo theo phng dc cu khng c nh hn 3d.
45
Tnh ton cu dm
Theo tiu chun AASHTO LRFD 1998 cu thp s thit k theo cc trng thi gii hn
+ Trng thi gii hn cng (Strength Limit State)
+ Trng thi gii hn mi v ph hoi (Fatigue and Fracture limit state)
+ Trng thi gii hn s dng (Service limit state)
+ Trng thi gii hn c bit (Extreme Event limit state)
0,9
0,65
1,75
1,35
0,50
1,30
0,75
H s IM ca t:
Khi xt trng thi gii hn mi
1,15
1,25
Q
i
y:
Rn (= Rr )
(4-17)
46
(4-18)
f
1
l 1000
Nguyn nhn ca ni lc l:
+ Ti trng thng ng: tnh v hot
+ T bin, co ngt v nh hng ca nhit thay i
47
1
Fb a
n
Sb
Sb
=
Ftd F + 1 F
th
b
n
I td = I th + Fth y 2 +
1
1
2
I b + Fb (a y )
n
n
48
Tit din c chc l tit din c th s dng ton b m men do M p trc khi xy ra
mt n nh tng th hoc cc b. Tit din khng c chc l tit din c th s dng m
men bng hoc ln hn M y , nhng nh hn M p trc khi xy ra mt n nh cc b ca
nhng phn t chu nn. Tit din mnh l tit din m mt trong cc phn t chu nn l c
mnh ln m chng b mt n nh cc b trc khi m men t ti M y
M men do M p s c xc nh thng qua trc trung ho do, lc trong nhng
phn ca dm thp nh bn bin, sn dm s s dng cng chy do ( Fy ), cn trong
phn b tng l ng sut phn b u trn ton tit din vi cng bng 0,85 f c' .
M men M y l m men n hi nh nht ca tit din khi c tnh trong giai on n
hi, M y ly gi tr nh hn trong hai gi tr l m men n hi ln nht i vi th chu nn
( M yc ) hoc th chu ko ( M yt ) khi ng sut ti cc th ny t gi tr Fy .
M men khng un danh nh ( M n ) chu m men dng c xc nh trong mc
6.10.4.2.2 ca tiu chun AASHTO-LRFD 1998 v TCN-272-05 v mc 6.10.7 tiu chun
AASHTO-LRFD 2004. Trong cc cng thc u c trng hp tnh ton i vi tit din
trong giai on n hi.
4.4.3.
Trong
M D1 - M men do tnh ti tc dng ln dm thp (phn tnh ti I)
M
M
M AD = S n f y D1 D 2
SS
S3 n
49
D Pt Pc Ps Prb Prt
+ 1
Pw
2
Pw 2
Y + D Y
2D
) ]+ P d
2
tc Pw + Pc Ps Prt Prb
+ 1
2
Pc
Pc 2
Y + tc Y
2tc
) ]+ P d
2
+ Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pw yw + Pt yt
V tr trc trung ho : Y = t s w
P
s
Y Ps
+ Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pc d c + Pwd w + Pt dt
Sc khng un: M p =
2ts
4.4.4.1.4 Trng hp IV: Trc trung ho nm phn bn mt cu v hng ct thp
di ca bn:
50
C
iu kin : Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb rb Ps + Prt
ts
Y Ps
Sc khng un: M p =
+ Prt d rt + Pc d c + Pwd w + Pt dt
2t s
4.4.4.1.5 Trng hp V:Trc trung ho nm phn bn mt cu v trn hng ct
thp di ca bn:
C
iu kin : Pt + Pw + Pc + Prb rt Ps + Prt
ts
P + Pc + Pw + Pt Prt
V tr trc trung ho : Y = t s rb
Ps
Sc khng un: M p =
Y Ps
+ Prt d rt + Prb d rb + Pc d c + Pwd w + Pt dt
2ts
D Pc Pt Prt Prb
+ 1
2
Pw
Sc khng un
Mp =
Pw 2
Y + D Y
2D
) ]+ P d
2
rt
rt
+ Prb d rb + Pwd w + Pc d c
51
tt Pw + Pc Prt Prb
+ 1
2
Pt
Sc khng un
Mp =
Pt 2
Y + tt Y
2tt
) ]+ P d
2
rt
rt
+ Prb d rb + Pw d w + Pc d c
Pt = Fyt tt ; Pw = Fyw Dtw ; Pc = Fycbctc Prt = Fyrt Art ; Prb = Fyrb Arb ; Ps = 0,85 f c'bst s - Lc
ng vi biu ng sut t cng chy ca bin di, ca sn, ca bin trn, ca ct
thp hng trn, ct thp hng di, ca bn.
dt , d w , dt , d rt , d rb , d s - cnh tay n t cc lc ti trc trung ho
4.4.5.
Mr = f Mn
v
(6.10.4-1)
Fr = f Fn
(6.10.4-2)
(4-19)
(4-20)
trong :
f
Mn
Fn
2D cp
tw
3,76
E
Fyc
(6.10.4.1.2-1)
trong :
Dcp
(4-21)
52
th bn bng c xem l c v
i vi cc mt ct lin hp chu un dng sc khng un phi c xc nh theo
cc quy nh ca iu 6.10.4.2.2 v sc khng un dng ca mt ct lin hp c hoc
i vi cc mt ct khc, vic nghin cu phi tin hnh theo cc quy nh ca iu
6.10.4.1.3 v mnh ca bn cnh chi ko c mt ct c.
Nu khc i th bn bn bng khng iu kin coi l c chc.
4.4.5.1.3 mnh ca bn cnh chu nn c mt ct c chc [A 6.10.4.1.3]
bf
E
0.382
2t f
Fyc
Nu :
(6.10.4.1.3-1)
(4-22)
trong :
bf
tf
E
2D c
fc
tw
(6.10.4.1.4-1)
(4-23)
hoc:
bf
E
c sn tng cng dc
0,408
2t f
fc
(6.10.4.1.4-2)
(4-24)
trong :
bf
fc=
ng sut trong bn cnh chu nn do tc dng ca ti trng tnh ton ang
nghin cu (MPa).
Th tnh ton phi theo cc quy nh ca iu 6.10.4.1.9 v vic ging bn cnh
chu nn c mt ct khng c.
Nu khng t th mt ct khng c chp nhn v phi chn mt mt ct mi.
53
2D cp
tw
3,76
E
Fyc
( 6.10.4.1.6a-1)
(4-25)
V:
bf
E
0,382
2t f
Fyc
( 6.10.4.1.6a-2)
Nu:
2D cp
tw
b
E
+ 9,35 f 6,25
( 6.10.4.1.6b-1)
Fyc
2t f
(4-26)
M
L b 0,124 0,0759 l
M
ry E
F
yc
(6.10.4.1.7-1)
(4-27)
trong :
Lb
ry
ng (mm)
Ml
=
m men nh hn do tc dng ca ti trng tnh ton mi u ca
chiu di khng c ging (N-mm).
Mp
m men do (N-mm).
Fyc
54
v:
Cc quy nh ca iu 6.10.4.1.6a hoc 6.10.4.1.6b v mnh ca bn cnh chu
nn c mt ct c chc c tho mn, bn cnh chu nn c coi nh c chc th
sc khng un phi c xc nh theo quy nh ca iu 6.10.4.2.1 v sc khng un
ca mt ct c chc thng thng hoc:
Khi cc quy nh ca iu 6.10.4.1.6a hoc 6.10.4.1.6b v mnh ca bn cnh
chu nn c mt ct c chc, khng c tho mn th sc khng un c th c xc
nh theo cc quy nh v sc khng un ca iu 6.10.4.2.3 da trn cng thc Q theo
cch tu chn.
Nu khng t th phi nghin cu theo quy nh ca iu 6.10.4.1.9 v vic ging
bn cnh chu nn c mt ct khng c chc.
4.4.5.1.8 Ging bn cnh chu nn c mt ct khng c chc [6.10.4.1.9]
Nu:
L b L p = 1,76rt
(4-28)
E
( 6.10.4.1.9-1)
Fyc
trong :
rt
Fyc 4.4.6.
(6.10.4.2.1-1)
(4-29)
trong :
Mn
2D cp
tw
3,76
E
Fyc
5M 0,85M y 0,85M M D
p
y
p
p
+
D
4
4
(4-30)
(4-31)
55
(4-32)
D - c xc nh D ' =
7,5
Fn = Rb Rh Fyf
(4-33)
(6.10.4.2.4-1)
Trong :
Rh
Rb
Fyf
Khng c cc iu kin ca tit din c chc, khng c chc th thuc tit din mnh,
bin chu nn
4.4.6.4.1 Sc khng un ca bn cnh ca mt ct lin hp chu on khi xon ngang
[6.10.4.2.5]
Sc khng un danh nh ca bn cnh chu nn (chu on khi xon ngang), xt v
ng sut phi c xc nh nh sau:
E
,
Fyc
L b L r = 4,44rt
Nu:
(4-34)
Lb
rt
(6.10.4.2.5a-1)
Fyc
Rb Rh Fyc
(4-35)
56
9,86E
Fn = Cb Rb Rh
Rb Rh Fyc (6.10.4.2.5a-2)
2
L
b
rt
nu khng th
(4-36)
trong :
i vi cc dm hng khng c ging hoc i vi cc cu kin m m men
trong phm vi ln ca on dm khng c ging vt qua gi tr ln hn trong hai gi
tr ca cc m men mt u ca on dm ta ly:
Cb = 1,0 ; hoc
(6.10.4.2.5a-3)
i vi cc trng hp khc:
P
Cb = 1,75 1,05 l
Ph
+ 0,3 l
Ph
2,3
(6.10.4.2.5a-4)
trong :
Cb
Pl
=
lc trong bn cnh chu nn ti im ging ng vi lc c gi tr
thp hn di tc dng ca ti trng tnh ton (N)
Ph
=
lc trong bn cnh chu nn ti im ging ng vi lc c gi tr cao
hn do tc dng ca ti trng tnh ton (N).
Lb
rt =
bn knh qun tnh ca mt mt ct quy c gm bn cnh chu nn ca mt
ct thp cng vi mt phn ba chiu cao ca bn bng chu nn ly i vi trc thng ng
(mm).
Fyc
Rh
Rb
h s xt n on cc b c quy nh iu 6.10.4.3.2
(6.10.4.2.5b-1).
(4-37)
trong :
Fyt
2D c
E
b
,
tw
Fyc
(4-38)
57
J
I yc
d
M n = 3,14 ECb Rh 0,772 + 9,87 R h M y
I
Lb
Lb
yc
(6.10.4.2.6a-1)
2
Nu
tha
mn
(4-39)
I yc d E
,
S xc Fyc
Lb Lp
M n = Cb Rb Rh M y 1 0,5
L L
p
r
(4-40)
Rb Rh M y
(4-41)
(6.10.4.2.6a-2)
2
My Lr
Rb Rh M y
Nu khng M n = Cb Rb Rh
2 L b
(6.10.4.2.6a-3)
(4-42)
Vi
J=
Dt 3w
b t3
+ f f
3
3
L p = 1,76rt
E
Fyc
(6.10.4.2.6a-4)
(4-43)
(6.10.4.2.6a-5)
(4-44)
trong :
b
=
5,76 i vi cc cu kin c din tch bn cnh chu nn bng hoc
ln hn din tch bn cnh chu ko
b
=
4,64 i vi cc cu kin c din tch bn cnh chu nn nh hn
din tch bn cnh chu ko
Cb
=
m men qun tnh ca bn cnh chu ko ca mt ct thp i vi
Iyc
trc thng ng trong mt phng bn bng (mm4)
Sxc
=
m un mt ct i vi trc nm ngang ca mt ct c lin quan n
bn cnh chu nn (mm3)
My
6.10.3.3.1
rt
ng (mm)
tf
Fyc
Rh
(6.10.4.2.6b-1)
(4-45)
58
+ Cc bn cnh chu nn
Nu c tng cng theo phng dc, hoc
2D c
E
b
tw
fc
(6.10.4.3..2a-1)
(4-46)
Nu khng th
2D
c b
Rb = 1
fc
1200 + 300a r t w
(6.10.4.3.2a-2)
vi
ar =
2D c t w
Ac
(6.10.4.3.2a-3)
trong :
b
=
5,76 i vi cc cu kin c din tch bn cnh chu nn bng hoc
ln hn din tch bn cnh chu ko
b
=
4,64 i vi cc cu kin c din tch bn cnh chu nn bng hoc
nh hn din tch bn cnh chu ko
fc
ton (MPa)
Ac
59
60
Bc B6: Tnh sc khng un (ph thuc vo dng tit din lin hp hay khng lin
hp)
+ Sc khng un ca tit din c chc thng thng [6.10.4.2.1], mc 4.4.6.1
+ Sc khng un dng tit din lin hp c chc [6.10.4.2.2], mc 4.4.6.2
Trng hp tit din l lin hp khi chu un dng th cc bc A1, A2, B2, B3, B5
c xem nh l t ng tha mn.
4.4.7.
Cc yu cu v mi i vi bn bng [6.10.6]
Nu
Nu khng th: f cf
t
32,5 E w
2D c
(4-47)
(6.10.6.3- 2)
(4-48)
trong :
fcf
=
ng sut nn n hi ln nht trong cch khi chu un do tc dng
ca ti trng di hn cha nhn h s v ca ti trng mi theo quy nh iu 6.10.6.2
c ly bng ng sut un ln nht bn bng (MPa)
Fyw
Dc
4.4.7.3. Ct [6.10.6.4]
(4-49)
trong :
Vcf
=
ng sut ct n hi ln nht bn bng do tc dng ca ti trng
di hn tiu chun v ca ti trng mi nh c quy nh iu 6.10.6.2 (MPa).
C
=
iu 6.10.6.7.3.3a.
Fyw
61
Xc nh sc khng ct danh nh
4.4.8.1. Tng qut [6.10.7.1]
Sc khng ct tnh ton ca dm hoc dm t hp Vr phi c ly l:
Vr = v Vn
(4-50)
(6.10.7.1-1)
Vn
=
sc khng ct danh nh c quy nh cc iu 6.10.7.2 v
6.10.7.3 ln lt i vi cc bn bng khng c g tng cng v c g tng cng.
v
Cc g tng cng ngang trung gian gia phi c thit k theo quy nh ca iu
6.10.8.1. Cc g tng cng dc phi c thit k theo quy nh iu 6.10.8.3.
Cc khoang bn bng c tng cng ca mt ct ng nht phi c nghin cu v
chu ct di tc dng ca hot ti lp nh quy nh iu 6.10.4.4 v v tng tc lc ct
un nh quy nh iu 6.10.7.3.3
Cc khoang trong ca bn bng dm ng nht v dm lai:
Khi khng c g tng cng dc v khong cch gia cc g tng cng ngang
khng qu 3D hoc
Khi c g tng cng dc v khong cch gia cc g tng cng ngang khng
qu 1,5 ln chiu cao ln nht cu khoang ph.
D
E
2,46
,
tw
Fyw
Nu
2,46
Nu
D
E
> 3,07
,
tw
Fyw
th:
Vn = Vp = 0,58FywDtw (6.10.7.2-1)
E
D
E
<
3,07
, th:
Fyw t w
Fyw
Vn = 1,48t 2w EFyw
(6.10.7.2-
(4-51)
(4-52)
2)
th:
Vn =
4,55t 3w E
(6.10.7.2-3)
D
trong :
Fyw
tw
(4-53)
62
Nu
Mu
>
0,87(1 - C)
Vn = Vp C +
1+ o
D
0,5 f Mp , th
(6.10.7.3.3a-1)
0,87(1 - C)
Vn = RVp C +
CVp
2
do
1+
(4-54)
(4-55)
(6.10.7.3.3a-2)
vi
Mr Mu
M r 0,75 M y
f
R = 0,6 + 0,4
(6.10.7.3.3a-3)
(6.10.7.3.3a-4)
(4-56)
(4-57)
trong :
Mu
(N-mm)
Vn
Vp
lc ct do (N)
Mr
do
My
(N-mm)
63
Nu
tw
Nu
1,10
1,10
Ek
, th C = 1
(6.10.7.3.3a-5)
(4-58)
Fyw
Ek
D
Ek
1,38
,
Fyw t w
Fyw
th
C =
1,10 Ek
D Fyw
tw
(4-59)
(6.10.7.3.3a-6)
Nu
D
Ek
> 1,38
,
tw
Fyw
th
1,52 Ek
2
D Fyw
tw
(4-60)
(6.10.7.3.3a-7)
vi
k = 5+
5
do
D
(6.10.7.3.3a-8)
0,87 (1 C )
Nu fu 0,75 f Fy , th Vn = Vp C +
do
1+
Nu
fu
0,75 f Fy
>
(6.10.7.3.3b-1)
0,87 (1 C )
, th Vn = RVp C +
CVp
2
d
1+ o
(4-61)
(4-62)
(6.10.7.3.3b-2)
vi :
Fr f u
R = 0,6 + 0,4
Fr 0,75 f Fy
(6.10.7.3.3b-3)
(4-63)
trong :
=
ng sut ln nht trong bn cnh chu nn trong panen ang xem xt
fu
do ti trng tnh ton (MPa)
C
=
iu 6.10.7.3.3a
64
Ff
=
sc khng un tnh ton ca bn cnh chu nn, trong fu c xc
nh nh quy nh trong iu 6.10.2.1 (MPa)
6.10.7.3.3c. Cc panen bin
(4-64)
(6.10.7.3.3c-1)
Vp = 0,58 Fyw D tw
(6.10.7.3.3c-2)
(4-65)
trong :
C
=
iu 6.10.7.3.3a
Vp
Khong cch ca g tng cng ngang i vi cc panen bin khng c g tng cng
dc khng c vt qu 1,5 D. Khong cch g tng cng ngang i vi cc panen bin c
g tng cng dc khng c vt qu 1,5 ln chiu cao ca panen ph ln nht.
4.4.8.3.3 Cc mt ct lai [6.10.7.3.4]
4.4.9.
(6.10.7.3.4-1)
(4-66)
Trong cc mt ct lin hp, phi lm cc neo ch U hoc neo inh chng ct mt tip
xc gia bn mt cu b tng v mt ct thp chu lc ct mt tip xc.
cc cu kin lin hp nhp gin n phi lm cc neo chng ct sut chiu di ca
nhp.
cc cu lin hp lin tc thng nn lm cc neo chng ct sut chiu di cu. Trong
cc vng un m phi lm cc neo chng ct ni m ct thp dc c xem l mt phn ca
mt ct lin hp. Mt khc, cc neo chng ct khng cn phi lm trong cc vng un m,
nhng phi t cc neo b sung trong vng ca cc im un tnh ti theo quy nh trong
iu 6.10.7.4.3.
ni m cc neo chng ct c s dng trong cc vng un m, ct thp dc phi
c ko di vo vng un dng theo quy nh trong iu 6.10.1.2.
4.4.9.2. Cc kiu neo [6.10.7.4.1a]
65
66
nZ r I
Vsr Q
(6.10.7.4.1b-1)
(4-67)
trong :
p
I=
Q
=
mmen th nht (m men tnh) ca din tch quy i ca bn i vi
trc trung ha ca mt ct lin hp ngn hn (mm3)
Vsr
=
Zr
iu 6.10.7.4.2 (N).
Cc neo chng ct phi c t theo phng ngang, ngang qua bn cnh trn ca tit
din thp v c th t cch khong theo cc c ly u hoc thay i.
Cc neo inh chng ct khng c t gn hn 4 ln ng knh t tim n tim theo
phng ngang n trc dc ca cu kin ta.
Khong cch tnh gia mp ca bn cnh trn v mp ca neo chng cht gn nht
khng c nh hn 25 mm.
4.4.9.3.2 Lp ph v chn su [6.10.7.4.1d]
38,0d 2
2
(4-68)
(6.10.7.4.2-1)
(6.10.7.4.2-2)
trong :
d
(4-69)
67
A r fsr
Zr
(6.10.7.4.3-1)
(4-70)
trong :
Ar
cnh (mm2)
tng din tch ct thp trong phm vi chiu rng hiu dng ca bn
fsr
(MPa)
=
Zr
6.10.7.4.2 (N)
Cc neo chng ct b sung phi c t trong phm vi khong cch bng mt phn ba
ca chiu rng hiu dng ca bn v mi bn ca im un tnh ti. Cn t cc mi ni
hin trng sao cho chng khng gy tr ngi cho cc neo chng ct.
4.4.9.6. Trng thi gii hn cng [6.10.7.4.4]
4.4.9.6.1 Tng qut [6.10.7.4.4a]
(6.10.7.4.4a-1)
(4-71)
trong :
Qn
sc
6.5.4.2
Vh
Qr
(6.10.7.4.4a-2)
(4-72)
trong :
Vh
Qr
6.10.7.4.4a
68
(4-73)
(6.10.7.4.4b-2)
(4-74)
trong :
fc
bc
bt
ts
chiu dy ca bn (mm)
Fyw
Fyt
Fyc
tt
tf
tw
(6.10.7.4.4b-3)
(4-75)
trong :
=
tng din tch ca ct thp dc trn tr pha trong, trong phm vi
Ar
chiu rng hiu dng ca bn (mm2)
=
Fyr
f c' E c A sc Fu
(6.10.7.4.4c-1)
(4-76)
trong :
Asc
f c'
Ec
=
Fu
iu 6.4.4 (MPa)
69
(6.10.7.4.4c-2)
(4-77)
trong :
4.4.10.
tf
tw
Lc
(6.10.5.2-1)
(6.10.5.2-2)
(4-78)
(4-79)
trong :
4.5
4.5.1.
ff
Rb
Rh
Fyf
tnh ton cu to dm
70
P
H
a2
a2
a 2+2H
a2+ 2H
QSb
I
(4-80)
Trong :
Q - lc ct
Sb - Momen tnh ca bin dm, gm cc thp gc bin v cc bn bin
I - Momen qun tnh ca tit din dm
i vi dm lin hp bn BTCT
AD b
Q D1Sbs Q D 2 S b Q S
T0 =
+ 3n +
IS
I td
I tdn
(4-81)
= p2 + T2
Vi T =
T0
P(1 + )
, p =
2.0,7. h
.2.0,7. h
(4-82)
(4-83)
y:
Tnh mi ni dm
4.5.2.1. Mi ni sn dm:
h - b d
71
Is
;
I
Qs - Q
(4-84)
Trong :
ymax
yi
Ms
hn
Ns
Q
S N S M, max
bn
SQ
S max
Q
k
Do M: S M ,max = M s
(4-85)
y max
yi2
(4-86)
Trong :
k s lng inh trn na bn ni
y khong cch t trng tm tit din ti hng inh theo phng thng ng
iu kin:
S max = S Q2 + S M2 ,max S r
(4-87)
72
ri
x
hn
hn
Ns
rma
Q
bn
YK
XK
Ms
S N S Mx, max
S Mx, max
S My, max
S M, max
SQ
My, max
S max
rmax
K
rk2
= Ms
x 12 + y 12
(x
K
+ y 2k
2
k
(4-88)
(x
K
2
k
+ y 2k
SM ,Y ,max = SM ,maxSin = M s
(4-89)
y1
(x
K
2
k
+ y 2k
(S
) + (S
2
M , X , max
+ SQ ) S r
2
M ,Y , max
(4-90)
Trong :
x1, y1, xk, yk Honh v tung t trng tm khu vc tn inh ( mt na bn ni)
n inh nm xa nht v inh th k
rmax - khong cch t trung tm khu vc b tr inh (trn mt na bn ni) ti inh xa
nht.
ri - l khong cch ti cc inh
D1
3n
n
I suon
AD I suon
D 2 I suon
+M
+M
I dam
I td3n
I tdn
(4-91)
QS = Q = Q D1 + Q D 2 + Q AD
Khi tnh S Q khng c g khc trn, nhng khi tnh S M ,max th v tr trc trng tm tit
din thay i. Tuy nhin c th ly gn ng theo v tr trc trng tm ca dm thp
73
y:
(4-92)
N
Sr
(4-93)
(4-94)
vi b = 1 v Vn = Acanh chia R
(4-95)
- m bo n nh
P bVn
(4-96)
vi b = 0,9
v
Vn =
0,88RA
(4-97)
0,75h0 R
=
r E
(4-98)
hd
lh
74
15
30
15
75
5.
Cu gin thp
Thit k cu thp theo trng thi gii hn cng c trng hp iu kin quyt nh l tit
din phn t lm vic n hi, nh vy nu kt cu nhp l dm th biu ng sut khi c
dng tam gic v khng tn dng c ht kh nng lm vic ca vt liu ton tit din. Trong
khi cc thanh ca nhp cu dn ch chu lc dc c biu ng sut lun lun l ch nht
nn tn dng c kh nng lm vic ca vt liu ton tit din, do v l thuyt s kinh t
hn kt cu nhp dm. Tuy nhin do cu to ca cu dn phc tp, nhiu thanh nhiu nt, nn
ch to v lp rp khng n gin nh cu dm, cho nn thng ch i vi nhp ln th cu
dn thc t mi th hin tnh u vit.
Thng thng kt cu nhp cu dn s kinh t hn cu dm khi nhp ln hn > 6080m
i vi cu t v 5060m i vi cu xe la.
Kt cu nhp cu dn cng d tiu chun ho v nh hnh ho, thun li cho vic cng
nghip ho ch to cng nh thi cng xy dng.
Chn h thng, hnh dng v kiu gin ch ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: chiu di nhp,
cp ti trng, kh cu, v tr cu, ct dc tuyn ng.. do mun c phng n hp l
thng phi lp nhiu phng n, nghin cu v so snh v mt kinh t k thut.
Cu gin c th cu to mt cu i trn hoc i di, cu i trn c cc u im: kt cu
nhp n gin, c bit l kt cu phn mt cu, b rng cc m tr nh hn, hnh dng p
hn, mt cu che kt cu phn bn di gim s xm thc ca mi trng, gia c m rng
th d dng hn
5.1
5.1.1.
Cc b phn v s kt cu nhp:
76
Cc s cu gin:
77
Khi chiu di khoang ln, gin c cu to thm cc khoang ph (gin phn nh).
78
5.1.3.
Hnh 5-7. S kt cu nhp bulng-hn (B-nh ca dm dc; HK- y kt cu nhp; Hng bin di)
5.1.3.1. Chiu di nhp l:
Xc nh do cc iu kin:
+ Kinh t,
+ Bo m khu thot nc,
+ Kh thng thng di cu,
+ S dng nh hnh.
5.1.3.2. Chiu cao h ca gin:
Do cc iu kin:
+ Chi ph vt liu t nht,
+ Bo m cng ca kt cu nhp,
+ Kh tnh khng trong cu.
Tng chiu cao h th ni lc trong cc thanh bin gim, trng lng chng cng gim i,
nhng li tng chiu di cc thanh bin, thanh ng v trng lng nhng thanh ny. Do
chiu cao h hp l s khng nn qu ln hoc qu thp. Bn cnh phi bo m vng do
f
1
f
1
hot ti
i vi cu xe la v
i vi cu t.
l 800
l 400
bo m kh tnh khng trong cu, cho xe qua li th h i vi cu xe la 88,5m,
cu t 66,5m.
Thng thng quan h gia chiu cao h v chiu di nhp l i vi cu gin gin n:
79
h 1 1
=
l 7 10
h 1 1
= gia nhp, ti gi bng (0,5-0,7)h
l 5 8
i vi cu lin tc v mt tha:
h 1
1
= ( t);
l 10 12
h 1 1
= (ng st)
l 7 9
5.1.3.3. Chiu di khoang gin d v gc nghing ca thanh xin .
cn i vi cu i trn
l 20 25
l 16 18
5.1.4.
Cu gin hn
80
Dng kt cu gin hn cu
phi quan tm cc vn :
+ Gim bt n mc thp
nht ng sut hn v ng
sut tp trung.
+ C gng c t mi ni lp
rp ti cng trng.
Nhng mi ni ny nn
n gin v d thc hin
vi cht lng tt.
+ Thp s dng lm kt cu
phi p ng yu cu mt
cch cht ch.
+ Thng thng cc kt cu
nhp gin c mi ni lp
rp dng bulng cng
cao.
Gin hn ton b nn cu to
t thanh, t nt. Gin bin cng p
ng phn no cc yu cu ny. Bin
cng c th chu c momen, do
dm ngang mt cu khng ch b
Hnh 5-8. Gin c bin di cng
tr ti nt m c m phn gia
khoang, cho php cu to khoang gin v khoang mt cu c lp vi nhau theo iu kin kinh
t ca mi b phn.
5.2
5.2.1.
Cu to gin ch.
Cc cu
c v cu nhp
ngn thng c
cc thanh gin
c cu to
n gin vi
tit din mt
thnh ng, cu
to t cc thp
bn v thp gc
tn inh ghp
li. Ngy nay
cu gin dng
cho nhng nhp
ln v p dng
cng ngh hn
Hnh 5-9. Tit din cc thanh hn ghp
nn tit din
c cu to c hai thnh ng. Cc bn thp c hn ghp to nn tit din c din tch v
cng ln p ng yu cu chu lc.
+ C gng cu to cc thanh n gin gm t b phn gim bt s inh hoc mi
hn ghp ni, gim ti a lng thp tm vo cc chi tit lm nhim v ghp ni.
81
b3
30 35;
c4
18 20
1,49
E b2
E
;
;
1,40
R 2
R
b3
1,49
E c4
E
;
0,56
R 4
R
1
3
82
5.2.2.1. Bn dng:
i vi thanh chu nn v
lc chu nn lc chu ko
ca gin ch lm vic
Hnh 5-12. Bin dng ca bn nt (1. bn nt;
di tc dng ca hot
2. nhnh ca thanh; 3. bn dng u thanh)
1
ti
b v 8mm
45
(cu t v cu thnh ph) 10mm (ng st)
8mm
83
1
b v
45
b- khong cch gia hai hng inh tn (hay gia cc mch hn) lin kt bn dng vo
cc nhnh ca thanh
5.2.2.2. Thanh dng:
C tc dng nh bn dng, thanh dng. Thng s dng khi thanh c tit din tn ghp
ln m bn dng hoc thanh dng kh thc hin, chng hn cc bn dng s rt st nhau. Cng
dng khi thanh c tit din hn ghp.
L khot c th hnh trn hoc bu dc.
5.2.2.4.
Bn chn ngang:
Cng c khi gi l vch ngang. C tc dng gi cho tit din khng b bin hnh khi vn
chuyn, lao lp hoc chu lc (mt n nh i vi thanh chu nn).
B dy bn chn ngang - 810mm. Bn chn ngang c b tr hai u thanh, cn
on gia thanh th cch nhau chng 3m i vi thanh chu nn, v ch cn mt bn gia
hoc i khi khng c i vi thanh chu ko.
84
5.2.3.
Cu to nt gin:
85
Nt gin l ni truyn lc gia cc thanh nn rt quan trng. Ngy nay cc thanh lin
kt vo nt thng bng bu lng cng cao hoc c th hn. Lin kt bng inh tn t s
dng, ch yu trong cc cu c.
Khi cu to nt cn ch :
a)
+ Hng tm cc thanh,
+ Bo m ni cc thanh vo nt
chc chn,
+ D dng cho thi cng, lp rp.
+ D dng cho kim tra, bo qun,
duy tu.
2
1
+ Tn t thp.
Trong cc cu c thng cc thanh
ng thanh xin c lin kt trc tip vo
thanh bin khng thng qua bn nt. Cc cu
ngy nay c cu to cc bn nt ni cc
thanh. Bn nt c th l mt bn ring r
khng tham gia thnh phn tit din thanh
bin hoc l mt bn c chp vo tit din
thanh bin ti v tr nt.
b)
3
3
Xut pht t nhng phn tch trn, trc y thng s dng bn nt ring, c th dng
bn nt ring lm nhim v bn ni cho cc thanh bin ca hai khoang k nhau. Do cu to
phc tp v hin tng tp trung ng sut cng nh gim yu tit din ng thi vi s pht
trin ca cng ngh ch to kt cu thp, cc nt gin v c th mt hoc mt s thanh gin
c ch to ti nh my, mt s mi ni c thc hin ti cc thanh gin, cng ngh ny
c p dng ti nhiu nc trn th gii v bt u p dng ti nc ta.
86
87
v thi gian v thc ra cng nng v phn l thuyt, do thng thng c n gin ha,
tch thnh cc h phng. Gin ch c xem l gin phng trong mt phng ng c cc nt
lin kt khp (tr gin bin cng) v chu ti trng thng ng truyn vo cc nt qua h dm
mt cu. S n gin ha ny cho kt qu chnh xc i vi cng tc thit k thc t.
5.3.1.
a.q + b[g cl + ( g mc + g lk )]
l
R
bl
(5-1)
Trong :
Theo quy nh gii thiu phn tnh ton cu dm, cn ch : H s phn phi ngang
xc nh theo nguyn tc n by do cu dn thng cu to hai gin ch. Trng hp nhiu
dn ch th coi s lin kt gia cc dn l yu
5.3.2.
Xc nh ni lc:
Thit k cc thanh dn
Cc bc chnh sau:
Khoang chu lc ln nht ca bin trn (chu nn) l thanh rt quan trng trong gin,
chn tit din thng bt u t thanh . Cc kch thc c bn thng quyt nh b rng b
88
N
(Fu )
(5-2)
Trong :
N Ni lc trong cc thanh gin do ti trng tnh ton
Fu ng ca thp khi ko t (gii hn bn)
[A 6.8.2.1-1]
(5-3)
Trong :
y:
Ane din tch gim yu cc b phn ni trc tip trong phm vi chiu di ni (lin
kt thanh ti nt)
Agn din tch gim yu ca thanh ngoi phm vi ni
Thng c th ly U = 0,85
Pu ni lc trong thanh; Pr - sc khng ca thanh.
5.3.4.2. Thanh chu ko ln un
Nu
M
M uy
Pu
Pu
1,0
< 0,2 th
+ ux +
2,0 Pr M rx M ry
Pr
[A 6.8.2.3-1]
Nu
89
P 8,0 M ux M uy
Pu
1,0
+
0,2 th u +
Pr
Pr 9,0 M rx M ry
[A 6.8.2.3-2]
(5-4)
Vi Mn l sc khng danh nh
+ i vi tit din ch H khi un trong mt phng thng ng
Mn = M p
(5-5)
0,064 RSl
M n = RS 1
AE
I
(5-6)
y:
S m men chng un
A din tch bao quanh bi ng tim cc tm to thnh tit din
l - chiu di thanh khng c lin kt trong phng vung gc phng chu un.
iu kin: Pu Pr = c Pn
(5-7)
Trong :
> 2,25 th Pn =
0,88 Fy As
90
2
Kl Fy
=
rs E
Vi
Trong
A - din tch tit din nguyn ca thanh
R, E Cng chy v m un n hi ca vt liu thp
K h s chiu di, bng 0,75 (lin kt bu-lng hoc hn c hai u) [A 4.6.2.5]
l - chiu di thanh khng c dng ngang
Nu
M
M uy
Pu
Pu
1,0
< 0,2 th
+ ux +
Pr
2,0 Pr M rx M ry
Nu
P 8,0 M ux M uy
Pu
0,2 th u +
1,0
+
Pr
Pr 9,0 M rx M ry
(5-8)
iu kin: ( ) (R )n
(5-9)
Trong :
(R )n
A 3 1
= (R )TH
2
N
(5-10)
(5-11)
Trong :
lu lng xe ti trung bnh ca mt ln trong ngy(xc nh theo
(ADTT)SL =
3.6.1.4); ADTTSL - p x ADTT, p - ph thuc vo s ln xe bng 1,0 hoc 0,85 hoc 0,8 (bng
3.6.1.4.2-1)
n - S chu k ng sut khi mt xe ti qua (xc nh theo bng 6.6.1.2.5-2 ).
A hng s ph thuc chi tit kt cu. i vi thanh dn thng A=82,0x1011Mpa3 v
A=39,3x1011Mpa3.
(R )TH -
91
92
y'
y'
(5-12)
Trong :
x - mnh ca thanh (theo phng trc x-x), tnh tit din gm c 2 nhnh, c trc
qun trnh chnh l y-y.
nh,x - mnh ca nhnh (theo phng trc x-x), thng thng nh,x gii hn l 40 i
vi thanh chu nn, 50 i vi thanh chu ko.
Bn dng c tnh ton chu lc ct gi nh khng thay i trn c chiu di thanh:
Q = AR
min
(5-13)
Trong :
Q1 C Q1 C
=
2 2
4
(5-14)
Md =
93
Q1 C
2
(5-15)
Q C QC
=
2m 2 2 m
(5-16)
V lc ct :
T=
2M d QC
=
b
mb
(5-17)
Pr
Rr
(5-18)
Trong :
Df
5.4.1.
Nt
2
3
Nf
(5-19)
94
iu kin Pu Rr
(5-20)
Trong :
Pu - Ni lc tc dng trong thanh,
Rr - sc khng ca bn nt theo cc
iu kin 1-1, 1-2 ly nh sau
A2
A1
A1
A3
A2
A3
Atn
(6.13.4-1)
0,58Avn,
th:
(6.13.4-2)
trong :
Avg =
Atn =
Atg =
Atn =
Fy
iu
Df
Dt
(5-21)
Fu nh nu trn
Nf
95
Dt
M
X
Nt
N= Ut + Dt cos
Nu
Pu 8,0 M u
+
Pr 9,0 M r
Pu
< 0,2
Pr
th
1,0
Pu
0,2
Pr
(5-23)
th
1,0
Nhng kim ton nu trn l theo trng thi gii hn cng . Cn phi kim ton iu
kin trng thi gii hn v mi tng t nh tnh vi cc thanh.
5.5
H thng lin kt
96
Lin kt dc trn
Lin kt dc di
l
Lin kt ngang gi
Lin kt dc di
chy trn
cu. H lin kt ngang gi b tr trong mt phng ca thanh ng hoc thanh xin u gin
lin kt dc trn
a,
B
khung u cu
L
lin kt dc di
B
Trong cu i di,
khi h < htnh ca cu khng
th b tr h lin kt dc
trn s c kt cu nhp h.
Khi bin trn chu p
c cc khung ngang h
tng i cng gi cho n
nh ra ngoi mt phng
gin. Khung ngang lm bi
dm ngang v cc thanh
ng.
b,
97
1
3
2
2
3
1
1
98
Lin kt dc:
99
+ Kiu ch K dng cho trng hp B>>d. Lm cho dm ngang (hoc thanh chng) b
un i trong phng ngang.
a)
5.5.1.1.2
b)
Lin kt ngang:
c)
100
H thng lin kt chu cc ti trng nm ngang tc dng theo phng ngang cu:
+ Lc gi
101
+ Lc lc ngang
+ Lc ly tm (cu trn ng cong).
H thng lin kt ch yu vi lc gi, p lc gi thi ln din tch 1m2 xc nh bi biu
thc:
W =
Vi:
2g
v2
(5-24)
102
Wt
h3
nw
h1 h 2
K2
Kn
Wd,d
Wd
D3
1/sin
1/sin
103
Qi
2 sin
(5-25)
Di =
y:
Qi - lc ct do ti trng gi khoang th i
Wt
H
H
(K 2-
h2
Knw
h1
nw
Wd
5.6
Wt l t
2
(5-26)
104
x2
2
a2
a2
a2
ti x=a EJtg = ( xh + ya )a + (x y ) = x ha + y
2
2
2
(5-27)
(5-28)
Thay vo
3
x (h a )
a 2 ya 2
= x ha +
(h a )
3
2
2
T :
x
3a 2
= 2
y 2l i + 2ha a 2
(5-29)
x a c
=
y h c
(5-30)
105
a (2 h + a ) )
2(h + 2a )
(5-31)
1 + 3
h
1 + 6
Vi =
(5-32)
Ixh
Ic b
Ix - ca x ngang
Ic - ca chn khung
Sau khi xc nh c v tr im M - 0 c th xc nh c ni lc trong c h:
N=
H(h c )
b
(5-33)
106
6. Gi cu thp
6.1
6.1.1.
Cc loi gi cu:
107
Cu to gi cu:
V mt cu to chia lm:
- Gi tip tuyn: l 18m
- Gi con ln trn v xn cnh,l - 18 25-30m.
- Gi con ln hnh qut, l - 18 25-30m.
- Gi con quay
108
c im l:
+ ng knh (p mt) ln nhng kch thc gi vn nh.
+ u khong cch nhp di chuyn th con ln cng chuyn dch .
+ Thm ma st khp.
6.2.3.
Gi con quay:
109
Cu to gi cu bng cao su
110
6.3
6.3.1.
6Hh
A
+ 2 d Rd
a d bd a d bd
(6-1)
Trong :
A v H - p lc ng v ngang truyn ln gi;
hd - Chiu cao tnh t tm khp n mt y con quay di;
Rd - Cng tnh ton ca tng.
Kch thc mt trn ca con quay trn at , bt xc nh trn c s b rng thanh bin di
k c b dy ca bn nt gi
111
bt - b + 2 x (510mm)
iu kin p mt gia bn nt gi v mt trn ca con quay trn:
em =
A 6 Hht
+ 2 Rnut
at
at
(6-2)
Trong :
at chiu di con quay trn
ht - chiu cao tnh t tm khp n b mt trn ca con quay trn.
Rnt - cng chu p u mt ca thp bn nt
Nn bo m: at 2ht v ad 2h
Chiu cao cc con quay phi kim tra theo iu kin chu un trong phng dc:
M men un ti tit din gia ca con quay di:
M - Fd . bd . ed - 0,5Hzd
(6-3)
Fd - phn din tch biu ng sut ln tng thuc 1/2 chiu di ad ca con quay.
zd - khong cch t trc nm ngang ca tit din n mt y (mp di tit din).
ed, bd - xem hnh v
M men ny s so snh vi sc khng un ca tit din. Khi xt theo trng thi gii hn
s dng
Mr =
Id
R goi
yd
(6-4)
Trong :
Id ,Yd m men qun tnh v khong cch t trc trung ho ti th xa nht ca hnh v.
Rgi - Cng chy ca thp gi cu.
Con quay trn tng t c momen un:
M = Ft .2 .et 0,5Hz t
(6-5)
8bD1 D2 R 2
(D2 D1 ) E
Trong :
(6-6)
P lc truyn ln khp
b- kch thc ca khp trong phng vung gc (chiu di tip xc gia
112
(6-7)
6.3.2.
l
E
1 + 2
2
(Hnh v)
chuyn dch ca gi cu l th con ln s c chuyn dch bng:
(6-8)
k =
113
(6-9)
(6-10)
A A k ai
k a 2j
(6-11)
(6-12)
1ben
ly
tng ng mt bn i vi trc gia, j - khong cch t con ln j ti trc gia (khi c chuyn
dch ).
u kin
M Mr
6.3.3.
(6-13)
A A k a max
+
k
a 2j
(6-14)
(6-15)
Kch thc trn mt bng theo iu kin chu lc ca tng, tng t nh gi c nh:
max =
6 A
A
+ 2
Rd
ath bth ath bth
(6-16)
114
Vtnh
(6-17)
(6-18)
- H s dn n di
Vi
(T ) - Gradient nhit
L chiu di nhp
- H s ly bng 1,20
Kch thc trn mt bng ca gi xc nh theo iu kin ng sut nn trng thi s
dng
s =
Vtinh + Vhoat
, l ng sut do ton b ti trng
S .a.b
V L =
Vhoat
, l ng sut do hot ti
S .a.b
(6-19)
(6-20)
iu kin l:
s 1,66GS 11,0MPa
(6-21)
L 0,66GS
(6-22)
Nu l gi c nh
S 2,00GS 12,0MPa
(6-23)
L 1,00GS
(6-24)
115
ab
2h(a + b )
(6-25)
S=
ab
2hi (a + b )
(6-26)
Vi Si, hi l cho lp th i
G m un chu ct ph thuc vo cng Shore A
cng Shore
A
50
60
70
G (MPa)
0,66-0,90
0,90-1,38
1,38-2,07
= i hi
(6-27)
max =
2
a
(6-28)
S = D + L + unk
(6-29)
Trong :
S max
- Kim tra tc ng nn v xoay ng thi i vi gi
+ iu kin khng b bc ln
Khi l gi hnh ch nht
(6-30)
S > boc
Vi:
= 1,0GS S
n
116
B
hi
(6-31)
S - gc xoay
S > 0,75GS S
n
D
hi
(6-32)
Vi D - ng knh gi
Cc k hiu khc nh trn
+ iu kin chu bin dng ct
Khi gi ch nht
B
hi
(6-33)
(6-34)
Khi gi ch nht c nh
B
hi
D
hi
(6-35)
D
hi
(6-36)
Vi cc k hiu ni trn
- Tnh ct tng cng
Chiu dy bn thp tng cng lm ct trong cc lp tm gi
Khi xt i vi trng thi gii hn s dng
h
3hmax S
1,6mm
Fy
(6-37)
2hmax L
1,6mm
FTH
y:
hmax - b dy lp cao su dy nht
117
(6-38)
118
N
N - Ni lc tnh ton;Ro - Cng thp; - D tr cho s gim yu ca
R0
tit din hoc gim cng khi xt v n nh. c th ly 100-200 kg/cm2
ii
G. n T Khi. F =