Phuong Phap Giai Toan Vat Ly LTDH

1
Mc lc
Trang
Mc lc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
Phn1 . PHNG PHP GII TON V CHUYN NG QUAY CA VT RN 9
Ch 1. Xc nh trng tm ca vt rn ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Ch 2. Xc nh gia tc ca chuyn ng quay ca vt rn? Momen qun tnh ca vt rn i
vi trc? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1. Gia tc ca chuyn ng quay ca vt rn: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2. Momen qun tnh ca vt rn: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
3. ng nng ca vt rn quay: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4. Momen ng lng ca vt rn chuyn ng quay quanh mt trc: . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Ch 3. Xc nh vn tc gc v ta d gc ca vt rn chuyn ng quay ? . . . . . . . . . . 10
Ch 4. Xc nh gia tc chuyn ng ca vt treo vo si dy vt qua rng rc c khi lng ? 10
Ch 5. Bi ton v p dng nh lut bo ton momen ng lng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
Phn 2 . PHNG PHP GII TON V DAO NG IU HA CA CON LC
L XO 12
Ch 1. Lin h gia lc tc dng, gin v cng ca l xo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.Cho bit lc ko F, cng k: tm gin l
0
, tm l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
2.Ct l xo thnh n phn bng nhau ( hoc hai phn khng bng nhau): tm cng ca mi phn
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Ch 2. Xc nh thi im vt i qua v tr c li x
0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Ch 3.Vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = Acos(t + ). Xc nh s ln vt i qua
v tr c ta x
0
sau khong thi gian t tnh t thi im t
0
= 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
Ch 4.Vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = Acos(.t + ).Xc nh on ng vt
i c t thi im t
1
n thi im t
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
Ch 5.Vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = Acos(.t +). Xc nh on ng cc
i v cc tiu m vt i c trong khong thi gian t (0 < t <
T
2
)? . . . . . . . .
. . . 13
Ch 6.Xc nh khong thi gian ngn nht vt i t ta x
1
n ta x
2
? Tnh vn tc
trung bnh v tc trung bnh trong khong thi gian ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.Xc nh khong thi gian ngn nht vt i t ta x
1
n ta x
2
? . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.Xc nh vn tc trung bnh v tc trung bnh trong thi gian t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Ch 7. Vit phng trnh dao ng iu ha ca con lc l xo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Ch 8. Vn dng nh lut bo ton c nng tm vn tc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
Ch 9. Tm biu thc ng nng v th nng theo thi gian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Ch 10. Tm lc tc dng cc i v cc tiu ca l xo ln gi treo hay gi . . . . . . . . . 15
Phng php gii ton vt l lp 12 D: 0983.885241
1.Trng hp l xo nm ngang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
2.Trng hp l xo treo thng ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
3.Ch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Phn 3 . PHNG PHP GII TON V DAO NG IU HA CA CON LC
N - CON LC VT L 16
Ch 1. Vit phng trnh dao ng iu ha ca con lc n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Ch 2. Xc nh bin thin nh chu k T khi bit bin thin nh gia tc trng trng
g, bin thin chiu di l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
Ch 3. Xc nh bin thin nh chu k T khi bit nhit bin thin nh t; khi a
ln cao h; xung su h so vi mt bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1. Khi bit nhit bin thin nh t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2. Khi a con lc n ln cao h so vi mt bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
3. Khi a con lc n xung su h so vi mt bin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
Ch 4. Con lc n chu nhiu yu t nh hng bin thin ca chu k: tm iu kin
chu k khng i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1.iu kin chu k khng i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.V d:Con lc n chu nh hng bi yu t nhit v yu t cao . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Ch 5. Con lc trong ng h g giy c xem nh l con lc n: tm nhanh hay chm
ca ng h trong mt ngy m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
Ch 6. Con lc n chu tc dng thm bi mt ngoi lc

F khng i: Xc nh chu k dao
ng mi T
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.
F l lc ht ca nam chm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
2.
F l lc tng tc Coulomb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.
F l lc in trng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
4.
F l lc y Acsimet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
5.
F l lc nm ngang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
Ch 7. Con lc n treo vo mt vt ( nh t, thang my...) ang chuyn ng vi gia tc a:
xc nh chu k mi T
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.Con lc n treo vo trn ca thang my ( chuyn ng thng ng ) vi gia tc a . . . . . 20
2.Con lc n treo vo trn ca xe t ang chuyn ng ngang vi gia tc a . . . . . . . . . 20
3.Con lc n treo vo trn ca xe t ang chuyn ng trn mt phng nghing mt gc : 20
Ch 8. Xc nh ng nng E
th nng E
t
, c nng ca con lc n khi v tr c gc lch 21
Ch 9. Xc nh vn tc di v v lc cng dy T ti v tr hp vi phng thng ng mt gc 21
1.Vn tc di v ti C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
2.Lc cng dy T ti C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.H qa: vn tc v lc cng dy cc i v cc tiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
Ch 10. Xc nh bin gc
mi khi gia tc trng trng thay i t g sang g
. . . . . . 22
Ch 11. Xc nh chu k v bin ca con lc n vng inh (hay vt cn) khi i qua v
tr cn bng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.Tm chu k T . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.Tm bin mi sau khi vng inh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Ch 12. Xc nh thi gian hai con lc n tr li v tr trng phng (cng qua v tr cn
bng, chuyn ng cng chiu) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
Ch 13. Xc nh chu k dao ng ca con lc vt l? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.Trng hp con lc vt l gm nhiu cht im . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
ThS Trn Anh Trung
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2.Trng hp con lc vt l l mt vt rn c dng i xng dao ng quanh mt trc khng
qua trng tm G . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Ch 14. Vit phng trnh dao ng iu ha ca con lc vt l ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
Ch 15. Xc nh chiu di ca con lc ton hc ng b vi con lc vt l . . . . . . . . . . 24
Ch 16. Xc nh bin thin chu k ca con lc vt l khi dao ng cao h ( so vi mt
bin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Ch 17. Con lc vt l chu tc dng thm bi mt ngoi lc

F khng i: Xc nh chu k
dao ng mi T
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Ch 18. Xc nh vn tc ca con lc vt l? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
Phn4 . PHNG PHP GII TON V DAO NG TT DN V CNG HNG
C HC 27
Ch 1. Con lc l xo dao ng tt dn: bin gim dn theo cp s nhn li v hng, tm
cng bi q . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Ch 2. Con lc l n ng tt dn: bin gc gim dn theo cp s nhn li v hng, tm
cng bi q. Nng lng cung cp duy tr dao ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Ch 3. H dao ng cng bc b kch thch bi mt ngoi lc tun hon: tm iu kin c
hin tng cng hng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Ch 4. Con lc l xo dao ng tt dn vi h s masat l , tm bin dao ng sau na chu
k, sau 1 chu k v sau n chu k ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Ch 5. Mt con lc l xo dao ng tt dn vi h s ma st l . Xc nh on ng i c
cho n lc dng li, thi gian i ht on ng ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Ch 6. Trong dao ng tt dn: Xc nh v tr c vn tc cc i v gi tr vn tc cc i
ca qu nng? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
Ch 7. Tng hp hai dao ng iu ha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
Phn 5 . PHNG PHP GII TON V SNG C HC, GIAO THOA SNG, SNG
DNG, SNG M 30
Ch 1. Tm lch pha gia hai im cch nhau d trn mt phng truyn sng? Tm bc
sng khi bit lch pha v gii hn ca bc sng,( tn s, vn tc truyn sng). Vit phng
trnh sng ti mt im . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.Tm lch pha gia hai im cch nhau d trn mt phng truyn sng . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.Tm bc sng khi bit lch pha v gii hn ca bc sng,( tn s, vn tc truyn sng) 30
3.Vit phng trnh sng ti mt im trn phng truyn sng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
4.Vn tc dao ng ca sng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
Ch 2. V th biu din qu trnh truyn sng theo thi gian v theo khng gian . . . . . . 30
1.V th biu din qa trnh truyn sng theo thi gian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
2.V th biu din qa trnh truyn sng theo khng gian ( dng ca mi trng...) . . . . 31
Ch 3. Xc nh tnh cht sng ti mt im M trn min giao thoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Ch 4. Vit phng trnh sng ti im M trn min giao thoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
Ch 5. Xc nh s ng dao ng cc i v cc tiu trn min giao thoa . . . . . . . . . . 31
Tng qut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Mt s trng hp c bit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Ch 6. Xc nh im dao ng vi bin cc i ( im bng) v s im dao ng vi bin
cc tiu ( im nt) trn on S
1
S
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
Ch 7.Tm qy tch nhng im dao ng cng pha (hay ngc pha) vi hai ngun S
1
, S
2
. . 33
ThS Trn Anh Trung
Ch 8.Vit biu thc sng dng trn dy n hi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
Ch 9.iu kin c hin tng sng dng, t suy ra s bng v s nt sng . . . . . . . 34
1.Hai u mi trng ( dy hay ct khng kh) l c nh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.Mt u mi trng ( dy hay ct khng kh) l c nh, u kia t do . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.Hai u mi trng ( dy hay ct khng kh) l t do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Ch 10.Xc nh tn s ca m trn mt oto ang chuyn ng vi vn tc v ( Hiu ng Dople)? 34
1.Ngun m ng yn, ngi quan st chuyn ng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.Ngun m chuyn ng li gn ngi quan st ng yn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Ch 11.Xc nh cng m (I) khi bit mc cng m ti im. Xc nh cng sut ca
ngun m? to ca m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.Xc nh cng m (I) khi bit mc cng m ti im . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.Xc nh cng sut ca ngun m ti mt im: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3. to ca m: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
Phn 6 . PHNG PHP GII TON V SNG IN T 37
Ch 1. Dao ng in t do trong mch LC: vit biu thc q(t)? Suy ra cng dng in
i(t)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Ch 2. Dao ng in t do trong mch LC, bit u
C
= U
0
sin t, tm q(t)? Suy ra i(t)? . . . . 38
Ch 3. Cch p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng trong mch dao ng LC . . . . . . . . . 38
1.Bit Q
0
( hay U
0
) tm bin I
0
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.Bit Q
0
( hay U
0
)v q ( hay u), tm i lc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Ch 4. Dao ng in t do trong mch LC, bit Q
0
v I
0
:tm chu k dao ng ring ca mch
LC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
Ch 5. Mch LC li vo ca my thu v tuyn in bt sng in t c tn s f (hay bc
sng ).Tm L( hay C) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.Bit f( sng) tm L v C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
2.Bit ( sng) tm L v C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Ch 6. Mch LC li vo ca my thu v tuyn c t in c in dung bin thin C
max
C
min
tng ng gc xoay bin thin 0
0
180
0
: xc nh gc xoay thu c bc x c bc
sng ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Ch 7. Mch LC li vo ca my thu v tuyn c t xoay bin thin C
max
C
min
: tm di
bc sng hay di tn s m my thu c? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Ch 8. Mch LC
1
dao ng vi tn s f
1
, mch LC
2
dao ng vi tn s f
2
. Tm tn s mch
dao ng khi (C
1
ntC
2
) hay (C
1
//C
2
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
Phn 7 . PHNG PHP GII TON V DNG IN XOAY CHIU 41
Ch 1. on mch RLC: cho bit i(t) = I
0
cos(t), vit biu thc hiu in th u(t). Tm cng
sut P
mch
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Ch 3. on mch RLC: cho bit u(t) = U
0
cos(t), vit biu thc cng dng in i(t).
Suy ra biu thc u
R
(t)?u
L
(t)?u
C
(t)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Ch 3. Xc nh lch pha gia hai hiu in th tc thi u
1
v u
2
ca hai on mch khc
nhau trn cng mt dng in xoay chiu khng phn nhnh? Cch vn dng? . . . . . . . . 42
Ch 4.on mch RLC, cho bit U, R: tm h thc L, C, : cng dng in qua on
mch cc i, hiu in th v cng dng in cng pha, cng sut tiu th trn on
mch t cc i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.Cng dng in qua on mch t cc i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
ThS Trn Anh Trung
2.Hiu in th cng pha vi cng dng in . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.Cng sut tiu th trn on mch cc i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
4.Kt lun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
5.Bi ton vn dng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
Ch 5. .on mch RLC, ghp thm mt t C
:tm C
: cng dng in qua on mch

cc i, hiu in th v cng dng in cng pha, cng sut tiu th trn on mch
t cc i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Ch 6. on mch RLC: Cho bit U
R
, U
L
, U
C
: tm U v lch pha
u/i
. . . . . . . . . . . . 44
Ch 7. Cho mchRLC: Bit U, , tm L, hayC, hayR cng sut tiu th trn on mch
cc i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.Tm L hay C cng sut tiu th trn on mch cc i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2.Tm R cng sut tiu th trn on mch cc i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
Ch 8. .on mch RLC: Cho bit U, R, f: tm L ( hay C) U
L
(hay U
C
) t gi tr cc i? 46
1.Tm L hiu th hiu dng hai u cun cm cc i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.Tm C hiu th hiu dng hai u t in cc i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
Ch 9..on mch RLC: Cho bit U, R, f: tm L ( hay C) U
RL
(hay U
RC
) t gi tr cc
i? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.Tm L hiu th hiu dng hai u on RL t cc i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.Tm C hiu th hiu dng hai u on RC t cc i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Ch 10. .on mch RLC: Cho bit U, R, L, C: tm f ( hay ) U
R
, U
L
hay U
C
t gi tr
cc i? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.Tm f ( hay ) hiu th hiu dng hai u in tr cc i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
2.Tm f ( hay ) hiu th hiu dng hai u cun cm cc i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
3.Tm f ( hay ) hiu th hiu dng hai u t in cc i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
Ch 11. Cho bit th i(t) v u(t), hoc bit gin vect hiu in th: xc nh cc c
im ca mch in? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.Cho bit th i(t) v u(t): tm lch pha
u/i
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
2.Cho bit gin vect hiu in th: v s on mch? Tm U
mch
. . . . . . . . . . . . 49
Ch 12. Tc dng nhit ca dng in xoay chiu: tnh nhit lng ta ra trn on mch? . 49
Ch 13. Tc dng ha hc ca dng in xoay chiu: tnh in lng chuyn qua bnh in
phn theo mt chiu? Tnh th tch kh Hir v Oxy xut hin cc in cc? . . . . . . . . 49
1.Tnh in lng chuyn qua bnh in phn theo mt chiu ( trong 1 chu k T, trong t) . . 49
2.Tnh th tch kh Hir v Oxy xut hin cc in cc trong thi gian t(s) . . . . . . . . 50
Ch 14. Tc dng t ca dng in xoay chiu v tc dng ca t trng ln dng in xoay
chiu? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1.Nam chm in dng dng in xoay chiu ( tn s f) t gn dy thp cng ngang. Xc
nh tn s rung f
ca dy thp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.Dy dn thng cng ngang mang dng in xoay chiu t trong t trng c cm ng t
B khng i ( vung gc vi dy): xc nh tn s rung ca dy f
. . . . . . . . . . . 50
Ch 15. t vo hai u bng n neon (U
m
) mt hiu in th c dng: u = U
0
sin(t +).
Xc nh khong thi gian n sng? Xc nh s ln dng in i chiu trong 1 giy ? . 50
1.t vo hai u bng n neon (U
m
0
sin(t +). Xc
nh khong thi gian n sng? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.Xc nh s ln dng in i chiu trong 1 giy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
Ch 16. Vn dng phng php gin vecto trt gii quyt bi ton in xoay chiu? . 51
ThS Trn Anh Trung
Phn 8 . PHNG PHP GII TON V MY PHT IN XOAY CHIU, TRUYN
TI IN NNG 52
Ch 1. Vit biu thc sut in ng ca my pht in xoay chiu mt pha . . . . . . . . . . 52
Ch 2. Xc nh tn s f ca dng in xoay chiu to bi my pht in xoay chiu 1 pha . 52
1.Trng hp roto ca mp c p cp cc, tn s vng l n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.Trng hp bit sut in ng xoay chiu ( E hay E
o
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Ch 3. Nh my thy in: thc nc cao h, lm quay tuabin nc v roto ca mp. Tm cng
sut P ca my pht in? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Ch 4. Mch in xoay chiu ba pha mc theo s hnh : tm cng dng trung ha khi
ti i xng? Tnh hiu in th U
d
( theo U
p
)? Tnh P
t
(cc ti) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
Ch 5. My bin th: cho U
1
, I
1
: tm U
2
, I
2
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
1.Trng hp cc in tr ca cun s cp v th cp bng 0, cun th cp h . . . . . . . . 53
2.Trng hp cc in tr ca cun s cp v th cp bng 0, cun th cp c ti . . . . . . 53
3.Trng hp cc in tr ca cun s cp v th cp khc 0: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
Ch 6.Truyn ti in nng trn dy dn: xc nh cc i lng trong qu trnh truyn ti . 54
Ch 7.Xc nh hiu sut truyn ti in nng trn dy? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Phn 9 . PHNG PHP GII TON V HIN TNG TN SC NH SNG 55
Ch 1. S tn sc chm sng trng qua mt phn cch gia hai mi trng: kho st chm
khc x? Tnh gc lch bi hai tia khc x n sc? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Ch 2. Chm sng trng qua LK: kho st chm tia l? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Ch 3. Xc nh gc hp bi hai tia l ( , tm)ca chm cu vng ra khi LK. Tnh b rng
quang ph trn mn? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Ch 4. Chm tia ti song song c b rng a cha hai bt x truyn qua BMSS: kho st chm
tia l? Tnh b rng cc i a
max
hai chm tia l tch ri nhau? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
Phn 10 . PHNG PHP GII TON V HIN TNG GIAO THOA NH SNG 56
Ch 1. Xc nh bc sng khi bit khong vn i, a,, D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Ch 2. Xc nh tnh cht sng (ti) v tm bc giao thoa ng vi mi im trn mn? . . . . 56
Ch 3. Tm s vn sng v vn ti quang st c trn min giao thoa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Ch 4. Trng hp ngun pht hai nh sng n sc. Tm v tr trn mn c s trng
nhau ca hai vn sng thuc hai h n sc? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
Ch 5. Trng hp giao thoa nh sng trng: tm rng quang ph, xc nh nh sng cho
vn ti ( sng) ti mt im (x
M
) ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
1.Xc nh rng quang ph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.Xc nh nh sng cho vn ti ( sng) ti mt im (x
M
) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
3.Xc nh khong cch t vn sng mu bc k n vn sng tm bc k . . . . . . . . . . 57
Ch 6. Th nghim giao thoa vi nh sng thc hin trong mi trng c chic sut n > 1.
Tm khong vn mi i
? H vn thay i th no? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Ch 7. Th nghim Young: t bn mt song song (e,n) trc khe S
1
( hoc S
2
). Tm chiu
v dch chuyn ca h vn trung tm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Ch 8. Th nghim Young: Khi ngun sng di chuyn mt on y = SS
. Tm chiu, chuyn
di ca h vn( vn trung tm)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Ch 9.Ngun sng S chuyn ng vi vn tc v theo phng song song vi S
1
S
2
: tm tn s
sut hin vn sng ti vn trung tm O? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Ch 10.Tm khong cch a = S
1
S
2
v b rng min giao thoa trn mt s dng c giao thoa? 58
ThS Trn Anh Trung
1.Khe Young . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.Lng lng knh Frexnen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
3.Hai na thu knh Billet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.Gng Frexnen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
Phn 11 . PHNG PHP GII TON V TIA RNGHEN 59
Ch 1. Tia Rnghen: Cho bit vn tc v ca electron p vo i catot: tm U
AK
. . . . . . . 59
Ch 2. Tia Rnghen: Cho bit vn tc v ca electron p vo i catot hot U
AK
: tm tn s
cc i F
max
hay bc sng
min
? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Ch 3. Tnh lu lng dng nc lm ngui i catot ca ng Rnghen: . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
Phn 11 . PHNG PHP GII TON V QUANG IN 60
Ch 1. Tia Rnghen: Cho bit vn tc v ca electron p vo i catot: tm U
AK
. . . . . . . 60
Ch 2. Cho bit hiu in th hm U
h
. Tm ng nng ban u cc i (E
max
) hay vn tc
ban u cc i( v
0max
), hay tm cng thot A? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
1.Cho U
h
: tm E
max
hay v
0max
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.Cho U
h
v (kch thch): tm cng thot A: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Ch 3. Cho bit v
0max
ca electron quang in v ( kch thch): tm gii hn quang in
0
? 60
Ch 4. Cho bit cng thot A (hay gii hn quang in
0
) v ( kch thch): Tm v
0max
? . . 60
Ch 5. Cho bit U
AK
v v
0max
. Tnh vn tc ca electron khi ti Ant ? . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
Ch 6. Cho bit v
0max
v A.Tm iu kin ca hiu in th U
AK
khng c dng quang
in (I = 0) hoc khng c mt electron no ti Ant? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Ch 7. Cho bit cng dng quang in bo ho (I
bh
) v cng sut ca ngun sng. Tnh
hiu sut lng t? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Ch 8. Chiu mt chm sng kch thch c bc sng vo mt qa cu c lp v in. Xc
nh in th cc i ca qa cu. Ni qu cu vi mt in tr R sau ni t. Xc nh
cng dng qua R. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
1.Chiu mt chm sng kch thch c bc sng vo mt qa cu c lp v in. Xc nh
in th cc i ca qa cu: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.Ni qu cu vi mt in tr R sau ni t. Xc nh cng dng qua R: . . . . . . . 61
Ch 9. Cho kch thch, in trng cn E
c
v bc sng gii hn
0
: tm on ng i ti
a m electron i c. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
Ch 10. Cho kch thch, bc sng gii hn
0
v U
AK
: Tm bn knh ln nht ca vng
trn trn mt Ant m cc electron t Katt p vo? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
0
, electron quang in bay ra theo phng
vung gc vi in trng (
E). Kho st chuyn ng ca electron ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

0
, electron quang in bay ra theo phng
vung gc vi cm ng t ca tr trng u (
B). Kho st chuyn ng ca electron ? . . . 63

Phn 13 . PHNG PHP GII TON V MU NGUYN T HIDRO 64
Ch 1. Xc nh vn tc v tn s f ca electron trng thi dng th n ca nguyn t Hir? 64
Ch 2. Xc nh bc sng ca photon do nguyn t Hir pht ra khi nguyn t trng thi
dng c mc nng lng E
m
sang E
n
( < E
m
)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Ch 3. Tm bc sng ca cc vch quang ph khi bit cc bc sng ca cc vch ln cn? . 64
Ch 4. Xc nh bc sng cc i (
max
) v cc tiu (
min
) ca cc dy Lyman, Banme,
Pasen? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
ThS Trn Anh Trung
Ch 5. Xc nh qy o dng mi ca electron khi nguyn t nhn nng lng kch thch
= hf? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
Ch 6. Tm nng lng bc electron ra khi nguyn t khi n ang qy o K ( ng vi
nng lng E
1
)? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
Phn 14 . PHNG PHP GII TON V VT L HT NHN 66
Ch 1. Cht phng x
A
Z
X c s khi A: tm s nguyn t ( ht) c trong m(g) ht nhn ? 66
Ch 2. Tm s nguyn t N( hay khi lng m) cn li, mt i ca cht phng x sau thi
gian t? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Ch 3. Tnh khi lng ca cht phng x khi bit phng x H? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Ch 4. Xc nh tui ca mu vt c c ngun gc l thc vt? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Ch 5. Xc nh tui ca mu vt c c ngun gc l khong cht? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Ch 6. Xc nh nng lng lin kt ht nhn( nng lng ta ra khi phn r mt ht nhn)? 67
Ch 7. Xc nh nng lng ta ra khi phn r m(g) ht nhn
A
Z
X? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Ch 8. Xc nh nng lng ta ( hay thu vo ) ca phn ng ht nhn? . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
Ch 9. Xc nh nng lng ta khi tng hp m(g) ht nhn nh(t cc ht nhn nh hn)? . 67
Ch 10. Cch vn dng nh lut bo ton ng lng, nng lng? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
1.Cch vn dng nh lut bo ton ng lng: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.Cch vn dng nh lut bo ton nng lng: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Ch 11. Xc nh khi lng ring ca mt ht nhn nguyn t. Mt in tch ca ht
nhn nguyn t ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
ThS Trn Anh Trung
PHN 1
PHNG PHP GII TON V CHUYN NG QUAY CA VT RN
Ch 1.Xc nh trng tm ca vt rn ?
Phng php:
Ta khi tm c xc nh bi:
_
_
x
G
=
x
1
m
1
+x
2
m
2
+. . .
m
1
+m
2
+ . . .
=
m
i
x
i
M
y
G
=
y
1
m
1
+ y
2
m
2
+. . .
m
1
+ m
2
+ . . .
=
m
i
y
i
M
vi M =
m
i
Ch 2.Xc nh gia tc ca chuyn ng quay ca vt rn? Momen qun tnh ca
vt rn i vi trc?
Phng php:
1. Gia tc ca chuyn ng quay ca vt rn: cho bi cng thc
=

2
1
t
2
t
1
Nu > 0: Vt rn quay nhanh dn u; Nu < 0: Vt rn quay chm dn u.
2. Momen qun tnh ca vt rn:
- Chng ta phn tch cc tc dng lm quay ca vt rn, t tnh tng momen ca lc tc dng
vo vt rn.
M=
i
M
i
=
i
F
i
R
i
p dng cng thc:
M= I hay I =
M
Ch : Momen ca lc masat l m.
3. ng nng ca vt rn quay: p dng cng thc:
W
=
1
2
I
2
4. Momen ng lng ca vt rn chuyn ng quay quanh mt trc:
L = I
Ch : i vi cc vt rn ng cht c hnh dng xc nh, momen qun tnh ca vt rn i vi
trc quay c nh c xc nh nh sau:
*Momen qun tnh ca vnh: (hnh a)
I = MR
2
M: Khi lng ca vnh
Kt qu ny cng p dng cho thnh bn mng ca mt hnh tr rng.
* a trn bn knh R:
I =
1
2
MR
2
Kt qu ny cng p dng hnh tr c c bn knh R, khi lng M.
ThS Trn Anh Trung
* Thanh c tit din nh, chiu di l, khi lng M: Momen qun tnh i vi ng trung trc:
I = M
1
12
l
2
* Thanh c tit din nh, chiu di l, khi lng M: Momen qun tnh i vi trc i qua mt u
thanh:
I = M
1
3
l
2
* Hnh cu c c bn knh R, khi lng M: Momen qun tnh i vi ng knh:
I =
2
5
MR
2
Ch : Nu trc quay ca vt rn khng i qua khi tm (d = OG). p dng nh l Huyghen-
Steiner, momen qun tnh ca vt rn vi trc quay qua O l:
I = I
G
+ md
2
Ch 3. Xc nh vn tc gc v ta d gc ca vt rn chuyn ng quay ?
Phng php:
p dng phng trnh chuyn ng ca vt rn:
=
0
+
0
t +
1
2
t
2
thay t = t
0
vo phng trnh trn ta tm c ta gc ti thi im t
0
p dng cng thc lin h:
2

2
0
= 2(
0
)
Ch : Nu chng ta chn gc ta v tr bt u chuyn ng th
0
= 0.
Gi n l tc quay ca vt rn trong thi gian t. Tc gc ca vt rn:
=
2.n
t
Ch 4.Xc nh gia tc chuyn ng ca vt treo vo si dy vt qua rng rc c
khi lng ?
Phng php:
i cc qu nng: phn tch lc tc dng vo vt, p dng nh lut II Newton sau chiu ln
cc trc ta
P +
a T = m
i vi rng rc: phn tch cc lc tc dng vo dy treo, sau p dng phng trnh ng lc hc cho
chuyn ng quay hnh tr.
M=
i
T
i
R = I
T hai phng trnh trn, chng ta suy ra c gia tc chuyn ng ca cc qu nng.
ThS Trn Anh Trung
10Download ti liu hc tp ti : http://aotrangtb.com
Bi ton 1: C h nh hnh v
Xt vt nng: Theo nh lut II Newton:
P +
T = m
a ln: mg T = ma (1)
Xt rng rc: p dng phng trnh ng lc hc cho chuyn ng quay:
M= TR = I vi =
a
R
T =
Ia
R
2
(2)
Thay (2) vo (1): gia tc chuyn ng ca vt rn l:
a =
1
_
1 +
I
mR
2
_g
Bi ton 2: C h nh hnh v
Xt vt nng: Theo nh lut II Newton: Gi s m
1
> m
2
P
1
+
T
1
= m
1
a ln: m
1
g T
1
= m
1
a
P
2
+
T
2
= m
1
a ln: T
2
m
2
g = m
2
a
Vy:
T
1
T
2
= (m
1
m
2
)g (m
1
+m
2
)a (1)
Xt rng rc: p dng phng trnh ng lc hc cho chuyn ng quay:
M= (T
1
T
2
)R = I vi =
a
R
(T
1
T
2
) =
Ia
R
2
(2)
Thay (2) vo (1): gia tc chuyn ng ca vt rn l:
a =
m
1
m
2
_
m
1
+m
2
+
I
R
2
_g
Ch 5.Bi ton v p dng nh lut bo ton momen ng lng
Phng php:
Momen ng lng ca h trc thay i:
L =
i
I
i
i
Momen ng lng ca h sau thay i:
L
i
I
i
theo nh lut bo ton momen ng lng:
L = L
i
I
i
i
=
i
I
i
ThS Trn Anh Trung 11TTBDKT- LTH- S 8 L Li- Hu; 36 L Hun
PHN 2
PHNG PHP GII TON V DAO NG IU HA CA CON LC L XO
CH 1.Lin h gia lc tc dng, gin v cng ca l xo:
Phng php:
1.Cho bit lc ko F, cng k: tm gin l
0
, tm l:
+iu kin cn bng:

F +

F
0
= 0 hayF = kl
0
hay l
0
=
F
k
+Nu F = P = mg th l
0
=
mg
k
+Tm l: l = l
0
+ l
0
, l
max
= l
0
+ l
0
+A; l
min
= l
0
+ l
0
A
Ch : Lc n hi ti mi im trn l xo l nh nhau, do l xo gin u.
2.Ct l xo thnh n phn bng nhau ( hoc hai phn khng bng nhau): tm cng
ca mi phn?
p dng cng thc Young: k = E
S
l
a. Ct l xo thnh n phn bng nhau (cng k):
k
k
0
=
l
0
l
= n k = nk
0
.
b. Ct l xo thnh hai phn khng bng nhau:
k
1
k
0
=
l
0
l
1
v
k
2
k
0
=
l
0
l
2
CH 2.Xc nh thi im vt i qua v tr c li x
0
:
Phng php:
Gii h phng trnh:
_
_
_
x = Acos(t + ) = x
0
v = .Asin(t +) > 0
hay
_
_
_
x = Acos(t + ) = x
0
v = .Asin(t +) < 0
S dng iu kin ca bi ton suy ra c gi tr ca t.
CH 3.Vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = Acos(t + ). Xc nh s ln
vt i qua v tr c ta x
0
sau khong thi gian t tnh t thi im t
0
= 0:
Phng php:
Cch 1: ( Gii phng trnh lng gic)
Bc 1: Xc nh trng thi ban u ca dao ng:
t = 0
_
_
_
x = Acos
v = .Asin
Bc 2: Xc nh s dao ng m vt thc hin c sau khong thi gian t k t thi im t
0
= 0
n =
t
T
Bc 3: Nu tnh s dao ng ri vo cc trng hp khng phi s nguyn, ta cn xc nh ta ca vt
ti thi im t xem vt ang u t kt hp cc bc xc nh s ln vt i qua v tr c li x
0
.
Cch 2: ( Mi quan h gia dao ng iu ha vi chuyn ng trn u)
Ta bit: hnh chiu ca mt chuyn ng trn u ln trc ta chnh l dao ng iu ha.
Bc 1: Xc nh gc m

OM qut c trong thi gian t:
= .t = k.2 +
vi (0 <
< 2)
Bc 2: Da vo ng trn v gc qut chng ta xc nh c s ln vt qua ta x
0
trong khong
thi gian t k t thi im ban u.
CH 4.Vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = Acos(.t + ).Xc nh on
ng vt i c t thi im t
1
n thi im t
2
:
Phng php: S dng mi quan h gia dao ng iu ha vi chuyn ng trn u.
Bc 1: Xc nh gc qut ti thi im t
1
v t
2
:
_
_
_
1
= .t
1
+
2
= .t
2
+
Bc 2: Xc nh bin thin gc qut khi

OM quay t thi im t
1
n thi im t
2
:
=
2
1
= (t
2
t
1
) = k.2 +
vi (0 <
< 2)
Bc 3:on ng cht im dao ng iu ha i c trong khong thi gian t
1
n t
2
l:
s = k.4A+ s
Trong s
l on ng cht im i c tng ng vi gc qut
. Da vo ng trn, chng ta
xc nh c on ng s
.
CH 5. Vt dao ng iu ha vi phng trnh x = Acos(.t + ). Xc nh on
ng cc i v cc tiu m vt i c trong khong thi gian t (0 < t <
T
2
)?
Phng php:
Vt c vn tc ln nht khi i qua VTCB, nh nht khi i qua v tr hai bin. Do , trong cng
khong thi gian, on ng ln nht khi vt tin li gn VTCB v on ng b nht khi vt tin v v
tr hai bin.
Xc nh gc qut trong thi gian t: = .t
Qung ng ln nht khi cht im chuyn ng trn u i t im M
1
n im M
2
i xng
qua trc sin ( trc tung)
S
max
= 2Asin

2
Qung ng b nht khi cht im chuyn ng trn u i t im M
1
n im M
3
i xng qua trc
cos ( trc honh)
S
min
= 2A
_
1 cos

2
_
Ch : Nu khong thi gian t >
T
2
th chng ta phn tch t = t + t
vi 0 < t
<
T
2
.
Chng ta i tm on ng vt i c trong thi gian t nh ch 4. Do , on ng cc
i v cc tiu ca cht im dao ng iu ha i c trong khong thi gian t l:
_
_
S
max
= s + 2Asin

2
S
min
= s + 2A
_
1 cos

2
_
CH 6.Xc nh khong thi gian ngn nht vt i t ta x
1
n ta x
2
?
Tnh vn tc trung bnh v tc trung bnh trong khong thi gian ?
Phng php:
1.Xc nh khong thi gian ngn nht vt i t ta x
1
n ta x
2
?
Khi cht im i t v tr c ta x
1
n v tr c ta x
2
th

OM quay c 1 gc l . ( da
vo hnh v xc nh gc ). Thi gian ngn nht m cht im i c ng vi gc qut l:
t =

=
.T
2
2.Xc nh vn tc trung bnh v tc trung bnh trong thi gian t
Vn tc trung bnh:
v
tb
=
x
t
=
s
sau
s
trc
t
Tc trung bnh:
v =
s
t
Vi s l on ng i c trong thi gian t ( nh ch 4)
Ghi ch: Nu trong khong thi gian t vt chuyn ng theo mt chiu th |v
tb
| = |v|
CH 7.Vit phng trnh dao ng iu ha ca con lc l xo:
Phng php:
Phng trnh li v vn tc ca dao ng iu ha:
_
_
_
x = Acos(t +) (cm)
v = Asin(t + ) (cm/s)
Tm :
+ Khi bit k, m: p dng: =
_
k
m
+ Khi bit T hay f: =
2
T
= 2f
Tm A:
+ Khi bit chiu di qy o: d = BB
= 2A A =
d
2
+ Khi bit x
1
, v
1
: A =
_
x
2
1
+
v
2
1
2
+ Khi bit chiu di l
max
, l
min
ca l xo: A =
l
max
l
min
2
.
+ Khi bit nng lng ca dao ng iu ha: E =
1
2
kA
2
A =
_
2E
k
Tm : Da vo iu kin ban u: khi t
0
= 0 x = x
0
= Acos cos =
x
0
A
Tm A v cng mt lc:Da vo iu kin ban u:
t
0
= 0
_
_
_
x = x
0
v = v
0
_
_
_
x
0
= Acos
v
0
= Asin
_
_
_
A
Ch :Nu bit s dao ng n trong thi gian t, chu k: T =

t
n
CH 8.Vn dng nh lut bo ton c nng tm vn tc:
Phng php:
nh lut bo ton c nng:
E = E
+ E
t
=
1
2
mv
2
+
1
2
kx
2
=
1
2
kA
2
= E
max
= E
tmax
()
T () ta c: v =
_
k
m
(A
2
x
2
) hay v
0max
= A
_
k
m
Ch : Nu E
t
= n.E
t (*) chng ta suy ra: E = (n + 1)E
CH 9.Tm biu thc ng nng v th nng theo thi gian:

Phng php:
Th nng: E
t
=
1
2
kx
2
=
1
2
kA
2
cos
2
(t +)
ng nng: E
=
1
2
mv
2
=
1
2
kA
2
sin
2
(t + )
Ch :Ta c: t =
2
T
t
Trong mt chu k T, c 4 ln ng nng bng th nng. Khong thi gian gia hai ln bng nhau
lin tip l t =
T
4
.
CH 10.Tm lc tc dng cc i v cc tiu ca l xo ln gi treo hay gi :
Phng php:
Lc tc dng ca l xo ln gi treo hay gi chnh l lc n hi.
1.Trng hp l xo nm ngang:
iu kin cn bng:

P +

N = 0, do lc ca l xo tc dng vo gi chnh l lc
n hi.Lc n hi: F = kl = k|x|.
v tr cn bng: l xo khng b bin dng: l = 0 F
min
= 0.
v tr bin: l xo b bin dng cc i: x = A F
max
= kA.
2.Trng hp l xo treo thng ng:
iu kin cn bng:

P +

F
0
= 0,
gin tnh ca l xo: l
0
=
mg
k
.
Lc n hi v tr bt k: F = k(l
0
+ x) (*).
Lc n gi cc i( khi qa nng bin di):
x = +A F
max
= k(l
0
+ A)
Lc n hi cc tiu:
Trng hp A < l
0
: th F = min khi x = A: F
min
=
k(l
0
A)
Trng hp A > l
0
: th F = min khi x = l
0
(l xo
khng bin dng): F
min
= 0
3.Ch : *Lc n hi ph thuc thi gian: thay x = Acos(t +) vo (*) ta c:
F = mg +kAcos(t + )
PHN 3
PHNG PHP GII TON V DAO NG IU HA CA CON LC N
CON LC VT L
GHI NH
1. bin thin i lng X:X = X
sau
X
trc
a. Nu X > 0 th X tng.
b. Nu X < 0 th X gim.
2.Cng thc gn ng:
a. 1 ta c: (1 +)
n
1 +n
H qu:
_
1 +
1
1 +
2
(1
1
2
2
)(1 +
1
2
1
) = 1
1
2
(
2

1
)
b. 10
0
; 1(rad)
Ta c: cos 1

2
2
;sin tg (rad)
CH 1.Vit phng trnh dao ng iu ha ca con lc n:
Phng php:
Phng trnh dao ng c dng: s = s
0
cos(t + ) hay =
0
cos(t +)
s
0
= l
0
hay
0
=
s
0
l
: c xc nh bi: =
_
g
l
Tm s
0
v cng mt lc:Da vo iu kin ban u:
t
0
= 0
_
_
_
s = s
1
v = v
1
_
_
_
s
1
= s
0
cos
v
1
= s
0
sin
_
_
_
s
0
Ngoi ta chng ta c th tm bin bi cng thc:

s
2
s
2
0
+
v
2
2
.s
2
0
= 1 s
0
=
_
s
2
+
v
2
2
Ch :Nu bit s dao ng n trong thi gian t, chu k: T =
t
n
CH 2.Xc nh bin thin nh chu k T khi bit bin thin nh gia tc
trng trng g, bin thin chiu di l:
Phng php:
Lc u: T = 2
_
l
g
; Lc sau: T
= 2
_
l
Lp t s:
T
T
=
_
l
l
.
g
g
M
_
_
T = T
T
g = g
g
l = l
_
T
= T + T
g
= g + g
l
= l + l
Vy:
T + T
T
=
_
l + l
l
_1
2
_
g
g + g
_1
2
1 +
T
T
=
_
1 +
1
2
l
l
__
1
1
2
g
g
_
Hay:
T
T
=
1
2
_
l
l

g
g
_
Ch :
a. Nu g = const th g = 0
T
T
=
1
2
l
l
b. Nu l = const th l = 0
T
T
=
1
2
g
g
CH 3.Xc nh bin thin nh chu k T khi bit nhit bin thin nh t;
khi a ln cao h; xung su h so vi mt bin:
Phng php:
1.Khi bit nhit bin thin nh t:
nhit t
0
1
C: T
1
= 2
_
l
1
g
; nhit t
0
2
C: T
2
= 2
_
l
2
g
Lp t s:
T
2
T
1
=
_
l
2
l
1
=
l
0
(1 +t
2
)
l
0
(1 +t
1
)
=
_
1 +t
2
1 +t
1
=
_
1 + t
2
_1
2
_
1 + t
1
_
1
2
p dng cng thc tnh gn ng:(1 + )
n
1 + n
T
2
T
1
=
_
1 +
1
2
t
2
__
1
1
2
t
1
_
Hay:
T
T
1
=
1
2
(t
2
t
1
) =
1
2
t
2.Khi a con lc n ln cao h so vi mt bin:
mt t : T = 2
_
l
g
; cao h: T
h
= 2
_
l
g
h
; Lp t s:
T
h
T
=
_
g
g
h
(1).
Ta c, theo h qa ca nh lut vn vt hp dn:
_
_
g = G
M
R
2
g
h
= G
M
(R +h)
2
Thay vo (1) ta c:
T
h
T
=
R + h
R
Hay:
T
T
=
h
R
3.Khi a con lc n xung su h so vi mt bin:
mt t : T = 2
_
l
g
; su h: T
h
= 2
_
l
g
h
; Lp t s:
T
h
T
=
_
g
g
h
(2).
_
_
g = G
M
R
2
g
h
= G
M
h
(R h)
2
Thay vo (2) ta c:
T
h
T
=
(R h)
2
R
2
M
M
h
Ta li c:
_
_
M = V.D =
4
3
R
3
.D
M
h
= V
h
.D =
4
3
(R h)
3
.D
Thay vo ta c:
T
h
T
=
_
R
R h
_1
2
Hay:
T
T
=
1
2
h
R
CH 4.Con lc n chu nhiu yu t nh hng bin thin ca chu k: tm
iu kin chu k khng i:
Phng php:
1.iu kin chu k khng i:
iu kin l:"Cc yu t nh hng ln chu k l phi b tr ln nhau"
Do : T
1
+ T
2
+ T
3
+ = 0
Hay:
T
1
T
+
T
2
T
+
T
3
T
+ = 0 (*)
2.V d: Con lc n chu nh hng bi yu t nhit v yu t cao:
Yu t nhit :
T
1
T
=
1
2
t; Yu t cao:
T
2
T
=
h
R
Thay vo (*):
1
2
t +
h
R
= 0
Ch : Nu con lc chu nh hng bi hai yu t nhng chu k vn thay i th ta c:
T
T
=
1
2
t +
h
R
CH 5.Con lc trong ng h g giy c xem nh l con lc n: tm nhanh
hay chm ca ng h trong mt ngy m:
Phng php:
Thi gian trong mt ngy m: t = 24
h
= 24.3600s = 86400(s)
ng vi chu k T
1
: s dao ng trong mt ngy m: n =
t
T
1
=
86400
T
1
.
ng vi chu k T
2
: s dao ng trong mt ngy m: n
=
t
T
2
=
86400
T
2
.
chnh lch s dao ng trong mt ngy m: n = |n
n| = 86400
1
T
1
1
T
2
Hay: n = 86400
|T|
T
2
.T
1
Vy: nhanh ( hay chm) ca ng h trong mt ngy m l: = n.T
2
= 86400
|T|
T
1
Ch :Nu T > 0 th chu k tng, ng h chy chm; Nu T < 0 th chu k gim, ng h
chy nhanh.
CH 6.Con lc n chu tc dng thm bi mt ngoi lc

F khng i: Xc nh
chu k dao ng mi T
:
Phng php:
Phng php chung: Ngoi trng lc tht

P = mg, con lc n cn chu tc dng thm mt
ngoi lc

F, nn trng lc biu kin l:

P
=

P +

F g
= g +
F
m
(1)
S dng hnh hc suy ra c ln ca g
, chu k mi T
= 2
_
l
g
. Ch : chng ta thng
lp t s:
T
T
=
_
g
g
1.
F l lc ht ca nam chm:
Chiu (1) ln xx
: g
= g +
F
x
m
;
Nam chm t pha di: F
x
> 0

F hng xung
g
= g +
F
m
.
Nam chm t pha trn: F
x
< 0

F hng ln
g
= g
F
m
.
Chu k mi T
= 2
_
l
g
. Ch : chng ta thng lp t s:
T
T
=
_
g
g
.
2.
F l lc tng tc Coulomb:
Lc tng tc Coulomb: F = k
|q
1
q
2
|
r
2
; Tm g
v chu k T
nh trn.
Hai in tch cng du:

Flc y. ;
Hai in tch tri du:

Flc ht.
3.
F l lc in trng

F = q
E:
Trng lc biu kin l:

P
=

P +q
E g
= g +
q
E
m
(2)
Chiu (2) ln xx
: g
= g +
qE
x
m
= g
_
1 +
qE
x
mg
_
;
Chu k mi: T
= 2
_
l
g +
qE
x
m
= 2
_
l
g
_
1 +
qE
x
mg
_.
Ch : chng ta thng lp t s:
T
T
=
_
1
1 +
qE
x
mg
=
_
1 +
qE
x
mg
_
1
2
= 1
1
2
qE
x
mg
hay
T
T
=
1
2
qE
x
mg
4.
F l lc y Acsimet

F
A
= V D
kk
g:
Trng lc biu kin l:
=

P +

F
A
g
= g
V D
kk
g
m
=
_
1
V D
kk
m
_
g (3)
Chiu (3) ln xx
:g
=
_
1
V D
kk
m
_
g;
Vi: m = V.D, trong D l khi lng ring ca qa cu: g
=
_
1
D
kk
D
_
g;
Chu k mi: T
= 2
_
l
_
1
D
kk
D
_
g
.
T
T
=
_
1
_
1
D
kk
D
_ hay
T
T
=
1
2
D
kk
D
5.
F l lc nm ngang:
Trng lc biu kin:

P
=

P +

F hay mg
= mg +

F hng xin, dy treo mt gc so vi phng
thng ng. Gia tc biu kin: g
= g +
F
m
.
iu kin cn bng:

P +

T +

F = 0

P
T.
Vy =
PO
ng vi v tr cn bng ca con lc n.
Ta c: tg =
F
mg
Tm T
v g
: p dng nh l Pitago: g
=
_
g
2
+ (
F
m
)
2
hoc:
g
=
g
cos
.
Chu k mi: T
= 2
_
l
g
. Thng lp t s:
T
T
=
_
g
g
cos
CH 7.Con lc n treo vo mt vt ( nh t, thang my...) ang chuyn ng
vi gia tc a: xc nh chu k mi T
:
Phng php:
Trong h quy chiu gn lin vi im treo( thang my, t..) con lc n cn chu tc dng thm
mt lc qun tnh

F = ma. Vy trng lc biu kin

P
=

P ma hay gia tc biu kin:
g
= g a (1)
, chu k mi T
= 2
_
l
g
.
T
T
=
_
g
g
1.Con lc n treo vo trn ca thang my ( chuyn ng thng ng ) vi gia tc a:

Chiu (1) ln xx
: g
= g a
x
(2)
a.Trng hp a hng xung: a
x
> 0 a
x
= |a|
(2) : g
= g a chu k mi: T
= 2
_
l
g a
Thng lp t s:
T
T
=
_
g
g a
l trng hp thang my chuyn ng ln chm dn u (v, a cng
chiu) hay thang my chuyn ng xung nhanh dn u (v, a ngc
chiu).
b.Trng hp a hng ln: a
x
< 0 a
x
= |a|
(2) : g
= g +a chu k mi: T
= 2
_
l
g +a
Thng lp t s:
T
T
=
_
g
g +a
l trng hp thang my chuyn ng ln nhanh dn u (v, a ngc chiu) hay thang my
chuyn ng xung chm dn u (v, a cng chiu).
2.Con lc n treo vo trn ca xe t ang chuyn ng ngang vi gia tc a:
Gc: =
PO
ng vi v tr cn bng ca con lc n.
Ta c: tg =
F
mg
=
a
g
Tm T
v g
: p dng nh l Pitago: g
=
_
g
2
+ a
2
hoc: g
=
g
cos
.
Chu k mi: T
= 2
_
l
g
. Thng lp t s:
T
T
=
_
g
g
cos
3.Con lc n treo vo trn ca xe t ang chuyn ng trn mt phng nghing mt
gc :
Ta c iu kin cn bng:

P +

F
qt
+

T = 0 (*)
Chiu (*)/Ox: T sin = ma cos (1)
Chiu (*)/Oy: T cos = mg ma sin (2)
Lp t s:
1
2
: tg =
a cos
g a sin
T (1) suy ra lc cng dy: T =
ma cos
sin
T(*) ta c: P
= T mg
= T hay g
=
a cos
sin
Chu k mi: T
= 2
_
l
g
hay T
= 2
_
l sin
a cos
CH 8.Xc nh ng nng E
th nng E
t
, c nng ca con lc n khi v tr
c gc lch :
Phng php:
Chn mc th nng l mt phng i qua v tr cn bng.
Th nng E
t
:
Ta c: E
t
= mgh
1
, vi h
1
= OI = l(1 cos )
Vy: E
t
= mgl(1 cos ) (1)
C nng E: p dng nh lut bo ton c nng:
E = E
C
= E
B
= mgh
2
= mgl(1 cos )
Hay E = mgl(1 cos ) (2)
ng nng E
: Ta c: E = E
+E
t
E
= E E
t
Thay (1) , (2) vo ta c: E
= mgl(cos cos ) (3)

t bit: Nu con lc dao ng b: p dng cng thc tnh gn ng:
cos 1

2
2
; cos 1

2
2
_
_
(1) E
t
=
1
2
mgl
2
(2) E =
1
2
mgl
2
(3) E
=
1
2
mgl(
2
2
)
Ch : Nu ng nng bng n th nng th ta c:
E = E
+ E
t
= (n + 1)E
t

1
2
mgl
2
= (n + 1)
1
2
mgl
2
=
_

n + 1
CH 9.Xc nh vn tc di v v lc cng dy T ti v tr hp vi phng thng
ng mt gc :
Phng php:
1.Vn tc di v ti C:
Ta c cng thc tnh ng nng: E
=
1
2
mv
2
, thay vo biu thc (3) ch 8 ta c:
v =
_
2gl(cos cos ) (1)
2.Lc cng dy T ti C:
p dng nh lut II Newton:

P +

T = ma
ht
(2)
Chn trc ta hng tm, chiu phng trnh (2) ln xx
:
Ta c: mg cos +T = m
v
2
l
Thay (1) vo ta c: T = m[3 cos 2 cos ]g (3)
t bit: Nu dao ng ca con lc n l dao ng b
Thay biu thc tnh gn ng vo ta c:
_
_
(1) v =
_
gl(
2
2
) (4)
(2) T = m
_
1 +
2
3
2
2
_
g (5)
3.H qa: vn tc v lc cng dy cc i v cc tiu:
_
_
(1), (4)
_
_
v = max = 0(v tr cn bng),
_
_
_
v
max
=
_
2gl(1 cos )
v
max
=
gl
v = min = (v tr bin) v
min
= 0,
(3), (5)
_
_
T = max = 0(v tr cn bng),
_
_
_
T
max
= m(3 2 cos )g
T
max
= m[1 +
2
]g
T = min = (v tr bin)
_
_
_
T
min
= mg cos
T
min
= m[1
1
2
2
]g
CH 10.Xc nh bin gc
mi khi gia tc trng trng thay i t g sang

g
:
Phng php:
p dng cng thc s (2) ch (8)
Khi con lc ni c gia tc trng trng g: C nng ca con lc: E =
1
2
mgl
2
.
Khi con lc ni c gia tc trng trng g
: C nng ca con lc: E
=
1
2
mg
l
2
.
p dng nh lut bo ton c nng: E = E
1
2
mgl
2
=
1
2
mg
l
2
Hay:
=
_
g
g
CH 11.Xc nh chu k v bin ca con lc n vng inh (hay vt cn) khi

i qua v tr cn bng:
Phng php:
1.Tm chu k T:
Chu k ca con lc n vng inh T =
1
2
chu k ca con lc n c chiu di l +
1
2
chu k ca
con lc n c chiu di l

Ta c: T =
1
2
T
1
+
1
2
T
2
Trong :
_
_
T
1
= 2
_
l
g
T
2
= 2
_
l
g
vi:l
= l QI
2.Tm bin mi sau khi vng inh:
Vn dng ch (10) ta c:
1
2
mgl
2
=
1
2
mgl
2
Hay:
=
_
l
l
CH 12.Xc nh thi gian hai con lc n tr li v tr trng phng (cng qua

v tr cn bng, chuyn ng cng chiu):
Phng php:
Gi s con lc th nht c chu k T
1
, con lc n th hai c chu k T
2
( T
2
> T
1
).
Nu con lc th nht thc hin c n dao ng th con lc th hai thc hin c n1 dao ng.
Gi t l thi gian tr li trng phng, ta c:
t = nT
1
= (n 1)T
2
n =
T
2
T
2
T
1
Vy thi gian tr li trng phng: t =
T
1
.T
2
T
2
T
1
Ch 13.Xc nh chu k dao ng ca con lc vt l ?
Phng php:
p dng cng thc tng qut:
T = 2
I
mgd
Vi:
I :l momen qun tnh ca con lc i vi trc quay.
m : Khi lng ca con lc.
d = OG : khong cch t trc quay n khi tm.
1.Trng hp con lc vt l gm nhiu cht im:
Ta c:
I = m
1
r
2
1
+ m
2
r
2
2
+ +m
n
r
2
n
=
n
i=1
m
i
r
2
i
d = OG =
m
1
OM
1
+ m
2
OM
2
+ +m
n
OM
n
m
1
+ m
2
+ + m
n
m = m
1
+m
2
+ +m
n
2.Trng hp con lc vt l l mt vt rn c dng i xng dao ng quanh mt trc
khng qua trng tm G: p dng nh l Huyghen ( nh l Steines)
I = I
G
+ md
2
vi d = OG
Ch 14.Vit phng trnh dao ng iu ha ca con lc vt l ?
Phng php:
Phng trnh dao ng iu ha tng qut:
=
0
cos(t +)
Tn s gc: xc nh bi
=
_
mgd
I
Tm nh iu kin ban u:
t = 0 =
m
cos
Ch 15.Xc nh chiu di ca con lc ton hc ng b vi con lc vt l
Phng php:
Vi con lc vt l:
T = 2
I
mgd
Vi con lc n:
T
= 2
l
g
Con lc n ton hc ng b vi con lc n vt l khi chng c cng chu k: T = T
. Vy:
l =
I
md
Nu con lc vt l l vt rn c dng i xng th ta p dng nh l Huyghen - Steiner:
I = I
G
+ md
2
Vy:
l = d +
I
G
md
V d: Con lc vt l l mt vnh trn dao ng quanh trc O mp vnh. Tnh chiu di con lc
n ng b vi n?
Ta c: l = d +
I
G
md
Vi: d = R; I
G
= mR
2
. Vy: l = 2R
Ch 16.Xc nh bin thin chu k ca con lc vt l khi dao ng cao h (
so vi mt bin) ?
Phng php:
mt t : T = 2
_
I
mgd
; cao h: T
h
= 2
_
I
mg
h
d
;
Lp t s:
T
h
T
=
_
g
g
h
(1).
_
_
g = G
M
R
2
g
h
= G
M
(R +h)
2
Thay vo (1) ta c:
T
h
T
=
R + h
R
Hay:
T
T
=
h
R
Ch 17.Con lc vt l chu tc dng thm bi mt ngoi lc

F khng i: Xc nh
chu k dao ng mi T
:
Phng php:
Phng php chung: Ngoi trng lc tht

P = mg, con lc vt l cn chu tc dng thm mt
ngoi lc

F, nn trng lc biu kin l:

P
=

P +

F g
= g +
F
m
(1)
, chu k mi T
= 2
_
I
mg
d
.
T
T
=
_
g
g
Ch 18.Xc nh vn tc ca con lc vt l?
Phng php:
Gi
l vn tc gc ( tc thi) ca con lc vt l. Ta c:
=
d
dt
Theo nh lut bo ton v chuyn ha nng lng:
E = E
+ E
t
= const = E
tB(max)
hay:
1
2
I
2
+mgh = mgh
B

2
=
2mg(h
B
h
I
Vi h
B
h = d(cos cos
m
)
Cui cng ta c:
2mgd
I
_
cos cos
m
_
Khi i qua VTCB: = 0, vn tc gc:
0
=
2mgd
I
_
1 cos
m
_
= max
Nu dao ng ca con lc vt l l dao ng b:
0

m
_
2mgd
I
=
m
Ch : Trng hp con lc vt l gm nhiu cht im th cc cht im ny c cng vn tc gc
.
PHN 4
PHNG PHP GII TON V DAO NG TT DN V CNG HNG C HC
Ch 1.Con lc l xo dao ng tt dn: bin gim dn theo cp s nhn li v
hng, tm cng bi q:
Phng php:
C nng ban u(cung cp cho dao ng): E
0
= E
t(max)
=
1
2
kA
2
1
(1)
Cng ca lc masat (ti lc dng li): |A
ms
| = F
ms
s = mgs (2), vi s l on ng
i ti lc dng li.
p dng nh lut bo ton v chuyn ha nng lng: A
ms
= E
0
s
Cng bi q: v bin gim dn theo cp s nhn li v hn nn:
q =
A
2
A
1
=
A
3
A
2
= =
A
n
A
(n1)
A
2
= qA
1
, A
3
= q
2
A
1
, A
n
= q
n1
A
1
(viq < 1)
ng i tng cng ti lc dng li:
s = 2A
1
+ 2A
2
+ + 2A
n
= 2A
1
(1 + q + q
2
+ +q
n1
) = 2A
1
S
Vi: S = (1 + q +q
2
+ + q
n1
) =
1
1 q
Vy: s =
2A
1
1 q
Ch 2.Con lc l n ng tt dn: bin gc gim dn theo cp s nhn li v
hng, tm cng bi q. Nng lng cung cp duy tr dao ng:
Phng php:
Cng bi q: v bin gc gim dn theo cp s nhn li v hn nn:
q =

2
1
=

3
2
= =

n
(n1)
2
= q
1
,
3
= q
2
1
,
n
= q
n1
1
(viq < 1)
Vy: q =
n1
_
1
Nng lng cung cp ( nh ln dy ct) trong thi gian t duy tr dao ng:
C nng chu k 1: E
1
= E
tB1max
= mgh
1
, hay E
1
=
1
2
mgl
2
1
C nng chu k 2: E
2
= E
tB2max
= mgh
1
, hay E
2
=
1
2
mgl
2
2
gim c nng sau 1 chu k: E =
1
2
mgl(
2
1
2
2
)
Hay : E =
1
2
mgl(
2
1
(1 q
2
), y chnh l nng lng cn cung cp duy tr dao ng trong mt
chu k.
Trong thi gian t, s dao ng: n =
t
T
. Nng lng cn cung cp duy tr sau n dao ng:
E = n.E.
Cng sut ca ng h: P =
E
t
Ch 3.H dao ng cng bc b kch thch bi mt ngoi lc tun hon: tm iu
kin c hin tng cng hng:
Phng php:
iu kin c hin tng cng hng: f = f
0
, vi f
0
l tn s ring ca h.
Ch 4.Con lc l xo dao ng tt dn vi h s masat l , tm bin dao ng
sau na chu k, sau 1 chu k v sau n chu k ?
Phng php:
Ti thi im ban u: nng lng ca con lc:
E
0
=
1
2
kA
2
0
Nng lng ca con lc sau
1
2
T:
E
1/2
=
1
2
kA
2
1/2
gim nng lng ca con lc sau
1
2
T chnh l cng ca lc masat. Do ta c:
E = E
0
E
1/2
=
1
2
k(A
2
0
A
2
1/2
) = .mg(A
0
+A
1/2
)
Bin ca con lc sau
1
2
T l:
A
1/2
= A
0
2.mg
k
Bin ca con lc sau 1T l:
A
1
= A
1/2
2.mg
k
= A
0
2.2.mg
k
Bin ca con lc sau nT l:
A
n
= A
0
4.n.mg
k
Ch 5.Mt con lc l xo dao ng tt dn vi h s ma st l . Xc nh on
ng i c cho n lc dng li, thi gian i ht on ng ?
Phng php:
Khi con lc l xo dng li th ton b c nng ban u ca n chuyn ha thnh cng ca lc ma
st, do :
1
2
kA
2
= .mg.S S =
kA
2
2mg
=

2
.A
2
2.g
gim bin sau 1 chu k l:
A =
4.mg
k
=
4g
2
S dao ng thc hin c:
N =
A
A
=

2
.A
4g
Thi gian thc hin cho n lc dng li:
t = N.T =
..A
2.g
Ch 6.Trong dao ng tt dn: Xc nh v tr c vn tc cc i v gi tr vn tc
cc i ca qu nng?
Phng php:
Vn tc ca qu nng t cc i khi lc masat bng lc hi phc:
F = F
hp
.mg = k.x
0
x
0
=
.mg
k
Vn tc cc i khi vt dao ng ti v tr c ta x
0
: lc ta c:
1
2
kA
2
=
1
2
mv
2
+
1
2
kx
2
0
.mg(A x
0
) v = (A x
0
)
_
k
m
= (A x
0
).
Ch 7.Tng hp hai dao ng iu ha ?
Phng php:Cho hai dao ng iu ha c dng:
_
_
_
x
1
= A
1
cos(.t +
1
)
x
2
= A
2
cos(.t +
2
)
Tng hp hai dao ng iu ha l mt dao ng iu ha. Phng trnh dao ng tng hp c dng:
x = Acos(.t +) vi
_
A =
A
1
+
A
2
A =
_
A
2
1
+ A
2
2
+ 2.A
1
.A
2
. cos(
2
1
)
tan =
A
1
sin
1
+A
2
sin
2
A
1
cos
1
+A
2
cos
2
Ch : Khi bit dao ng thnh phn v dao ng tng hp:
_
_
_
x
1
= A
1
cos(t +
1
)
x = Acos(t +)
Th phng trnh dao ng ca thnh phn cn li l:
x
2
= A
2
cos(t +
2
)
Vi
_
_
_
A
2
=
_
A
2
1
+ A
2
2.A
1
.A. cos(
1
)
tan
2
=
Asin A
1
sin
1
Acos A
1
cos
1
Ch : Nu tng hp nhiu dao ng iu ha th:
Bin dao ng tng hp:
A =
A
1
+
A
2
+ +
A
n
ln
_
_
A
x
= A
1
. cos
1
+A
2
. cos
2
+ + A
n
. cos
n
A
y
= A
1
. sin
1
+ A
2
. sin
2
+ + A
n
. sin
n
A =
_
A
2
x
+A
2
y
Pha ban u ca dao ng tng hp:
tan =
A
y
A
x
Trong mi trng hp ta lun c:
|A
1
A
2
| A A
1
+A
2
PHN 5
PHNG PHP GII TON V TRUYN SNG C HC
, GIAO THOA SNG, SNG DNG, SNG M
Ch 1.Tm lch pha gia hai im cch nhau d trn mt phng truyn sng?
Tm bc sng khi bit lch pha v gii hn ca bc sng,( tn s, vn tc truyn sng).
Vit phng trnh sng ti mt im :
Phng php:
1.Tm lch pha gia hai im cch nhau d trn mt phng truyn sng:
lch pha gia hai im hai thi im khc nhau:
=
2
T
t = t
lch pha gia hai im cch nhau d trn mt phng truyn sng
=
2
d Vi
_
_
_
Hai dao ng cng pha = 2k; k Z
Hai dao ng ngc pha = (2k + 1); k Z
2.Tm bc sng khi bit lch pha v gii hn ca bc sng,( tn s, vn tc truyn
sng):
Gi s xt hai dao ng cng pha = 2k , so snh vi cng thc v lch pha:
T suy ra c bc sng theo k: =
d
k
Nu cho gii hn ca : ta c:
1

d
k

2
, c bao gi tr nguyn ca k thay vo ta suy
ra c bc sng hay tn s, vn tc.
Nu bi ton cho gii hn ca tn s hay vn tc, p dng cng thc: = V.T =
V
f
. T
suy ra cc gi tr nguyn ca k, suy ra c i lng cn tm.
Ch : Nu bit lc cng dy F, v khi lng trn mi mt chiu di , ta c: V =
_
F
3.Vit phng trnh sng ti mt im trn phng truyn sng:

Gi s sng truyn t O n M:OM = d, gi s sng ti O c dng: u
O
= a cos t (cm).
Sng ti M tr pha
2
d so vi O.
Phng trnh sng ti M: u
M
= a cos
_
t
2
d
_
(cm) vi t
d
V
4.Vn tc dao ng ca sng:
Vn tc dao ng: v =
du
M
dt
= .a sin
_
t +
2
d
_
(cm/s)
Ch 2.V th biu din qu trnh truyn sng theo thi gian v theo khng gian:
Phng php:
1.V th biu din qa trnh truyn sng theo thi gian:
gc O: u
O
= a cos t = a cos
2
T
t
Xt im M(x
M
= OM = const): u
M
= a cos(t
2
x
M
) iu kin t
x
M
V
Lp bng bin thin:
Tnh tin th u
0
(t) theo chiu dng mt on =
x
M
V
ta c th biu din ng
sin thi gian.
Ch : Thng lp t s: k =

T
2.V th biu din qa trnh truyn sng theo khng gian ( dng ca mi trng...):
Xem yu t thi gian l khng i.
Vi M thuc dy: OM = x
M
, t
0
l thi im ang xt t
0
= const
Biu thc sng:u
M
= a cos(t
2
x) (cm) , vi chu k:
ng sin khng gian l ng biu din u theo x. Gi s ti t
0
, sng truyn c mt on
x
M
= V.t
0
, iu kin x x
M
.Ch : Thng lp t s: k =
x
M
.
Ch 3.Xc nh tnh cht sng ti mt im M trn min giao thoa:
Phng php:
M : MS
1
= d
1
; MS
2
= d
2
Tm hiu ng i: = d
2
d
1
v tm bc sng: = V.T =
V
f
Lp t s:
k =

_
_
_
Nu p = k( nguyn) = k Mdao ng cc i
Nu p = k +
1
2
( bn nguyn) = (k +
1
2
) Mdao ng cc tiu
Ch 4.Vit phng trnh sng ti im M trn min giao thoa:
Phng php:
Gi s:u
S1
= u
S2
= a cos t (cm)
Sng tryn t S
1
n M:sng ti M tr pha
2
d
1
so vi S
1
:u
1
= a cos(t
2
d
1
) (cm)
Sng tryn t S
2
n M:sng ti M tr pha
2
d
2
so vi S
2
:u
2
= a cos(t
2
d
2
) (cm)
Sng ti M: u
M
= u
1
+u
2
,
thay vo, p dng cng thc: cos p + cos q = 2 cos
p + q
2
. cos
p q
2
Cui cng ta c: u
M
= 2a cos

(d
2
d
1
) cos
_
t

_
d
2
+ d
1
_
_
(*)
Phng trnh (*) l mt phng trnh dao ng iu ha c dng: u
M
= Acos(t + )
Vi:
_
_
Bin dao dng: A = 2a
cos

(d
2
d
1
)
Pha ban u: =
_
d
2
+d
1
_
Ch : Nu:
_
_
_
u
S1
= a. cos(.t +
1
)
u
S2
= a. cos(.t +
2
)
Phng trnh dao ng tng hp ti mt im trn min giao thoa c dng tng qut:
u
M
= 2.a. cos
_
(d
2
d
1
) +

1

2
2
_
. cos
_
.t

(d
2
+ d
1
) +

1
+
2
2
_
Vi:
_
_
Bin dao dng: A = 2a
cos
_
(d
2
d
1
) +

2
_
Pha ban u: =
(d
2
+d
1
) +

1
+
2
2
Ch 5.Xc nh s ng dao ng cc i v cc tiu trn min giao thoa :
Phng php:
M : MS
1
= d
1
; MS
2
= d
2
, S
1
S
2
= l
Xt MS
1
S
2
: ta c: |d
2
d
1
| l l d
2
d
1
l (*)
M dao ng vi bin cc i: = d
2
d
1
= k k Z
Thay vo (*),ta c:
l
k
l
, c bao nhiu gi tr nguyn ca k th c by nhiu ng

dao ng vi bin cc i ( k c ng trung trc on S
1
S
2
ng vi k = 0)
M dao ng vi bin cc tiu: = d
2
d
1
=
_
k +
1
2
_
k Z
Thay vo (*),ta c:
l

1
2
k
l

1
2
, c bao nhiu gi tr nguyn ca k th c by nhiu
ng dao ng vi bin cc tiu.
. Tng qut
Ch : Nu ri vo bi ton tng qut: hai ngun khng ging nhau.
_
_
ng dao ng cc i:
l
+

2
k
l
+

2
ng dao ng cc tiu:
l

1
2
+

2
k
l

1
2
+

2
. Mt s trng hp c bit
Hai ngun kt hp A v B cch nhau mt on AB = l. Gi C, D l hai im
trn min giao thoa sao cho t gic ABCD l hnh ch nht.
Bi ton 1: Tm s ng cc i v cc tiu trn on CD ca hnh gii hn ABCD
Bc 1: Hiu ng i ca sng trn on IB: ( M nm trn on IB)
= |d
2
d
1
| = |MAMB| AC BC
Bc 2:
_
_
s im cc i: = d
1
d
2
= k
AD BD
k
AC BC
s im cc tiu: = d
1
d
2
=
_
k +
1
2
_

AD BD

1
2
k
AC BC

1
2
C bao nhiu gi tr nguyn ca k th c by nhiu im dao ng cc i v cc tiu trn on CD
Ch : Nu hai ngun khc nhau th chng ta cng lp lun tng t nh trn.
Bi ton 2: Tm s ng cc i v cc tiu trn on AC ca hnh gii hn ABCD
Hiu ng i:Xt N nm trn ng cho AC(Khi N trng A v N trng B th ta c)
AB = d
2
d
1
= NA NB AB BC
Nu hai ngun ging nhau:
_
_
s im cc i: = d
1
d
2
= k
AB
k
AB BC
s im cc tiu: = d
1
d
2
=
_
k +
1
2
_

AB

1
2
k
AB BC

1
2
Ch 6.Xc nh im dao ng vi bin cc i ( im bng) v s im dao
ng vi bin cc tiu ( im nt) trn on S
1
S
2
:
Phng php:
M S
1
S
2
: MS
1
= d
1
; MS
2
= d
2
, S
1
S
2
= l
Ta c: d
1
+d
2
= l (*)
M dao ng vi bin cc i: = d
2
d
1
= k k Z (1)
Cng (1) v (*) ta c: d
2
=
l
2
+k
2
, iu kin: 0 d
2
l
Vy ta c:
l
k
l
, c bao nhiu gi tr nguyn ca k th c by nhiu im bng ( k c

im gia)
M dao ng vi bin cc tiu: = d
2
d
1
=
_
k +
1
2
_
k Z (2)
Cng (2) v (*) ta c: d
2
=
l
2
+
_
k +
1
2
_
2
, iu kin: 0 d
2
l
Vy ta c:
l

1
2
k
l

1
2
, c bao nhiu gi tr nguyn ca k th c by nhiu im nt.
Ch 7.Tm qy tch nhng im dao ng cng pha (hay ngc pha) vi hai ngun
S
1
, S
2
:
Phng php:
Pha ban u sng ti M:
M
=
(d
2
+ d
1
)
Pha ban u sng ti S
1
(hay S
2
): = 0
lch pha gia hai im: =
M
=

(d
2
+d
1
) (*)
hai im dao ng cng pha = 2k, so snh (*): d
2
+ d
1
= 2k. Vy tp hp nhng im
dao ng cng pha vi hai ngun S
1
, S
2
l h ng Ellip, nhn hai im S
1
, S
2
lm hai tiu im.
hai im dao ng ngc pha = (2k + 1), so snh (*): d
2
+ d
1
= (2k + 1). Vy tp hp
nhng im dao ng ngc pha vi hai ngun S
1
, S
2
l h ng Ellip, nhn hai im S
1
, S
2
lm hai tiu
im ( xen k vi h Ellip ni trn).
Ch 8.Vit biu thc sng dng trn dy n hi:
Phng php:
Gi: MC = d, AC = l th AM = l d. Cc bc thc hin:
1.Vit biu thc sng ti:
Sng ti A: u
A
= a cos t
Sng ti M:
Ti M sng tr pha
2
(l d) so vi A u
M
= a cos
_
t
2
(l d)
_
(1)
Ti C sng tr pha
2
l so vi A u
C
= a cos(t
2
l) (2)
2.Vit biu thc sng phn x:
Sng ti C:
_
_
Nu C c nh u
C
= u
C
= a cos(t
2
l) (3)
Nu C t do u
C
= u
C
= a cos(t
2
l) (4)
Sng ti M:
Ti M sng tr pha
2
d so vi C:
_
_
Nu C c nh u
M
= a cos(t
2
l
2
d) (5)
Nu C t do u
M
= a cos(t
2
l
2
d) (6)
3.Sng ti M: u = u
M
+u
M
, dng cng thc lng gic suy ra c biu thc sng dng.
Ch 9.iu kin c hin tng sng dng, t suy ra s bng v s nt sng:
Phng php:
1.Hai u mi trng ( dy hay ct khng kh) l c nh:
+ iu kin v chiu di: l s nguyn ln mi sng: l = k
2
+ iu kin v tn s: =
V
f
f = k
V
2l
+ S mi: k =
2l
, s bng l k v s nt l k + 1.
2.Mt u mi trng ( dy hay ct khng kh) l c nh, u kia t do:
+ iu kin v chiu di: l s bn nguyn ln mi sng:
l =
_
k +
1
2
_
2
hay l = m
4
vi m = 1, 3, 5...
+ iu kin v tn s: =
V
f
f =
_
k +
1
2
_
v
2l
+ S mi: k =
2l

1
2
, s bng l k + 1 v s nt l k + 1.
3.Hai u mi trng ( dy hay ct khng kh) l t do:
+ iu kin v chiu di: l s nguyn ln mi sng: l = k
2
+ iu kin v tn s: =
V
f
f = k
v
2l
+ S mi: k =
2l
, s bng l k v s nt l k 1.
Ch : Cho bit lc cng dy F, mt chiu di : V =
_
F
Thay vo iu kin v tn s: F =
4l
2
f
2
k
2
Ch : Tm tn s m c bn v ha m ca dng c nhc.
i vi dng c nhc c hai u c nh: Tn s m cho bi cng thc:
f = k
v
2l
, k = 1, 2
Tn s m c bn: k = 1 f
1
=
v
2l
Tn s ha m th nht: k = 2 f
2
= 2
v
2l
= 2f
1

i vi dng c nhc c mt u c nh, mt u t do: Tn s m cho bi cng thc:
f = m
v
4l
, m = 1, 3, 5
Tn s m c bn: m = 1 f
1
=
v
4l
Tn s ha m bc 3: m = 3 f
3
= 3f
1

i vi dng c nhc loi ny khng c ha m bc chn, ch c ha m bc l.
Ch 10.Xc nh tn s ca m trn mt oto ang chuyn ng vi vn tc v ( Hiu
ng Dople) ?
Phng php:
1.Ngun m ng yn, ngi quan st chuyn ng:
Gi v l vn tc ca sng m tn s f, v
M
l vn tc ca ngi quan st
* Nu ngi quan st chuyn ng gn ngun m th nghe c m c tn s:
f
=
v +v
M
v
f; f
> f
* Nu ngi quan st chuyn ng ra xa ngun m th nghe c m c tn s:
f
=
v v
M
v
f; f
< f
2.Ngun m chuyn ng li gn ngi quan st ng yn:
Gi v l vn tc ca sng m tn s f, v
S
l vn tc di chuyn ca ngun m.
* Nu ngun m chuyn ng gn ngi quan st th tn s m nghe c:
f
=
v
v v
S
f
* Nu ngun m chuyn ng ra xa ngi quan st th tn s m nghe c:
f
=
v
v + v
S
f
Ch 11.Xc nh cng m (I) khi bit mc cng m ti im. Xc nh
cng sut ca ngun m? to ca m:
Phng php:
1.Xc nh cng m (I) khi bit mc cng m ti im:
*Nu mc cng m tnh theo n v B: L = lg
I
I
0
T : I = I
0
.10
L
* Nu mc cng m tnh theo n v dB:L = 10lg
I
I
0
T : I = I
0
.10
L
10
Ch : Nu tn s m f = 1000Hz th I
0
= 10
12
Wm
2
2.Xc nh cng sut ca ngun m ti mt im:
Cng sut ca ngun m ti A l nng lng truyn qua mt cu tm N bn
knh NA trong 1 giy.
Ta c: I
A
=
W
S
W = I
A
.S
hay P
ngun
= I
A
.S
A
Nu ngun m l ng hng: S
A
= 4NA
2
Nu ngun m l loa hnh nn c na gc nh l :
Gi R l khong cch t loa n im m ta xt. Din tch ca chm cu bn knh R v chiu cao
h l S = 2Rh
Ta c: h = R Rcos , vy S = 2R
2
(1 cos )
Vy, cng sut ca ngun m:
P = I.2R
2
(1 cos )
3. to ca m:
Ty tn s, mi m c mt ngng nghe ng vi I
min
to ca m: I = I I
min
to ti thiu m tai phn bit c gi l 1 phn
Ta c: I = 1phn 10lg
I
2
I
1
= 1dB
PHN 6
PHNG PHP GII TON V SNG IN T
K hiu:
q
max
= Q
0
( bin in tch)
u
max
= U
0
( bin hiu in th)
i
max
= I
0
( bin dng in)
GHI NH Dao ng c hc ( con lc l xo) Dao ng in ( mch LC)
Li : x in tch : q
Vn tc: v =
dx
dt
= x
Cng dng in : i =
dq
dt
Cc i lng t trng Khi lng: m t cm : L
cng: k Nghch o in dung :
1
C
Lc tc dng : F Hiu in th : u
Phng trnh ng lc hc x +
k
m
x = 0 q +
1
LC
q = 0
x +
2
x = 0 q +
2
q = 0
Nghim ca pt vi phn x = Acos(t +) q = Q
0
cos(t + )
Tn s gc ring =
_
k
m
=
1
LC
Chu k dao ng T = 2
_
m
k
T = 2
LC
Th nng n hi : Nng lng in trng :
E
t
=
1
2
kx
2
W
C
=
1
2
q
2
C
=
1
2
Cu
2
=
1
2
qu
ng nng : Nng lng t trng :
Nng lng dao ng E
=
1
2
mv
2
W
L
=
1
2
Li
2
C nng : Nng lng in t :
E =
1
2
mv
2
+
1
2
kx
2
W =
1
2
Li
2
+
1
2
q
2
C
=
1
2
kA
2
=
1
2
m
2
A
2
=
1
2
Q
2
0
C
=
1
2
LI
2
0
Bng so snh dao ng iu ha ca con lc l xo v dao ng in t do
Ch 1.Dao ng in t do trong mch LC: vit biu thc q(t)? Suy ra cng
dng in i(t)?
Phng php:
q(t) c dng tng qut: q = Q
0
cos(t +) vi: Q
0
= CU
0
=
1
LC
hoc =
2
T
= 2f
c xc nh nh iu kin ban u ( t = 0) ca q.
i(t) c xc nh: i =
dq
dt
= q
= Q
0
sin(t +) = I
0
sin(t + )
Vi
I
0
= Q
0
=
Q
0
LC
Ch 2.Dao ng in t do trong mch LC, bit u
C
= U
0
sin t, tm q(t)? Suy ra i(t)?
Phng php:
Ta c: q = Cu = Q
0
cos t viQ
0
= CU
0
i(t) c xc nh: i =
dq
dt
= q
= Q
0
sin t = I
0
sin t
hay i = I
0
cos
_
t +

2
_
Ch 3.Cch p dng nh lut bo ton nng lng trong mch dao ng LC.
Phng php:
p dng nh lut bo ton v chuyn ha nng lng:
W = W
+W
t
= W
max
= W
tmax
= const
hay
1
2
Li
2
+
_
_
1
2
Cu
2
1
2
q
2
C
=
1
2
LI
2
0
=
_
_
1
2
CU
2
0
1
2
Q
2
0
C
()
1.Bit Q
0
( hay U
0
) tm bin I
0
:
T (*) ta c:
_
_
1
2
CU
2
0
1
2
Q
2
0
C
=
1
2
LI
2
0
Suy ra
_
_
I
0
=
Q
0
LC
I
0
= U
0
_
L
C
2.Bit Q
0
( hay U
0
) v q ( hay u), tm i lc :
T (*) ta c:
1
2
Li
2
+
_
_
1
2
Cu
2
1
2
q
2
C
=
_
_
1
2
CU
2
0
1
2
Q
2
0
C
Suy ra
_
_
i =
_
Q
2
0
q
2
LC
i =
C
L
_
U
2
0
u
2
_
Ch 4.Dao ng in t do trong mch LC, bit Q
0
v I
0
:tm chu k dao ng ring
ca mch LC.
Phng php:
p dng cng thc Thomson: T = 2
LC (1)
Ta c: I
0
=
Q
0
LC
LC =
Q
2
0
I
2
0
, thay vo (1): T = 2
Q
0
T
0
Ch 5.Mch LC li vo ca my thu v tuyn in bt sng in t c tn s f
(hay bc sng ).Tm L( hay C)?
Phng php:
iu kin bt c sng in t l tn s ca sng phi bng tn s ring ca mch
dao ng LC:
f(sng) = f
0
(mch ) ()
1.Bit f( sng) tm L v C:
T (**) f =
1
2
LC
_
L =
1
4
2
f
2
C
C =
1
4
2
f
2
L
2.Bit ( sng) tm L v C:
T (**)
c
=
1
2
LC
_
L =

2
4
2
c
2
C
C =

2
4
2
c
2
L
Ch 6.Mch LC li vo ca my thu v tuyn c t in c in dung bin thin
C
max
C
min
tng ng gc xoay bin thin 0
0
180
0
: xc nh gc xoay thu c bc
x c bc sng ?
Phng php:
Lp lun nh ch 5: C =

2
4
2
c
2
L
Khi C
0
= C
max
C
min

0
= 180
0
0 = 180
0
Khi C = C C
min

Vy: = 180
0
C C
min
C
max
C
min
Ch 7.Mch LC li vo ca my thu v tuyn c t xoay bin thin C
max
C
min
:
tm di bc sng hay di tn s m my thu c?
Phng php:
Lp lun nh ch 5, ta c:
_
_
= 2c
LC
v

_
_
_
min
C
min
max
C
max
min

max
f =
1
2
LC
v
_
_
_
C
min
f
max
C
max
f
min
f
min
f f
max
Ch 8. Mch LC
1
dao ng vi tn s f
1
, mch LC
2
dao ng vi tn s f
2
. Tm tn
s mch dao ng khi (C
1
ntC
2
) hay (C
1
//C
2
)
Phng php:
i vi mch LC
1
: tn s dao ng ca mch
f
1
=
1
2
LC
1
C
1
=
1
4
2
f
2
1
L
i vi mch LC
2
: tn s dao ng ca mch
f
1
=
1
2
LC
2
C
2
=
1
4
2
f
2
2
L
i vi mch dao ng LC: tn s dao ng ca mch
f =
1
2
LC
C =
1
4
2
f
2
L
Khi C
1
//C
2
: Ta c: C = C
1
+C
2
Vy:
1
f
2
=
1
f
2
1
+
1
f
2
2
Khi C
1
ntC
2
: Ta c:
1
C
=
1
C
1
+
1
C
2
Vy:
f
2
= f
2
1
+f
2
2
PHN 7
PHNG PHP GII TON V DNG IN XOAY CHIU
Ch 1.on mch RLC: cho bit i(t) = I
0
cos(t), vit biu thc hiu in th u(t).
Tm cng sut P
mch
?
Phng php:
Nu i = I
0
cos(t) th u = U
0
cos(t +) (*)
Vi:
U
0
= I
0
.Z, tng tr: Z =
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
vi
_
_
_
Z
L
= L
Z
C
=
1
C
tan =
Z
L
Z
C
R
, vi l lch pha ca u so vi i.
Cng sut tiu th ca on mch:
Cch 1: Dng cng thc: P = UI cos , vi U =
U
0
2
, I =
I
0
2
, cos =
R
Z
Cch 2: Trong cc phn t in, ch c in tr R mi tiu th in nng di dng ta nhit:
P = RI
2
Ch :
1
= 0, 318
Ch 2.on mch RLC: cho bit u(t) = U
0
cos(t), vit biu thc cng dng in
i(t). Suy ra biu thc u
R
(t)?u
L
(t)?u
C
(t)?
Phng php:
Nu u = U
0
cos(t) th i = I
0
cos(t ) (*)
I
0
=
U
0
Z
, tng tr: Z =
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
vi tan =
Z
L
Z
C
R

H qa:
Hiu in th hai u in tr R cng pha vi cd:
u
R
= U
0R
cos(t ). vi: U
0R
= I
0
.R.
Hiu in th hai u cun cm L nhanh pha

2
so vi cd:
u
L
= U
0L
cos(t +

2
). vi: U
0L
= I
0
.Z
L
.
Hiu in th hai u t in C chm pha

2
so vi cd:
u
C
= U
0C
cos(t

2
). vi: U
0C
= I
0
.Z
C
.
Ch : Nu phn t in no b on mch hoc khng c trong on mch th ta xem in tr
tng ng bng 0.
Nu bit: i = I
0
cos(t +
i
) v u = U
0
cos(t +
u
) th lch pha:
u/i
=
u

i
Ch quan trng:
i vi mch in ch c t in, ta lun c:
i
2
I
2
0
+
u
2
C
U
2
0C
= 1 vi U
0C
= I
0
.Z
C
i vi mch in ch c cun cm, ta lun c:
i
2
I
2
0
+
u
2
L
U
2
0L
= 1 vi U
0L
= I
0
.Z
L
i vi mch in ch c in tr thun, ta lun c:
R =
u
i
= const
Ch 3.Xc nh lch pha gia hai hiu in th tc thi u
1
v u
2
ca hai on
mch khc nhau trn cng mt dng in xoay chiu khng phn nhnh? Cch vn dng?
Phng php:
Cch 1:(Dng i s)
lch pha ca u
1
so vi i: tan
1
=
Z
L1
Z
C1
R
1
1
lch pha ca u
2
so vi i: tan
2
=
Z
L2
Z
C2
R
2
2
Ta c:
u1/u2
=
u1

u2
= (
u1

i
) (
u2

i
)
=
u1/i

u2/i
=
1

2
lch pha ca u
1
so vi u
2
: =
1

2
Cch 2:(Dng gin vect)
Ta c: u = u
1
+u
2

U =
U
1
+
U
2
trc pha

I.
U
1

_
_
_
U
1
= I.Z
1
tan
1
=
Z
L1
Z
C1
R
1
1
;

U
2

_
_
_
U
2
= I.Z
2
tan
2
=
Z
L2
Z
C2
R
2
2
lch pha ca u
1
so vi u
2
: =
1

2
Ch : p dng cng thc : tan(a b) =
tan a tan b
1 + tana. tan b
ta c:
tan =
tan
1
tan
2
1 + tan
1
. tan
2
Nu u
1
vung pha so vi u
2
th =

2
tan
1
. tan
2
= 1
Ch : Cho on mch gm X
1
ni tip vi X
2
. Bit hiu in th tc thi hai u on mch
X
1
v X
2
l: u
1
= U
01
. cos(t +
1
) v u
2
= U
02
. cos(t +
2
). Vit biu thc hiu in th hai u on
mch:
y l bi ton s dng phng php ging vector quay: u = u
1
+ u
2
. Do , biu thc hiu
in th hai u on mch c dng:
u = U
0
. cos(t +)
Vi:
_
_
_
U
0
=
_
U
2
01
+ U
2
02
+ 2U
01
U
02
. cos(
2
1
)
tan =
U
01
. sin
1
+ U
02
. sin
2
U
01
. cos
1
+ U
02
. cos
2
Ch 4.on mch RLC, cho bit U, R: tm h thc L, C, : cng dng in
qua on mch cc i, hiu in th v cng dng in cng pha, cng sut tiu th trn
on mch t cc i.
Phng php:
1.Cng dng in qua on mch t cc i:
p dng nh lut Ohm cho on mch: I =
U
Z
=
U
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
()
Ta c:
I = max M = R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
= min Z
L
Z
C
= 0 L =
1
C
Hay LC
2
= 1 () I
max
=
U
R
2.Hiu in th cng pha vi cng dng in:
u v i cng pha: = 0 hay tan =
Z
L
Z
C
R
= 0Z
L
Z
C
= 0 L =
1
C
Hay LC
2
= 1
3.Cng sut tiu th trn on mch cc i:
Ta c: P = UI cos , P = max cos = 1
Ta c: cos =
R
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
= 1
Hay R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
= R
2
Hay LC
2
= 1
4.Kt lun:
Hin tng cng hng in:
LC
2
= 1
_
_
I = max
u, i cng pha ( = 0)
cos = 1
H qa:
_
_
1.I
max
=
U
R
2.Do Z
L
= Z
C
U
L
= U
C
vi
L
=
C
=
2
nn

U
L
=

U
C
u
L
= u
C
3.Lc ny u
R
cng pha vi u
Ch : Khi mch c tnh cng hng th:
U
L
= U
C
= n.U vi n =
Z
L
R
=
Z
C
R
5. Bi ton vn dng:
Bi ton 1: Mch in xoay chiu vi tn s thay i c: Khi =
1
v =
2
th cng
dng in hiu dng l khng i ( hay cng sut tiu th trn mch in l khng i). Tm mch c
tnh cng hng in ?
Ta c:
I
1
= I
2

_
1
L
1
1
C
_
=
_
2
L
1
2
C
_
LC =
1
1
.
2
mch c tnh cng hng th: =
1
LC
, do :
=
1
.
2
Bi ton 2: Cho mch in xoay chiu vi in dung ca t in thay i c. Khi C = C
1
v
C = C
2
th cng dng in khng i ( hay cng sut ca dng in khng i). Tm C mch c
tnh cng hng in ?
Ta c:
I
1
= I
2

_
.L
1
.C
1
_
=
_
.L
1
.C
2
_
L.
2
=
C
1
+C
2
2C
1
C
2
Vy mch c tnh cng hng th: LC
2
= 1 C =
1
L
2
, do ta c:
C =
2C
1
.C
2
C
1
+ C
2
Bi ton 3: Cho mch in xoay chiu vi t cm thay i c. Khi L = L
1
v L = L
2
th
cng dng in khng i ( hay cng sut ca dng in khng i). Tm L mch c tnh cng hng
in ?
Ta c:
I
1
= I
2

_
.L
1
1
.C
_
=
_
.L
2
1
.C
_
C.
2
=
2
L
1
+L
2
Vy mch c tnh cng hng th: LC
2
= 1 L =
1
C
2
, do ta c:
L =
L
1
+ L
2
2
Ch 5.on mch RLC, ghp thm mt t C
:tm C
: cng dng in qua

on mch cc i, hiu in th v cng dng in cng pha, cng sut tiu th trn
on mch t cc i.
Phng php:
Gi C
b
l in dung tng ng ca b t, tng t ch 4, ta c:
LC
b
2
= 1 C
b
=
1
L
2
Nu C ni tip vi C
:
1
C
b
=
1
C
+
1
C
Nu C song song vi C
:
C
b
= C + C
Ch 6.on mch RLC: Cho bit U

R
, U
L
, U
C
: tm U v lch pha
u/i
.
Phng php:
Cch 1:( Dng i s)
p dng cng thc: I =
U
Z
=
U
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
U = I
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
U =
_
U
2
R
+ (U
L
U
C
)
2
lch pha: tan =
Z
L
Z
C
R
=
IZ
L
IZ
C
IR
Hay tan =
U
L
U
C
U
R
Cch 2:( Dng gin vect)
Ta c: u = u
R
+u
L
+u
C

U =

U
R
+

U
L
+

U
C
trc pha

I
Da vo gin vect: ta c U =
_
U
2
R
+ (U
L
U
C
)
2
lch pha: tan =
Z
L
Z
C
R
=
IZ
L
IZ
C
IR
Hay tan =
U
L
U
C
U
R
Ch 7.Cho mchRLC: Bit U, , tm L, hayC, hayR cng sut tiu th trn on
mch cc i.
Phng php:
Trong cc phn t in, ch c in tr R mi tiu th in nng di dng ta nhit: P = RI
2
Ta c: I =
U
Z
=
U
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
Vy: P =
RU
2
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
(*)
1.Tm L hay C cng sut tiu th trn on mch cc i:
D P = max t (*) M = R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
= min Z
L
Z
C
= 0
hay LC
2
= 1
_
_
C =
1
2
L
L =
1
2
C
() P
max
=
U
2
R
Ch : Lc ny h s cng sut: cos =
R
Z
= 1
Bi ton 1: Cho mch in xoay chiu vi in dung ca t in thay i c. Khi C = C
1
v
C = C
2
th cng sut khng i. Tm C cng sut tiu th trn mch in l cc i ?
Ta c:
P
1
= P
2

_
.L
1
.C
1
_
=
_
.L
1
.C
2
_
L.
2
=
C
1
+ C
2
2C
1
C
2
Vy cng sut cc i: LC
2
= 1 C =
1
L
2
, do ta c:
C =
2C
1
.C
2
C
1
+ C
2
Bi ton 2: Cho mch in xoay chiu vi t cm thay i c. Khi L = L
1
v L = L
2
th
cng sut khng i. Tm L cng sut tiu th trn mch in l cc i ?
Ta c:
P
1
= P
2

_
.L
1
1
.C
_
=
_
.L
2
1
.C
_
C.
2
=
2
L
1
+ L
2
Vy cng sut cc i: LC
2
= 1 L =
1
C
2
, do ta c:
L =
L
1
+ L
2
2
2.Tm R cng sut tiu th trn on mch cc i:
Chia t v mu ca (*) cho R: P =
U
2
R +
(Z
L
Z
C
)
2
R
=
const
M
P = max khi v ch khi M = min. p dng bt ng thc Csin:
M = R +
(Z
L
Z
C
)
2
R
2
_
R.
(Z
L
Z
C
)
2
R
= 2|Z
L
Z
C
|
Du = xy ra khi: R =
(Z
L
Z
C
)
2
R
R = |Z
L
Z
C
|
Vy:
P
max
=
U
2
2|Z
L
Z
C
|
Ch : Lc ny h s cng sut: cos =
R
Z
=
2
2
Bi ton 1: Cho on mch RLC vi R l bin tr. Khi iu chnh R = R
1
v R = R
2
th cng
sut tiu th trn mch in l khng i. Tm R cng sut tiu th trn R l cc i.
Ta c:
P
1
= P
2

R
1
_
R
2
1
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
=
R
2
_
R
2
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
|Z
L
Z
C
| =
_
R
1
.R
2
Vy cng sut tiu th trn on mch cc i th
R =
_
R
1
.R
2
Bi ton 2: Cho on mch RLC vi R l bin tr. Khi iu chnh R = R
1
v R = R
2
th cng
sut tiu th trn mch in l khng i. Xc nh cng sut tiu th trn on mch ?
Ta c:
P = P
1
= R
1
.I
2
=
U
2
R
1
+
(Z
L
Z
C
)
2
R
1
Thay (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
= R
1
.R
2
vo ta c:
P =
U
2
R
1
+ R
2
Ch 8.on mch RLC: Cho bit U, R, f: tm L ( hay C) U
L
(hay U
C
) t gi tr
cc i?
Phng php:
1.Tm L hiu th hiu dng hai u cun cm cc i:
Hiu in th hai u cun cm: U
L
= I.Z
L
=
U.Z
L
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
(*)
Chia t v mu ca (*) cho Z
L
, ta c: U
L
=
U
R
2
Z
2
L
+ (1
Z
C
Z
L
)
2
=
const
y
Vi y =
R
2
Z
2
L
+ (1
Z
C
Z
L
)
2
= (R
2
+ Z
2
C
)
1
Z
2
L
2.Z
C
1
Z
L
+ 1 = (R
2
+ Z
2
C
)x
2
2.Z
C
x + 1
Trong : x =
1
Z
L
; Ta c: a = (R
2
+ Z
2
C
) > 0
Nn y = min khi x =
b
2a
=
Z
C
R
2
+ Z
2
C
, y
min
=
4a
=
R
2
R
2
+Z
2
C
Vy: Z
L
=
R
2
+Z
2
C
Z
C
v U
Lmax
=
U
_
R
2
+Z
2
C
R
H qu: Cho mch in RLC, vi cun cm c t cm L thay i c. iu chnh L = L
1
, L =
L
2
th hiu in th hiu dng hai u cun cm l khng i. Tm L hiu in th hiu dng hai
u cun cm t gi tr cc i ?
Ta c:
U
L1
= U
L2

Z
L1
_
R
2
+ (Z
L1
Z
C
)
2
=
Z
L2
_
R
2
+ (Z
L2
Z
C
)
2
R
2
+ Z
2
C
Z
C
=
2Z
L1
Z
L2
Z
L1
+Z
L2
Vy cng dng in qua cun cm t cc i th:
L =
2L
1
L
2
L
1
+ L
2
2.Tm C hiu th hiu dng hai u t in cc i:
Dng gin vect:
Ta c: u = u
RL
+ u
C

U =

U
RL
+

U
C
() trc pha

I , t
AOB =
Xt OAB: nh l hm sin:
U
C
sinAOB
=
U
sin OAB
U
C
sin
=
U
sin(
2

1
)
=
U
cos
1
Hay: U
C
=
U
cos
1
sin vy: U
C
= max
khi sin = 1 = 90
0
AOB O
T :
1
+|
u/i
| =

2
, v
1
> 0,
u/i
< 0 nn: tan
1
= cotg
u/i
=
1
tan
u/i
Z
L
R
=
R
Z
L
Z
C
hay Z
C
=
R
2
+ Z
2
L
Z
L
,
vi U
Cmax
=
U
cos
1
hay U
Cmax
=
U
_
R
2
+ Z
2
L
R
H qu: Cho mch in RLC, vi t in c in dung thay i c. iu chnh C = C
1
, C = C
2
th hiu in th hiu dng hai u t in l khng i. Tm C hiu in th hiu dng hai u t
t gi tr cc i ?
Ta c:
U
C1
= U
C2

Z
C1
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C1
)
2
=
Z
C2
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C2
)
2
R
2
+ Z
2
C
Z
C
=
2Z
C1
Z
C2
Z
C1
+Z
C2
Vy cng dng in qua t in t cc i th:
C =
C
1
+ C
2
2
Ch 9. on mch RLC: Cho bit U, R, f: tm L ( hay C) U
RL
(hay U
RC
) t gi
tr cc i?
Phng php:
1.Tm L hiu th hiu dng hai u on RL t cc i:
Hiu in th hiu dng hai u on RL l:
U
RL
= I.Z
RL
=
U.
_
R
2
+ Z
2
L
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
=
U
1 +y
Vi: y =
Z
2
C
2.Z
L
.Z
C
R
2
+ Z
2
L
U
RL
t cc i khi y = min. t Z
L
= x y =
Z
2
C
2.x.Z
C
R
2
+ x
2
, o hm bc nht vo cho y
= 0 ta
c hai nghim:
_
_
x
1
=
Z
C

_
Z
2
C
+ 4R
2
2
x
2
=
Z
C
+
_
Z
2
C
+ 4R
2
2
Nhn xt, da vo bn bin thin hm s, chng ta nhn thy hm s y t cc tiu khi x = x
2
. Do ta
c:
Z
L
=
Z
C
+
_
Z
2
C
+ 4R
2
2
Thay Z
L
vo biu thc tnh U
RL
ta c:
U
RL(max)
=
2U.R
_
Z
2
C
+ 4R
2
Z
C
Ch : Vi gi tr no ca Z
L
hiu in th hai u on RL khng ph thuc vo R.
U
RL
khng ph thuc vo R th y = 0
y =
Z
2
C
2.Z
L
.Z
C
R
2
+ Z
2
L
= 0 Z
2
C
2.Z
L
.Z
C
= 0 Z
L
=
Z
C
2
2.Tm C hiu th hiu dng hai u on RC t cc i:
Hon ton tng t, ta c p s
Z
C
=
Z
L
+
_
Z
2
L
+ 4R
2
2
U
RC(max)
=
2U.R
_
Z
2
L
+ 4R
2
Z
L
Ch : Vi gi tr no ca Z
C
hiu in th hai u on RC khng ph thuc vo R.
Z
C
=
Z
L
2
Ch 10.on mch RLC: Cho bit U, R, L, C: tm f ( hay ) U
R
, U
L
hay U
C
t
gi tr cc i?
Phng php:
1.Tm f ( hay ) hiu th hiu dng hai u in tr cc i:
Hiu in th hai u in tr R: U
R
= I.R =
UR
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
=
const
M
U
R
= max M = min Z
L
Z
C
= 0 hay
0
=
1
LC
(1)( Vi
0
= 2f )
Vy U
Rmax
= U
2.Tm f ( hay ) hiu th hiu dng hai u cun cm cc i:
Hiu in th hai u cun cm c t cm L:
U
L
= I.Z
L
=
UZ
L
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
=
UL
R
2
+
_
L
1
C
_
2
=
U
R
2
2
L
2
+
_
1
1
2
CL
_
2
Hay U
L
=
const
y
, U
L
cc i khi y = min.
Ta c: y =
R
2
2
L
2
+ (1
1
2
CL
)
2
=
1
C
2
L
2
1
4
+
_
R
2
L
2
2
1
CL
_
1
2
+ 1
Hay: y =
1
C
2
L
2
x
2
+
_
R
2
L
2
2
1
CL
_
x + 1 vi x =
1
2
Ta c: a =
1
C
2
L
2
> 0
Nn y = min khi x =
b
2a
=
_
2
CL

R
2
L
2
_
.
L
2
C
2
2
=
2LC R
2
C
2
2
Vy
1
=
_
2
2LC R
2
C
2
(2)
3.Tm f ( hay ) hiu th hiu dng hai u t in cc i:
Hiu in th hai u in tr C:
U
C
= I.Z
C
=
UZ
C
_
R
2
+ (Z
L
Z
C
)
2
=
U
1
C
R
2
+
_
L
1
C
_
2
=
U
_
R
2
C
2
2
+ (LC 1)
2
Hay U
L
=
const
y
, U
L
cc i khi y = min.
Ta c: y = R
2
C
2
2
+ (LC 1)
2
= C
2
L
2
4
+ (R
2
C
2
2CL)
2
+ 1
Hay: y = C
2
L
2
x
2
+ (R
2
L
2
2CL)x + 1 vi x =
2
Ta c: a = C
2
L
2
> 0 Nn y = min khi x =
b
2a
=
_
2CL R
2
C
2
2C
2
L
2
_
Vy
2
=
_
2CL R
2
C
2
2C
2
L
2
_
Hay:
2
=
1
LC
.
_
2CL R
2
C
2
2
(3)
Ch : Ta c:
2
0
=
1
.
2
Hiu in th cc i hai u cun cm v t in u c dng
U
Cmax
= U
Lmax
=
2L
R
U
4LC R
2
C
2
Ch 11.Cho bit th i(t) v u(t), hoc bit gin vect hiu in th: xc nh
cc t im ca mch in?
Phng php:
1.Cho bit th i(t) v u(t): tm lch pha
u/i
:
Gi l lch pha v thi gian gia u v i ( o bng khong thi gian gia hai cc i lin tip
ca u v i)
Lch thi gian T lch pha 2
Lch thi gian lch pha
u/i
Vy:
u/i
= 2

T
2.Cho bit gin vect hiu in th: v s on mch? Tm U
mch
Quy tc:
_
U
R
nm ngang phn t R
U
L
thng ng hng ln phn t L
U
C
thng ng hng xung phn t C
U
mch
_
_
+gc O;
+ngn: cui

U
R
;
u/i
= (
I,

U)
Ch 12.Tc dng nhit ca dng in xoay chiu: tnh nhit lng ta ra trn on
mch?
Phng php:
Bit I: p dng cng thc Q = RI
2
t
Bit U: T cng thc I =
U
Z
Q = R
U
2
Z
2
t
Nu cun dy (RL) hoc in tr dm trong cht lng: tm t
0
Ta c: Q
ta
= RI
2
t; Q
thu
= Cmt
0
t
0
=
RI
2
t
Cm
Ch 13.Tc dng ha hc ca dng in xoay chiu: tnh in lng chuyn qua
bnh in phn theo mt chiu? Tnh th tch kh Hir v Oxy xut hin cc in cc?
Phng php:
1.Tnh in lng chuyn qua bnh in phn theo mt chiu ( trong 1 chu k T, trong
t):
Xt dng in xoay chiu i = I
0
cos t(A) qua bnh in phn cha dung dch axit hay baz long.
Trong thi gian dt ( b): in lng qua bnh in phn: dq = idt = I
0
cos
_
t +

2
_
dt
Trong 1 chu k T: dng in ch qua bnh in phn trong
T
2
theo mt chiu:
q
1
=
T
2
_
0
idt =
T
2
_
0
I
0
cos
_
t +

2
_
dt =
1
I
0
sin
_
t +

2
_
T
2
0
hay q
1
=
2I
0
Vi =
2
T
do ta c: q
1
=
I
0
T
Trong thi gian t, s dao ng n =

t
T
, in lng qua bnh in phn theo mt chiu l: q = nq
1
=
t
T
.q
1
, vy: q =
2I
0
t
T
=
I
0
t
2.Tnh th tch kh Hir v Oxy xut hin cc in cc trong thi gian t(s):
C 96500C gii phng
A
n
= 1g tng ng 11, 2(l)H ktc.
Vy qC :th tch kh H: v
H
=
q
96500
.11, 2(l)
Th tch ca kh O: v
O
=
v
H
2
Vy mi in cc xut hin hn hp kh vi th tch v = v
O
+v
H
Ch 14.Tc dng t ca dng in xoay chiu v tc dng ca t trng ln dng
in xoay chiu?
Phng php:
1.Nam chm in dng dng in xoay chiu ( tn s f) t gn dy thp cng ngang.
Xc nh tn s rung f
ca dy thp:
Trong mt chu k, dng in i chiu hai ln. Do nam chm ht hay nh dy thp hai
ln trong mt chu k. Nn tn s dao ng ca dy thp bng hai ln tn s ca dng in:
f
= 2f
2.Dy dn thng cng ngang mang dng in xoay chiu t trong t trng c cm
ng t

B khng i ( vung gc vi dy): xc nh tn s rung ca dy f
:
T trng khng i

B tc dng ln dy dn mang dng in mt lc t F = Bil( c chiu
tun theo quy tc bn tay tri ).
V F t l vi i , nn khi i i chiu hai ln trong mt chu k th F i chiu hai ln trong mt chu
k, do dy rung hai ln trong mt chu k. f
= f
Ch 15.t vo hai u bng n neon (U
m
) mt hiu in th c dng: u =
U
0
sin(t + ). Xc nh khong thi gian n sng? Xc nh s ln dng in i chiu
trong 1 giy ?
Phng php:
1.t vo hai u bng n neon (U
m
0
sin(t + ).
Xc nh khong thi gian n sng?
n sng khi hiu in th hai u bng n phi ln hn hoc bng gi tr nh mc ca
bng n.
Do ta c phng trnh:
u U
m
U
0
cos(t +) U
m
Khong thi gian n sng trong mt chu k l:
t =
4
vi =
U
m
U
0
(0 < < 2)
Do khong thi gian n tt trong mt chu k:
t
= T T
2.Xc nh s ln dng in i chiu trong 1 giy
Phng trnh cng dng in qua on mch c dng : i = I
0
cos(t + ).
Nu = 0 hay = th trong mt giy, dng in i chiu 2f + 1 ln.
Nu =
2
th trong mt giy, dng in i chiu 2f ln.
Ch 16.Vn dng phng php gin vecto trt gii quyt bi ton in xoay
chiu?
Phng php:
PHN 8
PHNG PHP GII TON V MY PHT IN XOAY CHIU, TRUYN TI IN NNG
Ch 1.Vit biu thc sut in ng ca my pht in xoay chiu mt pha
Phng php:
T thng gi qua my pht in xoay chiu c dng:
=
0
cos(.t +
0
) vi
0
= N.BS
Da vo iu kin ban u xc nh pha ban u ca t thng:
ti t = 0
0
=
n ,
B) =
Sut in ng ca my pht in xoay chiu mt pha c pha tr pha

2
so vi t thng gi qua
my:
e = E
0
. cos
_
.t +
0

2
_
vi E
0
= .N.BS
Ch 2.Xc nh tn s f ca dng in xoay chiu to bi my pht in xoay chiu
1 pha
Phng php:
1.Trng hp roto ca mp c p cp cc, tn s vng l n:
Nu n tnh bng ( vng/s) th: f = np
Nu n tnh bng ( vng/pht) th: f =
n
60
p
Ch : S cp cc: p =
s cc ( bc+ nam)
2
2.Trng hp bit sut in ng xoay chiu ( E hay E
o
):
p dng: E
o
= NBS vi = 2f , nn: f =
E
o
2NBS
=
E
2
2NBS
Ch :
Nu c k cun dy ( vi N
1
vng) th N = kN
1
Thng thng: my c k cc ( bc + nam) th phn ng c k cun dy mc ni tip.
Ch 3. Nh my thy in: thc nc cao h, lm quay tuabin nc v roto ca mp.
Tm cng sut P ca my pht in?
Phng php:
Gi: H
T
l hiu sut ca tuabin nc;
H
M
l hiu sut ca my pht in;
m l khi lng nc ca thc nc trong thi gian t.
Cng sut ca thc nc: P
o
=
A
o
t
=
mgh
t
= gh; vi =
m
t
l lu lng nc ( tnh theo khi
lng)
Cng sut ca tuabin nc: P
T
= H
T
P
o
Cng sut ca my pht in: P
M
= H
M
P
T
= H
M
H
T
P
o
Ch 4. Mch in xoay chiu ba pha mc theo s hnh : tm cng dng
trung ha khi ti i xng? Tnh hiu in th U
d
( theo U
p
)? Tnh P
t
(cc ti)
Phng php:
Tm i
th
:
_
_
i
1
= I
0
sin t
i
2
= I
0
sin(t +
2
3
)
i
3
= I
0
sin(t
2
3
)
i
th
= i
1
+ i
2
+ i
3
= 0
Suy ra:
I
1
=
I
23

I
th
= 0
Tm U
d
: Ta c:
U
d
= U
A1A2
= U
A2A3
= U
A3A1
: hiu in th gia hai dy pha
U
p
= U
A1O
= U
A2O
= U
A3O
: hiu in th gia dy pha v dy trung ha
Ta c:u
d
= u
A1A2
= u
A1O
+ u
OA2
= u
A1O
u
A2O

U
A1A2
=

U
A1O
U
A1O
T hnh ta c: U
d
= U
p
3
Tm P
ti
:
Do hiu in th ca cc ti bng nhau (U
p
) nn: I
ti
=
U
p
Z
ti
Cng sut tiu th ca mi ti: P
t
= U
p
I
t
cos
t
= R
t
I
2
t
Ch 5. My bin th: cho U
1
, I
1
: tm U
2
, I
2
Phng php:
1.Trng hp cc in tr ca cun s cp v th cp bng 0, cun th cp h:
Lc : I
2
= 0 p dng:
U
2
U
1
=
N
2
N
1
U
2
2.Trng hp cc in tr ca cun s cp v th cp bng 0, cun th cp c ti:
a. Trng hp hiu sut MBT H = 1:
Ta c: P
1
= P
2
U
1
I
1
= U
2
I
2
Hay:
U
2
U
1
=
I
1
I
2
hay I
2
= I
1
N
1
N
2
b. Trng hp hiu sut MBT l H :
Ta c:
U
2
U
1
=
N
2
N
1
hay I
2
= HI
1
N
1
N
2
3.Trng hp cc in tr ca cun s cp v th cp khc 0:
Sut in ng qua cun s cp: e
1
= N
1
d
dt
(1);
Sut in ng qua cun th cp: e
2
= N
2
d
dt
(2);
Lp t:
e
1
e
2
=
N
1
N
2
k (3)
Cun s cp ng vai tr nh mt my pht: u
1
= e
1
+r
1
i
1
e
1
= u
1
r
1
i
1
(4)
Cun s cp ng vai tr nh mt my thu: u
2
= e
2
r
2
i
2
e
2
= u
2
+ r
2
i
2
(5)
Lp t:
e
1
e
2
=
u
1
r
1
i
1
u
2
+ r
2
i
2
k u
1
r
1
i
1
= ku
2
+kr
2
i
2
(6)
Ta c e
1
i
1
= e
2
i
2
hay
e
1
e
2
=
i
1
i
2
=
1
k
i
1
=
i
2
k
v i
2
=
u
2
R
(7)
Thay (7) vo (6), thc hin bin i ta c: u
2
=
kR
k
2
(R +r
2
) +r
1
u
1
Hay: U
2
=
kR
k
2
(R +r
2
) +r
1
U
1
Ch 6. Truyn ti in nng trn dy dn: xc nh cc i lng trong qu trnh
truyn ti
Phng php:
Sn xut:
U
2A
U
1A
=
I
1A
I
2A
=
N
2A
N
1A
P
A
= U
1A
I
1A
= U
2A
I
2A
Tuyn ti:
Cng d.in : I = I
2A
= I
1B
in tr : R =
2l
S
(l = AB)
gim th : U
AB
= U
2B
U
2A
= IR
Cng sut hao ph : P = P
A
P
B
= RI
2
S dng:
U
2B
U
1B
=
I
1B
I
2B
=
N
2B
N
1B
P
B
= U
1B
I
1B
= U
2B
I
2B
Ch 7. Xc nh hiu sut truyn ti in nng trn dy?
Phng php:
Cng thc nh ngha hiu sut: H =
P
B
P
A
;
Xc nh theo cng sut: H =
P
B
P
A
=
P
A
P
P
A
= 1
P
P
;
Xc nh theo ht: H =
U
B
U
A
=
U
A
U
U
A
= 1
U
U
PHN 9
PHNG PHP GII TON V HIN TNG TN SC NH SNG
Ch 1.S tn sc chm sng trng qua mt phn cch gia hai mi trng: kho
st chm khc x? Tnh gc lch bi hai tia khc x n sc?
Phng php:
Ta c: n
n n
tm
( Nh nh hn nh tm )
M : =
c
n
do :

tm
Ta c: sin i = nsinr do : sin r =
sin i
n
Vy: r
r r
tm
Vy: Chm khc x c mu cu vng xe ra: tia lch t nht, tia tm lch nhiu nht. Gc lch
bi hai tia: r = r
r
tm
Ch 2.Chm sng trng qua LK: kho st chm tia l?
Phng php:
Ta c: sin i
1
= nsin r
1
sin r
1
=
sini
1
n
Vy: r
1
r
1
r
1tm
M: A = r
1
+r
2
r
2
= A r
1
r
2
r
2
r
2tm
Qua AC: ta c: nsin r
2
= sin i
2
vy: i
2
i i
2tm
Vy: Chm khc x c mu cu vng xe ra: tia lch t nht, tia tm lch nhiu nht
Ch 3.Xc nh gc hp bi hai tia l ( , tm)ca chm cu vng ra khi LK.
Tnh b rng quang ph trn mn?
Phng php: Da vo gc lch: D = D
tm
D
1.Trng hp LK c gc chit quang nh: D = (n 1)A

rad
Vy: D = (n
tm
n
)
2.Trng hp A ln: D = i
1
+ i
2
A
Vy: D = (i
2tm
i
2
)
3.B rng quang ph: D = tan D =
l
d
Vy: l = d.D
Ch 4.Chm tia ti song song c b rng a cha hai bt x truyn qua BMSS: kho
st chm tia l? Tnh b rng cc i a
max
hai chm tia l tch ri nhau?
Phng php:
Do tnh cht BMSS: hai chm tia l l hai chm song song. Mun hai chm tia l tch ri nhau ta
c:I
1
J
1
I
1
I
2
= HI
2
HI
1
Hay:
a
cos i
e(tgr
2
tgr
1
) a
max
PHN 10
PHNG PHP GII TON V HIN TNG GIAO THOA NH SNG
Ch 1.Xc nh bc sng khi bit khong vn i, a,, D
Phng php:
p dng cng thc: i =
D
a
=
a.i
D
Ch :
1m = 10
6
m = 10
3
mm
1nm = 10
9
m = 10
6
mm
1pm = 10
12
m = 10
9
mm
1A
0
= 10
10
m = 10
7
mm
Ch : Cho n khong vn trn chiu di l:
Ta c:
n =
l
i
+ 1 i =
l
n 1
Ch 2.Xc nh tnh cht sng (ti) v tm bc giao thoa ng vi mi im trn
mn?
Phng php:
*Tnh khong vn i: i =
D
a
*Lp t: p =
x
M
i
Nu: p = k( nguyn) th: x
M
= ki: M l vn sng bc k.
Nu: p = k +
1
2
(bn nguyn) th: x
M
=
_
k +
1
2
_
i: M l vn ti th k 1.
Ch 3.Tm s vn sng v vn ti quang st c trn min giao thoa
Phng php:
*Tnh khong vn i: i =
D
a
; Chia na min giao thao: l = OP =
PQ
2
*Lp t:
p =
OP
i
=
L
2i
= k(nguyn) +m(l)
Kt lun:
Na min giao thoa c k vn sng th c min giao thoa c 2.k + 1 vn sng.
Nu m < 0, 5: Na min giao thoa c k vn ti th c min giao thoa c 2.k vn ti.
Nu m 0, 5: Na min giao thoa c k + 1 vn ti th c min giao thoa c 2(k + 1) vn ti.
Ch 4.Trng hp ngun pht hai nh sng n sc. Tm v tr trn mn c
s trng nhau ca hai vn sng thuc hai h n sc?
Phng php:
i vi bc x
1
: to vn sng: x
1
= k
1
1
D
a
.
i vi bc x
2
: to vn sng: x
2
= k
2
2
D
a
.
h hai vn trng nhau: x
1
= x
2
hay : k
1
1
= k
2
2
k Z
Suy ra cc cp gi tr ca k
1
, k
2
tng ng, thay vo ta c cc v tr trng nhau.
Ch : Ch chn nhng v tr sao cho: |x| OP
Ch 5.Trng hp giao thoa nh sng trng: tm rng quang ph, xc nh nh
sng cho vn ti ( sng) ti mt im (x
M
) ?
Phng php:
1.Xc nh rng quang ph:
To vn sng: x = k
D
a
; Bc x : x
= k
D
a
; Bc x tm: x
t
= k
t
t
D
a
rng quang ph:
= x
x
t
= (k
k
t
t
)
D
a
Quang ph bc 1: k
= k
t
= 1 nn
1
= (
t
)
D
a
;
Quang ph bc 2:k
= k
t
= 2 nn
2
= 2(
t
)
D
a
= 2
1

2.Xc nh nh sng cho vn ti ( sng) ti mt im (x
M
):
Ta vn ti: x =
_
k +
1
2
_
D
a
=
a.x
D
_
k +
1
2
_ (*)
Ta c:
t

, t (*) ta c k
min
k k
max
Kt lun: C bao nhiu gi tr nguyn ca k th c by nhiu nh sng b "thiu"( ti) M.
3.Xc nh khong cch t vn sng mu bc k n vn sng tm bc k:
Ch 6.Th nghim giao thoa vi nh sng thc hin trong mi trng c chic sut
n > 1. Tm khong vn mi i
? H vn thay i th no?
Phng php:
Trong mi trng khng kh: i =
D
a
; Trong mi trng chic sut n: i
D
a
Lp t:
i
i
=

=
v
c
=
1
n
i
=
i
n
Vy: Khong vn gim, nn s vn tng, do h vn st li.
Ch 7.Th nghim Young: t bn mt song song (e,n) trc khe S
1
( hoc S
2
). Tm
chiu v dch chuyn ca h vn trung tm.
Phng php:
Trong BMSS: thi gian nh sng truyn qua BMSS l: t =
e
v
. Vi thi gian ny, nh sng truyn
trong mi trng khng kh mt on e
= t.c =
e
v
.c = n.e. Vy e
= ne gi l quang trnh ca nh sng

trong mi trng chic sut n. K hiu: [e] = n.e
Hiu quang trnh:
= [S
2
O
] [S
1
O
] = d
2
d
1
(n 1)e
ti O
l vn trung tm:
= 0, vy: d
2
d
1
= (n 1)e
Ta c: d
2
d
1
=
ax
D
, vy: x =
(n 1)eD
a
Kt lun:Vy, h vn dch chuyn mt on x v pha BMSS ( v x > 0).
Ch 8.Th nghim Young: Khi ngun sng di chuyn mt on y = SS
. Tm chiu,
chuyn di ca h vn( vn trung tm)?
Phng php:
Hiu quang trnh:
= [S
S
2
O
] [S
S
1
O
] = ([S
S
2
] [S
S
1
]) +([S
2
O
] [S
1
O
]) = (S
S
2
S
1
) + (d
2
d
1
)
O
l vn trung tm:
= 0 hay: (S
S
2
S
S
1
) + (d
2
d
1
) = 0
Ta c: d
2
d
1
=
ax
D
; S
S
2
S
S
1
=
ay
D
, thay vo trn ta c:
x =
D
D
y. Vy: H vn dch chuyn ngc chiu dch chuyn ca ngun sng S, dch chuyn
mt on: x =
D
D
y
Ch 9. Ngun sng S chuyn ng vi vn tc v theo phng song song vi S
1
S
2
:
tm tn s sut hin vn sng ti vn trung tm O?
Phng php:
Hiu quang trnh: = [S
S
2
O] [S
S
1
O] = ([S
S
2
] [S
S
1
]) + ([S
2
O]
[S
1
O]) = (S
S
2
S
S
1
) =
ay
D
Ta c: O l vn sng: = k k Z
Vy:
ay
D
= k
av.t
D
= k
Tn s sut hin vn sng ti O: f =
k
t
=
av
.D
Ch 10. Tm khong cch a = S

1
S
2
v b rng min giao thoa trn mt s dng c
giao thoa?
Phng php:
1.Khe Young:
a = S
1
S
2
PQ: rng min giao thoa thng cho bit.
2.Lng lng knh Frexnen:
S qua lng knh th nht cho nh o S
1
. S qua lng knh th hai cho
nh o S
2
.
Khong di nh: SS
1
= SS
2
= 2SItg 2SI(n 1)A
rad
S dng tam gic ng dng:
PQ
S
1
S
2
=
IO
IS
PQ
3.Hai na thu knh Billet
S
1
, S
2
l nhng nh tht.
Vi: d
=
df
d f
Ta c:
S
1
S
2
O
1
O
2
=
d + d
d
S
1
S
2
PQ
O
1
O
2
=
SO
d
PQ
4.Gng Frexnen
S
1
, S
2
l nhng nh o.
Ta c: a = S
1
S
2
= R.2
rad
PQ
S
1
S
2
=
IO
IS
PQ
PHN 11
PHNG PHP GII TON V TIA RNGHEN
Ch 1.Tia Rnghen: Cho bit vn tc v ca electron p vo i catot: tm U
AK
?
Phng php:
Cng ca lc in trng ( th nng ca in trng) chuyn thnh ng nng ca electron ti i
catot
1
2
mv
2
= eU
AK
nn: v =
_
2eU
AK
m
U
AK
=
mv
2
2e
Ch 2.Tia Rnghen: Cho bit vn tc v ca electron p vo i catot hot U
AK
:
tm tn s cc i F
max
hay bc sng
min
?
Phng php:
ng nng ca electron chuyn thnh nng lng ca tia X v nhit nng nung nng Catt
1
2
mv
2
= hf +W
t
(*)
1. Cho v: tm f
max
hay
min
?
(*)
1
2
mv
2
hf hay f
max
=
mv
2
2h
(*)
1
2
mv
2
hc
hay
min
=
2hc
mv
2
2. Cho U: tm f
max
hay
min
?
Ta c:
1
2
mv
2
= eU , nn phng trnh (*) vit li: eU = hf +W
t
(**)
(**)eU hf hay f
max
=
eU
h
(**)eU
hc
hay
min
=
hc
eU
Ch 3.Tnh lu lng dng nc lm ngui i catot ca ng Rnghen:
Phng php: Phn bit hai trng hp
1. Khi bit ng nng E
ca electron ( hay vn tc v): B qua nng lng ca lng t so vi

nhit nng.
Ta c: W
t
= nE
= n
1
2
mv
2
m W
t
= Q = MC(t
2
t
1
)
Suy ra khi lng ca dng nc khi c n electron p vo i catt:
M =
nmv
2
2C(t
2
t
1
)
Suy ra lu lng nc ( tnh theo khi lng): =
M
t
; tnh theo th tch: L =

D
( D: khi lng
ring ca nc)
2. Khi bit cng sut P hay hiu in th U:
Ta c: W = Pt = UIt W
t
= UIt m W
t
= Q = MCt
Suy ra khi lng ca dng nc, suy ra lu lng nc ( tnh theo khi lng): =
M
t
; tnh theo
th tch: L =

D
( D: khi lng ring ca nc)
PHN 12
PHNG PHP GII TON V QUANG IN
Ch 1.Tia Rnghen: Cho bit vn tc v ca electron p vo i catot: tm U
AK
?
Phng php:
p dng cng thc:
0
=
hc
A
A =
hc
0
Vi: h = 6, 625.10
34
J.s; c = 3.10
8
m/s
i ra n v: eV : 1eV = 1, 6.10
19
J 1J =
1
1, 6.10
19
eV
Ch 2.Cho bit hiu in th hm U
h
. Tm ng nng ban u cc i (E
max
) hay
vn tc ban u cc i( v
0max
),hay tm cng thot A?
Phng php:
1.Cho U
h
: tm E
max
hay v
0max
dng quang in trit tiu (I = 0) ( hay khng c electron no bc ra p v Ant l: ng nng
ban u cc i ca quang electron bng cng ca lc in trng cn.
Ta c: E
max
= e|U
h
| hay
1
2
mv
2
0max
= e|U
h
|
Vy: v
0max
=
_
2|U
h
|
m
2.Cho U
h
v (kch thch): tm cng thot A:
p dng phng trnh Einstein:
hc
= A+
1
2
mv
2
0max
= A+ e|U
h
|
Vy: A =
hc
e|U
h
|
Ch 3.Cho bit v
0max
ca electron quang in v ( kch thch): tm gii hn quang
in
0
?
Phng php:
hc
=
hc
0
+
1
2
mv
2
0max
Vy:
0
=
hc
_
hc

1
2
mv
2
0max
_
Ch 4.Cho bit cng thot A (hay gii hn quang in
0
) v ( kch thch): Tm
v
0max
?
Phng php:
hc
= A+
1
2
mv
2
0max
v
0max
=
2
m
_
hc
A
_
Hay:
hc
=
hc
0
+
1
2
mv
2
0max
v
0max
=
2hc
m
_
1
0
_
Ch 5.Cho bit U
AK
v v
0max
. Tnh vn tc ca electron khi ti Ant ?
Phng php:
p dng nh l v bin thin ng nng:
1
2
mv
2
A
1
2
mv
2
0max
= eU
AK
Vy: v
A
=
_
2e
m
U
AK
+v
2
0max
Ch 6.Cho bit v
0max
v A.Tm iu kin ca hiu in th U
AK
khng c dng
quang in (I = 0) hoc khng c mt electron no ti Ant?
Phng php:
*Bc 1: Tm hiu in th hm U
h
( ch 2):
Ta c: U
h
=
1
e
_
hc
A
_
*Bc 2: iu kin I = 0 l : U
AK
< 0 v |U
AK
| |U
h
|
Vy: U
AK

1
e
_
hc
A
_
Ch 7.Cho bit cng dng quang in bo ho (I
bh
) v cng sut ca ngun
sng. Tnh hiu sut lng t?
Phng php:
1.Gi n l s electron bt ra khi K trong thi gian t:
Ta c: I
bh
=
q
t
=
n.e
t
Vy: n =
I
bh
e
.t (1).
2.Gi n
l s photon p vo K trong thi gian t:

Nng lng ca mt photon(lng t): = hf =
hc
Nng lng ca n
photon: E = n
. = n
.hf = n
.
hc
Cng sut ca ngun sng: P =

E
t
=
n
.hc
t
Vy: n
=
P
hc
t (2)
3.Hiu sut lng t: H =
S electron bc ra khi K
S photon p vo K
100% (3)
Thay (1)& (2) vo (3) ta c: H =
I
bh
hc
Pe
100%
Ch 8.Chiu mt chm sng kch thch c bc sng vo mt qa cu c lp v
in. Xc nh in th cc i ca qa cu. Ni qu cu vi mt in tr R sau ni t.
Xc nh cng dng qua R.
Phng php:
1.Chiu mt chm sng kch thch c bc sng vo mt qa cu c lp v in. Xc
nh in th cc i ca qa cu:
Ban u in th ca qa cu c lp: V = 0.
Khi chiu chm sng kch thch, electron bc ra lm qa cu tch in dng (+e) v in
th V tng. Nhng in th V ny li cn tr chuyn ng bt ra ca cc electron lm cho
v
0max
gim, nhng V tip tc tng.
V ngng tng khi V = max lc : ng nng ban u cc i ca electron quang in
bng th nng ca lc in trng.
Ta c:
1
2
mv
2
0max
= e.V
max
2.Ni qu cu vi mt in tr R sau ni t. Xc nh cng dng qua R:
Cng dng in qua R: I =
U
R
hay I =
V
max
R
( v: V
t
= 0)
Ch 9.Cho kch thch, in trng cn E
c
v bc sng gii hn
0
: tm on
ng i ti a m electron i c.
Phng php:
p dng nh l v bin thin ng nng:
1
2
mv
2
B

1
2
mv
2
0max
= E
c
= eEs (1)
s = max khi v
B
= 0 (1)
1
2
mv
2
0max
= eEs
max
(2)
hc
=
hc
0
+
1
2
mv
2
0max
.
Thay vo (2) ta c: s
max
=
hc
eE
_
1
0
_
Ch 10.Cho kch thch, bc sng gii hn
0
v U
AK
: Tm bn knh ln nht ca
vng trn trn mt Ant m cc electron t Katt p vo?
Phng php:
Chn h trc ta Oxy nh hnh v.
p dng nh lut II Newtn:

F = e
E = ma
Hay:
a =
e
E
m
()
Chiu (*) ln Ox: a
x
= 0, do trn Ox electron chuyn ng thng u, vi phng trnh:
x = vt t =
x
v
(1)
Chiu (*) ln Oy: a
y
=
eE
m
=
eU
md
, do trn Oy electron chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u, vi
phng trnh:
y =
1
2
a
y
t
2
=
1
2
eU
md
t
2
(2)
Thay (2) vo (1) ta c phng trnh: y =
1
2
eU
md
x
2
v
2
(**) c dng: y = Ax
2
Vy: qy o ca electron trong in trng l mt Parabolic.
Electron quang in bay ra theo mi hng. Electron p vo Ant vi bn knh qy o ln nht
khi vn tc ca electron bt ra khi Katt l cc i, c phng trng vi phng ca Katt.
Vy: v = v
0max
r = r
max
, y = d, thay vo phng trnh (**):
d =
1
2
eU
md
r
2
max
v
2
0max
hay r
max
= d.v
0max
_
2m
eU
CH 11.Cho kch thch, bc sng gii hn
0
, electron quang in bay ra theo
phng vung gc vi in trng (
E). Kho st chuyn ng ca electron ?

Phng php:
Chn h trc ta Oxy nh hnh v.
p dng nh lut II Newtn:

F = e
E = ma
Hay:
a =
e
E
m
()
Chiu (*) ln Ox: a
x
= 0, do trn Ox electron chuyn ng thng u, vi phng trnh:
x = v
0max
t t =
x
v
0max
(1)
Chiu (*) ln Oy: a
y
=
eE
m
=
eU
md
, do trn Oy electron chuyn ng thng nhanh dn u, vi
phng trnh:
y =
1
2
a
y
t
2
=
1
2
eU
md
t
2
(2)
ThS Trn Anh Trung
Thay (2) vo (1) ta c phng trnh: y =
1
2
eU
md
x
2
v
2
0max
(**) c dng: y = Ax
2
Vy: qy o ca electron trong in trng l mt Parabol.
Ch : tan =
dy
dx

x=l
Ch 12.Cho kch thch, bc sng gii hn
0
, electron quang in bay ra theo
phng vung gc vi cm ng t ca tr trng u (
B). Kho st chuyn ng ca electron

?
Phng php:
*Electron chuyn ng trong t trng chu tc dng ca lc Lorentz.
f
L
_

_

_
+Phng : mp(v,

B)
+Chiu : Tun theo quy tc bn tay tri.
+ ln : f
L
= B.v.e
V

f
L
v nn,

f
L
ng vai tr nh lc hng tm. Ta c:
f
L
=

f
ht
B.e.v = m
v
2
R
Hay:
R =
m.v
B.e
Khi v = v
0max
th R = R
max
do : R
max
=
m.v
0max
B.e
ThS Trn Anh Trung
PHN 13
PHNG PHP GII TON V MU NGUYN T HIDRO
Ch :Nng lng trng thi dng th n: E
n
=
13, 6eV
n
2
vi n N
Ch 1.Xc nh vn tc v tn s f ca electron trng thi dng th n ca nguyn
t Hir?
Phng php:
V chuyn ng ca electron trng thi dng th n l qy o trn,
Ta c:
f
c
=

f
ht
f
c
= f
ht
hay: k
e
2
r
2
n
= m
v
2
n
r
n
Hay: v
n
= e
_
k
mr
n
, ta c: r
n
= n
2
.r
0
Vy: v
n
=
e
n
_
k
mr
0
, vi: r
0
= 5, 3.10
11
m Tn s: f =

2
=
v
n
2r
n
CH 2.Xc nh bc sng ca photon do nguyn t Hir pht ra khi nguyn t
trng thi dng c mc nng lng E
m
sang E
n
( < E
m
)?
Phng php:
Theo tin Bo: = hf
mn
=
hc
mn
= E
m
E
n
Hay:
mn
=
hc
E
m
E
n
(*)
Vi dy Lyman: n = 1, m = 2, 3,
Vi dy Banme: n = 2, m = 3, 4,
Vi dy Pasen: n = 3, m = 4, 5,
Ch 3.Tm bc sng ca cc vch quang ph khi bit cc bc sng ca cc vch
ln cn?
Phng php:
Ta c:
hc
mn
= E
m
E
n
= E
m
E
p
+ E
p
E
n
=
hc
mp
hc
pn
Vy:
1
mn
=
1
mp
+
1
pn
Ch 4.Xc nh bc sng cc i (
max
) v cc tiu (
min
) ca cc dy Lyman,
Banme, Pasen?
Phng php:
T (*) ta thy: = max E
m
E
n
= min
hay = min E
m
E
n
= max
Vy:
Dy Lyman:
Lmin
=
1
;
Lmax
=
21
Dy Banme:
Bmin
=
2
;
Bmax
=
32
Dy Pasen:
Pmin
=
3
;
Pmax
=
43
Ch 5.Xc nh qy o dng mi ca electron khi nguyn t nhn nng lng kch
thch = hf?
ThS Trn Anh Trung
Phng php:
Theo tin Bo: hf = E
m
E
n
E
m
= hf +E
n
m
Ch 6.Tm nng lng bc electron ra khi nguyn t khi n ang qy o K
( ng vi nng lng E
1
)?
Phng php:
Tm nng lng bc electron ra khi nguyn t khi n ang qy o K tc l nng lng in
ho: Nng lng a elecctron t trng thi dng c mc nng lng E
1
ra v cng
Ta c: W = E
E
1
, ta c: E
= 0; E
1
= 13, 6(eV )
Do : Nng lng in ha nguyn t Hir l: W = 13, 6(eV )
Ch :Khi bit bc sng ngn nht v di nht trong mt di no :
W = E
E
1
= E
E
p
+E
p
E
1
= hc
_
1
p
+
1
p1
_
ThS Trn Anh Trung
PHN 14
PHNG PHP GII TON V VT L HT NHN
Ch 1.Cht phng x
A
Z
X c s khi A: tm s nguyn t ( ht) c trong m(g) ht
nhn ?
Phng php:
C A(g) ht nhn th c N
A
= 6, 023.10
23
( nguyn t) ( S Avgar)
Vy: m(g) ht nhn th c: N =
m
A
.N
A
Ch 2.Tm s nguyn t N( hay khi lng m) cn li, mt i ca cht phng x
sau thi gian t?
Phng php:
* S nguyn t ( hay khi lng) cht phng x cn li sau thi gian t:
N = N
0
e
t
; Hay m = m
0
e
t
* S nguyn t ( hay khi lng) cht phng x mt i sau thi gian t:
N = N
0
N = N
0
(1 e
t
); Hay m = m
0
m = m
0
(1 e
t
)
Trong : =
ln2
T
=
0, 693
T
*Ch :Nu k =
t
T
Z th: N =
N
0
2
k
; Hay m =
m
0
2
k
Nu: x 1 p dng cng thc: e
x
1 x.
Do : N = N
0
(1 t) hay m = m
0
(1 t)
Ch 3.Tnh khi lng ca cht phng x khi bit phng x H?
Phng php:
Ta c: phng x: H = N hay N =
H
Da vo cng thc: m =
N
N
A
A (ch 1)
n v phng x: phn r/giy = 1Bq ; 1Ci = 3, 7.10
10
Bq
Ch 4.Xc nh tui ca mu vt c c ngun gc l thc vt?
Phng php:
Khi sng: Thnh phn C14 khng i ( do lun hp th thc n).
Khi cht: Thnh phn C14 b phn r dn.
Gi N
0
l s C14 c trong mu sng, N l s nguyn t C14 c trong mu c.
Ta c: N = N
0
e
t
e
t
=
N
0
N
Ly ln hai v: t = ln
N
0
N
hay t =
1
ln
N
0
N
Vi: =
ln2
T
=
0, 693
T
Ch :Nu tnh theo phng x: t =
1
ln
H
0
H
Ch 5.Xc nh tui ca mu vt c c ngun gc l khong cht?
Phng php:
Xt chui phn ng:
A
Z
X chui
Z
X
, X
l ht nhn bn, khng b phn r na.

*Bc 1:Tm s nguyn t ca X mt i:
p dng ch 2: N = N
0
(1 e
t
)
ThS Trn Anh Trung
*Bc 2:S nguyn t ca ht nhn mt i chnh l s nguyn t ht nhn X
to thnh.
Ta c: N
= N = N
0
(1 e
t
) = Ne
t
(1 e
t
) = N(e
t
1) (*)
Gi m v m
ln lc l khi lng ht nhn X v X
ti thi im kho st.

T ch 1 ta c: N =
m
A
N
A
; N
=
m
N
A
, lp t s:
N
N
=
m
m
A
A
= e
t
1
Hay:
t =
T
ln2
ln
_
1 +
m
m
A
A
_
Ch 6.Xc nh nng lng lin kt ht nhn( nng lng ta ra khi phn r mt
ht nhn)?
Phng php:
* Tm ht khi ht nhn:
A
Z
X,m = m
0
m = [Zm
p
+ (A Z)m
n
] m
*Nng lng lin kt ht nhn( chnh l nng lng ta ra khi phn r mt ht nhn):
E
1
= mc
2
Ch Ta c: 1u = 931MeV/c
2
Nng lng lin kt ring l nng lng khi lin kt mt nuclon: =
E
1
A
Ch 7.Xc nh nng lng ta ra khi phn r m(g) ht nhn
A
Z
X?
Phng php:
* Tm s nguyn t c trong m(g) ht nhn X: ch 1: N =
m
A
N
A
*Tm nng lng ta ra khi phn r mt ht nhn nguyn t:E
1
= mc
2
*Nng lng ta ra khi phn r m(g) ht nhn nguyn t: E = E
1
.N
Ch 8.Xc nh nng lng ta ( hay thu vo ) ca phn ng ht nhn?
Phng php:
Xt phn ng ht nhn:
A1
Z1
X
1
+
A2
Z2
X
2

A3
Z3
X
3
+
A4
Z4
X
4
(*)
* ht khi ca phn ng ht nhn: m = m
0
m = (m
1
+m
2
) (m
3
+ m
4
)
Nng lng ta ra ( hay thu vo) ca phn ng ht nhn:
E = [(m
1
+ m
2
) (m
3
+m
4
)]c
2
(*)
Ch :
* Nu bit c nng lng lin kt ring ca cc ht nhn:
Ta c: =
E
A
=
[Zm
p
+ (A Z)m
n
m]c
2
A
Do : mc
2
= [Zm
p
+ (A Z)m
n
]c
2
A, thay va phng trnh (*) chng ta c:
E = (
4
A
4
+
3
A
3
) (
2
A
2
+
1
A
1
)
* Nu bit ht khi ca cc ht nhn:
Ta c: m = [Zm
p
+ (A Z)m
n
] m nn: mc
2
= [Zm
p
+ (A Z)m
n
]c
2
mc
2
T (*) ta c: E = [(m
4
+ m
3
) (m
1
+ m
2
)]c
2
Ghi nh:
*Nu m > 0 th phn ng ta nhit: E = m.c
2
.
*Nu m < 0 th phn ng thu nhit: E = |m|.c
2
.
Ch 9.Xc nh nng lng ta khi tng hp m(g) ht nhn nh(t cc ht nhn
nh hn)?
Phng php:
Xt phn ng:
A1
Z1
X
1
+
A2
Z2
X
2

A3
Z3
X
3
+
A4
Z4
X
4
+ W
1
(*)
W
1
l nng lng ta ra ca phn ng.
Tng t ch 8: Ta c: W = N.W
1
ThS Trn Anh Trung
Ch 10.Cch vn dng nh lut bo ton ng lng, nng lng?
Phng php:
1.Cch vn dng nh lut bo ton ng lng:
Ta c: p
1
+p
2
= p
3
+ p
4
S dng cc gi thit biu din cc vecto ng lng bng hnh v, sau s dng hnh hc
suy ra c ln ca chng.
Ta c cng thc lin h gia ng lng v ng nng:
p = mv p
2
= 2m
1
2
mv
2
= 2mK
V d: Ht nhn A ng yn phng x ra ht nhn B v tia phng x C. Xc nh phng chuyn
ng ca hai ht nhn con sinh ra, v chng minh rng ng nng ca chng t l nghch vi khi lng.
A B +C
Ta c: p
A
= p
B
+ p
C
= 0 p
B
= p
C
, vy cc ht sinh ra c cng ng lng nhng chuyn ng
ngc chiu nhau.
ln: p
2
B
= p
2
C
hay 2m
B
K
B
= 2m
C
K
C
vy:
K
B
K
C
=
m
C
m
B
2.Cch vn dng nh lut bo ton nng lng:
Ta c: m
1
c
2
+ K
1
+m
2
c
2
+ K
2
= m
3
c
2
+K
3
+ m
4
c
2
+K
4
Hay: [(m
1
+ m
2
) (m
3
+ m
4
)]c
2
= (K
3
+K
4
) (K
1
+ K
2
)
Hay: E = K, nng lng ta ra ca phn ng ht nhn chnh l bin thin ng nng .
Ch 11.Xc nh khi lng ring ca mt ht nhn nguyn t. Mt in tch
ca ht nhn nguyn t ?
Phng php:
Ht nhn
A
Z
X: bn knh ht nhn tun theo cng thc tnh gn ng:
R = R
0
A
1/3
, vi R
0
= 1, 2fm = 1, 2.10
15
m
Khi lng ca mt ht nhn nguyn t: m =
A
N
A
Th tch ca mt ht nhn nguyn t: V =
4
3
R
3
=
4
3
R
3
0
A
* Khi lng ring ca ht nhn nguyn t: D =
m
V
=
3
4R
3
0
N
A
* in tch ca ht nhn nguyn t: q = Ze vi e = 1, 6.10
19
C
Mt in tch: =
q
V
(C/m
3
)

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Phuong Phap Giai Toan Vat Ly LTDH

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1

mi khi gia tc trng trng thay i t g sang g

: cng dng in qua on mch

B khng i ( vung gc vi dy): xc nh tn s rung ca dy f

E). Kho st chuyn ng ca electron ? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

B). Kho st chuyn ng ca electron ? . . . 63

l on ng cht im i c tng ng vi gc qut

Ch :Nu bit s dao ng n trong thi gian t, chu k: T =

t (*) chng ta suy ra: E = (n + 1)E

CH 9.Tm biu thc ng nng v th nng theo thi gian:

Ngoi ta chng ta c th tm bin bi cng thc:

1.Con lc n treo vo trn ca thang my ( chuyn ng thng ng ) vi gia tc a:

= mgl(cos cos ) (3)

mi khi gia tc trng trng thay i t g sang

: C nng ca con lc: E

CH 11.Xc nh chu k v bin ca con lc n vng inh (hay vt cn) khi

ThS Trn Anh Trung 22TTBDKT- LTH- S 8 L Li- Hu; 36 L Hun

CH 12.Xc nh thi gian hai con lc n tr li v tr trng phng (cng qua

3.Vit phng trnh sng ti mt im trn phng truyn sng:

, c bao nhiu gi tr nguyn ca k th c by nhiu ng

, c bao nhiu gi tr nguyn ca k th c by nhiu im bng ( k c

: cng dng in qua

Ch 6.on mch RLC: Cho bit U

Trong thi gian t, s dao ng n =

1.Trng hp LK c gc chit quang nh: D = (n 1)A

= ne gi l quang trnh ca nh sng

Ch 10. Tm khong cch a = S

ca electron ( hay vn tc v): B qua nng lng ca lng t so vi

l s photon p vo K trong thi gian t:

Cng sut ca ngun sng: P =

E). Kho st chuyn ng ca electron ?

B). Kho st chuyn ng ca electron

l ht nhn bn, khng b phn r na.

ln lc l khi lng ht nhn X v X

ti thi im kho st.

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