THNH PHN NGUYN T

Bi tp v thnh phn nguyn t Bi 1: Mt nguyn t c tng s ht l 26, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 6. Xc nh cc loi ht c bn v vit KHNT ca nguyn t trn Vit cu hnh v xc nh loi nguyn t s,p,d,f. Bi 2: Tng s ht ca mt nguyn t l 50. Trong nguyn t trn, s ht mang in tch dng t hn s ht khng mang in l 2 ht. Xc nh cc loi ht c bn v vit KHNT ca nguyn t trn Vit cu hnh v xc nh loi nguyn t s,p,d,f. Bi 3: Tng s ht ca mt nguyn t l 52, trong s ht khng mang in nhiu hn s ht mang in tch m l 1. Xc nh cc loi ht c bn v vit KHNT ca nguyn t trn Vit cu hnh v xc nh loi nguyn t s,p,d,f. Bi 4: Tng s ht trong mt ht nhn nguyn t l 30. Trong nguyn t trn, s ht mng in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 12 ht. Xc nh cc loi ht c bn v vit KHNT ca nguyn t trn Vit cu hnh v xc nh loi nguyn t s,p,d,f. Bi 4: Tng s ht trong mt nguyn t l 64. Trong ht nhn nguyn t trn, s ht mang in t hn s ht khng mang in l 4 ht. Xc nh cc loi ht c bn v vit KHNT ca nguyn t trn Vit cu hnh v xc nh loi nguyn t s,p,d,f Bi 6: Mt nguyn t c s khi l 41. Trong ht nhn, s ht khng mang in nhiu hn s ht mang in l 3. Xc nh cc loi ht c bn v vit KHNT ca nguyn t trn Vit cu hnh v xc nh loi nguyn t s,p,d,f Bi 7: Tng s ht trong mt nguyn t l 58. Trong nguyn t, s ht mang in chim 65,52% tng s ht. Xc nh cc loi ht c bn v vit KHNT ca nguyn t trn Vit cu hnh v xc nh loi nguyn t s,p,d,f Bi 8: tng s ht trong mt nguyn t l 34, trong s ht mang in tch dng chim 32,35% so vi tng s ht. Xc nh cc loi ht c bn v vit KHNT ca nguyn t trn Vit cu hnh v xc nh loi nguyn t s,p,d,f Bi 9: Tng s ht trong mt nguyn t l 58. Trong nguyn t, s ht khng mang in chim 37,97% so vi tng s ht. Xc nh cc loi ht c bn v vit KHNT ca nguyn t trn Vit cu hnh v xc nh loi nguyn t s,p,d,f Bi 10: Tng s ht trong ht nhn l 30. Trong nguyn t, s ht mang in bng 7/4 ln s ht khng mang in Xc nh cc loi ht c bn v vit KHNT ca nguyn t trn Vit cu hnh v xc nh loi nguyn t s,p,d,f Bi 11: Trong mt nguyn t c tng s ht l 60, trong s ht mang in tch gp i s ht khng mang in. Xc nh cc loi ht c bn v vit KHNT ca nguyn t trn
1 GV: Trng Quc Thng

THNH PHN NGUYN T

Vit cu hnh v xc nh loi nguyn t s,p,d,f Bi 12: Tng s ht trong ht nhn nguyn t l 28. Trong nguyn t ,s ht mang in tch m bng 9/10 s ht khng mang in. Xc nh cc loi ht c bn v vit KHNT ca nguyn t trn Vit cu hnh v xc nh loi nguyn t s,p,d,f Bi 13: tng s ht trong mt ht nhn nguyn t l 24. Trong nguyn t, s ht khng mang in bng mt na s ht mang in. Xc nh cc loi ht c bn v vit KHNT ca nguyn t trn Vit cu hnh v xc nh loi nguyn t s,p,d,f Bi 14 tng s ht trong mt nguyn t c tng s ht l 48, trong s ht mang in tch dng bng s ht khng mang in. Xc nh cc loi ht c bn v vit KHNT ca nguyn t trn Vit cu hnh v xc nh loi nguyn t s,p,d,f Bi 15: Tng s ht trong mt nguyn t l 38. Trong nguyn t, s ht khng mang in bng 7/12 ln s ht mang in. Xc nh cc loi ht c bn v vit KHNT ca nguyn t trn Vit cu hnh v xc nh loi nguyn t s,p,d,f Bi 16: Mt nguyn t c s khi l 37. Trong ht nhn, s ht mang in bng 0,85 ln s ht khng mang in. Xc nh cc loi ht c bn v vit KHNT ca nguyn t trn Vit cu hnh v xc nh loi nguyn t s,p,d,f Bi 17 Nguyn t ca kim loi M c s proton t hn s ntron l 1 v s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 10. Xc nh M MT S BI TP NNG CAO V THNH PHN NGUYN T. Bi 1: Tng s ht trong mt nguyn t l 40. Xc nh cc loi ht c bn trong nguyn t trn v vit KHNT Bi 2:Mt nguyn t khi to thnh ion dng theo qu trnh sau: M Mn+ + ne Bit rng, tng s ht trong ion M2+ l 62. Trong ht nhn nguyn t trn, s ht khng mang in bng 1,2 ln s ht mang in. Xc nh cc loi ht c bn trong nguyn t trn v vit KHNT. Bi 3: Mt nguyn t chuyn thnh ion m theo qu trnh sau: X + ne XnBit rng, tng s ht trong ion O2- l 28. Trong nguyn t oxi, s ht mang in tch dng bng 0,8 ln s ht khng mang in. Xc nh cc loi ht c bn trong nguyn t trn v vit KHNT Bi 4 Mt kim loi M c tng s khi bng 54, tng s ht p, n, e trong ion M2+ l 78. Vy nguyn t kim loi M c k hiu no sau y Bi 5 Trong phn t M2X c tng s ht (p, n, e) l 140 ht , trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 44 ht. S khi ca nguyn t M ln hn s khi ca nguyn t X l 23. Tng s ht (p, n, e) trong nguyn t M nhiu hn trong nguyn t X l 34 ht. Xc nh cc loi ht c bn trong M v X Bi 6 Hp cht Y c cng thc MX2 trong M chim 46,67% v khi lng. Trong ht nhn M c s ntron nhiu hn s proton l 4 ht. Trong ht nhn X s ntron bng s proton. Tng s proton trong
2 GV: Trng Quc Thng

THNH PHN NGUYN T

MX2 l 58. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca MX2 Bi 7 Cho bit tng s electron trong ion AB l 42. Trong cc ht nhn ca A cng nh B s proton bng s ntron. Xc nh s khi ca A, B. Bit s khi ca A gp i ca B Bi 8 Tng s ht proton, ntron, electron c trong mt loi nguyn t ca ,nguyn t Y l 54, trong tng s ht mang in gp s ht khng mang in l 1,7 ln. Hy xc nh s hiu nguyn t, s khi v vit k hiu nguyn t X. Bi 9 Tng s proton, ntron, electron trong nguyn t ca nguyn t X l 10. Hy xc nh s khi nguyn t ca nguyn t X Bi 10 Tng s proton, ntron, electron trong nguyn t ca nguyn t Y l 21. Hy xc nh thnh phn cu to nguyn t, gi tn v vit k hiu nguyn t X. Bi 11. Tng s proton, ntron, electron trong nguyn t ca nguyn t R l 34. Hy da vo bng tun hon xc nh nguyn t R. BI TP V NGUYN T KHI TRUNG BNH 65 63 Bi 1: ng c hai ng v bn 29 Cu v 29 Cu . Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng l 63,54. Tnh thnh phn phn trm ca mi ng v 79 81 Bi 2 Trong t nhin brom c hai ng v bn : 35 Br chim 50,69% s nguyn t v 35 Br chim 49,31% s nguyn t. Hy tm nguyn t khi trung bnh ca brom. Bi 3: Trong t nhin, nguyn t clo c hai ng v. Bit rng, ng v th nht chim 75,8%, tng s khi ca hai ng v l 72. Xc nh s khi ca mi ng v, bit NTKTB ca clo l 35,484. Bi 4 K trong t nhin c hai ng v, ng v th 2 l 41K v ng v th nht chim 93,3%. Bit rng NTKTB ca K l 39,134. Xc nh ng v th nht. Bi 5 Bit rng tng s ht trong ng v th hai nhiu hn tng s ht trong ng v th nht ca nguyn t Bo l 1. ng v th nht chim 20% v NTKTB ca Bo l 10,8. Xc nh hai ng v trn. Bi 6: Kali c khi lng nguyn t trung bnh l 40,08. Trong t nhin kali c hai ng v bn, ng v th nht c s khi l 39 chim 93,3%. Tnh s khi ca ng v cn li Bi 7: Tng s ht trong ht nhn ca hai ng v ca Brom l 160. ng v th 2 chim 49,3% v NTKTB ca Brom l 79,986. Xc nh k hiu ca hai ng v trn bit brom c s hiu l 35. Bi 8: Rubidi trong t nhin c hai ng v, vi ng v 1 chim 72,2%, v NTKTB ca Ru l 85,556. Bit rng, s ht khng mang in trong ng v 2 nhiu hn s ht khng mang in ca ng v 1 l 2 ht. Xc nh hai ng v trn. Bi 9: Bc(Ag) trong t nhin c hai ng v, trong ng v 1 chim 51,8%. ng v 2 c c im: tng s ht trong nguyn t l 156, trong s ht mang in nhiu hn s ht khng mang in l 32 ht. ng v 2 nhiu hn ng v 1 l 2 ht. a.Xc nh KHNT ca hai ng v b.Xc nh NTKTB ca Ag. Bi 10: Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca brom l 79,91. Brom c hai ng v, bit ng v 54,5% . Hy xc nh nguyn t khi ca ng v 2.
3
79 35

Br chim

GV: Trng Quc Thng

THNH PHN NGUYN T

Bi 11: Oxi trong t nhin c hai ng v. Bit rng c 1 ng v th 2 th c 499 ng v th nht. NTKTB ca Oxi l 16,004. Trong , ng v th 2 nhiu hn ng v th nht l 2 ht. Xc nh s khi ca mi ng v. Bi 12. Bo trong t nhin c hai ng v bn: 10 B v 11 B . Mi khi c 760 nguyn t 10 B th c bao nhiu 5 5 5 nguyn t ng v 5 B . Bit AB = 10,81. Bi 13: Li c hai ng v, t l s nguyn t ca ng v 1 so vi ng v 2 l 3/37. Tng s khi ca hai ng v l 13, NTKTB ca Li l 6,925. Xc nh KHNT ca hai ng v bit rng Li c s ht mang in tch m l 7. Bi 14: Nguyn t R c hai ng v R1 v R2 c tng s khi l 128. S nguyn t ng v R1 bng 0,37 ln s nguyn t ng v R2. Tnh s khi ca R1 v R2 bit rng NTKTB ca R l 63,54. Bi 15: Trong t nhin ng c hai ng v l 63Cu v 65Cu. NTKTB ca Cu l 63,616. Hi trong hp cht CuO, 63Cu chim bao nhiu phn trm( bit Oxi c NTKTB l 16) Bi 16: Li trong t nhin c hai ng v l 6Li v 7Li. NTKTB ca Li l 6,925. Hi nu c 39 ng v th nht th c my ng v th 2. Bi 17: Trong t nhin bo(B) c hai ng v: 10 B v 11 B . Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca bo 10,81. 5 5 a) Tnh phn trm ca mi ng v. 11 16 b) Tnh phn trm khi lng 5 B trong axit boric H3BO3 ( Bit H l ng v 11 H ; O l ng v 8 O ) Bi 18 Trong t nhin ng v 17 Cl chim 24,23% s nguyn t, cn li l ng v 35Cl a.Tnh NTKTB ca Clo. 37 b. Tnh thnh phn phn trm v khi lng 17 Cl c trong HClO4 v phn trm v khi lng
16 39 37 11

35 17

Cl c

trong KClO3 (vi H l ng v 11 H ; O l ng v 8 O ; K l ng v 19 K ) ? Cho nguyn t khi trung bnh ca clo bng 35,5. 2 Bi 19 C hai ng v 11 H (k hiu l H) v 1 H (k hiu l D). a) Vit cc loi cng thc phn t hiro c th c v Tnh phn t khi ca mi loi phn t.. b. Oxi c 3 ng v ln lt c s khi l 16, 17, 18. Xc nh s phn t H2O c th c t cc ng v ca hai nguyn t trn. 2 Bi 20. Hiro c nguyn t khi l 1,008. Hi c bao nhiu nguyn t ca ng v 1 H trong 1 ml nc
2 ( cho rng trong nc ch c ng v 11 H v 1 H ) ? ( Cho khi lng ring ca nc l 1 g/ml) Bi 21. Agon tch ra t khng kh l hn hp ba ng v : 99,6% 40 Ar ; 0,063% 38 Ar ; 0,337% 36 Ar . Tnh th tch ca 15 g Ar iu kin tiu chun. 2 Bi 22. Hiro c iu ch bng cch in phn nc, hiro gm hai loi ng v 11 H v 1 D . Hi 2 trong 100 g nc ni trn c bao nhiu ng v 1 D ? Bit rng nguyn t khi ca hiro l 1,008 v oxi l 16. Bi 23. Trong t nhin oxi c ba ng v 16 O ; 17 O ; 18 O , cacbon c hai ng v 12 C ; 13C .Hi c th c bao 8 8 8 6 6 nhiu loi phn t kh cacbonic hp thnh t cc ng v trn ? Vit cng thc phn t v tnh phn t khi ca chng.

GV: Trng Quc Thng

THNH PHN NGUYN T

2 3 Bi 24. Hiro c ba ng v 11 H , 1 H v 1 H . Clo c hai ng v l 17 Cl v 17 Cl . Hy cho bit c bao nhiu phn t hiro clorua to thnh t cc ng v khc nhau v tnh phn t khi ca mi phn t. 2 Bi 25. Trong t nhin oxi tn ti 3 ng v bn : 16 O ; 17 O ; 18 O v hiro c ba ng v bn l : 11 H , 1 H v 8 8 8 3 1 35 37

H . Hi c bao nhiu phn t nc c to thnh v phn t khi ca mi loi l bao nhiu?

Bi 26 Trong t nhin, nguyn t X c hai ng v bn vi s nguyn t t l nhau theo th t ln lt l 1:4. Tng s khi ca hai ng v l 21, ht nhn ng v th hai hn ht nhn ng v th nht 1 ntron. Xc nh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca nguyn t X Bi 27 Bit rng oxi c hai ng v sau:16O v 18O. NTKTB ca nc bng 16,004 v khi lng ring ca nc l 1g/ml. Tnh s nguyn t 16O c trong mt 1 ml nc (trong nc H tn ti ng v 2H). Bi 28 Mt nguyn t X c 2 ng v vi t l nguyn t ng v 1 so vi ng v 2 l
27 . Ht nhn 23

nguyn t X c 35 proton. Trong nguyn t ca ng v th nht c 44 ntron. S ntron trong nguyn t ng v th hai nhiu hn trong ng v th nht l 2 ht. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca X. Bi 29. Nguyn t X c 3 ng v l X1 chim 92,23% , X2 chim 4,67% v X3 chim 3,10%. Tng s khi ca 3 ng v l 87. S ntron trong X2 nhiu hn trong X1 l 1 ht. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca X l 28,0855. a) Hy tm X1 , X2 v X3 . b) Nu trong X1 c s ntron bng s proton. Hy tm s ntron trong nguyn t ca mi loi ng v Bi 30. Cho mt dung dch cha 8,19 gam mui NaX tc dng mt lng d dung dch AgNO3 thu c 20,09 gam kt ta . a) Tm nguyn t khi v gi tn X. b) X c hai ng v, gi s s nguyn t ca ng v th nht nhiu gp 3 ln s nguyn t ca ng v th hai. Ht nhn ca ng v th nht c t hn ht nhn ng v th hai 2 ntron. Tm s khi ca mi ng v. Bi 31. Mt nguyn t R c 3 ng v X, Y, Z , bit tng s ht ca 3 ng v bng 129, s ntron ng v X hn ng v Y mt ht. ng v Z c s proton bng s ntron. Xc nh in tch ht nhn nguyn t v s khi ca 3 ng v X, Y, Z ? Bi 32. Cho hp cht XY2 to bi hai nguyn t X, Y. Y c hai ng v : 79Y chim 55% s nguyn t Y v ng v 81Y . Trong XY2, phn trm khi lng ca X l bng 28,51%. Tnh nguyn t khi trung bnh ca X, Y. 35 37 38 39 Bi 33 . Clo trong t nhin gm hai ng v 17 Cl v 17 Cl ; Silic gm hai ng v 14 Si v 14 Si . Hp cht silic clorua SiCl4 gm c bao nhiu loi phn t c thnh phn ng v khc nhau. BI TP LIN QUAN N BN KNH NGUYN T Tnh bn knh gn ng ca nguyn t Au 200C bit nhit khi lng ring ca Au l 19,32 g/cm3, v gi thit trong tinh th cc nguyn t Au l nhng hnh cu chim 75% th tch, phn cn li l nhng khe rng. Cho khi lng nguyn t Au l 196,97. p n : rAu = 1,44.10-8 cm. Bi 12. Cho rng ht nhn nguyn t v chnh nguyn t H c dng hnh cu. Ht nhn nguyn t hiro c bn knh gn ng bng 10-15 m, bn knh nguyn t H bng 0,53.10-15m. a) Hy xc nh khi lng ring ca ht nhn v nguyn t H. b) So snh kt qu tm c so vi khi lng ring ca Au kim loi:19,32 g/cm3.
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THNH PHN NGUYN T

p n : d = 2,66 g/cm3 Bi 13. Cho bit khi lng ca nguyn t C gp 11,905 ln khi lng ca nguyn t H. Hy tnh nguyn t khi ca H ra u v ra gam. Cho bit khi lng ca nguyn t C bng 12 u. p n : 1,008 u v 1,673.10-24gam Bi 14. Bn knh nguyn t hidro gn bng 0,053 nm, cn bn knh ht nhn gn bng 10-5nm. Cho rng c ht nhn v nguyn t c dng hnh cu, hy tnh t l th tch ton nguyn t so vi th tch ht nhn. p n : 1,5.1014 ln. Bi 15. Bn knh gn ng ca mt ntron l 1,5.10-10 m, cn khi lng ca ntron l 1,675.10-27kg. Tnh khi lng ring ca ntron (xem ntron c dng cu). p n : 118.109 kg/cm3 Nguyn t km c bn knh l r = 1,35.10-10m, c khi lng nguyn t l 54 u. a) Tm khi lng ring ca nguyn t st. b) Thc t hu nh ton b khi lng nguyn t tp trung vo ht nhn vi bn knh r = 2.10-15m. Tnh khi lng ring ca nguyn t km. p n : a) d = 10 g/cm3 b) 2.1039 u hay 3,32.1015 gam (hn 3 t tn). Bi 6. Tnh bn knh gn ng ca nguyn t canxi, bit th tch ca mt mol canxi bng 25,87cm3. Bit trong tinh th, nguyn t canxi ch chim 75% th tch, cn li l cc khe trng. p n : r = 1,97.10-8 cm. Bi 7. Xc nh bn knh gn ng ca Ca, Fe v Au nu t khi (khi lng ring) ca cc kim loi ln lt l 1,55 ; 7,9 ; 19,3. Cho Ca = 40,08; Fe = 55,935; Au = 196,97. p n : rCa = 1,97.10-8 cm; rAu = 1,44. 10-8cm; rFe = 1,28. 10-8cm.

GV: Trng Quc Thng