MN L THUYT MNG MY TNH

CHNG II.COMMUNICATING OVER THE NETWORK TI: M HNH TCP/IP

Ngi son:Nguyn Vn Hng. Lp: DCT 11. GVHD:Hunh Triu V

Ni dung:
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

6.
7. 8.

S hnh thnh v pht trin. M hnh TCP/IP. Cch truyn ,dng gi d liu. Chc nng chnh ca cc tng trong m hnh TCP/IP. Cc giao thc trn tng Giao vn(vn chuyn). Giao thc TCP/UDP v IP. Cc giao thc trn tng Mng(Internet). Cc giao thc tng Network Interface.

TNG QUAN V M HNH TCP/IP:

1.

S hnh thnh v pht trin:

TCP/IP (Tranmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) : l b giao

thc cng lm vic vi nhau cung cp phng tin truyn thng lin mng .Ta cng th hiu: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) l giao thc thuc tng vn chuyn v l mt giao thc c kt ni (connected-oriented). IP (Internet Protocol) l giao thc thuc tng mng ca m hnh OSI v l mt giao thc khng kt ni (connectionless). TCP/IP c pht trin t thi k u ca Internet,c d xut bi Vinton G.Cerf v Robert E.Kahn(M),1974. M hnh TCP/IP bn tng c thit k da trn h giao thc TCP/IP.

2. TCP/IP Layers & Protocols

Layer

Protocol

3.Cch truyn ,ng gi d liu ca TCP/IP:

D liu c x l bi tng Application. Tng Application t chc DL theo khun dng v trt t tng ng

dng my nhn c th hiu c. Tng xung tng di theo dng byte ng dng gi d liu ni byte. Tng ng dng gi cc thng tin iu khin khc gip xc nh a ch n, i ca d liu. Khi ti tng giao vn, DL s c ng thnh cc gi c kch thc nh hn 64 KB (Segment (TCP) /Datagram (UDP)) . Cc on d liu ca tng giao vn s c nh a ch logic ti tng Internet nh giao thc IP, sau d liu c ng thnh cc gi d liu (Packet/Datagram) .

 Khi cc gi d liu t tng Internet ti tng tip cn mng, n s

c gn thm mt header khc to thnh khung d liu (frame). DL ti my nhn gi c x l theo chiu ngc li. S ng gi d liu:

Application Data Transport TCP Header IP Header Etherne t Header IP Header TCP Header Data Data

Internet Network Interface

TCP Header

Data

Ethernet Trailer

4 .Cc chc nng ca cc Lp trong TCP/IP: Lp Application:

Qun l cc giao thc, nh h tr vic trnh by, m ha v qun l

cuc gi. Kim sot cc giao thc lp cao, cc ch v trnh by, biu din thng tin, m ha v iu khin hi thoi. c t cho cc ng dng ph bin: + FTP (File Transfer Protocol): l dch v c to cu ni, s dng TCP truyn cc tp tin gia cc h thng. + TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol): l dch v khng to cu ni, s dng UDP. c dng trn router truyn cc file cu hnh v h iu hnh. + NFS (Network File System): cho php truy xut file n cc thit b lu tr xa nh mt a cng qua mng. + SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol): qun l hot ng truyn e-mail qua mng my tnh.

+ Telnet (Terminal emulation): cung cp kh nng truy nhp t xa vo my tnh khc. Telnet client l host cc b, telnet server l host xa. + SNMP (Simple Network Management): cung cp mt phng php gim st v iu khin cc thit b mng. + DNS (Domain Name System): thng dch tn ca cc min (Domain) v cc node mng c cng khai sang cc a ch IP.

Cc cng ph bin cho cc giao thc lp ng dng.

5. Lp Transport(Vn chuyn).
Chc nng: m nhim vic vn chuyn t ngun n ch. Tng Transport m

nhim vic truyn d liu thng qua hai nghi thc TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) v UDP (User Datagram Protocol). Truyn thng gia cc thit b ,dn truyn internet ,chn thm cc thng tin iu khin ,tiu . Cc giao thc ca tng Transport: C hai giao thc ti tng vn chuyn l : TCP ( Transport Control Protocol) v UDP ( User Datagram Protocol ). C hai u nm gia tng ng dng v tng mng. TCP v UDP c trch nhim truyn thng tin trnh vi tin trnh ti tng giao vn (process to process). TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) hoc UDP (User Datagram Protocol): Mt trong hai giao thc ny s i km IP nhm m bo tnh chnh xc trong qu trnh truyn/nhn d liu.

TCP v UDP (User Datagram Protocol): - Phn on d liu ng dng lp trn. - Truyn cc segment t mt thit b u cui ny n thit b u cui khc. Ring TCP cn c thm cc chc nng: - Thit lp cc hot ng end-to-end. - Ca s trt cung cp iu khin lung. - Ch s tun t v bo nhn cung cp tin cy cho hot ng. Ngoi ra: TCP l mt giao thc kiu hng lin kt ( connection oriented ) ngha l cn phi thit lp lin kt locgic trc khi c th truyn d liu.
n v d liu dng trong TCP c gi l segment ( on d liu ) c khun dng c m t di y :

 Nhim v ca TCP :
- L giao thc iu khin ng truyn. - TCP l tng trung gian gia giao thc IP bn di v mt ng dng bn trn trong b giao thc TCP/IP. - TCP ng tin cy, lm cho cc ng dng c cung cp cc kt ni th lin lc trong sut vi nhau. - TCP lm nhim v ca tng giao vn trong m hnh OSI n gin ca cc mng my tnh. - S dng TCP, cc ng dng trn my c th trao i d liu hoc cc gi tin. - TCP h tr nhiu giao thc ng dng ph bin nht trn Internet v cc ng dng kt qu, trong c WWW, th in t,

6.Cu trc gi ca TCP:

Cu trc gi tin TCP:

- Source port: port ngun - Destination Port: port ch - Sequence numbers tun t ( sp xp cc gi tin theo ng trt t ca n). - Acknowledgment number ACK (s): s th t ca Packet m bn nhn ang ch i. - Header Length: chiu di ca gi tin. - Reserved: tr v 0 - Code bit: cc c iu khin. - Windows: kch thc ti a m bn nhn c th nhn c. - Checksum: my nhn s dng 16 bit ny kim tra d liu trong gi tin c ng hay khng. - Data: d liu trong gi tin (nu c).

 Nguyn tc hot ng:

Cc ng dng gi cc dng gm cc byte 8-bit ti TCP chuyn qua mng TCP phn chia dng byte ny thnh cc on (segment) c kch thc thch hp. Sau , TCP chuyn cc gi tin thu c ti giao thc IP gi n qua mt lin mng ti m un TCP ti my tnh ch. Thit lp kt ni: Bc 1: Client gi mt gi tin (SYN) xin kt ni vi server ti mt cng no . Bc 2: Server tr bng li mt gi tin chp nhn kt ni (SYN-ACK). Bc 3: Client gi mt tn hiu bo nhn (ACK) cho server. n y, c client v server u nhn c mt tin bo nhn (acknowledgement) v kt ni, v vic truyn d liu s din ra cho ti khi c tin hiu ng kt ni ca mt trong hai bn, y chnh l c im m ngi ta xp TCP vo loi giao thc kt ni tin cy.

Truyn d liu:
S th t v tin bo nhn gii quyt c cc vn v b hng/mt v cc gi lp gi tin, truyn li nhng gi tin n sai th t. Tin bo nhn (hoc khng c tin bo nhn) l tn hiu v tnh trng ng truyn gia 2 my tnh. TCP s dng mt s c ch nhm t c hiu sut cao v ngn nga kh nng nghn mng gm: ca s trt (sliding window), cc thut ton: slow-start, trnh nghn mng (congestion avoidance), truyn li v phc hi nhanh, ... Nhn xt: - Truyn d liu khng li (c ch sa li/truyn li). - Truyn cc gi d liu theo ng th t. - Truyn li cc gi d liu mt trn ng truyn. - Loi b cc gi d liu trng lp. - C ch hn ch tc nghn ng truyn.

Kt thc kt ni:
Mt qu trnh kt thc c 2 cp gi tin trao i Khi mt bn mun kt thc, n gi i mt gi tin kt thc (FIN) v bn kia gi li tin bo nhn (ACK). Mt kt ni c th tn ti dng na m: 1 bn kt thc gi d liu nn ch nhn thng tin, bn kia vn tip tc gi.

GIAO THC UDP :

L giao thc khng hng ni. - Internet cung cp sn hai giao thc vn ti cho cc ng dng ca n,UDP v TCP. - Giao thc giao vn cc k n gin. - Dch v kiu c gng ti a, cc segment ca UDP c th : + Mt. + Tng ng dng chu trch nhim sp xp theo ng th t. - Khng hng ni: + Pha gi, pha nhn khng cnbt tay + Cc segment UDP c x l c lp. UDP l giao thc khng kt ni, khng tin cy nh giao thc TCP, n c s dng thay th TCP trong mt s ng dng. N khng c chc nng thit lp v gii phng lin kt. N cng khng cung cp cc c ch bo nhn, khng sp xp cc n v d liu theo th t n v c th dn n tnh trng mt d liu hoc trng d liu m khng h c thng bo li cho ngi gi. UDP cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s hiu cng nh danh duy nht cho cc ng dng chy trn mt trm ca mng. Do c t chc nng nn UDP c xu hng chy nhanh hn so vi TCP. N thng c s dng cho cc ng dng i hi tin cy khng cao.

7. Lp Internet:
1. Chc nng: - m nhim vic chn la ng i tt nht cho cc gi tin. Nghi thc c s dng chnh tng ny l nghi thc IP (Internet Protocol). - X l vic lin lc ca cc thit b trn mng, m nhim vic chn la ng i tt nht cho cc gi tin. Giao thc chnh hot ng tng ny l giao thc IP . - nh a ch ,ng gi v nh tuyn ng i. 2. Giao thc: IP: khng quan tm n ni dung ca cc gi nhng tm kim ng dn cho gi ti ch. ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): em n kh nng iu khin v chuyn thng ip. ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): xc nh a ch lp lin kt s liu (MAC address) khi bit trc a ch IP. RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol): xc nh cc a ch IP khi bit trc a ch MAC.

Giao thc IP:

L giao thc truyn d liu da vo a ch IP (IP address) My tnh, Printer, Modem(gi chung l Host) tham gia mng dng

TCP/IP phi c mt a ch IP ring. a ch IP gm 32 bit, chia lm 4 Octet. Thng thng, gi tr mi Octet c vit dng Dec (v d: 192.168.1.10). Cung cp kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnh lin kt mng truyn d liu. IP c vai tr nh giao thc tng mng trong OSI. Giao thc IP l giao thc khng lin kt. S a ch ha nh danh cc trm (host) trong lin mng c gi l a ch IP 32 bit. a ch IP gm: netid v hostid (a ch my)a ch IP l nh danh duy nht cho mt my tnh bt k trn lin mng.

Cc giao thc khc:

1. ARP: Trong mng, hai trm ch c th lin lc vi nhau nu chng bit a ch vt l ca nhau Cn phi tm c nh x gia a ch IP (32 bits) v a ch vt l ca mt trm (MAC) ARP tm a ch vt l t a ch IP cn thit. 2. RARP: RARP tm a ch IP t a ch vt l. 3. ICMP: Truyn cc thng bo iu khin gia cc gateway hoc mt nt ca lin mng. Cc li: + Gi tin IP khng th ti ch + Router khng b nh m lu, chuyn mt gi tin IP Mt thng bo ICMP c to v chuyn cho IP. IP s bc (encapsulate) thng bo vi mt IP header v truyn n

8 .Lp Network Interface:

Chc nng:

- Lp Network Interface : C tnh cht tng t nh hai lp Data Link v Physical ca kin trc OSI. - nh ra cc th tc giao tip vi cc phn cng mng v truy nhp mi trng truyn.Cc chc nng ca tng giao tip mng bao gm nh x a ch IP sang a ch vt l v gi cc gi IP thnh cc frame. Cn c vo dng phn cng v giao tip mng, lp giao tip mng s xc lp kt ni vi ng truyn vt l ca mng. Chia thnh 2 tng con: + Lp vt l: lm vic vi cc thit b vt l, truyn ti dng bit 0, 1 t ni gi n ni nhn. +Lp lin kt d liu: ti y d liu c t chc thnh cc khung (frame). Phn u khung cha a ch v thng tin iu khin, phn cui khung dnh cho vic pht hin li.

 a d liu ti v nhn d liu t phng tin truyn dn.Bao gm

cc thit b vt l nh card mng v cap mng. Nh card enthernet cha a ch iu khin truy nhp phng tin (MAC).

CM N THY C V CC BN CH LNG NGHE!