CBHD: Hunh Thu Hnh Phc trnh th nghim qu trnh v thit b

MC LC
1. MC CH...............................................................................................................2
2. PHC TRNH...........................................................................................................2
4. TI LIU THAM KHO........................................................................................17
Nhom 2C
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CBHD: Hunh Thu Hnh Phc trnh th nghim qu trnh v thit b
CHNG CT GIN ON
1. MC CH
Kho st qu trnh phn ring hn hp hai cu t bng phng php chng ct. S nh
hng ca t s hon lu dn hiu sut chng ct.
2. PHC TRNH
1.1. Kt qu o c
Bng 2.1.1: Kt qu
Nhp liu Sn phm y Sn phm nh
R = 1
Nhit 29C Nhit 33C Nhit 31.5C
ru 43 ru 42 ru 95
Bng 2.1.2: Thit b ngng t
Nhit nc vo: 29.5C
Nhit nc ra: 30.4C
Lu lng nc: 100 L/h
1.2. Tnh ton
Bng 2.2.1: Chuyn i ru v 15C
Nhp liu Sn phm y Sn phm nh
ru trn ph k 43.0 42.0 95.0
ru v 15C 37.1 34.4 88.4
Phn trm th tch (%V) 37.1 34.4 88.4
1.2.1. Lng sn phm nh v y thu c
Chn cn bn tnh l 1h
Gi: F l lng nhp liu ban u (mol)
D l lng sn phm nh (mol)
W l lng sn phm y (mol)
Cn bng vt cht cho ton h thng:
F = D + W (1)
Cn bng vt cht cho cu t d bay hi:
Nhom 2C
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CBHD: Hunh Thu Hnh Phc trnh th nghim qu trnh v thit b
F.x
F
= D.x
D
+ W.x
W
(2)
Ta c ru a ra phn mol x:

,
_

a
a 1
M
M

1
1
x
N
R
R
N
15C
N
= 999.68 kg/m
3
;
R
= 793.25 kg/m
3
Suy ra:
0.155
0.371
0.371 1
18
46
793.25
999.68
1
1
x
F

,
_

0.703
0.884
0.884 1
18
46
793.25
999.68
1
1
x
D

,
_

0.14
0.344
0.344 1
18
46
793.25
999.68
1
1
x
W

,
_

Phn t lng trung bnh hn hp:

M
hh
= (1 - 0.155)18 + 0.70346 = 47.55 v.C
Phn khi lng:
0.067
0.155) (1
18
46
0.155
0.155
) x (1
M
M
x
x
x
R
N
R
R
R
R

+

Khi lng ring ca hn hp:

) x (1 x

R R N R
N R
hh
+

3
hh
kg/m 982.55
0.067) 793.25(1 999.68 0.067
793.25 999.68

+

Suy ra khi lng hn hp:
Nhom 2C
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CBHD: Hunh Thu Hnh Phc trnh th nghim qu trnh v thit b
m
hh
=
hh
.V
hh
= 982.550.005 = 4.913 kg
Vi V
hh
= 5 L
S mol ca hn hp:
mol 103.32 1000
47.55
4.913
M
m
n
hh
hh
hh

T (1) & (2) ta c h phng trnh:

'

'

+
+
mol 100.567 W
mol 2.753 D
0.155 103.32 0.14W 0.703D
103.32 W D
Vy s mol sn phm nh thu c l 2.753 mol v s mol sn phm y thu c l
100.567 mol.
1.2.2. Tnh t s hon lu cc b ri suy ra t s hon lu ton phn
T s hon lu cc b c tnh theo cng thc:
N D R D
i
i
).D.r x (1 .D.r x
Q
R
+

(*)
Trong :
Q
i
= Q
R
- Q
C
Q
R
= 483 W (nhit cung cp cho ni un)
Q
C
= F.C.t
F = 100 L/h (lng nc qua thit b ngng t)
Da vo bng thng s vt l ca nc trn ng bo ha, Bng tra cu c s nhit
cng nghip ni suy ta c: C = 4.174 (kJ/kg.)
Khi lng ring ca nc C 29.95
2
30.4 29.5
t
o

+
l
N
= 995.61 kg/m
3
Ta c:
( ) W 103.89 C 0.9
C kg.
J
4174
m
kg
995.61
s
m
3600
10 100
Q
o
o 3
3 3
C

,
_

,
_

,
_

Khi Q
i
= Q
R
- Q
C
= 483 - 103.89 = 379.11 W = 1364.78 kJ/h
Tra bng nhit ha hi ca mt s cht thng dng, sch tra cu - Phan Vn Thm.
Nhom 2C
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CBHD: Hunh Thu Hnh Phc trnh th nghim qu trnh v thit b
nhit TI 1 = 84.8C ta c:
r
R
= 903.208 kJ/kg
r
N
= 2295.50 kJ/kg
Tnh D (kg):
Ta c:
m
D
= n.M
hh
= 2.753[0.70346 + (1 - 0.703)18] = 103.74 g/h = 0.10374 kg/h
(Chn cn bn tnh l 1h)
T (*) ta c t s hon lu cc b:
9.99
2295.5 0.10374 0.703) (1 903.208 0.10374 0.703
1364.78
R
i

+

Suy ra t s hon lu tng:

R
T
= R + R
i
= 0.5 + 9.99 = 10.49
1.2.3. V s xc nh s mm l thuyt
V th x,y
T s liu cn bng pha ca ru etylic - nc v ng cn bng
x 0 5 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
y 0 33.2 44.2 53.1 57.6 61.4 65.4 69.9 75.3 81.8 89.8 100
Phng trnh ng lm vic ca on luyn (on ct)
D
T T
T
x
1 R
1
x
1 R
R
y
+
+
+

T s hon lu tng R
T
= 10.49
0.061 0.913x 0.703
1 10.49
1
x
1 10.49
10.49
y +
+
+
+

th ng lm vic ca on ct i qua im:
x = 0 => y = 0.061
x = x
D
=> y = x = x
D
= 0.703
V s mm l thuyt bt u t im x = y = 0.703
Nhom 2C
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CBHD: Hunh Thu Hnh Phc trnh th nghim qu trnh v thit b
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2
Hnh 2.2.1: S xc nh s mm l thuyt
T (Hnh 2.2.1) suy ra s mm l thuyt l 2
1.2.4. Tnh hiu sut tng qut ca thp
28.57% 100
7
2
E
0

Nhom 2C
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x
W
x
D
y
x
CBHD: Hunh Thu Hnh Phc trnh th nghim qu trnh v thit b
3. NHN XT
1.3. Nhn xt ca Bi Rng ng
1.3.1. H ng ph l g ? c im ca h ? Cch khc phc?
H ng ph l h gm cc cu t c nhit si gn bng nhau.
c im ca h ng ph: Ti im ng ph, pha lng v pha hi c cng mt
thnh phn cu t, do nu un si hn hp ng ph th pha hi sau khi
ngng t s c thnh phn ging nh pha lng ban u. Khng th phn ring
hon ton cc cu t ny bng phng php chng ct thng thng.
Khc phc: Thm vo hn hp ng ph mt cu t th ba
V d: im ng ph ca hn hp etanol nc l nng 96% etanol v
4% nc. ph v im si hn hp nhm thc hin vic chng ct th mt
lng nh benzen c th thm vo. Benzen to ra im si hn hp cp ba vi
nc v etanol nhm loi b etanol ra khi nc, v im si hn hp cp hai
vi etanol loi b phn ln benzen. Etanol c to ra khng cha nc.
Dng cht ht m cho vo h ht bt nc (nu chng ct h c nc) do
sau khi chng sn phm nh thu c s c nng cao hn.
Kt hp phng php chng ct vi phng php hp ph ry phn t bng
zeolit 3A gi cc phn t nc c kch thc nh trong cc mao qun zeolit
i qua. Sau gia nhit ui nc trong mao qun zeolit bay ra.
Chng ct p sut chn khng: khi thay i p sut th nhit si ca cc cu
t s thay i theo nhng hng khc nhau. Lc im ng ph s khng cn
na. Nhng nu chng ct chn khng th rt c tin, dn n chi ph cao.
Nhom 2C
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CBHD: Hunh Thu Hnh Phc trnh th nghim qu trnh v thit b
1.3.2. ngha ca vic hon lu? V sao t s hon lu cng ln th nng sn
phm nh cng cao? C th b qua hon lu c khng? V sao?
ngha ca vic hon lu: Hon lu gip tng nng sn phm nh, trnh
hin tng kh mm.
T s hon lu cng ln th lng hn hp lng sn phm nh c a v cng
cao. Hi t thp chng ct i ln thit b ngng t tip xc vi lng lng hon
lu ny. Trong hi cha 2 thnh phn: phn ln cu t etanol v mt phn nh
hi nc. Dng hon lu cng cha 2 thnh phn: etanol v nc dng lng.
Do s tip xc gia pha hi v pha lng, cu t etanol trong hi s li ko mt
lng etanol trong dung dch hon lu, ng thi hi nc trong pha hi s
c gi li mt phn trong dung dch hon lu. Lng hi sau khi tip xc vi
dung dch hon lu s c nng cu t etanol cao hn, ng thi gim nng
cu t nc. Do khi c ngng t, nng sn phm nh cng tng ln.
Qu trnh tip tc, sn phm nh ny s c hon lu li, tng ng s c
nng cu t etanol cao hn dng hon lu ban u. C th s tip xc pha
hi v pha lng km s li cun cu t c bay hi cao din ra lin tc, nng
sn phm nh thu c cng cao.
Vi ngha ca vic hon lu nh trn nn nu b qua hon lu th nng sn
nh s khng cao, hiu sut chng ct s thp.
1.3.3. Ph k
nh ngha: Ph k l mt dng c o lng xc nh khi lng ring ca
mt cht lng. N thng c lm bng thy tinh c hnh tr v mt u c
qu bng cha thy ngn hay kim loi nng gi n nm thng ng.
Cch o: Cht lng (ru) c rt vo ng ong, v ph k c th nh vo
trong ng cho n khi n ni l lng. V tr m b mt cht lng tip xc vi
ph k c nh du v c so snh trn thang o bng di vch t nm
Nhom 2C
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CBHD: Hunh Thu Hnh Phc trnh th nghim qu trnh v thit b
trong ph k. Khi lng ring ca cht lng c c trc tip trn thang o
cng l ru.
Nguyn l: Nguyn tc hot ng ca ph k da vo lc y csimt. Ph k
ni cn bng khi trng lc ca n b cn bng bi trng lng ca th tch cht
lng b n chim ch. Nu khi lng ring cht lng cng nh, th tch chim
cng ln v ph k cng chm su. Trong cc cht lng nh nh du ha, xng
v cn, ph k chm su hn cc cht lng nng nh sa, axt.
Nhom 2C
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CBHD: Hunh Thu Hnh Phc trnh th nghim qu trnh v thit b
1.4. Nhn xt ca V Phng Ghil
1.4.1. Gia chng ct gin on v chng ct lin tc c g ging v khc
u l qu trnh phn ring hn hp lng cng nh hn hp lng - kh thnh cc cu
t ring bit da vo bay hi khc nhau ca cc cu t trong hn hp.
Chng ct gin on l chng ct theo tng m. Gia nhit cho mt hn hp gm hai
cht A v B n khi dung dch bay hi pha trn phn lng.Trong phn hi ny th t l
gia A v B s khc vi t l trong phn lng (ngha l A s nhiu hn B). iu ny s
lm cho t l gia 2 thnh phn lun thay i trong qu trnh chng ct v thnh phn
B s ngy cng tng ln trong dung dch.
Chng ct lin tc. Hn hp cht lng s lin tc c cho vo qu trnh v vic tch
cht c lin tc thc hin theo thi gian. Qu trnh ny lun tn ti thnh phn cn
li di y v n cha cc thnh phn kh bay hi nht trong dung dch. C mt
iu khc bit c trng gia chng ct lin tc so vi chng ct theo m l nng
dung dch lun khng i theo thi gian.
1.4.2. Thp chng ct
Chng ct l qu trnh dng nhit tch mt hn hp lng ra thnh cc cu t
ring bit da vo bay hi khc nhau ca cc cu t trong hn hp cng
mt nhit o.
Trong nhiu trng hp c mt t l nht nh ca hn hp hai cht lng m
khng th tip tc tch bng phng php chng ct c na. Cc hn hp ny
c gi l hn hp ng ph. Nu mun tng nng ca cn phi dng n
cc phng php tinh ct c bit khc.
C th s dng cc loi thp chng ct sau:
Thp chng ct dng mm xuyn l hoc mm a li
Thp chng ct dng mm chp
Nhom 2C
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CBHD: Hunh Thu Hnh Phc trnh th nghim qu trnh v thit b
Thp m (thp chng ct dng vt chm)
1.4.3. Nhn xt v u khuyt im ca tng loi thp
Thp mm xuyn l
u im: ch to n gin, v sinh d dng, tr lc thp hn thp chp, t tn
kim loi hn thp chp.
Nhc im: yu cu lp t cao: mm lp phi rt phng, i vi nhng thp
c ng knh qu ln, ln hn 2.4 m t dng mm xuyn l v khi cht lng
phn phi khng u trn mm.
Thp chp
u im: hiu sut truyn khi cao, n nh, t tiu hao nng lng hn nn c
s mm t hn.
Nhc im: ch to phc tp, tr lc ln.
Thp m
u im: ch to n gin, tr lc thp
Nhc im: hiu sut thp, km n nh do s phn b cc pha theo tit din
thp khng u, s dng thp chm khng cho php ta kim sot qu trnh
chng ct theo khng gian thp trong khi thp mm th qu trnh th hin
qua tng mm mt cch r rng, thp chm kh ch to c kch thc ln
qui m cng nghip.
Nhom 2C
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CBHD: Hunh Thu Hnh Phc trnh th nghim qu trnh v thit b
1.5. Nhn xt ca Ng Ch Tim
1.5.1. Thit b ngng t
Thit b ngng t c cu trc ba lp gm: v ngoi, phn trong v ng xon. Khi
hi s i trong phn gia ca thit b ngng t. Thit b c cu to nh th
nhm mc ch tng b mt tip xc gia cht gii nhit v hi tng hiu qu
trong qu trnh gii nhit v gim tht thot hi ra mi trng ngoi khi lng
hi ln (do thit b thng vi bn ngoi).
Nc lm mt sau khi qua thit b ngng t c cho tip qua thit b gii nhit
sn phm E2. V nhng l do sau:
Nc cho vo thit b ngng t ngng t hi nhng vi mt lng thch
hp khng lm gim nhit ca dng sn phm nh xung di nhit
si ca hn hp m bo rng khng lm mt n nh trong thp do dng
hon lu.
Do tn dng lng nc trn ta cho qua thit b gii nhit kiu ng
lng ng (E2), sau khi ra khi thit b E2 ta thu c sn phm c nhit thp
hn.
kim sot chnh xc nhit ca dng hon lu, ti thit b iu khin
dng hon lu EV1 c h thng lm lnh ph.
1.5.2. H thng chng ct chn khng
H thng gm V9, P1 v S1 nhm phc v cho qu trnh chng ct chn khng
mt s trng hp cc cu t to thnh hn hp ng ph hay hn hp c nhit
si kh cao.
y cng l h thng dn dng lng i ra nh thp khi xy ra hin tng ngp
lt.
Nhom 2C
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CBHD: Hunh Thu Hnh Phc trnh th nghim qu trnh v thit b
1.5.3. Hiu sut ca qu trnh
Hiu sut tng qut ca qu trnh khng cao. khc phc trng hp ny ta
cn iu chnh lng nhit cung cp cho h thng (J1). Khi iu chnh lng
nhit cung cp cho h thng th n nh hng n p sut hi v lng hi trong
h thng. Mc khc, t kt qu tnh ton ta thy hu ht lng hon lu l t
dng hon lu cc b. Do , khi thay i lng nhit cung cp cng nh hng
n cht lng sn phm nh. Tuy nhin, nu p sut hi tng ln v ng thi
lng hi cng tng th d gy ra hin tng ngp lt. V vy, cn chn mt gi
tr thch hp cho lng nhit cung cp.
Nhom 2C
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CBHD: Hunh Thu Hnh Phc trnh th nghim qu trnh v thit b
1.6. Nhn xt ca Nguyn Trung Tn
1.6.1. S li cun ca cht lng
Trong qu trnh thit b chng ct vn hnh, quan st k ta thy bn trong thp c hin
tng cht lng b pha hi li cun t mm di ln mm trn. Hin tng li cun
cht lng ny nh vy lm gim hiu sut mm v n mang cht lng t mm c nng
cu t d bay hi thp ln mm c nng cu t d bay hi cao. Mt khc n c
th mang cu t khng bay hi i dn ln pha trn ct lm bn sn phm nh.
1.6.2. Hiu sut
mm c hiu sut cao, th khi hot ng mc cht lng trn mm v vn tc kh
phi ln. Tuy nhin, iu ny c th gy nn s li cun c hc cc git cht lng
trong dng hi t mm di ln mm trn, lm gim s bin i nng to nn bi
qu trnh truyn khi, v nh vy lm gim hiu sut mm. Mt khc, n cn to nn
gim p ln cho pha hi, lm tng nhit si ni un. Cui cng gim p cao
ca pha kh lm cho thp d b ngp lt khi hot ng.
1.6.3. Phng php chng ct
Chng ct l phng php ph bin nht dng tch hn hp cc cu t d bay hi
c tnh cht ha tan mt phn hoc ha tan hon ton vi nhau.
Trong trng hp cc cu t ca hn hp d b phn hy nhit cao hoc hn hp
c nhit si qu cao chng ct c thc hin p sut thp. Nu cc cu t ca
hn hp khng ha lng p sut thng, chng ct c thc hin p sut cao.
Qu trnh chng ct cng d thc hin khi khong cch gia ng cn bng v ng
45
0
cng ln th s sai bit gia thnh phn pha lng v pha hi cng ln.
Nhom 2C
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CBHD: Hunh Thu Hnh Phc trnh th nghim qu trnh v thit b
1.7. Nhn xt ca Nguyn L Huyn Trn
1.7.1. Ti sao thit b gia nhit J1 li t ngoi ni un C1 m khng t trong C1?
Thit b gia nhit J1 t ngoi ni un C1 l v:
Th nht ta thy hn hp phn tch cn c un nng u khp trong bnh cha dung
dch, cht lng i t pha di qua in tr i ln trn vo trong bnh cha dung dch
to dng i lu lm dung dch c nung nng u khp.
Th hai, nu t in tr bt k v tr no trong bnh cha, th ti ch in tr s c
nhit cao hn so vi cc v tr khc trong bnh cha, s sinh ra ng sut ln rt d
lm hng bnh cha dung dch nhp liu c bit l vt liu bng thy tinh.
1.7.2. Ti sao phi lm lnh hai ln h thng ngng t dng xon E1 v thit b
E2?
Khi ngng t h thng dng xon E1, th cho hon lu mt phn, ta thy phn hon
lu ny s c nhit cao hn so vi cht lng qua h thng ngng t rut g ri cho
qua E2, do khi ta hon lu vo trong thp th ch mt lng nh nhit do hi t
di i ln cung cp th cu t cn pha tch trong phn hon lu s bay hi theo. Nu
nh ta dng in tr bo n th c th khng cn phi ngng t hai ln. Cn phn cht
lng l sn phm y nn ta cn ngng t hai ln ngng t hon ton hi thnh cht
lng.
1.7.3. Ti sao gia thp c mt van x? Cng dng ca van x l g?
gia thn thp ta thy c mt b phn ly sn phm trch ngang. B phn ny c
dng trong trng hp ta chng ct h gm nhiu cu t c nhit si khc xa nhau.
V ta khng th no bit chnh xc nhit no l ti u cho vic chng ct cu t cn
phn tch, v v trong h c nhiu cu t nn rt kh kim sot. Ta dng van ny
ly mu hon lu kim tra sau iu chnh nhit thch hp. Ngoi ra ta cn c
th kim tra khi no kt thc qu trnh chng ct cu t th nht v iu khin nhit
chng ct cu t tip theo.
Nhom 2C
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CBHD: Hunh Thu Hnh Phc trnh th nghim qu trnh v thit b
4. TI LIU THAM KHO
[1] Vn i v tp th tc gi, C s Qu trnh v thit b CNHH tp
1&2, NXB i hc v THCN, H Ni 1975.
[2] V B Minh - V Vn Bang, Qu trnh & Thit b CNHH v Thc phm
tp 3, NXB H Quc gia TP. H Ch Minh, nm 1999.
Nhom 2C
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