DU NHN - M - PH GIA

I. II. III. IV. i cng Chc nng Cc tnh cht l ha Du gc: Sn xut, c trng v Tnh cht V. Ph gia VI. M nhn

Chng I: i cng

Chng I: I CNG V CHT BI TRN

nh ngha: La Rousse: L sn phm dng bi trn Technique: L sn phm cho php hoc lm d dng cho s chuyn ng gia 2 chi tit c kh Phn loi:
Phn loi theo trng thi ca du bi trn:
Cht bi trn KH Cht bi trn LNG (du bi trn, du nhn) M (Cht bi trn bn rn) Cht bi trn RN

Phn loi theo mc ch s dng : 3 loi chnh

Du cho ng c t Du truyn ng (bote de vitesse ...) Du cng nghip

Th trng Cht bi trn

Du gc:
Nng sut ti nh my Lc du (Gonfreville): RA= 44.000 kt/nm tng ng hn 1% du th c x l Nng sut du nhn: 38.000 kt/nm khong 50% c s dng lm du ng c

Phn b trn th gii

Ty u Trung v ng u Phi Chu Trung ng Chu v chu i dng Bc M Nam M

(kt)
7300 2300 1100 2100 10100 12300 3900

Tiu th trong nm 2001

Du ng c:
ng c xng ng c Diesel ng c 2 th Truyn ng 18% 23% 1% 7%

49%

Du Tu thy Du Cng nghip

Turbin My nn Thy lc...

4% 47%

Cc loi khc:
Du my bay 36000 t/nm M Du phanh, du gim sc, du lm mt...

Chu trnh bi trn ng c

Phn loi du ng c SAE

Tiu chun k thut ca M API

Tiu chun k thut Chu u ACEA

Chng II: Chc nng ca du bi trn

1. Chc nng gim ma st

to mng du: phn tch 2 b mt vt liu khi c s chuyn ng: ch c cc phn t du trt ln nhau ma st ni ti (<<< lc ma st kh sinh ra gia 2 b mt rn) nht du c nht ln lc ma st ni ti ln v ngc li

Chc nng gim ma st trong ng c t

Ti b phn phn phi

(came v poussoirs): Ma st limite Ph gia chng mi mn

Ti piston v cylindre: Ma st mixte nht v ph gia chng

mi mn Ti thanh truyn: Ma st hydrodynamique nht

2. Chc nng lm sch

mn kim loi bi, ct sn trong khng kh cht nhim bn sinh ra do qu trnh chy bo mn vt liu du: trng thi lng chy qua cc b mt chuyn ng v ko theo cc cht nhim bn a v carter

Chc nng lm sch trong ng c t

Ti bung t: Ti soupape v bougie:

cn tro autoallumage
Ti piston (T = 200

400oC): cn trn piston Bm dnh trn segment Ti carter: cn do nhit thp Sludge

S bm bn trong bung t

Dpt sinh ra do nhin liu khng chy v do du bi trn (ch yu l cc cu t ph gia) hn ch hm lng tro: Gim hm lng ph gia hoc dng ph gia khng tro Cng thc phi trn ring cho ng c xng v diesel

S bm bn piston

Du cht lng tt

Du cht lng xu

3. Chc nng lm mt
Ma st nhit Trong ng c:
Nhit do ma st Nhit do qu trnh chy nhin liu

du: trng thi lng chy qua cc b mt ma st v mang theo nhit lm mt vt liu

4. Chc nng lm kn
ng c t: ti v tr piston - cylindre My pht, bm thy lc ...: p sut lm vic rt ln yu cu kn cao du: nh vo kh nng bm dnh v to mng lp kn cc khe h, bo m qu trnh lm vic bnh thng cho thit b

5. Chc nng bo v b mt
S tip xc cc chi tit my vi cc tc nhn gy n mn nh:
Oxy, m ca khng kh Kh thi hay kh chy t nhin liu t trong ng c hay cc l t Mi trng lm vic b mt vt liu b oxy ha hay b n mn

du: to lp mng bao ph b mt cc chi tit ngn cch s tip xc vi cc yu t mi trng

Cc yu cu khc i vi du ng c
Khong cch thay du di
Cht c ch oxy ha la chn du gc

Tit kim nhin liu (Fuel economy)

nht Ph gia bin tnh ma st

Gim n Gim nhim

Ph gia khng tro Ph gia phn tn

Quan h Mi trng Cht bi trn

Trc tip: Gim tiu th nhin liu
KYOTO: cam kt gim 8% sn xut CO2 V pha ngnh t: gim 12% pht thi CO2 Quyt nh ca EU: 140 g/km nm 2008 120 g/km nm 2012 Vai tr ca du: Fuel economy

Gin tip: Gim pht thi tp cht

H thng x l kh thi (post-traitement): kh NOx, CO, HC khng chy v particule Yu cu i vi du: khng cn tr hot ng ca h thng ny (ng c xc tc)

Chng III: Cc tnh cht l ha ca du bi trn

1. Tnh cht vt l
nht Ch s nht bay hi Tnh cht nhit thp

2. Tnh cht c hc 3. Tnh cht ha hc

Tnh n nh oxy ha Ch s kim v axit im anilin Ch s hydroxyle Cn cacbon Hm lng tro Cn khng tan

I. Tnh cht vt l
1. nht L yu t quyt nh ch bi trn: chiu dy mng du v mt mt do ma st
Nu du c nht qu ln :
Tr lc tng Mi mn khi khi ng Kh nng lu thng km

Nu du c nht nh
D b y ra khi b mt bi trn kh nng bm dnh km Mt mt du bi trn

1. nht (tt)

1. 2. 3.

L i lng kim tra s thay i du trong qu trnh s dng nht c th biu din di 3 dng:
nht ng lc (viscosit dynamique) nht ng hc (viscosit cinmatique) nht qui c (viscosit empirique)

 nht ng lc
L i lng c trng cho tr lc do ma st ni ti sinh ra khi cc phn t chuyn ng tng i vi nhau nh lut Newton: Lc ma st ni ti F sinh ra gia 2 lp cht lng c s chuyn ng tng i vi nhau s t l vi din tch tip xc S ca b mt chuyn ng v gradient tc du/dh bi h s , chnh l nht ng lc hc

: paisseur du film dhuile

 nht ng lc

Cng thc Newton: F = .S . du

dh

Cht lng newton: = f(cht lng, t, p) o : loi nht k quay Brookfield, CCS (Cold Craking Simulator), MRV (Mini Rotary Viscometer), Ravenfield (HTHS)... n v: H SI: Pa.s H CGS: Poise (P), thng dng cP (centi Poise) 20oC = 1cP H2O: 1 Pa.s = 10 P hay 1mPa.s = 1 cP Cht lng phi newton: = (cht lng, t, p, tc trt (du/dh)

Nht k Ravenfield

 nht ng hc
L nht k thut ca du, c xc nh bng t s gia nht ng lc vi t trng ca du
o: o thi gian chy (bng giy) ca mt th tch du nht nh qua mt ng mao qun chun, c gi l nht k mao qun v c tnh theo cng thc:

= C.t
C: hng s nht k

n v:
H SI: m2/s, thng dng mm2/s H CGS: Stokes (St), thng dng cSt
H2O: 20oC = 1 cSt 1 cm2/s = 1 St hay 1 mm2/s = 1 cSt

Nht k mao qun

 nht qui c
nht Engler (oE), nht Redwood (oR)

nht SSU (Second Saybolt Universal)

Phng php SSU c dng cho HDB sn xut bng dung mi, xc nh 100oF (hay 37,8oC) Visco SSU 5 ln KV40 (cSt) Ex: + Du 100NS + Du 350NS Lu : i vi cc loi du gc khc, th ch s i sau ch nht ng hc (cSt) 100oC

Phn loi du bi trn theo nht

1. Du cng nghip (ISO 3448):
ISO VG 2 VG 3 VG 5 VG 7 VG 10 VG 15 VG 22 VG 32 VG 46 VG 68 (cSt) 40oC 2,2 3,2 4,6 6,8 10 15 22 32 46 68 ISO VG 100 VG 150 VG 220 VG 320 VG 460 VG 680 VG 1000 VG 1500 VG 2200 VG 3200 (cSt) 40oC 100 150 220 320 460 680 1000 1500 2200 3200

Mi ISO cho php nm trong bin 10%

V d: Loi ISO VG32: dao ng t 28,8 n 35.2 cSt 40oC

Phn loi du bi trn theo nht

1. Du truyn ng (SAE J306):
SAE J306 70W 75W 80W 85W 80 85 90 140 250 Nhit max (oC) t = 150000 mPa.s -55 -40 -26 -12 (cSt) 100oC min 4,1 4,1 7,0 11,0 7,0 11,0 13,5 24,0 41,0 <11,0 <13,5 <24,0 <41,0 max

du n cp hoc a cp
Ex: Du cho pont hypode : loi SAE90 Ex: Du cho hp s ( t) : loi 75W-80 , 75W-80 ,...

Phn loi du bi trn theo nht

1. Du ng c t (SAE J300)
max (mPa.s) max (mPa.s) nhit thp v nhit bm SAE (oC), ASTM gii hn (oC), J300 D5293, loi ASTM D4684, CCS loi MRV 0W 6200 -35 60000 -40 5W 10W 15W 20W 25W 20 30 40 50 60 * 2,9 mPa.s i vi du 0W-40, 5W-40 v 10W-40 3,7 mPa.s 15W-40, 20W-40, 25W-40 v 40 6600 -30 7000 -25 7000 -20 9500 -15 13000 -10 60000 -35 60000 -30 60000 -25 60000 -20 60000 -15 (cSt) 100oC ASTM D445 Nht k mao qun min max 3,8 3,8 4,1 5,6 5,6 9,3 5,6 9,3 12,5 16,3 21,9 < 9,3 < 12,5 < 16,3 < 21,9 < 26,1 2,6 2,9 2,9 hoc 3,7* 3,7 3,7 Viscosit sous cisaillement (mPa.s) 150oC, ASTM D4683, loi Ravenfield

II. Ch s nht
S thay i nht theo nhit : nht gim nhanh khi tng nhit
Ex: loi du khong parafinique, nht gim 7 ln khi tng T t 60 ln 120oC S gim nht khi nhit tng ph thuc vo cu trc ha hc ca du

Ch s nht (VI)
Quan h gia nht ng lc hc v nhit :
Phng trnh Andrade (hay Arrhenius)
= A.e
B T

B ln = ln A + T
: nht ng lc hc (mPa.s) A, B: hng s T: nhit (K)

Ch s nht (VI)
Quan h gia nht ng hc v nhit :
Phng trnh Walther v Mac Coull:
: nht ng hc (mm2/s)

T: nhit (K) a: hng s , a = 0,6 nu > 1,5 mm2/s A: h s ph thuc vo n v ca (A = 1 nu l mm2/s) B, n: h s c trng cho cht lng

+ a = A.e

Tn

hay

+ a B' lg = n A T

hay

+a lg lg = lg B' n lg T A

Thay A = 1 v lgB=b, ta c: lglg(+a) = b - nlgT

Ch s nht (VI)
Quan h gia nht ng hc v nhit :
Phng trnh ASTM lglg Z = A - BlgT
Z = + 0,7 + C - D + E - F + G - H : nht ng hc (mm2/s) A, B: hng s C, D, E, F, G, H: h s ph thuc vo

Theo tiu chun ASTM D341, i vi du bi trn: Z = + 0,7 Phng trnh ASTM: lglg (+0,7) = A - BlgT

Ch s nht (VI)
Xc nh VI: so snh s thay i nht ca du theo nhit vi s thay i nht ca 2 loi du chun Loi du L c VI = 0 (ex: du naphtnique) Loi du H c VI = 100 (ex: du paraffinique) Gi Y: nht ng hc ca du cn xc nh 100oC Gi U: nht ng hc ca du cn xc nh 40oC Gi H: nht ng hc ca du H (VI = 100) 40oC, c nht ng hc 100oC bng Y Gi L: nht ng hc ca du L (VI = 0) 40oC, c nht ng hc 100oC bng Y

Ch s nht (VI)
(lglg(+0,7)) VI inconnu (<0) Huile de rfrence naphtno - aromatique

VI = 0 viscosit (mm2/s) VI inconnu (0<VI<100)

Khi Y = [270] cSt, co 2 trng hp: Nu VI < 100:

L U VI = 100 L H

Huile de rfrence paraffinique

VI = 100 VI inconnu ( 100)

Nu VI < 100:
VI =
10 N 1 0 , 00715

+ 100
lg Y

vi N = lg H lg U
40 T(oC) 10 0 (lgT)

Ch s nht (VI)
Khi Y < 2 cSt, khng th xac nh VI Khi Y 70 cSt, ta co 2 trng hp: 3.Nu VI < 100: L = 0,8353 Y2 + 14,67 Y 216 H = 0,1684 Y2 + 11,85 Y 97 Nu VI 100: H = 0,1684 Y2 + 11,85 Y 97

VI ca vi loi du

 nht cua hn hp
nht ng lc cua hn hp: Trong o: : nht ng lc hn hp 1, 2: nht ng lc cu t 1 va 2 V1, V2: th tch cu t 1 va 2 V = V1 + V2
V1 V2 Log = Log 1 + Log 2 V V

 nht cua hn hp (tt)

nht ng hoc cua hn hp: LnLn( + D ) = X 1 LnLn( 1 + D ) + X 2 LnLn( 2 + D )
Trong o: : nht ng hoc hn hp 1, 2: nht ng hoc cu t 1 va 2 X1, X2: phn trm th tch cu t 1 va 2 D: hng s hiu chnh phu thuc vao nhit Nhit D 100oC 1,8 mm2/s 40oC 4,1 mm2/s < 0o C 1,9 P

III. bay hi
gn lin vi hm lng cc hp cht nh l i lng th hin s tiu th du trong qu trnh s dng (mt mt do bay hi) o:
bay hi Noack (ASTM D5800): %m mt mt ca du khi cho ht khng kh i qua 65g du di p sut 20 mmH2O trong 1h 250oC

 bay hi (tt)
Thng thng, cc du nng c bay hi nh hn cc du nh

IV. Tnh cht nhit thp

im vn c (Point de trouble, Cloud point): nhit m ti xut hin cc tinh th paraffine u tin im chy (Point dcoulement, Pour point): nhit thp nht m ti du vn chy lng
Quan st kt qu: - Bng mt thng - Bng php o chnh lch nhit lng

o: lm lnh chm du v quan st mi 1oC i vi im vn c v mi 3oC i vi im chy. Gi tr im chy: nhit ti du khng chy na (sau 5 giy) c cng thm 3oC

Thit b o

ChIII.2: Tnh cht c hc

ng sut trt (Contraintes mcaniques de
cisaillement)
F = S

Trong qu trnh lm vic, du chu nhng ng sut trt sau:

Khong cch rt b gia 2 chi tit c kh chuyn ng Vn tc chuyn ng ln

Lm gim nht ca du (chute de viscosit)

Thun nghch (cisaillement rversible) Khng thun nghch (cisaillement irrversible)

S st nht
Du Newton: khng gim nht khi chu tc ng c hc
Du gc khong v du gc khong t nhin Huile c cha ph gia polyme AVI: khng tha mn lut Newton Pseudo plastique Cht lng phi niutn S st nht tm thi S st nht vnh vin

Phng php o cisaillement

Vi phun diesel (Injecteur Diesel - Orbahn):
Nguyn tc: Mt th tch du khng i c phun t 30 n 250 ln di p sut 175 bar qua mt vi phun diesel c ng knh vi m.

Banc ORBAHN

ChIII.3: Tnh cht ha hc

I. Tnh n nh oxy ha du:
nh hng s oxy ha n kh nng bi trn:
bin cht du, do:
s hnh thnh cc axit hu c tng nht ca du s tch t cn lm en du Carter vhicule dessence 1,2L: Huile 15W-40 minrale compltement oxyde (TBN <2)

S oxy ha du (tt)

S oxy ha du (tt)
C ch : phn ng c ch gc, 3 giai on Khi mo: xy ra chm v i hi nng lng
RH + O2 R + HO2

Lan truyn: xy ra nhanh, phn ng chui

R + O2 ROO ROO + RH ROOH + R hoc R + O2 + RH ROOH + R HO2 + RH H2O2 + R

Phn nhnh chui (ROOH initiateur)

ROOH RO + HO 2ROOH RO + ROO + H2O rad-O + RH rad-OH + R ....

C ch oxy ha du (tt)
Vy t ROOH sn phm c cc: ctone, aldhyde, acide, alcool, ester hp cht nh bay hi hp cht nng ha tan v khng ha tan

Kt thc:
R + R R-R (hydrocacbon nng hn) ROO + R ROOR (sn phm oxy ha khng hot ng) ROO + ROO RO+ ROH + O2

S oxy ha du (tt)
1. nh hng ca bn cht du gc:

Tnh khng oxy ha ca du gc

o o o

nh gi tnh khng oxy ha

Mc ch: - d on s thay i ca du khi s dng - a ra cng thc phi trn du nhn o: c rt nhiu php o, ph thuc vo mc ch s dng
du ng c t, du hp s, du bnh rng ... du cng nghip (du my nn, du turbin, ...) du gia cng kim loi (gia cng, to hnh, ct

...)

o ti phng th nghim, hoc trn chi tit my hoc trn ng c

Php th phng th nghim

1. Phng php CEC-L-48-A-00:
Nguyn tc:
sc khng kh vi tc 10 l/h trong 192h vo l thy tinh cha 300ml du nhit khng i (t 160 n 170oC)

Php th phng th nghim

1. Phng php ICOT:
Nguyn tc:
Sc khng kh 15 l/h vo ng thy tinh cha 27g du trong 30h 175oC = 40h 170oC = 48h 165oC 40 ppm Fe

Php th phng th nghim

Phng php IP 280: (du khong cng nghip, du
turbin) Nguyn tc: sc O2 1 l/h trong 164h vo ng thy tinh cha 30g du 120oC hn hp naphtnates Cu v Fe (Cu v Fe: mi loi 20 ppm) hp th axit nh bay hi trong nc

II. Ch s axit v kim

Tnh axit: Cc axit c mt trong du di dng:
Axit hu c Axit v c do ph gia trong du mi

Tnh kim: Cc alcaline c a vo trong du mi lm trung ha cc sn phm sinh ra do qu trnh oxy ha du khi s dng

Ch s axit v kim (tt)

1. nh ngha: Ch s axit (AN, TAN): HA + KOH KA + H2O
S mg KOH cn thit trung ha axit cha trong 1gam du

Ch s kim (BN, TBN): MOH + HCl MCl + H2O

S mg KOH t lng tng ng vi lng axit HCl (hoc HClO4) cn thit trung ha cc base cha trong 1gam du

n v AN, BN: mg KOH/g du

Mc ch xc nh: bit c tnh cht ca du mi theo di bin cht du trong qu trnh s dng

Phng php xc nh AN, BN

C 4 phng php xc nh ch s trung ha:
Phng php AFNOR ASTM AN T 60-112 D974 D664 Cht phn ng KOH KOH Phng php chun ng dng

Cht ch th mu Du sng mu o in th Tt c Cht ch th mu Du sng mu o in th Du ng c s dng o in th Tt c du c ph gia kim

BN (ASTM D4739) BN (ASTM D2896)

BN T 60-112 D974 HCl D4739 HCl D2896 HClO4

Du SAE J300

AN, BN ca mt vi loi du bi trn:

AN (ASTM D664)

15W-40 15W-40 15W-40 W-40

3,6 3,4 3,0 3,6

7,7 5,7 9,7 13,6

10,0 7,6 11,1 15,0

III. im anilin
Mc ch: nh gi hm lng aromatic trong du thng qua kh nng ha tan vo aniline ca du. Nguyn tc: hn hp 2 th tch tng ng ca du v Aniline c un nng (c khuy) cho n khi tan ln hon ton, sau c lm lnh cho n khi xut hin s vn c Nhit ti im xut hin vn c: im Aniline (oC) (PA)

IV.Ch s Hydroxyle
Mc ch: nh gi chc OH trong du Phng php xc nh: cho du phn ng vi lng d axit acetic
R-OH + CH3COOH R-O-CO-CH3 + H2O

chun lng d axit acetic bng KOH S mg KOH cn thit trung ha axit acetic tiu hao cho phn ng acetyl ha 1gam du

V. Hm lng cn Cacbon
nh ngha: l % cn thu c sau khi du tri qua mt qu trnh bay hi, crackinh v cc ha trong nhng iu kin xc nh Mc ch:
nh gi cht lng du gc chn du thch hp cho tng ng dng la chn ph gia

Hm lng cn Cacbon (tt)

Phng php xc nh
1. Cn cacbon Conradson (CCR): (ASTM D 189)
dng cho du nng ng mu trong chn nung bng s t chy mu nhit phn cc ha trong mi trng kn nh lng phn cn (%m)

Hm lng cn Cacbon (tt)

CCR ca vi loi du gc:
Du gc CCR Hm lng aromatic (%m) (%m) tng polyaromatique 0,02 0,03 0,07 0,85 1,55 23,6 22,8 26,2 40,7 51,2 2,2 2,0 2,8 5,8 9,9

Huile 200NS Huile 350NS Huile 600NS BSS (Bright Stock Solvant) Bright Stock Aromatique

1.Cn cacbon Ramsbottom: (ASTM D 524)

dng cho du nh ng mu trong l thy tinh: nhit phn mu 550oC - 20 pht nh lng phn cn

Quan h gia cn Conradson Ramsbottom

VI. Hm lng tro

nh ngha: L lng cn cn li sau khi t chy hon ton mu du Du ng c t: hm lng tro sulfate Phng php xc nh: ASTM D 874
Du ng c xng: tro sulfate 1,5 %m Du ng c diesel: tro sulfate 2 %m

VII.Hm lng cn khng tan

Mc ch: nh gi mc nhim bn hoc mt phm cht (nhit v ha) ca du Cn khng tan = mui, bi, mnh kim loi (do mi mn), sn phm ca oxy ha v thy phn ... Xc nh: theo cc phng php sau Cn khng tan tng: S mg cn thu c khi em lc 100 ml du dng cho du cng nghip Mng lc 0,8 m : du thy lc Mng lc 1,2 m : du thy lc nht cao Mng lc 5 m : du bnh rng

Hm lng cn khng tan (tt)

Cn khng tan trong pentane v cn khng tan trong tolune:
ASTM D893 cho du ng c t, du truyn ng cho kt ta bng dung mi thu kt ta bng ly tm

Dung mi:
Pentane: kt ta ton b mui, mui ch, mnh kim loi, bi v nha (sn phm ca s oxy ha du) Tolune: ha tan nha v kt ta ton b cc hp cht l

Chng IV: Du gc

Du gc
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Du thc vt Du ng vt Du khong (gc du m) Du khong truyn thng (Nhm I) Du khong Hydrotraite (Nhm II) Du khong Hydrocraque / Hydroisomris (Nhm III) 6. Du gc Gas to Liquid 7. Du tng hp (Nhm IV v V) 8. Phn loi

1. Du ng thc vt
l ester ca ru hoc axit bo
Ngun gc:
Du lanh, du da, du ci, du hng dng, du thu du ... M b ...

Trng thi vt l:
Lng, c (pteux), Rn

S dng:
Du cng nghip, Du trong cng ngh thc phm, M, Bin tnh ma st ..

Du thc vt
Cu trc:
+ Triester ca axit bo:
H2C O CO H C O CO H2C O CO Stearic acid Oleic acid Linoleic acid

+ Ring i vi du thu du:

Ricinoleic acid H2C O CO H C O CO H2C O CO OH OH OH

Functionality: Cacboxyl Group, Double bond

Tnh cht du thc vt

2. Du khong
Cc cu t chnh trong du khong:
n paraffine iso paraffine aromatique

naphtnique

Tnh cht cc cu t trong du khong

Paraffine mch thng:
nht 100oC: 3 (C25) 30 mm2/s VI rt cao 200 im chy >>> Nhit mi trng VI thp hn so vi n-paraffine im chy gim khi mc phn nhnh tng Paraffine c t nhnh di thi thun li hn Paraffine nhiu nhnh ngn

Paraffine phn nhnh:

Tnh cht cc cu t trong du khong

Naphtnique v aromatique n vng:
Vi cng s nguyn t cacbone: VI thp hn nparaffine im chy thp hn nparaffine

Naphtnique v aromatique a vng:

Hp cht a vng ngng t S hin din ca N v S Tnh bn oxy ha km

Tnh cht cc cu t trong du khong

3. Du khong truyn thng (Nhm I)

VI = 95 100
HDB
Rsidu atm Extraction des aromatiques Dparaffinage Hydrognation Strippage

DSV

Dsasphaltage

3.1. Chng cht chn khng

3.2. Tch asphalte

28,5%

71,5%

3.3. Trch ly aromatic

3.4. Tch sp

3.5. Lm sch ln cui bng H2

Traitement de finition: Mc ch: lm sch du, loi b cc hp cht N, S, O (nh hng n mu sc ca du) t st hot tnh Hydrofinissage + stripping
Hydrognation douce 15 100 bars 230 430oC VVH = 0,5 3 h-1

Mc tinh ch HDB nhm I

Hiu sut thu HDB nhm I

Du th Edjeleh Zarzaitine Aramco Kuwait Irak RA (%) 34 26 35 46 31 HDB (%) 17 13 12 10 7.5

c trng HDB nhm I

*

* * * *

S phn b cacbone

4. Du khong Hydrotraite (Nhm II)

Du khong Hydrotraite (Nhm II)

S ISODEWAXING

Mc tinh ch HDB nhm II

c tnh HDB nhm II

5. Du khong Hydrocraque (Nhm III)

Du khong Hydrocraque (Nhm III)

5. Du khong Hydrocraque / Hydroisomris (Nhm III)

Du khong Hydrocraque / Hydroisomris (Nhm III)

c tnh ca HDB Nhm III

VI 120 135
ExxonMobil/Total (Dunkerque), Total (Gonfreville) hydrocraquage %pds extraction des aromatique Aromatique 5 dparaffinage solvant Naphtnique 45 fractionnement Paraffinique 50 DEA (Allemagne), Petrocanada: hydrocraquage %pds dparaffinage catalytique Aromatique 1
hydroisomrisation des paraffines hydrofinition
Naphtnique Paraffinique 45 55 %pds Aromatique Naphtnique Paraffinique 0 30 70

VI > 135

fractionnement

Shell Petit Couronne hydroisomrisation de gatschs / paraffines dparaffinage solvant

c tnh ca HDB Nhm III

6. Du gc GTL Gas to Liquid

Nguyn tc:
Chuyn ha kh thin nhin thnh H-C (tng hp Fisher-Tropsch)

Natural gas, or methane, is converted into a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide. This mixture is called synthesis gas, or syngas

Syngas is converted into a mixture of liquids and wax

The wax is converted into room-temperature liquids that can travel in an oil pipeline or oil tanker

Du gc Gas to Liquid
Chi ph sn xut GTL:

So snh hiu nng / gi ca cc HDB

a bay hi, VI, hm lng aromatique, kh nng lm vic nhit thp, phn hy sinh hc ...

7. Du tng hp (Nhm IV v V)
1.Hydrocacbon:
Polyisobutne (PIB) Polyalphaolfine (PAO)(PIO) Alkylaromatique: alkylbenzne, alkylnaphtalne

2.Cc hp cht oxy:

Ester ca diacide Ester ca polyol (TMP, PE) Oligomre ca alphaolfine v ester

Polyalkylne glycol Cc hp cht P, Si, F

Du tng hp Polyisobutne
Nguyn liu:
Phn on C4: Ex:
- isobutne 40 50% - butne 20 30% - butane 20 30%

Polymrisation, Hydrognation

Cu trc ha hc:
Polybutne-1 -[CH2 CH]nCH2 CH3 -[CH]nCH2 CH2 Polybutne-2 CH3 CH3 -[CH CH]nPolyisobutne PIB CH3 CH2 C CH3 n

Du tng hp Polyalphaolfine PAO

Polyme ha cc -olfine:
R-CH=CH2 R CH CH2 CH H CH3 R
x

Tng hp:
-olefin Catalyst Polymerisation

Dimer Distillation Finished PAO base Fluid

Hydrogenation H2 Catalyst

Filtration

So snh PAO v du khong

Viscosity Superior flow ability ISO VG PAO Mineral oil Equivalent viscosity PAO Viscosity Mineral oil ISO VG Equivalent viscosity

Increased protection 40 Temperature, oC 40 Temperature, oC

Performance Low To
0 Mineral oil
30 Evaporation loss, wt% 6,5h @ 204oC

Performance High To

Pour point, oC

-20

20

Mineral oil

-40 PAO -60

10 PAO 0

-80

25 KV at 100oC, cSt

50

10 KV at 98.9 C, cSt
o

So snh PAO v du khong

MVI- Medium Viscosity Index (Naphthenic Basestock; Aromatic content 1,9%) HVI- High Viscosity Index (Paraffinic Basestock; Aromatic content 2,69%) LVI- Low Viscosity Index (Naphthenic Basestock; Aromatic content 12,3%)

2cSt

4cSt

6cSt 8cSt 10cSt 40cSt 200cS

c tnh ca vi loi du PAO

Du tng hp Poly Internal Olfine PIO

Sn xut:
AGIP Petroli & ENICHEM Augusta Oligome ha n-olfin interne C15 v C16 Hydrognation v distillation

Thnh phn ha hc:

Composition (%pds) Dimres (C30) Trimres (C45) Ttramres (C60) et + PIO 4 94 6 PIO 6 67 26 7 PIO 8 42 43 15

Du tng hp Poly internal olfine PIO

Tnh cht:
Unit Visco 40oC Visco 100oC VI Pt Eclair Pt Ecoulement Noack
o o

MX 2104 MX 2106 MX 2108 19.8 4.2 121 30.2 5.66 128 234 -48 9.4 57 8.62 125 260 -45 4.4

mm2/s mm2/s

C C

228 -51 13.8

%pds

Du tng hp Alkylaromatique
Alkylbenzne:
V d:
C12H25 C12H25

Ty thuc alkyl, c 2 loi: thng v nhnh

Du tng hp Alkylaromatique
Alkylnaphtalne:
+ R CH = CH2 Cata
R CH CH3 CH R CH3

Du tng hp ester
Sn xut ester:

Excess reactant recycle H2O Organic acid Organic alcohols Esterification

Purification agents Purification Filtration Finished ester base fluid

Sn xut ester
Alcohols Crude oil Olefins Acids Ester Natural fatty acids Natural fatty alcohols Formulated lubrificants Additives

Vegetable oil

Non-ester basefluids

Source UNIQEMA

Cc loai du ester
Ester t ptrochimie:
Diester Ester aromatique (phthalate v trimellitate) Ester polyol (acid bo vi nhnh ngn)

Ester t olochimie:
Olate, Starate, Isostarate Ester polyol (acid bo vi nhnh di)

Ester phc

Diester
O C R'

O (CH2)n C O R'

n = 4 adipates n = 7 azelates n = 8 sebacates n = 10 dodecanedioates R = C8 C13 thng hoc nhnh

Diester
Tnh cht:
Unit Visco 40oC Visco 100oC VI Pt Eclair Pt Ecoulement Volatilit ASTM 6h 200o+C
o o

adipate disodcyle

adipate disotridcyle

dodcanedioate dethyl-2 hexyle

mm2/s mm2/s

13.4 3.51 146

27.5 5.4 123 249 <-50 2

13.9 3.72 167 234 -55 4.5

C C

220 <-60 10

%pds

Ester Aromatique
Tnh cht:
O C C O OR OR OR O C O C C O OR OR

Phthalate

Trimallitate

R = C8 C18 thng hoc nhnh

So snh du khong v ester aromatique

Unit Visco 40oC Visco 100oC VI Pt clair Pt Ecoulement Volatilit ASTM 6h 200o+C Stabilit doxydation
o o

Huile minrale 6.2 42.7 97

Phthalate 5.6 40 69 242 -42 8.1 Bien

Trimellitate 7.1 46 116 270 -50 0.9 Excellent

mm2/s mm2/s

C C

215 -15 12.8 Mdiocre

%pds

Ester de polyols
R''' R' C R'' CH2 O O C OR
R = C14 C17 thng hoc nhnh

PE: Pentaerythriol ; R = R = R= R-CH2OCO TMP: Trimethylol propane ; R = R = R-CH2OCOR = Et NPG: Neopentyl glycol; R = R-CH2OCO- , R = R = Me

Ester de polyols
Unit Visco 40oC Visco 100oC VI Pt Eclair Pt Ecoulement Volatilit ASTM 6h 200o+C mm2/ s2 mm / s
o o

TMP C7 12.8 3.3 130

TMP C9 20.7 4.55 138 258

PE C6 18.7 4.35 147

C C <-60

-51 4.8

-40

%pds

Phc ester
Sn xut
O O OH O O

+ OH

OH + OH

+ OH
OH

OH + OH

fatty acid

polyvalent alcohol

dicarboxylic acid

polyvalent alcohol

fatty acid

O O O

O O O

Complex Polyester

So snh du khong v du ester

Properties High temp. Low temp. Visc./ temp. Volatility Biodegradation (Eco) toxicity Lubricity Range Price Min. oil HVI + + + + + + ++ ++ +++++ min. oil VHVI ++ + ++ ++ ++ ++ ++ + ++++ PAO +++ ++++ +++ +++ ++ +++ + + +++ Di-ester ++++ ++++ +++++ ++++ ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ ++ Polyol ester +++++ +++ ++++ +++++ ++++ +++ ++++ ++++ ++/+

(source UNIQEMA)

So snh du khong v du ester

a

Ch s nht Tnh cht nhit thp

(source UNIQEMA)

So snh du khong v du ester

a

Kh nng phn hy sinh hc bay hi

(source UNIQEMA)

Ester polymre hay Polyester

L sn phm ca qu trnh co-oligome ha -olefin v ester Sn xut:
co-oligome ha -olefin v ester khng no (malate v acrylate): CH3
[CH2 CH]m [CH CH] n hoc [CH2 C] n R C=O C=O OR OR C=O OR

Ester polymre hay Polyester

Unit
Ketjenlube 115 Ketjenlube 135 Ketjenlube 1300 Viscobase 11-570 Viscobase 11-570

Visco 40oC

mm2/s

137 17 135

357 35 141 255 -32 3

4200 260 195 245 -20 2

2500 150 160 210 -21 4.7

9000 450 200 210 -18 5.1

Visco 100oC mm2/s VI Pt Eclair Pt Ecoulement Volatilit Noack

o o

C C

259 -28 4

%pds

Polyalkylnesglycol (PAG)
O R OH + HCCH H R Alkylene oxide H H ROCCOH H R PAG
x

Alcohol

Polythylne glycol (PEG) H O [CH2 CH2 O]n H Polypropylne glycol (PPG) H O [CH2 CH O]n H CH3

Polyalkylnesglycol (PAG)
Unit
PAG 25%Prop Ox PAG 50%Prop Ox PPG 100%Prop Ox PPG 100%Prop Ox PPG Ox But

solubilit eau solubilit h-c initiateur Visco 40oC Visco 100oC VI Pt Eclair Pt Ecoulement Masse molculaire
o

S I
butanol mm2/s mm2/s

S I
butanol

I I
butanol

I I
di alcool

I S
monoalcoo l

325 59 251

139 27 230 240 -32 1900

137 23 199 236 -34 1750

143 23 191 236 -29 2000

28 6 165 198 -41 650

C C

244 -3 3100

Ester phosphate
Cng thc:
R 3
Alkyl phenol

O = P [O R ]3
OH + POCl 3
3

O-P=O + 3 HCl

c tnh: ph thuc cu trc h-c (aryl / alkyl)

Unit
Phosphate dthyl-2 hexyle Phosphate de n-octyle

Phosphorus oxychloride

Triaryl phosphate ester

Hydrogen chloride

Phosphate de n-dcyle

Phosphate de tricrsyle

Visco 40oC VI
Pt Ecoulement

mm2/s

7.5 2.2 94 -54

8.2 2.58 161 -34

12.4 3.43 163 -7

31.0 4.31 -30 -26

Visco 100oC mm2/s

o

Du gc Silic tng hp
Cu trc ha hc:
silane : R4 Si ; lin kt Si - C silicone (siloxane): R3 Si O Si R3 ; lin kt SiC v Si-O silicate : Si [O R]4 ; lin kt Si - O disiloxane: [R O]3 Si O Si [O R]3 ; lin kt Si O

Tnh cht:
VI rt cao im chy rt thp Tnh bn nhit rt tt Tnh khng oxy ha tt kh nng chy yu kh nng bi trn thp

ng dng:
my mc nh, ng h

So snh gi cc loi du gc
q
Indice minrale raffine solvant minrale hydrotraite hydrocraque / hydroisomrise VI 120 130 hydroisomrise VI 140+ polybutne poly -olfine PAO polyalkylbenzne ester de diacide ester de polyol PAG Ester phosphorique silicone spciale

1 1
2.5 3.5 45 2.5 3 3.5 8 2 2.5

56 7 10 45 4.5 6 10 15 350 - 1000

Phn loi du gc theo API - ATIEL

teneur en saturs

teneur en soufre > 0.03% 0.03%

VI

Exemple

Gp I minrales Gp II hydrocraques VI < 120

Gp III hydroisomrises VI = 120 140

< 90% 90%

80 VI 120 bases minrales 80 VI 120 Shell Sangyong, Sinopec ... 120

NESTE, DEA, TOTAL, BP, P. Canada, Yukong, SHELL (XHVI) ester, alkylbenznes

90%

0.03%

Gp IV Gp V

PAO autres bases non incluss dans GpI IV ...

Chng V: Ph gia

Ph gia cho du bi trn

nh ngha: Ph gia l nhng hp cht hu
c, c kim hay v c, thm ch l cc nguyn t, c thm vo cc cht bi trn nhm nng cao hay mang li cho cht bi trn nhng tnh cht nh mong mun

Cc loi ph gia
1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) 8) ph gia chng ng (PPD) ph gia tng ch s nht (AVI, AM, VII) ph gia ty ra v ph gia phn tn cht c ch mi mn v ph gia cc p (EP) cht c ch oxy ha cht c ch n mn v cht c ch g ph gia kh nh ph gia chng to bt

Yu cu chung cho ph gia

D ha tan trong du v khng phn ng vi du Khng hoc t tan trong nc Khng nh hng n tc dng nh ha ca du Khng b phn hy bi nc v kim loi Khng gy n mn kim loi Khng b bc hi nhit lm vic Khng lm tng tnh ht m ca du Hot tnh c th kim tra c Khng hoc t c, r tin, d kim

Thnh phn du thng phm

Du ng c a cp (ex: 10W40)
HDB I HDB II, III AVI Ph gia chng ng Ph gia gi 54% 20% 9,7% 0,3% 16% 90% 10%

Du tu thy
BSS Ph gia ty ra

Du cng nghip
HDB 98,5% Ph gia chng ng 0,3% Ph gia gi 1,2% (ch yu ph gia chng oxy ha, chng n mn, chng to bt)

Thnh phn ca du ng c

Du 10W40

Yu cu i vi du ng c

Ph gia cho du bi trn

5.1. Ph gia chng ng

Additif anti congelant Abaisseur de point dcoulement Pour point depressant PPD

Ti sao cn Ph gia chng ng?

Thnh phn ca du khong:
- Carbone aromatique: 5 10% - Carbone naphtnique: 20 30% - Carbone paraffinique: 60 70%

c trng ca paraffine:

Chc nng ca PPD

PPD

b) Ngn cn s kt t ca cc tinh th a) Gii hn s gia tng kch thc ca cc tinh th

ng sut trt = f(nhit )

Mt vi PPD

nh hng ca PPD n kh nng hot ng nhit thp ca du

1. im vn c:
PPD khng lm thay i im vn c ca du

1. im chy:
PPD lm gim im chy

im chy = f(% PPD)

PPD (%pds) 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 Huile minral 150NS -12oC -20oC -33oC -36oC -39oC -39oC -30oC -30oC Huile Huile hydrocraque hydroisomrise HC4 HVI 5.2 -24oC -18oC -27oC -30oC -33oC -30oC -27oC

Ph gia cho du bi trn

5.2. Ph gia ci thin ch s nht Modificateur dIndice de viscosit Viscosity Index Improver Amliorant dIndice de viscosit
L cc polyme (c trng lng phn t ln v mch di) tan c trong du c tc dng lm gim s thay i nht ca du theo nhit
pelote polyme

Kh nng ci thin ch s nht ca AVI

Chc nng ca AVI

T thp:

T cao:

Cc loi AVI
Polymres hydrocarbons (apolaires)

Cc loi AVI (tt)

Polymres dester (polaires)

Cc loi AVI (tt)

1. Polymre OCP PMA:
Polyme ha mthacrylate trong dung dich ca copolyme olefine (ex: ethylne v propylne) Cho php ci thin hot tnh ca OCP nhit thp Gim gi thnh so vi PMA tinh khit

2. Mthacrylate dalkyle styrne

PMA styrne

Mthacrylate dalkyle -olfine

oligome ha mt PMA v mt -olefine kh nng lm c nh hn cc AVI khc

Ph gia cho du bi trn

5.3. Ph gia ty ra Ph gia phn tn

Additif dtergent Additif dispersant
L cc cu t c s dng trnh s hnh thnh cn trong ng c xng v ng c diezen

Ph gia ty ra v ph gia phn tn

Ngun gc ca cn trong ng c : Gazole v xng Lub Hu qu:
n mn v mi mn cc chi tit c khi gim bn lm c du gim kh nng bi trn ng lp bn en trong carter

Ph gia ty ra v ph gia phn tn

Vai tr:
trnh s hnh thnh cn: tc dng anti oxydant ty sch vernis v cn cacbon : tc dng x phng gi cho b hng, cn lu trong du : tc dng phn tn trung ha cc hp cht axit sinh ra: tnh baz ca ph gia

Ph gia ty ra
c trng:
l cc hp cht c kim c cc to tro di dng oxyt hay mui sulfat kim loi khi b chy

Cc kim loi thng dng: Ca, Mg, K, Ba, Na Tn ti 3 h ph gia ty ra:

Sulfonate Phnate sulfurise Salicylate

Sulfonate
Sulfonate du m:
thu c khi sulfo ha phn on du chng ct giu aromatique hoc sn phm ph ca qu trnh sn xut du trng

huile + H2SO4 huile blanche + a.sulfonique

sau trung ha bng mt baz

Sulfonate trung tnh

Sulfonate (tt)
Sulfonate tng hp:
+ sulfo ha alkylbenzne alkylbenzne + H2SO4 a.sulfonique SO3 + sau trung ha bng mt baz

Sulfonate
Sulfonate kim cao:
qu kim ha (suralcalinisaton) sulfonate trung tnh: sulfonate kim loi + hydroxyde kim loi + CO2 xc tc: methanol / Cu t mong mun: CaCO3 ty theo mc qu kim, thu c cc sulfonate c tnh kim khc nhau LOB / MOB / HOB / HHOB nh gi bng ch s baz BN
LOB : BN = 20 HHOB : BN = 400

Cu trc mixen ca kim cao

Sulfonate kim cao:

Phnate Sulfurise
Tng hp:
Alkyl ha phnol bi 1 olfine c nhnh C12 (ttramre ca propylne) Sulfo ha (bng S lng hoc H2S) vi s c mt ca ethylne glycol Trung ha bng 1 baz M(OH)2 (M = Ca, Mg) Qu kim ha bng phn ng vi Ca(OH)2 v CO2 vi s c mt ca alcool (mthanol, thylhexanol, dcanol)

Phnate Sulfurise
C ch hot ng:
Lin kt S-S (cu S) biu hin tnh nng khc nhau khi nhit thay i: nhit rt cao: tc dng chng oxy ha R-S-S-R + ROOH ROH + R-SO-SO-R R-SO2-SO2-R nhit thp hn: tc dng x phng Mch polycarbonate rt kim, trung ha cc axit c mt trong du

Salicylate
Tng hp:
Alkyl ha phnol bi 1 olfine thng C9 C16 Trung ha bng NaOH hoc KOH Carboxyl ha di p sut CO2 Trao i cation: phn ng vi CaCl2 hoc MgCl2

Qua kim ha bng phn ng vi Ca(OH)2 hoc Mg(OH)2 v CO2 CaCO3 v MgCO3 s phn tn trong dung dch salicylate

Salicylate
C ch hot ng:
Lin kt O-Ca-O b ct theo cc cch khc nhau ty thuc vo nhit :
Ct homolithique: tc dng chng oxy ha Ct thng thng: tc dng x phng

Mch polycarbonate rt kim, trung ha cc axit c mt trong du

Ph gia ty ra hn hp
Hn hp ca:
Phnate sulfurise v salicylate Phnate sulfurise v sulfonate

Mi hn hp th hin tnh cht ca cc hp cht ring l

Ph gia phn tn
c trng:
l cc polyme hu c c cha O hoc N khng cha kim loi ph gia khng tro

Tn ti di 3 dng:
alknyl succinimide ester succinique base de Mannich

Alknyl succinimide
Tng hp: qua 2 bc
1. Sn xut anhydride polyisobutryl succinique (PIBSA): bng phn ng gia polyisobutne PIB v anhydride malique MA. C 2 cch sn xut: bng nhit:

phn ng vi Clo: PIB + Cl2 PIB-Cl + HCl PIB-Cl + MA PIBSA + HCl Lu : + Cc PIB c M = 500 2300 + Vi cch 2, thnh phm succinimide cui cng c cha 500 3000 ppm Cl

Alknyl succinimide
Tng hp (tt):
1. Trung ha PIBSA bng 1 polyamine to succinimide:
H2N (CH2CH2NH)X NH2

Cu trc chung

Alknyl succinimide
C ch hot ng:

Ester succinique
Tng hp: qua 2 bc
tng hp PIBSA phn ng gia PIBSA vi polyol nh trimthylol propane (TMP) hoc penta rythrithol (PET)

C(CH2OH)4

OCH2C(CH2OH)3 + H2O

Ester succinique
C ch hot ng: nh succinimide u nhc im:
km bn nhit so vi succinimide khng tn cng vt liu lastomre fluor kh nng phn tn km hn succinimide

c s dng hn hp vi succinimide

Base de Mannich
Tng hp:
phn ng gia alkylphnol vi polythylne amine, c mt ca formaldhyde

Base de Mannich
C ch hot ng: nh succinimide u nhc im:
l hp cht c cc, kh nng phn tn cao mc tn cng vt liu lastomre fluor ln s dng trong nhng trng hp khng dng lastomre fluor

Ph gia cho du bi trn

5.4. Ph gia chng mi mn Ph gia cc p Ph gia bin tnh ma st
Anti - usure Extrme pression Modificateur de friction

4. Ph gia tribologie
Vai tr ca cc ph gia tribologie: gim mi mn cc chi tit c kh do tip xc: ko di thi gian lm vic ca thit b gim ma st: tit kim nng lng, nhin liu bin tnh ma st: ti u ha hot ng ca thit b (khi thay i vn tc trong hp, phanh du) iu kin s dng: Antiusure: p sut lm vic thp, trung bnh Extrme pression: ti trng ln, p lc cao Midificateur de friction: khng c mi mn

1. Ma st
S ma st:

v o ph thuc vo:
bn cht chi tit rn nhm b mt vt liu rn ti trng (lc P) kiu tip xc: c bi trn hay khng

Trng hp tip xc c bi trn:

Ma st
Ch bi trn: ng cong Stribeck

Ma st
H s ma st ph thuc ch bi trn:
contact acier/acier
Rgime Hydrodynamiqu e Mixte Limite Frottement sec Matriaux Acier / acier Acier / acier Acier / bronze Mo / acier Papier / acier 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.15 0.05 0.2 0.2 1.5 Lubrification Sche Limite Limite Limite Limite Usure Nulle faible Faible lgre Lgre Lgre svre 0.2 1.5 0.05 0.2 0.1 0.16 0.8 0.11 Usure de lacier Usure du papier Apport du Lub Viscosit Anti-usure EP Pas de lub Commentaires

Nu tip xc c bi trn: h s ma st gim

C ch hot ng ca MF
Xen vo gia cc b mt tip xc 1 lp vt liu rn:
mng graphite mng bisulfure de molybdne MoS2 polyme Polyttra fluorothylne (Tflon)

cht bi trn rn Cho HPVL hoc HPHH bng cc hp cht c cc:

Ru mch di Amine, amide bo Ester bo Acide bo (a. olique hoc a. starique)

Ma st

2. Mi mn
Cc dng mi mn b mt: Mi mn kt dnh (usure adhsive): ma st KL/KL gia 2 b mt g gh khi mng du tr nn qu mng v ti trng ln

Mi mn ht (usure abrasive): khi gia 2 b mt kim loi c xut hin ht rn cng

Cc dng mi mn b mt (tt)
Mi mn do n mn (usure corrosive): do n mn oxy ha kh ca cc hp cht acide (H2SO4, HNO3, acide carboxylique, sn phm qu trnh chy) Mi mn mi (usure par fatigue): b mt kim loi b ph hng khi chu tc ng c hc hay tc dng nhit c lp i lp li nhiu ln Mi mn do hin tng kh xm thc (usure par cavitation cn gi usure rosive ): do s va p khi cc ti kh trong du (hi nc, kh chy...) b ph v vi tc ln nng chy cc b fissure s thng l (perforation)

Mi mn
Ph gia s dng:
Usure abrasive, corrosive, par fatigue: anti usure Usure adhsive, par cavitation: EP v chu lc tc ng, ti trng ln

C ch hot ng:
1.HPVL trn lp oxy st 2.Phn hy ha hc 3.HPHH cc sn phm phn hy

to lp bo v trn b mt

Anti-usure: Hp cht ca phospho

Phosphate:
HPVL trn b mt kim loi Thy phn HPHH trn b mt KL

Phosphate amine:
HPHH trc tip trn b mt kim loi

Mt vi hp cht ca phospho
a

Extrme pression: Hp cht ca lu hunh

Olfine soufre: R Sx R

Lu : x = 3 hoc 5

Ester gras soufre:

EP: Hp cht Phospho-Soufre

Vi kim loi: MeDTP
Me: KL nng Zn, Cu, Co, Mo DTP: dithiophosphate

MeDTP c s dng hiu qu cho anti-usure v anti-oxydant

EP: Hp cht Azote-Soufre

Vi kim loi: MeDTC
Me: KL nng Zn, Pb, MoS2 DTP: dithiocarbamate

Php o
Machine 4 billes

Php o 4 bi
Machine 4 billes

Php o 4 bi
Machine 4 billes

Ph gia cho du bi trn

5.5. Ph gia chng oxy ha - Cht c ch gc t do - Cht phn hy Hydroperoxyt
Inhibiteur radicalaire Dcomposeur dHP

Ph gia chng oxy ha

C ch phn ng oxy ha du: c ch gc qua 3 giai on Khi mo: xy ra chm v i hi nng lng
RH + O2 R + HO2

Lan truyn: xy ra nhanh, phn ng chui

R + O2 ROO ROO + RH ROOH + R HO2 + RH H2O2 + R ROOH RO + HO 2ROOH RO + ROO + H2O rad-O + RH rad-OH + R .... hoc R + O2 + RH ROOH + R

Phn nhnh chui (ROOH initiateur)

Kt thc:
R + R R-R (hydrocacbon nng hn) ROO + R ROOR (sn phm oxy ha khng hot ng) ROO + ROO RO+ ROH + O2 ch yu

Cht c ch gc t do
C ch hot ng Lm chm giai on lan truyn
thay phn ng: ROO + RH ROOH + R bng phn ng ROO + InH ROOH + In
2 dng cht c ch c bn
hp cht phenol hp cht amine thm

Hp cht phenol
Kh hot 2 gc peroxyt ROO t do:

R1, R3: gc bc 3 tert-butyle (CH3)3CR2: CH3- hoc nhnh di

Mt vi hp cht phenol
q

Hp cht amine thm

Kh hot gc t do R v 2 gc peroxyt ROO

Mt vi hp cht amine thm

Ph bin dng diphnyl

Cht phn hy ROOH

1. Hp cht sulfur R-S-R :

1. Hp cht Phosphor:
(RO3)P + ROOH (RO3)P=O + ROH

1. Dithiophosphat:

X: DTPZn

Mt vi hp cht phn hy HP
Ph bin loi soufr v phospho-soufr:

Tnh a chc nng ca ph gia

Cc cht phn hy HP loi soufr, phospho-soufr: = Anti-usure, Extrme-pression, MF Nu dng ph gia phnolique soufr: th hin 2 chc nng: c ch gc t do v phn hy HP

Alkylphnate sulfur, alkylsalicylate: anti-oxydant v additif dtergent

Php o Oxytest
Amine aromatique:

Php o Oxytest
Phnol soufr:

Php o Oxytest
DTPZn:

Ph gia cho du bi trn

5.6. Ph gia chng n mn v Cht c ch g

Additif anti-corrosion Additif anti-rouille

Mt vi anti-rouille v anti-corrosion
Anti-corrosion:
sulfonate Ca, Mg, Ba, Zn: (nhnh ngn hn ph gia ty ra thng thng) ph gia khng tro:
acide v ester bo acide alknylsuccinique amine, amide bo ...

Anti-rouille:

Php o kh nng chng n mn, chng g

Anti-rouille: ASTM D 665 A v B p dng cho du tu thy v du thy lc: nhng chm mu thp trong hn hp du/nc (nc mm: A ; nc bin: B) khuy u trong 24h 60oC nh gi bng mt thng Anti-corrosion: ASTM D130: n mn tm ng p dng cho du tu thy, du thy lc v du truyn ng: nhng chm tm Cu sch trong du iu kin: 3h 100oC (thay i theo nh sn xut) nh gi kt qu bng mt thng v so snh vi bng tham kho

Thang o n mn tm Cu
a

Ph gia cho du bi trn

5.7. Ph gia kh nh
Additif dsmulsifiant

Ph gia kh nh
nh ngha: L cc hp cht chng li nhng tc dng khng mong mun ca nc c trong du = Ci thin tnh bn vi nc ca du

Ph gia kh nh
C ch hot ng:
L nhng hp cht lng i (amphiphile): va c i lc i vi nc v c i lc i vi du (Balance Hydrophile Lipophile ou HLB) HLB c nh gi theo thang t 0 20: HLB ca ph gia cng cao, cng hydrophile

La chn HLB cho ph gia kh nh:

Trng hp nh ca nc trong du:
chn ph gia ui nc khi du

Trng hp nh ca du trong nc:

chn ph gia ui du khi nc

Mt s ph gia kh nh
Xc nh theo HLB:
Produit Acide olique Monostarate de glycrol Polypropylne glycol Dodcylphnol oxythyl Akyl aryl sulfonate Tristarate de sorbitan Monoolate de sorbitan Monoolate de sorbitan + 6 (CH2-CH2-O) Monoolate de sorbitan + 24 (CH2-CH2-O) Olate de K HLB 1 4 7 10,5 11,5 2 4 10 15 20

Php o kh nng kh nh
ASTM D1401: test de dsmulsion la palette
Trn ln 2 th tch bng nhau (40ml) ca du v nc Khuy trn mnh (1500tr/mn) trong 5 Tnh thi gian cn thit phn tch hon ton du nc Nu sau 30mn hoc 60 mn, nh khng phn tch hon ton: ghi li th tch nc, du v nh cn li

Ph gia cho du bi trn

5.8. Ph gia chng to bt

Additif anti-mousse

8. Ph gia chng to bt
Vai tr:
Chng li tc dng ph ca ph gia ty ra (x phng = bt) Duy tr nht ca mng du: qu nhiu bt kh lm gim kh nng bi trn Trnh mi mn do hin tng kh xm thc: ci thin s tch khng kh Trnh s st p sut du khi bm Trnh mt mt du do s trn

Ph gia chng to bt
c trng ca ph gia: ha tan t trong du: hp cht c cc ha tan phn tn trong du: c nhnh di c sc cng b mt nh hn so vi du Cc hp cht ph bin: polymthysilixane

liu lng: 10 5 ppm R1, R2 = CH3 hoc C3H7 Polyacrylate: hiu qu tch kh tt hn c s dng nhiu cho du thy lc (100 300 ppm)

Php o kh nng chng to bt

Kh bt: ASTM D892
Tin hnh 3 ch nhit : 24oC 93oC 24oC thi khng kh trong 5 pht o th tch bt (1) Sau 10 pht, xc nh th tch bt cn st li (2)
Kt qu = (1)/(2)

Tch kh: NFT 60-149

dng cn thy tnh Thi khng kh cho du 20oC, 50oC, 75oC (ty nht ca du) trong 7 pht o thi gian cn thit du ly li t trng ban u 0,2% khng kh cn li trong du

Chng VI: M nhn

Chng VI: M nhn

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Th trng nh ngha Tnh cht l ha Thnh phn-Cc h m nhn Sn xut ng dng

1. Th trng
Nm 2002: sn xut trn th gii 756 000 tn

Th trng
Phn chia th trng:

Th trng
Cc nh sn xut chnh (nm 1997):

2. nh ngha
L sn phm c trng thi bn lng hoc trng thi rn, hnh thnh do s phn tn ca tc nhn lm c (agent glifiant) trong du lng

3. Tnh cht
1. c (consistance) 2. bn 3. Tnh n nh th keo (ressuage) 4. Tnh chy 5. Tnh bm 6. Tnh bn nhit 7. Tnh bn oxy ha 8. Tnh bn n mn 9. Tnh cht nhit thp 10.Tnh bn vi nc 11.Kh nng chu ti trng

3.1. c
c (consistance):
nh gi bng cng / mm xuyn kim (pntrabilit)

 xuyn kim
nh ngha: L su m mt ci cne chun ha xuyn qua mu m trong iu kin chun Nguyn tc:
m c nho trn u ui ht bt khng kh Gt bng v t mi nhn ca cne st b mt mu m th t do cne trong vng 5 giy o su m cne xuyn qua lp m

Kt qu:
xc nh bng dmm

3.2. Tnh bn
Tnh bn:
nh gi mc gim cht lng do: tc dng c (s nho trn, s trt ct) tc dng nhit (s bay hi, oxy ha) tc dng ha hc (s nhim bn, s khng tng hp)

Php o 4 bi:

3.3. Tnh n nh th keo

Tnh n nh th keo (ressuage):
Cn thit bo m qu trnh bi trn

Php o:
Ressuage statique Ressuage dynamique

 nh ngha: L hin tng phn tch ring phn du ra khi tc nhn lm c nh gi tnh trng tn cha Nguyn tc: cylindre cha m, chu p sut nh, t trn tm li kim loi xc nh lng du tch ra sau mt thi gian nht nh mt nhit xc nh ASTM D1742:
li 75m ; mm = 150 g Pair = 0.25psi; 25oC v 24h

Ressuage statique

Kt qu: % du tch ra

3.4. Tnh chy

1. Tnh chy:
l h nhiu pha, bn rn cht lng phi Newton

nht

ng sut trt

3.5. Tnh bm
Tnh bm (pompabilit) c bit quan trng i vi cc h thng lin tc thng s dng cc loi c c 000 / 00 / 0 Php o: pompabilit GROENEVELD ASTM D1092:
tdu = 20oC ng tuyau:
L=10 m ; trong = 4mm ; polypropylne

Kt qu: o thi gian nng p sut t 1 ln 50 bar v gin n t 50 xung 15 bar

3.6. Tnh bn nhit

Tnh bn nhit:
im nh git (point de goutte): l nhit ti m thay i trng thi t bn rn sang dng lng tmax lm vic << im nh git Vi m c cng im nh git: tnh bn nhit khc nhau

Xc nh im nh git
Nguyn tc:
cc ng mu m c un nng tc nng nhit: 4 7oC/mn cho n 17oC Sau : 1 1,5oC/mn

Kt qu: L nhit ti git m u tin chy ra khi ming cc

Tnh bn nhit
1. q

3.7. Tnh bn oxy ha

Tnh bn oxy ha: khi b oxy ha, m b bin cht: tr nn en, mm v gy n mn Php o: Oxy ha tnh (Oxydation statique) Nguyn tc: 4g mu trong a thy tinh t vo bom kim loi di p sut O2 tinh khit (110 psi 7,5 bar) 100oC v 100h Kt qu: xc nh st p sut sau 100h

3.8. Tnh bn vi s n mn
Tnh bn n mn:
bn cht ha hc ca m: c bit l S

Php o:
n mn tm ng n mn thp

Nguyn tc:
tm Cu hoc thp c nhng vo trong mu du nhit xc nh trong thi gian nht nh lau nh v so mu theo thang chun

Kt qu:
so mu n mn

Mt s tnh cht khc

1. Tnh cht nhit thp:
m tr nn cng: gim kh nng bi trn nh gi trong trng hp:
khi ng my thit b lm vic nhit thp

2. Tnh bn vi nc:
nht l cc thit b lm vic trong mi trng nc hoc m cao Xc nh bng phng php chng ct

3. Kh nng chu ti trng:

ln hn du nhn c th dng ph gia bi trn rn Cc php o c kh

4. Thnh phn m nhn

Gm 3 cu t chnh:

4.1. Du gc
Du khong: Du tng hp: Paraffinique Naphtnique Polyalphaolfine (PAO) Ester, polyalkylneglycol (PAG) Dialkylbenzne, Silicone thu du, ci

Du thc vt:

Mt s du gc chnh
So snh c tnh ca du gc: 1= rt tt ; 5 = km
Minrale Viscosit/Temp (VI) Prop. bassa T(Pt dcoul) Stabilit loxydation Stabilit thermique Volatilit Stabilit lhydrolyse Rsistance la corrosion Compatibilit lastomre Compatibilit laques/peint Miscibilit avec huile min. Solubilit des additifs Capacit de charge Biodgradabilit Prix 4 5 4 4 4 1 1 3 1 1 3 4 1 XHVI 1(2) 4 3 4 3 1 1 2 1 1 2 3 4 3 PAO 2 1 2 4 2 1 1 3 1 1 2(3) 3 5 5 PAG 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 2 2(3) 5 Vgt. 2 3 5 4 3 5 1 4 4 1 3 1 1

4.2. Tc nhn lm c
4 loi: X phng n: X phng kp: Gel v c: Gel hu c: Li, Ca, Na, Al Li, Ca Bentone, Silice, Graphite Polyure

4.3. Ph gia

4.4. Cc h m nhn
Nguyn tc sn xut tc nhn lm c gc x phng::
C17H34OH-COO-CH2 C17H34OH-COO-CH C17H34OH-COO-CH2 OH + 3 LiOH 3 C17H34OH-COO-Li + CH2 CH CH2 OH OH

4.4.1. M Li n
Chim 55% sn xut th gii

4.4.2.M Li phc
Chim 14% sn xut th gii

4.4.3. M Canxi
Chim 13% sn xut th gii l m cng nghip u tin

4.4.4. M Nhm Al
Chim 5% sn xut th gii L m thc phm
Al n : nhit lm vic < 60oC Al phc : nhit lm vic < 160oC kh nng bm dnh cao tnh bn nc tuyt vi

4.4.5. M Natri
Chim 2% sn xut th gii L m kinh t
nhit lm vic : n 120oC kh nng bm dnh rt cao tnh bn g rt tt

4.4.6. M hn hp Li/Ca
Chim 2% sn xut th gii L m a cng dng, kinh t
Kt hp cc u im ca m Li v m Ca

4.4.7. M Bentone
Chim 3% sn xut th gii L m lm vic nhit rt cao
nhit lm vic c th n 160 180oC d sn xut

4.4.8. M Polyur
Chim 5% sn xut th gii L m lm vic nhit rt cao, thi gian sng rt di
nhit lm vic c th n 160 180oC bn c nhit cao kh nng chng mi mn v chng oxy ha tt kh nng bm tt khng to cn khi b chy

5. Sn xut
S Bacth:
X phng ha lm lnh pha trn du gc + ph gia ng nht ha (ui k/kh) lc bao gi

Sn xut
Profil nhit qu trnh sn xut: M Li

6. ng dng
Chim 5% cht bi trn Nhiu u im:
bm dnh kn bo v t bay hi chu ti trng cao t gy nhim mi trng

Khuyt im:
tn nhit km kh lc Gi !!!

Tra m nhn
Cc h thng tra m nhn chnh:

H hi my mc do m
qu mm hoc qu cng nht qu b thiu ph gia EP, chng n mn ... khng tng hp vi vt liu Mt vi v d: