TRNG I HC CN TH

KHOA NNG NGHIP & SINH HC NG DNG

GIO TRNH

CNG NGH CH BIN THC PHM NG HP

M S MN HC CB356

Bin son Thc s L M HNG

NM 2005

PHN I

NHNG QU TRNH C BN TRONG CH BIN THC PHM NG HP

PHN II

GII THIU K THUT CH BIN MT S THC PHM NG HP

M U
1. Lch s pht trin
- Nm 1804, mt ngi Php tn l Nicolas Appert bit ch bin thc phm ng trong bao b thy tinh sn xut phc v trn tu, du lch. - 1809 bo ch vit v ng v tc phm Lart de fixer les saisons v n nm 1810 c dch qua nhiu th ting. - Nm 1810, mt ngi Anh tn l Pertet Durand dng hp st ng thc phm thay cho bao b thy tinh . - n nm 1825, vic sn xut hp hnh thnh. Hp st c sn xut, nhng cn bng phng php th cng . - Nm 1849, ngi ta ch to c my dp np hp. Trong sut nhng thi gian ny, ngi ta ch bit cho rng nguyn nhn gy h hng thc phm l do khng kh, m cha c c s khoa hc xc nh. - n nm 1860, nh pht minh ca Louis Pasteur (ngi Php) v vi sinh vt v phng php thanh trng, mi tht s t c c s khoa hc cho ngnh cng nghip hp. Cng t ngnh cng nghip hp pht trin. - Nm 1861, bit dng joint cao su lm vng m trong np hp. - Nm 1880, ch to c ni thanh trng hp. - Nm 1896, dng bt cao su c bit (Pasta) lm vng m np hp khi ghp kn hp. Nn cng nghip hp pht trin mnh nhiu nc vo cui th k 19, u th k 20. Hin nay trn th gii c hn 1000 mt hng hp khc nhau. Cc nc sn xut hp pht trin nh: M, Php, Nht, , H Lan, Trung Quc... nc ta t thi thng c, t tin ta bit ch bin cc loi bnh gi l, cc loi gi ch nu chn v bo qun c mt thi gian ngn. Nhng sn phm cng gi l hp . n nm 1954, ta c Lin X v cc nc gip xy dng mt s c s ch bin hp ti min Bc. Nm 1957, nh my c hp H Long, Hi Phng c xy dng xong. Nm 1958, tin hnh th nghim v sn xut th. n nm 1959, bt u sn xut mt s mt hng tht c, rau, qu hp xut khu v phc v chin trng. Cng cng nm y xng ch bin chui sy c xy dng xong ti H Ni. Nm 1960, nh my c hp H Long sn xut c vi nng sut gn bng vi nng sut thit k. Nm 1961, pht trin nhiu mt hng rau , qu, tht c hp. Cn min Nam, mi n nm 1970 mi bt u hnh thnh mt s c s sn xut hp, ti thnh ph H Ch Minh.
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n sau nm 1975, ngnh cng nghip hp min Nam mi c ch trng v pht trin, sn xut c nhiu mt hng thc phm c gi tr. Cho n nay, nc ta th nghim nghin cu c hng trm mt hng v a vo sn xut c hiu qu, t cht lng cao. Trong c cc mt hng c gi tr trn th trng quc t nh: da, chui, da chut, nm rm ng hp...Cc vng c nh my sn xut hp thc phm: H Ni, Hi Phng, Nam nh, Sn Ty, Bin Ha, ng Nai, Thnh Ph H Ch Minh, Kin Giang, Cn Th, Tin Giang ...

2. ngha
Ngnh cng nghip hp thc phm pht trin mnh c ngha to ln ci thin c i sng ca nhn dn, gim nh vic nu nng hng ngy. Gii quyt nhu cu thc phm cc vng cng nghip, cc thnh ph, a phng thiu thc phm, cho cc on du lch, thm him v cung cp cho quc phng. Gp phn iu ha ngun thc phm trong c nc. Tng ngun hng xut khu, trao i hng ha vi nc ngoi. Hin nay nh cc ngnh c kh, in lc, cht do, v.v... pht trin mnh, lm cho cng nghip hp c c kh, t ng ha nhiu dy chuyn sn xut. Cc ngnh khoa hc c bn nh: ha hc, vi sinh vt hc, cng ngh sinh hc ang trn pht trin: c ng dng nhiu trong cng nghip thc phm ni chung v hp ni ring, lm cho gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm c nng cao v ct gi c lu hn.

3. Gii thiu v phn loi hp

Hin nay nc ta cng nh cc nc khc sn xut c rt nhiu sn phm hp khc nhau: t rau, qu, tht, c, tm, cua, sa ...

3.1. Cc loi hp ch bin t rau

- hp rau t nhin: Loi hp ny ch bin t rau ti, khng qua cc qu trnh ch bin s b bng nhit. Nn sn phm vn cn gi c tnh cht gn ging nh nguyn liu ban u. Trc khi s dng loi hp ny thng phi ch bin hay nu li. - hp rau nu thnh mn: Rau c ch bin cng vi tht, c, du, ng, mui, c chua c c v gia v khc, em rn hay hp. Loi hp ny dng n ngay khng cn nu li. - hp rau ngm gim: Ch bin t rau vi gim ng, mui, gia v khc. Loi hp ny dng trc tip trong ba n. - hp rau mui chua: L cc loi rau cho ln men lactic, loi hp ny cng dng n ngay, khng cn nu li . - hp sauce c chua: Ch bin t c chua, c thm cc nguyn liu ph nh: ng, mui, gim, du v cc gia v khc. - hp c chua c c: y l bn ch phm. Dng nu nng v ch bin sauce ca mt s hp tht, c . - hp nc rau: Cc loi hp nc gii kht (c cha nhiu cht dinh dng). c ch bin t cc loi rau, c c th lm nc ung c.
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3.2. Cc loi hp ch bin t qu

- hp qu nc ng: Loi hp ny c ch bin t cc loi qu, qua cc qu trnh x l s b, ri ngm trong dung dch nc ng, loi hp ny cn gi c tnh cht c trng ca nguyn liu. - hp nc qu: C 2 dng: * Dng nc qu khng c tht qu: Ch bin bng cch p ly dch bo, lng tht qu c rt t. * Dng nc qu c tht qu: Ch bin bng cch ch ly tht qu, bao gm dch bo v phn mm ca qu. hp nc qu dng ung trc tip hoc ly nc qu ch bin mt ng, sir qu, ru... - hp mt qu: Ch bin t qu, c c vi ng n hm lng cht kh: 65 - 70% . Gm nhiu dng: * Mt ng: Ch bin nc qu trong sut, sn phm c trng thi ng v trong sut. * Mt nhuyn: Ch bin t qu nghin mn, sn phm c, nhuyn. * Mt ming ng: Ch bin t ming qu, sn phm l 1 khi ng c ln ming qu. * Mt rim: Ch bin t nguyn qu nu vi ng, sn phm dng nguyn qu, dng sir c . * Mt kh: Ch bin t nguyn qu hoc ct ming sn phm dng kh, ng dng kt tinh.

3.3. Cc loi hp ch bin t tht

- hp tht t nhin: Loi hp ny khng thm gia v, dng bn ch phm . - hp tht gia v: L loi hp ch bin t tht nc, c th c 1 t m. Tht em ch bin, lc vo hp l tht ti, tht nu hoc rn vi gia v . - hp tht u: Ch bin t tht vi cc loi u v gia v . - hp ch bin t tht ch bin: nh xc xch, jampon, pat, lp xng... - hp tht gia cm: Ch bin t tht g, vt, ngng...vi gia v. - hp tht p, tht hun khi: Tht c mui NaNO3, NaNO2 v xng khi.

3.4. Cc loi hp ch bin t thy sn

- hp thy sn khng gia v * hp c thu khng gia v * hp tm khng gia v * hp cua khng gia v
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* hp nhuyn th khng gia v - hp thy sn c gia v : * hp c c gia v * hp mc c gia v - hp c sauce (st) c chua: c ch bin t cc loi c bin, hp, sy hoc rn, cng vi sauce (st) c chua. - hp c ngm du: c ch bin t cc loi c qua cc qu trnh hun khi, sy, hp hoc rn, ngm trong du . * hp c ngm du * hp c hun khi ngm du * hp ln hun khi ngm du

3.5. Cc loi hp ch bin t sa

- hp sa c c c ng: L sn phm sa c bc hi nc trong nhng ni c chn khng. C c sa ha ng nhit khng cao lm (khong 50OC), nn cht lng sa khng thay i nhiu. - hp sa bt: Sa sau khi c c, c sy kh. C th sy theo 2 phng php: Sy nng v sy lnh. Sy lnh bo m c phm cht ca sa hn, nhng tn km nhiu nng lng v thi gian . - hp sa ti: Sa khng qua giai on ch bin li, ch kh trng, cho ra thnh phm. Ngoi ra cn c nhng loi hp sa ln men, cho ra sn phm c hng v khc sa: yaourt, sa chua... Ni chung, hp thc phm rt a dng, mi loi sn phm c cch ch bin khc nhau, dng cc thit b khc nhau. Nhng phn ln cc loi hp u c ch bin theo qui trnh cng ngh c bn nh sau: Nguyn liu La chn, phn loi, ra Ch bin s b bng c hc Ch bin s b bng nhit Cho sn phm vo bao b Bi kh - Ghp kn Thanh trng - Lm ngui
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Bo n - Dn nhn Thnh phm

CHNG I
QU TRNH CH BIN S B NGUYN LIU BNG C HC

I. CHN LA, PHN LOI

1. Khi qut
- Chn la: l loi b cc thnh phn nguyn liu khng qui cch ch bin nh b su, bnh thi hng, khng kch thc v hnh dng, mu sc khng thch hp . Gia sc th c kim tra v sinh v chn nhng con bo kho em ch bin. C s dng c cn ti, khng b n thi. - Phn loi: nhm phn chia nguyn liu thnh cc phn c tnh cht ging nhau, c cng kch thc, hnh dng, mu sc, trng lng... c ch x l thch hp cho tng loi v gip thnh phm c phm cht c ng u . La chn c tin hnh ngay sau khi thu nhn, khi a vo ni ch bin: Ra, vn chuyn, ct gt, cho sn phm vo bao b... Vic phn loi, la chn thng tin hnh bng phng php th cng. Nhng vi phng php th cng s tn nhiu cng sc, v do gi gic lm vic lin tc, hot ng cng thng, nn cng nhn chng mt mi, thng nh hng khng tt n cht lng phn loi. Do ngi ta c th c kh ha vic la chn phn loi, da trn s khc nhau v mu sc, kch thc v khi lng ring ca nguyn liu.

2. Cc nguyn tc phn loi, la chn

- i vi cc nguyn liu cn phn loi theo mu sc Nh ng dng tnh cht ca t bo quang in hot ng theo s thay i ca tia sng. Ty theo trng thi b mt ca nguyn liu (mu sc, nhn) m nh sng phn chiu c di sng khc nhau, t c cng kch thch khc nhau ln t bo quang in . - i vi nguyn liu cn phn loi theo kch thc + S dng my phn c kiu ry lc: My c nhiu tng ry, c kch c mt li khc nhau, tng trn cng mt li rng nht, tng cui cng mt li nh nht. H thng ry chuyn ng lc nh b phn chn ng. My ny dng phn loi nguyn liu c kch thc nh: u phng, mn... + My phn c kiu dy cp: B phn phn loi l h thng dy cp cng gia hai trc quay, chuyn ng theo chiu dc ca dy. Khe h gia 2 dy cp to dn. Qu i gia 2 dy cp, s ri dn theo th t t nh n ln. My ny dng phn loi qu to nh cam, bi, da leo, c tm ... - i vi nguyn liu cn phn loi theo trng lng ring (phn loi ht kh)

S dng my phn loi thy lc: My phn loi da theo ni khc nhau trong cht lng do khi lng ring ca nguyn liu chnh lch nhau. My phn loi thy lc dng phn loi nguyn ht: u, lc ( u phng) v.v...

II. RA
1. Khi qut
- Sau khi la chn phn loi, nguyn liu c a qua khu ra. giai on r ny nhm mc ch l loi tr cc tp cht, bi, t ct bm xung quanh nguyn liu, ng thi lm gim 1 lng ln vi sinh vt nguyn liu. - Gia sc trc khi git m cn tm ra cho chng bng nc m (trong phng chuyn dng) v khng nn cho gia sc n ung t 12 - 24 gi ty theo loi gia sc (vic nh ch n ung ca gia sc trc khi git m nhm thi bt cht tiu ho, m bo c iu kin v sinh ca vic m x. Yu cu nguyn liu sau khi ra: Phi sch, khng b dp nt, t b tn tht cht dinh dng (khi r trnh nguyn liu tip xc vi nc lu).

2. Tiu chun nc dng trong cng nghip thc phm

Nc ra cng nh nc dng trong khi ch bin (nh chn, pha ch) phi l nc s dng cho thc phm, m bo cc ch tiu theo qui nh. Nc phi trong, khng mu, khng mi v .
Bng 1.1. Tiu chun nc dng trong cng nghip thc phm

Ch tiu

Tiu chun

Ch tiu vt l
Mi v trong (ng Dienert) Mu sc (thang mu coban)

Khng 100 ml 5o 6,0 7,8 50 - 100 mg/l 50 mg/l 0,3 mg/l 0.2 mg/l 1,2 2,5 mg/l 0.5 mg/l 0,1- 0,3 mg/l khng khng 0,1 mg/l 0,05 mg/l 2,0 mg/l 5,0 mg/l 0,3 - 0,5 mg/l < 100 cfu/ ml < 20 > 50 khng c

Ch tiu ha hc
pH CaO MgO Fe2O3 MnO BO43SO42NH4+ NO2NO3Pb As Cu Zn F

Ch tiu vi sinh
Tng s vi sinh vt hiu kh Ch s Coli (S Coli/1lt nc) Chun s Coli (S ml nc c 1 Coli) Vi sinh vt gy bnh
(Nguyn Vn Tip v ctv. 2000)

Nc c cng cao s lm cho nguyn liu rau qu chc hn (nh vi, nhn, da chut ...) nhng mt s rau h u (c nhiu tinh bt) d b sng. Ni chung cng ca nc ra khng qu 20 mg ng lng/lt, nu khng qu 15 mg ng lng/lt. Khi dng nc c nhiu hp cht ca st, mu sn phm d b sm mu, do phn ng gia st vi tanin. Nu dng ngun nc sng, h th phi qua h thng lc trong v st trng. Lc v lm trong nc bng cch cho qua nhiu lp si, ct, than hoc dng phn st trng. C th dng clorin, hoc cc hp cht cha Cl2: Clorur vi, Javel...

3. Nguyn l ca qu trnh ra
Qu trnh ra nhm m bo 2 giai on: * Ngm cho b cc cu bn * v xi nc cho sch ht bn. Thi gian ra ph thuc vo giai on u tc l ph thuc vo tnh cht ha l ca cht bn, sc bm cht ca n vo nguyn liu ra v kh nng tc dng ca dung dch ra, c th s dng my nh: - My ra thng quay

Thng quay gy ra 1 tc dng c hc, ch st ln mt ngoi nguyn liu ra. Thng quay thng c cu to hnh nn, nn vic vn chuyn nguyn liu ra qua my lin tc. - My ra sng lc My ra sng lc lm vic theo phng php xi. Nguyn liu trong qu trnh ra, do tc dng chuyn ng ca sng, b c st ln nhau, ln mt sng v c nc t trn phun xung xi sch. Do sng t nghing v tc dng lc 2 chiu ca sng lm cho nguyn liu chuyn lin tc t ch vo n ch ra. My dng ra cc loi nguyn liu nh qu trn cng hoc cc loi ht, ngoi ra cn dng lm ngui nguyn liu sau khi x l nhit. - My ra bng thy lc Dng trong cc nh my hp ra cc loi ht nh u, ng non em vo ng hp vv... N ng thi va ra,va tch ring ra cc tp cht nng ln vo nhau nh sn, ct, st vn ... v cc tp cht nh nh v, rc ri hoc cc ht thi lp vv... - My ra bi cho My ny l 1 thng ng nc, trong c gn my khuy loi bi cho. Khi my khuy quay, nguyn liu di chuyn cng vi vi nc v c lm sch. Sau h thng hoa sen s trng sch t ct. My ny c hiu qa ra cao, dng cho cc loi qu cng nh c rt, khoai ty... - My ra bn chi B phn c ra l cc bn chi gn trn trc quay. Nguyn liu c ra li bng tia nc phun, loi my ny thng dng ra cc loi qa c cu to chc, b mt x x.

III. LM SCH NGUYN LIU

1. Khi qut
Qu trnh lm sch nhm loi b cc phn khng n c hoc c gi tr dinh dng thp ca nguyn liu nh: V, ht, li, vy, u c. nng cao ga tr ca sn phm, ng thi c qu trnh ch bin lin tc c thun li nh kh nng xay, nghin c d hn. Do hnh dng, cu trc ca cc nguyn liu rt khc nhau v phc tp nn cc qa trnh lm sch nguyn liu thng tin hnh bng phng php th cng. Tuy nhin c 1 s nguyn liu c lm sch bng c kh.

2. Phng php lm sch

C th tin hnh lm sch bng 3 phng php: ho hc, nhit v c hc 2.1. Phng php lm sch v qu bng ha cht i vi mt s qu c v mng nh khoai ty, carrot, mn, mn, i, mi cam qut, ta c th dng dung dch kim bc v. Cht kim s dng ph bin l NaOH c tinh khit t 95% tr ln. Cng c th dng Na2CO3, tuy c tc dng km hn, nhng ra li th chng sch hn NaOH. Thi gian ngm ra nguyn liu ph thuc vo nng v nhit ca dung dch NaOH. Tc dng bc v t c khi no ra xi, lc v nguyn liu bong trc ra d dng.
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Nng NaOH thng s dng 1,5 2 %. Qu xanh, kch thc ln, cn nng cao hn qu chn, kch thc nh. Nhit dung dch NaOH cng cao th tc dng bc v cng mnh, nhng khng nn qu cao, s lm chn mm nguyn liu. Thi gian ngm ko di t vi giy n vi pht. Gia nguyn liu v dung dch ngm cng cn c mt t l xc nh.
Bng 1.2. iu kin thc hin bc v mt s qu bng NaOH Loi qu Mn o i Mi qut Nng dung dch ngm (%) 10 1 2,5 4 1,2 Nhit ngm (oC) 70 80 70 80 75 80
(Nguyn Vn Tip v ctv. 2000)

Thi gian ngm (s) 150 240 30 60 300 5-8

T l nguyn liu dung dch ngm 1/10 1/15 1/5 1/10 1/20 1/30

Sau khi ngm trong dung dch NaOH, nguyn liu c ra li trong nc lun lu loi v v lm sch NaOH bm vo nguyn liu. Nguyn liu sau khi ra phi m bo sch NaOH, th li bng cch nh vi git phenolphtalein khng thy xut hin mu hng. 2.2. Phng php bc v bng nht bc v loi qu c mi, c chua, ngi ta nhng vo nc si. Nu chn cam, qut trong nc 90 100oC trong 20 60 giy hay 80 90oC trong 60 90 giy th tc bc v, tch mi, tc x tng gp 4 ln so vi khng chn. 2.3. Phng php lm sch nguyn liu bng c hc Dng my lm sch, ty theo yu cu lm sch m s dng my thch hp - Lm sch v c Dng lm sch v la: khoai ty, c rt... Bn cht ca qu trnh lm sch v bng my l to nn s va chm v ch xt ca nguyn liu ln b mt nhm ca thit b, lm cho lp v trn b mt ca nguyn liu b trc ra ri dng nc xi i. - nh vy c Tng t nh cc my lm sch v c, nguyn tc lm vic ca my nh vy c l to nn s va chm, ch xt ln b mt c vy trc ra, ri dng vi nc xi i.

Hnh 1.1. My tch v c

- Tch ht c chua L mt h thng nhiu my phi hp, va tch v, ht c chua, va ch mn thnh pure. H thng my gm: My nghin 2 trc quay, my ly tm hnh nn, my ch, my nghin 1 trc quay.

IV. LM NH NGUYN LIU

Trong sn xut hp ngi ta dng tc dng c hc lm thay i kch thc, hnh dng nguyn liu thnh dng nh v ng u theo yu cu ca tng loi sn phm. Qu trnh ny nu thc hin bng tay s tn nhiu cng sc, mc ng u km. V vy, ngi ta thng dng my nng cao nng sut v m bo tnh cht ng u ca nguyn liu sau khi lm nh. Qu trnh lm nh ph bin trong sn xut hp thc phm: Ct, xay, nghin, ng ha.

1. Ct nguyn liu
Ty theo mc ch lm nh v c tnh nguyn liu, ngi ta dng cc loi dao: Thng, dao a hay dao cong. V cu to li dao, c 2 loi: Li dao phng ct nguyn liu mm, li rng ca ct nguyn liu cng.

2. Xay, nghin nguyn liu

+ nghin nh nguyn liu, ngi ta thng dng nhiu nguyn tc khc nhau nh p nh, x nh, b nh...Theo nguyn tc ny hay nguyn tc khc l ty theo tng loi nguyn liu v ty theo yu cu ca tng qu trnh k thut sn xut. Trong sn xut hp, ty theo mc nghin nh ca nguyn liu m chng ta c th chia ra: Nghin nh, nghin mn... Nghin nh l nghin n kch thc ti thiu 1,00 mm, thng gp cc my nghin rau qu, my xay tht. Nghin n kch thc 0,5 mm hoc 0,01 mm, thng gp khi qua my ch, my ng ha . + Cc my xay nghin: * My nghin 1 trc: Loi my ny dng nghin nh cc loi rau qu tng i cng. c im ca my l s vng quay ca trc nghin rt ln . * My nghin 2 trc: Trong sn xut, nghin cc loi qa mm hn nh c chua, da... lc nghin khng ln lm, ngi ta thng dng ph bin loi my nghin 2 trc, c 2 kiu: My nghin dao cong v my nghin trc (my nghin trc inh).

3. ng ha
ng ha l lm ti, mn cc thc phm lng (lm cho cc phn t ca sn phm c kch thc rt nh, gim t 265 m n vi chc micrometer) nhm tng mn ca sn phm, lm cho sn phm khng b phn lp. My ng ha: nguyn tc lm vic ca my l dng p lc cao, y sn phm i qua cc khe h rt nh (p sut ca sn phm vo khong 150 kg/cm2 v khi ra khi khe nh ch cn khong 2 - 3 kg/cm2) Khi thay i p sut mt cch t ngt v tc tng ln nhiu, lm cho sn phm b ti nh ra.
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Kch thc ca khe h c th iu chnh c t 0,1 - 0,15 mm. Tc chuyn ng ca sn phm qua khe h: 150 - 200 m/s.

ng i ca sn phm

ng i ca sn phm

Hnh 1.2. B phn ng ha

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Hnh 1.3. Thit b ng ha

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V. PHN CHIA NGUYN LIU

Qu trnh phn chia nguyn liu nh ch, p, lc, lng, ly tm nhm 2 mc ch - Loi b phn nguyn liu c ga tr dinh dng thp hoc khng n c gi l b, cn. - Lm cho nguyn liu ng nht v trng thi v thnh phn ch bin c thun li v nng cao cht lng thnh phm.

1. Ch
- Phng php ch dng trong sn xut c chua c c v nc qa c tht qa, mt qa, ngha l dng phn chia nguyn liu rau qa c cu to mm thnh 2 phn: phn lng qua ry sn xut sn phm chnh, phn b cn li trn ry. - Ry c lm bng thp khng r c c l nh, vi kch thc: 0,5; 0,75; 1; 1,5 mm. sn xut nc qu c, ngi ta thng dng l ry c : 0,50 - 0,75 mm. sn xut c chua c c, mt chui, da dng l ry c : 1,0-1,5mm. - Nng sut my ch c tnh theo cng thc : DL2 Q = 0,07 tg D: ng knh ca ry (m) L: Chiu di cnh p (m) : gc nghing ca cnh ch so vi trc quay n: S vng quay/pht : Tng din tch l ry so vi din tch ry (23 - 45 %) n (kg/h)

1. Vt xon ti nguyn liu 2. Phu nhp liu 3. Bi cho chuyn nguyn liu 4. Cnh ch

5. Trc quay 6. Mt ry 7. Ca tho b ch

Hnh 1.4. Cu to ca my ch
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14

2. p
- Trong sn xut nc rau qu, p l phng php ch yu tch dch bo ra khi nguyn liu. Trong qu trnh p, hiu sut p l ch tiu quan trng nht. Hiu sut p ph thuc vo cc yu t : * Phm cht ca nguyn liu * Phng php s ch * Cu to, chiu dy, chc ca khi nguyn liu * p sut p - Hiu sut p c tnh theo cng thc : B = a ( 1 + 2 ) k. b (%)

a: H s tnh n s tn tht nc p do b v thit b thm t b: Hm lng dch bo trong nguyn liu . k: H s c trng cho s bo ton ng mao dn . 1: Mc bin tnh cht nguyn sinh khi c ch (0 - 1,0) 2: Mc ph v mng cht nguyn sinh khi p (0,1 - 0,2). Tng s ( 1+ 2 ) 1 - Gii thiu my p : * My p gi trc vt : Hiu sut p ch t 40 - 50 % * My p thy lc : Hiu sut p trn my ny cao, t khong 55 - 60 % * My p trc xon : My c hiu sut p cao, t khong 83 - 85 %. C khi t ti 90 %. Nhng my ny c nhc im l cc phn t l lng ln trong nc p ln hn trong cc my gin on.

Hnh 1.5. My p thy lc

15

3. Lc
Khi sn xut nc qu thng thng, ngi ta dng phng php lc tch cc phn t c kch thc tng i ln v cn b (lc th). Trong sn xut nc qu trong sut, ngi ta phi lc loi c cc ht rt nh ca tht qu (lc trong). Lc c th tin hnh p sut khng i hay vn tc khng i. i vi nc qu p, thng ch lc vi p sut khng i v khng nn lc p sut cao d lm cho cc cn b p li dn n tt l lc. - Tc lc c xc nh theo cng thc: d4 P n
V=

(m3 / m2.s)

128 h d: ng knh ng mao dn trong lp cn (m). P: Chnh lch p sut 2 u ng mao dn (N/m 2). n: S l lc ca bn lc, s l lc/1 m2 . : nht ng lc ca nc qu (Ns/m2). h: Chiu cao ca lp cn (m). : H s ch s cong queo ca ng mao dn. - Tc lc ph thuc vo : * p sut ca nc qu. * B dy v c cu ca lp cn. * Nhit v nht ca nc qu. - Vt liu lc thng dng l vi lc, giy lc, si amiant, betonit ... - Thit b lc: thng dng thit b lc khung bn, cn gi l my lc p.

16

4. Lng
lm trong nc qu, ngi ta cn dng phng php lng gn. Lng l qu trnh ri ca cc ht huyn ph di tc dng ca trng lc. Tc lng ca cc ht rn trong mi trng lng s khng i khi trng lng ca ht rn cn bng vi sc cn ca mi trng. Lc y, vn tc lng l :
V =

2 2 1 r ( 1 2 ) g 9

(m/s)

r g

Bn knh ht (m) nht ng lc ca nc qu (Ns/m2 ) Gia tc trng trng (9.81 m/s2)

1, 2 Khi lng ring ca ht v ca nc qu (kg/m3 )

Trn thc t ch dng phng php lng tch cc ht ln hn 10-4 cm, v tc lng ca cc ht < 10-4 cm rt chm.

5. Ly tm
c dng phn tch huyn ph trong nc qu bng cc my ly tm. Di tc dng ca lc ly tm, cc ht huyn ph trong nc qu b vng ra. Tc tch cc ht y theo lc ly tm, xc nh theo cng thc:
2 1 2n V = r 2 ( 1 2 ) R 60 9
2

(m/s)

R: Bn knh roto ca my ly tm (m) n: S vng quay ca roto (vng/pht)

6. Cc phng php khc

6.1. Phng php ha hc t st, bentonit c tnh Trao i ion, Hp ph ln Trung ha in S dng 2 3 g/l 6.2. Phng php ha keo Gelatin, agar-agar, cazein 6.3. Phng php nhit un nng (75 80oC) v lm ngui nhanh (15 - 20oC) nhanh
17

18

6.4 Phng php sinh hc S dng hn hp enzyme pectinase, protease, hemicellulase lm trong v tch dch qu 3 6 g/l, gi nhit 40 45oC. Trong thi gian 2 4 gi 6.4.1. Gii thiu ch phm pectinase thng mi (Pectinex Ultra SP-L) Pectinex Ultra SP-L l ch phm c ngun gc t nm mc Aspergillus aculeatus - Cha nhm enzyme pectolytic, protease, cellulase... - Dng dung dch - C mu nu v mi nh ca sn phm ln men. - Hot ng khong pH 4,5. 6.4.2. Nhm enzyme pectolytic + Enzyme pectinesterase (PE) - Enzyme pectinesterase ch phn ct cc nhm methoxyl ng cnh nhm COOH t do. - Bt u t nhm COOH t do, Kt qu l to thnh acid pectic v methanol.

Hnh 1.6. Phn ng c xc tc bi enzyme pectinesterase.

(Ashraf F., 1993).

+ Enzyme polygalacturonase (PG) - Enzyme polygalacturonase phn ct lin kt glucosid 1,4 trong mch pectin. - To ra acid galacturonic

Hnh 1.7. Hot ng thy phn ca enzyme polygalacturonase

(Ashraf, F., 1993)

19

CHNG II
QU TRNH CH BIN S B NGUYN LIU BNG NHIT
Trong qu trnh ch bin hp thc phm, nhiu loi nguyn liu cn c ch bin s b bng nhit. X l nhit c nhiu cch: chn (trng), hp, un nng, rn (chin), c c. Ty theo loi sn phm m chn qu trnh x l thch hp hp

I. CHN, HP, UN NNG NGUYN LIU

1. Khi qut
- Trong qu trnh ch bin hp, nhiu loi nguyn liu trong ch bin s b bng c hc, cng nh trc khi cho vo bao b c x l bng nhit. Ngi ta nhng nguyn liu vo nc hay dung dch, hay x l nguyn liu bng hi nc, ty theo tnh cht nguyn liu v yu cu ch bin, nhit 75 - 1000C, trong thi gian 3 - 15 pht. - Cc yu t nh hng n thi gian chn, hp, un nng: trong qu trnh chn, hp, un nng ngoi mc ch v hot enzyme, cn phi m bo cht lng sn phm, nn thc phm phi c gia nhit nhanh. Do , vic la chn nhit v thi gian ph hp cho mi loi nguyn liu c ngha rt quan trng v thi gian gia nhit ph thuc vo cc yu t: Loi nguyn liu Kch thc nguyn liu Nhit gia nhit Phng thc gia nhit - Sau khi chn, hp xong cn lm ngui nhanh. - Hp th tn tht cht dinh dng t hn chn, nhng trong thc t sn xut, ngi ta thng chn v thao tc thun tin, thit b n gin, truyn nhit tt hn khi hp.

2. Mc ch
Chn hp nguyn liu nhm cc mc ch: - nh ch cc qu trnh sinh ha xy ra trong nguyn liu, gi mu sc ca nguyn liu khng hoc t b bin i i vi nguyn liu thc vt, di tc dng ca enzyme peroxidase, polyphenoloxidase trong cc nguyn liu thng xy ra qu trnh oxy ha cc cht cht, to thnh flobafen c mu en. Chn, hp, un nng lm cho h thng enzyme b ph hy nn nguyn liu khng b thm en. i vi nguyn liu ng vt, qu trnh chn, hp lm cho qu trnh phn gii b nh ch. Nc chn nguyn liu c th c s dng lm nc rt hp

17

- Lm thay i trng lng v th tch ca nguyn liu cc qu trnh ch bin tip theo c thun li Khi gia nhit, cc nguyn liu cha nhiu tinh bt ht nc s trng n, nh u kh sau khi chn s tng th tch gn 2 ln v khi lng tng 1,85 ln, nn khi thanh trng s chng chn, dung dch rt vo khng b ht nhiu. Vi nguyn liu giu protid, do b ng t di tc dng ca nhit, s lm gim th tch v trng lng. S thay i trng lng v th tch ca nguyn liu sau khi gia nhit lm cho sn phm n nh, p ng cc yu cu v t l ci - nc v thnh phn cc cu t trong hp. - Gim t l tn tht nguyn liu v nng cao hiu sut ch bin i vi nguyn liu thc vt, qu trnh chn, hp lm cho tinh bt b h ha, gip nguyn liu n hi, kh gy v khi xp hp. Mt khc, khi chn protopectin thy phn thnh pectin ha tan, lm cho vic bc v b ht nhanh v ph liu t. Lm tng thm thu ca cht nguyn sinh, lm cho dch bo thot ra d dng (khi p nc qu) hoc dung dch nc rt d ngm vo nguyn liu (trong sn xut qu nc ng, mt ming, rau ngm gim) i vi nguyn liu ng vt, khi x l nhit th colagen chuyn thnh gelatin gip cho qu trnh tch tht ra khi xng, da d dng, do nng cao hiu sut ch bin. - ui kh c trong gian bo ca nguyn liu Nhm hn ch tc dng ca Oxy xy ra trong hp, trnh phng hp, n mn v hp st, oxy ha vitamin...Chn cn lm gim cc cht c mi v khng thch hp nh v ng (mng, c tm) cc hp cht lu hunh (rau ci, ci bp, gia cm) - Lm cho rau qu c mu sng hn do ph hy mt s cht mu Khi chn trong dung dch acid citric hoc NaHSO3...nhng cht ny s ph hy mt s hp cht mu, lm cho nguyn liu c mu sng hn. - Lm gim lng vi sinh vt bm trn b mt ca nguyn liu Mc d x l nhit khng cao lm, vi thi gian khng di, nhng c th tiu dit mt s vi sinh vt km chu nhit bm trn b mt nguyn liu.

3. nh hng ca qu trnh chn, hp n cht lng sn phm

3.1. V dinh dng Trong qu trnh chn, hp, cht lng sn phm gim khng nhiu. S mt mt cht dinh dng thng do ha tan hn l b bin i. Cc cht khong, vitamin cng nh mt s cc cu t ha tan b ho tan trong nc chn. Lng cc cu t ha tan ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: - Mi trng cht ti nhit (nc, hi nc hay khng kh nng): qu trnh hp s tn tht cht ho tan t hn chn, tuy nhin cu to thit b phc tp v chi ph tn km hn. - Nhit , thi gian chn, hp: nhit cng cao, thi gian cng di, s tn tht dinh dng cng nhiu.
Bng 2.1. S bin i hm lng acid ascorbic (vitamin C) theo iu kin chn, hp khc nhau, % iu kin x l Trc khi x l 18 Sau khi x l T l tn tht

Nc nhit 90oC Nc nhit 100oC Hi nc nhit 100oC Hi nc nhit 110oC

10,9 11,2 12,8 17,9

6,9 6,7 10,8 9,0

36,7 40,0 15,6 49,7

(GUERRANT, OHARA. 1996) - Nng cht tan c trong nc chn: nc chn cha nhiu cht hu c, cht tan s t ha tan vo nc hn (Nu chn trong mi trng c cha sn cht tan, th cht tan trong nguyn liu t ha tan vo nc chn hn) C th chn trong dung dch ng hoc mui. - Din tch tip xc gia nguyn liu v nc chn: din tch tip xc cng ln, tn tht cht tan cng nhiu. Loi c v ht t tn tht cht tan hn rau. 3.2. V mu sc - Mu chlorophyl Chlorophyl thng tn ti 2 dng: chlorophyl A v chlorophyl B. Trong chlorophyl A tng i nhy cm vi nhit hn chlorophyl B. Chlorophyl bin i khi x l trong mi trng acid hoc c oxy (chlorophyl c mu xanh bin i thnh pheophytin c mu vng xanh vng olive
Chlorophyl A Chlorophyl B

Nhit, acid

Pheophytin A Pheophytin B

Nhit, acid

- Mu anthocyan Trong nguyn liu, anthocyan thng tn ti dng phc hp leucoanthocyan. Anthocyan l cht ha tan trong nc. Do , khng nn chn nguyn liu cha anthocyan trong mi trng c nhiu nc. Nhit Leucoanthocyan Mt Oxy ha Anthocyan

- Mu caroten Caroten tng i bn nhit, v vy t b bin i trong qua trnh chn, hp. Mt khc, trong qu trnh tn tr, nguyn liu c chn, hp th hm lng caroten li n nh hn nguyn liu khng chn. 3.3. V mi v Cc cht mi thng hin din trong nguyn liu l cc hp cht ester d bay hi. V vy, mi v gim mt t sau khi chn, hp.
19

3.4. V cu trc Mt trong nhng mc ch ca qu trnh chn, hp l lm mm cu trc ca rau qu, to iu kin d dng khi cho vo bao b hoc tch v, ht ra khi tht qu. Tuy nhin, i vi mt s sn phm th qu trnh chn, hp, lm mm cu trc khng mong mun. M mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm mm cu trc l do protopectin bin thnh pectin. V vy, duy tr cng ca sn phm, ta c th cho thm CaCl2 vo nc chn, to thnh phc pectat calci.

4. Gii thiu thit b chn, hp

Thit b chn, hp c phn loi theo cc nguyn tc - Lm vic gin on hay lin tc - Trong chn khng, p sut thng hay p sut cao Thit b thng c mt bng ti t trong thng cha nc hay phun hi, hi nc theo ng phun vo thng hay phng hp, bng ti di chuyn vi tc sao cho khi qua thit b, nguyn liu c chn t yu cu.

Hnh 2.1. Thit b hp

II. RN (CHIN) NGUYN LIU

1. Khi qut
- Rn l cho nguyn liu vo trong du nhit cao. Du dng rn nguyn liu c th l du lc, du bng, du hng dng, du u nnh, du c, du olive... i vi tht, c th dng m ng vt rn. - Trong sn xut hp, rn c dng khi ch bin rau rn lm gia v, ch bin cc loi hp c, tht sauce (st) c chua...

2. Mc ch
Rn nguyn liu trong sn xut hp nhm cc mc ch: - Tng gi tr cm quan ca sn phm. - Tng gi tr dinh dng ca sn phm.
20

- Tiu dit h thng men v vi sinh vt.

3. Qu trnh rn
3.1. Yu cu v tnh cht ca du m dng rn C th dng du hoc m, nn dng du tinh ch. Du rn phi t cc yu cu sau: - Mi v: khng i, kht, c mi c trng. - Mu sc: trong, sng, khng lng cn. - Lng m v cc cht bay hi khng qu 0.3 %. - Ch s acid ca du < 0.2. 3.2. Phng php rn *Giai on rn: Phi tin hnh rn ng ch : - i vi rau, nhit rn : 120 - 1600C. - i vi tht c, nhit rn: 140 - 1800C. Thi gian rn 5 - 20 pht, thay i ty theo loi nguyn liu, nhit l rn v lng nguyn liu a vo rn. Nguyn liu cho vo rn phi ng u v phi ngp hn trong du. Lp nguyn liu phi thp hn mt thong ca du t 5 - 10 cm. Trong qu trnh rn, phi kim tra cht lng ca du. Khi ch s acid ca du ln hn 4 th phi thay du, nhng nu cha c mi i kht, mu cha ti thm th cho php tip tc rn, nhng khng cho php ch s acid vt qu 5. *Giai on lm ngui: Nguyn liu sau khi rn c lm ngui ngay n nhit 35 - 400C, c th lm ngui bng cc phng php sau: - Phng php n gin nht l dng qut gi, khng kh lu thng lm ngui nguyn liu. Vi phng php ny, dy chuyn sn xut c th b gin on v vi sinh vt trong khng kh li xm nhp vo sn phm. - Lm ngui nguyn liu rn trong thit b chn khng, vi p sut t 700 710mmHg. Nguyn liu c lm ngui nhanh ti 35 - 400C ch trong vi pht. Vi phng php ny m bo dy chuyn sn xut lin tc, khng s nhim vi sinh vt vo sn phm. - Ngoi ra cn lm ngui nguyn liu bng cch nhng vo du ngui. Phng php ny rt ngn c thi gian rt nhiu, v h s truyn nhit t sn phm n du ln gp 40 - 50 ln h s truyn nhit t sn phm n khng kh. Phng php ny c nhc im l hm lng cht bo trong nguyn liu sau khi lm ngui cao, ch thch hp cho sn phm c ngm du.

4. rn
Ngi ta xc nh cht lng rn v thi im ngng rn bng hnh thc bn ngoi, mi v sn phm v bng rn. Trong nh gi rn, ngi ta nh gi bng 2 rn: rn biu kin v rn thc t.

21

- rn biu kin: Ch t l nguyn liu gim i sau khi rn, so vi nguyn liu trc khi rn. c xc nh theo cng thc:
X = A B 100 A

(%)

Vi A : Trng lng nguyn liu trc khi rn (kg). B : Trng lng nguyn liu sau khi rn (kg). rn biu kin c dng kim tra hay tnh ton cc ch tiu, nh mc kinh t k thut v tnh nng sut thit b.

22

- rn thc t: Ch lng nc bay hi trong nguyn liu sau khi rn. rn thc t bng tng rn biu kin vi lng du thm vo nguyn liu.
A B B.m 100 + A A

X1 =

(%)

Vi m : T l du ht vo sn phm (%) rn thc t ch c s dng trong cc qu trnh tnh nhit. rn biu kin lun thp hn rn thc t, v trong khi rn mt phn nc bc hi nhng nguyn liu li ht mt phn du rn vo. rn biu kin lun thp hn rn thc t, v trong khi rn th mt phn nc bc hi nhng nguyn liu li ht mt phn du rn vo. Lng du thm vo sn phm trung bnh 7 13% rn biu kin trung bnh 30 53% rn thc t trung bnh 41 64%

5. Nhng bin i trong qu trnh rn

5.1. Bin i ca nguyn liu - Protid trong nguyn liu b bin tnh. Rau cha t protid nn khi ng, protid chuyn thnh dng ht ri, ri phn hy thnh dng bng. S bin i ca protid bt u nhit 30 35oC, v tc tng dn theo nhit , nhit 60 65oC th protid b bin tnh. Cc protid mt tnh tan, cc phn t protid cha S b ct t, gii phng H2S. - Glucid b bin i, ng v tinh bt lp b mt b caramel ha. Protopectin b thy phn thnh pectin ha tan, lm rau rn tr nn mm. - Chlorophyl chuyn thnh pheophytin, caroten t b phn hy, nhng li tan nhiu trong du nng lm cho du c mu da cam. Cc cht hu c ha tan v cc vitamin ha tan trong cht bo u chuyn vo du. Vitamin B1, B2 tn tht t. Vitamin C b ph hy 7 18%. Cc ester v cc cht thm bay hi cng b tn tht khi rn. - Nc thot ra lm tng nng cht kh. 5.2. Bin i ca du Trong qu trnh rn, do tc dng ca nhit cao v thi gian di, do tc dng ca nc thot ra t nguyn liu v do d ha ln cc cht glucid, protid, lipid, to thnh nh tng, do tip xc vi khng kh trn mt thong v vi mt truyn nhit, nn du b bin tnh - Khi rn nht ca du tng do cc cht dinh dng trong nguyn liu dch chuyn vo du, du b xm mu . - nhit cao, du tip xc vi hi nc v oxy nn b thy phn v oxy ha thnh acid bo, glyceril, ri thnh cc cht peroxide, aldehide, cetone (c mi i kht) v acrolein (l cht lng, c, khi rn bc thnh khi xanh thot ra trn mt thong ca du lm cay mt) theo s sau:

23

Cht bo (du, m)

Nhit,

Glyceril
Nhit

acid bo

O ha

Acrolein
(Gy c)

Aldehide, cetone
(i du)

Hnh 2.2. Bin i ca du trong qu trnh rn

Hin nay, bin php ch yu chng hin tng h hng du trong khi rn l duy tr du rn trong l rn vi thi gian ngn nht. Ngi ta cn chng oxy ha du bng cch cho cht chng oxy ha vo du rn.
Bng 2.2. Cht chng oxy ha cho php s dng TN GI E 300 E 301 E 302 E 303 E 304 E 306 E 307 E 308 E 309 E 310 E 311 E 312 E 320 E 321 TN CHT CHNG OXY HA Acid L-ascorbic L-ascorbat Na L-ascorbat Ca Acid diacetyl 5,6-L-ascorbic Acid palmityl 6-L-ascorbic Cht chit t nhin giu tocopherol Alpha-tocopherol (tng hp) Gamma-tocopherol (tng hp) Delta-tocopherol (tng hp) Propyl Gallate Octyl Gallate Dodcyl Gallate Butylhydroxyanisole (BHA) Butylhydroxytoluen (BHT) Khng gii hn Liu lng c th chp nhn (mg/kg th trng/ngy)

Khng gii hn

0 0,5 0 0,5 0 0,5

(T chc CEE - Communaut conomique Europenne - 1990) C ch chng oxy ha cht bo

ROOO ROO RO OHO + + + + AH AH AH AH ROOH ROH RH H2O + + + + AO AO AO AO

24

6. Gii thiu thit b rn

Thng thng thit b rn ch l 1 thng cha du, c un nng bng t chy nhin liu. Ngy nay, ngi ta thit k c thit b rn chn khng, hn ch s oxy ha du, v t gy bin i nguyn liu rn.

Hnh 2.3. Thit b rn chn khng

III. C C
1. Khi qut
C c l lm bc hi nc ca sn phm bng cch un si. Qu trnh c c c s dng nhiu trong cng nghip hp sn xut c chua c c, mt, nc qu c c, cc loi soup kh, sa c...

2. Mc ch
C c nhm mc ch: - Tng nng cht kh trong sn phm, lm tng sinh nng lng ca thc phm. - Ko di thi gian bo qun (v hn ch vi sinh vt pht trin do t nc, p sut thm thu cao). - Gim c khi lng vn chuyn.

3. Cc yu t k thut ca qu trnh c c thc phm

Qu trnh c c thc phm c 3 thng s c bn: nhit si, thi gian sn phm lu li trong thit b (thi gian c c) v cng bc hi.

25

3.1. Nhit si - Khi tin hnh mt qu trnh c c thc phm ngi ta un nng khi sn phm ti nhit si. Nc trong sn phm bc hi cho n khi nng cht kh n nng yu cu th ngng qu trnh c c v cho sn phm ra khi thit b. - Nhit si ca sn phm ph thuc p sut hi trn b mt, nng cht kh v tnh cht vt l, ha hc ca sn phm. Khi p sut hi trn b mt ca sn phm cng thp th nhit si ca sn phm cng thp. V vy vic to chn khng trong thit b c c s gim c nhit si ca sn phm. Hay ni cch khc l iu chnh nhit si bng cch thay i chn khng.
Bng 2.3. Quan h gia chn khng v nhit si ca nc chn khng (mmHg) 0 126 234 326 405 430 526 572,5 610 642 667,6 690 Nhit si (0C) 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 44,5

(Nguyn Vn Tip v ctv. 2000) Khi nng cht kh trong sn phm cng ln th nhit si cng cao. Trong qu trnh c c, nng cht kh tng dn nn nhit si ca sn phm cng tng dn.
Bng 2.4. Quan h gia nng cht kh v nhit si 760 mmHg Nng cht kh (%) 55 60 65 70 75 Nhit si 760 mmHg (0C) 102,4 103,5 104,5 105,5 107,5

(Nguyn Vn Tip v ctv. 2000)

26

- Nhit si thp th tnh cht ca thc phm t b bin i nh sinh t t b tn tht, mu sc t b bin i, mi thm cng t b bay hi. Nhit si thp cn lm gim tc n mn v ko di thi gian bn ca vt liu lm thit b c c. 3.2. Thi gian c c - L thi gian lu li ca sn phm trong thit b c c cho s bc hi nc ra khi nguyn liu t n kh yu cu. - Thi gian c c ph thuc vo phng php lm vic ca thit b v cng bc hi ca sn phm. Cc thit b cho nguyn liu vo, sn phm ra lin tc v sn phm c cng bc hi ln th thi gian lu li ca sn phm trong thit b cng ngn.

3.3. Cng bc hi Cng bc hi ca sn phm ph thuc cng trao i nhit gia hi nng v sn phm bc hi. Cng trao i nhit c c trng bng h s truyn nhit ca qu trnh c c. H s truyn nhit cng ln, cng bc hi cng cao.

4. Bin i ca thc phm trong qu trnh c c

+ Bin i vt l Thc phm c c l mt h ca nhiu cht ha tan nh ng, acid, mui, cn cha c cc cht khng tan nh tinh bt, cellulose trng thi huyn ph. Khi c c, dung mi bay hi, nng cht ha tan tng dn, nhit si, nht, khi lng ring tng, nhng h s truyn nhit gim, hm lng khng kh cn li trong gian bo v ha tan trong sn phm cng gim. + Bin i ha hc - Cc loi ng trong rau qu, do chu tc dng ca nhit cao b mt truyn nhit ca thit b c c, nn b caramel ha. Hin tng caramel ha to ra cc sn phm c mu en v v ng lm sn phm c cht lng km. nhit 95oC, ng kh c th b caramel ha. nhit 160oC, qu trnh caramel ha xy ra mnh. 160oC, saccharose loi 1 phn t nc to ra glucosan v fructosan. 185 190oC, glucosan kt hp vi fructosan to thnh isosaccharosan. Tip tc, 2 phn t isosaccharosan kt vi nhau, loi 2 phn t nc to thnh caramelan. Caramelan li kt hp vi isosaccharosan, loi 3 phn t nc to thnh caramelen. Khi nhit tng cao trn 200oC to thnh caramelin (mt tnh ha tan) S phn ng caramel ha nh sau: 160oC, C12H22O11 C6H10O5 C6H10O5 +

185
27

C12H20O10 > 190o C

C24H26O13 C24H36O18

C36H50O25

Hnh 2.4. Qu trnh carmel ha ca ng saccharose - Hin tng xm mu cn do phn ng gia protein (nhm NH2) v ng kh (nhm CHO) to cc melanoidin. - Tinh bt s b h ha. Pectin b phn hy nn gim tnh to ng trong nu mt - Cc cht thm v cc cht hu c d bay hi s bc theo hi nc lm gim hng v ca sn phm. - Hm lng vitamin trong sn phm gim do tc dng ca nhit cao. Do trnh tn tht vitamin, ta dng thit b c c chn khng.

28

5. Gii thiu thit b c c

C c c th dng loi thit b h hoc thit b c chn khng. + Thit b c c h (lm vic p sut thng): thng dng nu mt... + Thit b c c chn khng: thng dng c c c chua, nc qu... Thit b c chn khng c loi 1 ni hoc nhiu ni, nhng loi nhiu ni c u im hn loi mt ni: - Tit kim hi v dng c hi th v tn tht t hi. - Cht lng sn phm tt v c c lin tc, nhit si thp, thi gian c nhanh.

Hnh 2.5. Thit b c c chn khng

29

CHNG III
QU TRNH CHO SN PHM VO BAO B - BI KH - GHP KN

I. QU TRNH CHO SN PHM VO BAO B

1. S lc bao b hp
1.1. Loi bao b Trong sn xut hp thng s dng 2 nhm bao b : - Bao b gin tip : ng cc hp thnh phm, to thnh cc kin hng, thng l nhng thng g kn hay nan tha hay thng carton. - Bao b trc tip : tip xc vi thc phm, cng vi thc phm to thnh mt n v sn phm hng ha hon chnh v thng nht, thng c gi l bao b hp. Trong nhm ny, cn c theo vt liu bao b, li chia lm cc loi : bao b kim loi, bao b thy tinh, bao b bng cht trng hp, bao b giy nhiu lp v.v.... * Bao b kim loi c u im l nh, truyn nhit tt, c bn c hc tt, nhng c bn ha hc km, hay b r v b n mn. * Bao b thy tinh th bn vng v mt ha hc, hnh thc p, nhng c nhc im c bn l nng, d v v truyn nhit km. * Cht trng hp c loi chu c tc dng ca nhit cao, c loi khng chu c tc dng ca nhit. C u im l nh, d gia cng, r tin. * Bao b giy nhiu lp, vi 2 tnh cht: chng thm v chu ng (va chm v s tip xc vi thc phm) l loi bao b mng ghp, gm c cc lp sau ( dng bao b phc hp ): o Lp ngoi cng l PE: chng m o Lp mc in (cellophane): d in o Lp giy: tng cng cho bao b o Lp PE: ni kt gia lp giy v lp nhm trong cng o Lp nhm: ngn m, gi mi, ngn sng. o i vi loi ng chai th s dng HDPE Hin nay, bao b hp ph bin nht vn l bao b kim loi, trong ch yu l st ty, hp nhm. Cht trng hp cng c dng nhiu lm bao b thc phm. Theo xu th chung ca th gii ngi ta ang thay dn mt cch hp l bao b thy tinh bng bao b cht trng hp, g bng carton ln sng, giy bi cng bng cht trng hp do, kim loi bng cht trng hp cng hoc do.

28

1.2. Kiu np bao b thy tinh - Kiu PRESS-TWIST (Phng php xon c): Np v c bao b c rnh xon c. u im : M np d v tin Nhc im Hn ch nng sut ghp, Cu trc v s dng my phc tp, Kh gia cng Tn kim loi lm np Bao b phi lm c xon, kh gia cng, khng m bo kn khi bo qun - Kiu TWIST-OFF : dng cho bao b ming rng, c ngn, np st. Vng m t y np. Khi y v tho np ch cn xoay vng np u im : M np d v tin Nhc im Hn ch nng sut ghp, Cu trc v s dng my phc tp, Kh gia cng Tn kim loi lm np Bao b phi lm c xon, kh gia cng, khng m bo kn khi bo qun - Kiu EUROCAP : dng cho bao b ming rng. Vng m t y np v vt cht ly ming bao b. u im t tn km kim loi lm np D m np Nhc im Hn ch nng sut ghp, Ch to np phc tp, Khng m bo kn khi bo qun lu di - Kiu PRY-OFF (ghp nn) : dng cho c loi ming rng v ming hp. Np kim loi c m cao su t quanh thnh, s b ko cng v dnh st vo ming chai khi trong chai c chn khng. u im Nng sut ghp cao, ghp d My ghp dng cho nhiu c bao b Np gi nguyn vn v d m m bo kn Bao b t b v v gia cng d

29

Hnh 3.1. Bao b kim loi

Hnh 3.2. Bao b thy tinh

3.3. Kiu np bao b thy tinh

30

2. Yu cu bao b hp
Phi p ng cc yu cu : - Khng gy c cho thc phm, khng lm cho thc phm bin i cht lng, khng gy mi v, mu sc l cho thc phm. - Bn i vi tc dng ca thc phm. - Chu c nhit v p sut cao. - Truyn nhit tt, chc chn, nh. - D gia cng, r tin. - Hnh thc hp dn, thch hp vi sn phm. - S dng vn chuyn, bo qun tin li. Bng 3.1. Quy cch cc loi lon ph bin
S TT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

KCH C mm
153 x 178 153 x 178 153 x 178 153 x 178 153 x 114 99 x 119 99 x 119 99 x 119 83 x 113 83 x 113 74 x 113 74 x 113 74 x 113 50 x 132 52 x 132 30 oz 30 oz 30 oz 20 oz 20 oz 15 oz 15 oz 15 oz 250 ml

TRNG VECNI Trong

Khng Vng, 1 lp Vng, 2 lp Xm, 1 lp Xm, 2 lp Khng Vng, 1 lp Xm, 2 lp Khng Vng, 1 lp khng Vng, 1 lp

Trng lng
108 oz 108 oz 108 oz 108 oz

Ngoi
Khng Khng Khng Khng Clear 1 lp Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng Khng

PHM VI S DNG
Da, rau qu mu nh Nm, rau qu mu m, mng Rau qu n mn cao C, m C, m Da, rau qu mu nh Thc phm kh: sa bt, caf bt Nm, rau qu mu m, mng C, m Da, rau qu mu nh Nm, rau qu mu m, mng Thc phm kh: u phng chin Da, rau qu mu nh Nm, rau qu mu m, mng C, m Nc yn, nc tri cy

Vng, 2 lp

Clear 1 lp

15

57 x 91 65 x 91 62 x 91

250 ml

Vng, 2 lp

Clear 1 lp

Nc tng lc, nc tri cy

16

52 x 89

150 g

Vng hay xam, 2 lp

Clear 1 lp

C mi, c trch

(Cng ty hp st Tovecan)

31

3. Chun b bao b ng sn phm

Trc khi s dng, cc loi bao b phi kim tra li phm cht v ra sch. - Bao b kim loi tiu chun c ra sch bng nc l, nc nng, khi cn thit c th dng dung dch kim long hay nc x phng long, soa, lm sch tp cht bi ct, du khong cn dnh v hp khi gia cng, ro hoc sy kh. - Cc loi bao b thy tinh thng nhim bn v kh ra sch hn bao b kim loi, phi ra k bng ha cht. Cc dung dch kim (NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3) thng lm cho thy tinh b m v to ra trn mt thy tinh cc hp cht Calci carbonat. Dung dch hn hp ca NaOH 3 %, Na3PO4 1 % v Na2SiO3 khng lm m thy tinh. st trng chai l thy tinh, dng ha cht c cha Cl2 vi lng Cl2 hot ng phi t 100 mg/l. Sau khi ra ha cht, st trng, ra li bng nc nng hay nc l sch, sy kh hoc ro. - i vi nt chai c lp m bng cht do khng chu c tc dng ca nhit cao v nc lu. Sau khi ra sch bng nc l, ngm vo dung dch acid benzoic hay Natri benzoat c nng 1 - 5 %.

4. Thnh phn v trng lng tnh ca sn phm cho vo bao b

a. Thnh phn a s cc loi hp gm c phn rn chim t 60 - 70 % v phn lng chim t 30 - 40 %. Phn rn bao gm nhiu nguyn liu ch bin khc nhau nh rau, qu, tht, c cng vi gia v. Phn lng nh nc ng, nc mui, nc gim, nc luc, du, nc st (sauce). C loi hp ch l mt khi c ng nht nh nc qu, pat... T l cc thnh phn nguyn liu trong mt loi hp c ngha rt quan trng n vic ch bin hp c cht lng cao. Khi thnh phn nc rt trong hp d nhiu s lm gim gi tr dinh dng ca hp v hm lng cht kh thp. Nhng nu khng thnh phn nc rt th gim gi tr cm quan, lm cho mt phn sn phm b kh, kh thanh trng. Do phi m bo ng t l phn rn v phn lng trong hp, t l ny cn gi l t l ci - nc, y l ch tiu phm cht quan trng ca hp. Khi nh gi ch tiu ny, ngi ta xc nh hp thnh phm thanh trng v n nh t nht 15 ngy. V trong thi gian thanh trng v bo qun, cc thnh phn cht kh trong sn phm s khuch tn, tin ti n nh phn rn v lng. Nn t l ci - nc khi bo qun s thay i. Thng t l ci vo hp phi cao hn t l ci quy nh trong thnh phm t 10 30 %, ty theo loi nguyn liu. b. Trng lng tnh L tng s trng lng sn phm cha trong hp. Trong sn xut ta phi m bo trng lng tnh ca hp. Trng lng tnh ca tng c hp ph thuc vo tng loi mt hng, c php sai s t 1 - 3 %.

5. Cho sn phm vo bao b

Trong nhiu dy chuyn sn xut hp, cc sn phm cho vo bao b c c kh ha. Nhng a s cc loi rau, qu, c, tht cn phi cho vo hp bng th cng.
32

- Cng nhn cho sn phm vo hp phi thc hin y cc quy nh v v sinh v cc yu cu ca quy trnh k thut quy nh. - Cng nhn lm vic ni vo hp phi c trang phc (qun, o, m, khu trang, giy dp, gng tay...) gn gng, sch s trnh tp cht. - Phi ra tay bng thuc st trng nh nc c cha Chlorin v phi khng c bnh truyn nhim. - Dng c ch bin ty theo mc b nhim bn, phi lm v sinh nhiu ln trong 1 ca sn xut hay mi ca 1 ln. - Cn phi xp loi ng u v kch thc, mu sc, hnh dng. Tm li, khi cho sn phm vo bao b, phi t cc yu cu sau : * m bo khi lng tnh v thnh phn ca hp theo t l quy nh. * C hnh thc trnh by p. * m bo h s truyn nhit. * Khng ln cc tp cht.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11.

Thng cha cht lng Bm chn khng ng dn cht lng vo thng Phao Mm ng ray Bnh xe Piston Soupap L xo ng dn cht lng vo chai

Hnh 3.4. Cu to h thng rt cht lng ca my rt chn khng

33

II. BI KH
1. Khi qut
Trong cc qu trnh ch bin c hc nh nghin, ch, lc, p v.v... v vn chuyn cc bn ch phm nh bm chuyn t thng cha ny sang thng cha khc, khi cho thc phm vo trong bao b, u lm cho mt s khng kh xm nhp, ha ln vo cc sn phm . Trong cc gian bo ca thc phm lc ng hp cng cn tn ti cc cht kh nh khng kh, hi nc, kh carbonic v.v...Sn phm cho vo bao b khng hon ton chim y c dung tch ca hp m cn li mt khong khng gian trong hp kn, cha khng kh v hi nc. Trc khi ghp kn hp, cn ui bt cc cht kh tn ti trong hp y i. Qu trnh ny gi l bi kh.

2. Mc ch
Tin hnh bi kh trong sn xut hp nhm cc mc ch sau y : a. Gim p sut bn trong hp khi thanh trng Nguyn nhn lm tng p sut bn trong hp khi thanh trng, ch yu l do tn ti lng khng kh trong hp sau khi ghp kn. p sut trong hp khi thanh trng bng tng p sut ring phn ca khng kh, p sut ring phn ca hi nc v p sut do sn phm dn n. Khi p sut tng cng y bng 1,96 3,92.105 N/m2 (2 4at) c th lm hng hp. Bi kh s lm gim p sut trong hp, nn hp khi thanh trng khng b bin dng hay h hng hp. b. Hn ch s oxy ha cc cht dinh dng ca thc phm Oxy ca khng kh cn li trong hp lm cho cc qu trnh oxy ha xy ra trong hp lm cho cc qu trnh oxy ha xy ra trong hp mnh, lm cho cc sinh t, nht l sinh t C b tn tht, cc cht hu c b oxy ha lm thay i hng v mu sc ca thc phm trong hp . c. Hn ch s pht trin ca cc vi khun hiu kh cn tn ti trong hp Sau khi thanh trng hp, trong s cc loi vi sinh vt cn sng, tn ti cc vi sinh vt hiu kh v nha bo ca n. Nu trong mi trng cn nhiu Oxy, cc vi sinh vt c iu kin pht trin, gy h hng hp. Khi bi kh, cc vi sinh vt hiu kh khng c iu kin pht trin, nn d cn sng cng khng gy h hng hp. d. Hn ch hin tng n mn st ty Hp st ty, nu trong mi trng acid yu, cc l nh khng ph thic trn b mt, s to ra nhng cp pin li ti, m hai in cc l st v thic. Khi dng in chy t cc dng sang cc m, y hydro thot ra dung dch n bm vo cc m, to thnh mt mng bo v cc m, hn ch s phn cc ca pin v tin ti lm ngng qu trnh n mn. Nhng nu trong hp cn oxy, oxy phn ng ngay vi hydro ph hy mng bo v, dng in tip tc chy v din ra qu trnh n mn. Do , bi kh th hin tng n mn s b hn ch
34

e. To chn khng trong hp khi lm ngui hp thc phm cn phi c mt chn khng nht nh, khi vn chuyn, bo qun trong cc iu kin kh hu khc nhau. hp khng c cc biu hin phng y, np, ngi s dng c th phn bit c hp tt hay xu do cc vi sinh vt to thnh kh gy ra. V vy chn khng c coi l mt ch s phm cht ca hp. chn khng thng l 3,22 5,98.104 N/m2 (250 450 mmHg) trng hp c bit mi ti 8,65 9,05.104 N/m2 (650 680 mmHg) Nht Bn, p sut trong hp yu cu ch cn 1,06.104 N/m2 (hay 80 mmHg)

3. Phng php bi kh
Trong sn xut hp ngi ta dng nhiu phng php bi kh khc nhau, nhng ch yu l dng phng php bi kh bng nhit v dng thit b chn khng. a. Bi kh bng nhit Phng php n gin v thun li nht bi kh bng nhit l cho sn phm vo bao b khi cn nng. Cho sn phm vo bao b khi un nng ti khong 850C ri ghp kn ngay. b. Bi kh bng thit b chn khng Ngi ta dng bm chn khng ht khng kh ra khi hp trong mt phng ca my ghp kn. Hin nay bin php ny c s dng ph bin to chn khng c hiu qu nht trong hp. c. Phng php bi kh khc Ngoi cc phng php trn, ngi ta cn tin hnh bi kh bng phun hi. Dng hi nc nng phun vo khong khng gian trong hp, trc khi ghp kn, hi nc y khng kh ra ngoi. Sau khi ghp kn v lm ngui, hi nc ngng t v to chn khng trong hp. Phng php ny ch p dng cho loi hp lng, cn cc sn phm c th s lm xu hnh thc trn mt ca sn phm

4. Gii thiu thit b bi kh

Trong sn xut nc qu, c th dng cc thit b bi kh chn khng : - Thit b bi kh ly tm : Nc qu a vo phng chn khng c ngn quay ri theo rnh vng i ra ngoi. - Thit b bi kh kiu phun : nc qu c phun thnh tia to thnh cc git rt nh trong mt thng kn c ht chn khng. - Thit b bi kh kiu mng : dng vi phun mnh nc qu vo thnh mt bnh c b ht chn khng to thnh mng cht lng rt mng trn thnh bnh. Cc thit b ny lm vic vi chn khng rt cao c th ti 740 mmHg nn tc dng bi kh rt mnh.

35

III. GHP KN
Trong qu trnh ch bin hp, qu trnh ghp kn np vo bao b ngn cch hn sn phm thc phm vi mi trng khng kh v vi sinh vt bn ngoi, l mt qu trnh quan trng, c nh hng ti thi gian bo qun lu di cc thc phm . Np hp phi c ghp tht kn, chc chn.

1. Mi ghp
Tin hnh ghp kn np vo bao b st ty hay thy tinh, hu ht ngi ta dng np bng kim loi, ch yu l st ty. - Khi ghp kn hp st ngi ta ghp kn bng mi ghp kp, tc l ch m hp th c thn v np u cun li. - Khi ghp kn np bao b thy tinh bng st, ghp kn bng mi ghp n.

Con ln cun

Con ln p

Mi ghp k
Hnh 3.5. C cu ghp
36

Mi ghp n

37

Cho vo my ghp

Qua con ln cun

Qua con ln p

Hnh 3.6. Qu trnh thc hin mi ghp kp

Hnh 3.7. Mt ct ngang ca hp ghp kn

38

2. Gii thiu my ghp np

Hin nay c rt nhiu loi my ghp c cu to khc nhau, tuy nhin qu trnh to ra mi ghp v nguyn tc truyn ng u ging nhau. C th chia cc my ghp np lm 4 loi chnh: - My ghp th cng : Nng sut ca my l 6 - 10 hp /pht, cao nht khng qu 20 hp /pht. - My ghp bn t ng : Nng sut 20 - 25 hp / pht. - My ghp t ng : Nng sut 120 hp / pht. - My ghp t ng chn khng.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

ng c in Bnh rng Con ln Hp Mm Trc mm C cu a con ln tin st vo my Bn p

Hnh 3.8. Cu to h thng ghp np hp kim loi (Bn t ng)

39

Hnh 3.9. My ghp np bn t ng

Hnh 3.10. My ghp np t ng

40

3. Th kn ca hp
hp sau khi ghp kn thng cn phi kim tra kn theo tng chu k ca thi gian sn xut. Trong mt ca sn xut phi ly mu 2 - 3 ln kim tra kn. C th tin hnh th kn ca hp theo mt trong cc phng php sau : - Phng php ngm trong nc nng: Dng kim tra kn ca hp st trong iu kin phn xng: Ra sch hp bng nc nng v x phng, ng thnh mt lp trong chu thy tinh to c ng nc nng nhit khng di 850C. Lng nc nng gp khong 4 ln th tch cc hp, mc nc phi trn mt hp t 25 - 30 cm. Hp trong nc nng t 5 - 7 pht. Lc u y xung, sau lt ngc, np xung di. Sau quan st, nu thy bt kh trong hp thot ra hng lot hoc thot ra u n cng mt ch, th hp coi nh b h. - Phng php ht chn khng: t hp ng sn phm trong mt bnh ht chn khng vi chn khng 50 mmHg. Do chnh lch p sut gia bn trong v bn ngoi hp, lm cho np hp phng ln nu hp kn. V nc trong sn phm c th theo ch h r ra ngoi trong trng hp mi ghp khng kn. * X l hp h - Trng hp pht hin uc hp ghp khng kn trc khi thanh trng, cn phi iu chnh my ghp kp thi v c th m hp ch bin li hay ch bin thnh cc sn phm ph. - Trng hp pht hin c hp ghp khng kn sau khi thanh trng, th cc hp a i ch bin thnh sn phm ph.

41

CHNG IV
C S CA QU TRNH THANH TRNG HP THC PHM
Trong sn xut hp thc phm, thanh trng l mt qu trnh quan trng, c tc dng quyt nh ti kh nng bo qun v cht lng ca thc phm. y l bin php ct gi thc phm theo nguyn l tiu dit mm mng gy h hng thc phm (nguyn tc nh ch s sng) bng nhiu phng php khc nhau: dng dng in cao tn, tia ion ha, siu m, lc thanh trng v tc dng ca nhit .

I. CC H VI SINH VT TRONG HP
Cc h vi sinh vt tn ti trong hp nguy him nht l cc loi vi khun, sau mi n nm men v nm mc.

1. Vi khun
Cc loi vi khun ph bin nht thng thy trong hp. a. Loi hiu kh + Bacillus mesentericus : c nha bo, khng c, trong nc v trn b mt rau. Nha bo b ph hy 1100C trong 1 gi. Loi ny c trong tt c cc loi hp, pht trin nhanh nhit quanh 370C. + Bacillus subtilis : c nha bo khng gy bnh. Nha bo chu 1000C trong 1 gi, 1150C trong 6 pht. Loi ny c trong hp c, rau, tht. Khng gy mi v l, pht trin rt mnh 25 - 350C. b. Loi k kh + Clostridium sporogenes: c nh trng thi t nhin ca mi mi trng. N phn hy protid thnh mui ca NH3, ri thi NH3,, sn sinh ra H2S, H2 v CO2. Nha bo ca n chu ng c trong nc si trn 1 gi. Clostridium sporogenes c c t, song b ph hy nu un si lu. Loi ny c trong mi hp, pht trin rt mnh 27 - 580C. Nhit ti thch l 370C. + Clostridium putrificum: l loi vi khun ng rut, c nha bo, khng gy bnh. Cc loi nguyn liu thc vt khng mnh vi Clostridium putrificum v c phitonxit. Loi ny c trong mi hp, nhit ti thch l 370C. c. Loi va hiu kh va k kh + Bacillus thermophillus: c trong t, phn gia sc, khng gy bnh, c nha bo. Tuy c rt t trong hp nhng kh loi tr. Nhit ti thch l 60 - 70oC.
41

+ Staphylococcus pyrogenes aureus : c trong bi v nc, khng c nha bo. Thnh thong gy bnh v sinh ra c t, d b ph hy 60 - 70oC. Pht trin nhanh nhit thng. d. Loi gy bnh, gy ra ng c do ni c t + Bacillus botulinus : cn c tn l Clostridium botulinum. Triu chng gy bi lit rt c trng : lm c s iu tit ca mt, ri lm lit cc c iu khin bi thn kinh s, sau ton thn b lit. Ngi b ng c sau 4 - 8 ngy th cht. Loi ny ch b nhim khi khng tun theo nguyn tc v sinh v thanh trng ti thiu. Nha bo c kh nng khng mnh: 100oC l 330 pht, 115oC l 10 pht, 120oC l 4 pht. c t b ph hy hon ton khi un nng 80oC trong 30 pht. + Salmonella: thuc nhm vi khun gy bnh, hiu kh, a m, khng c nha bo nhng c c t.

2. Nm men, nm mc
+ Nm men: ch yu l Saccharomyces ellipsoides, hin din rng khp trong thin nhin. Nm men thng thy trong hp c cha ng. Bo t ca nm men khng c kh nng chu ng c nhit cao, chng c th cht nhanh nhit 60oC. + Nm mc : t thy trong hp. Ni chung men, mc d b tiu dit nhit thp v d loi tr bng cch thc hin v sinh cng nghip tt.

II. PHNG PHP THANH TRNG VT L

1. Thanh trng bng tia ion ha
1.1. Nguyn l Tc dng dit trng ca cc tia ion ha l thay i cu trc ca mt s phn t protein ca t bo vi sinh vt v lm ion ha dung mi. Hiu qu thanh trng ca tia ion ha ph thuc vo thi gian x l, chiu dy ca thc phm v lng vi sinh vt nhim vo thc phm. 1.2. Cc tia ion ha Cn c vo tn s dao ng in t, ngi ta chia tia sng lm cc loi :
Bng 4.1. Tn s dao ng in t ca cc tia ion ha
Tia Tia hng ngoi Tia sng trng thy Tia t ngoi Tia X Tia Rongel cng, tia Tn s dao ng in t (Hz) 1012 - 1014 1015 16 10 - 1017 1018 - 1020 1021 - 1022
(Nguyn Vn Tip. 2000)

42

Cc tia c tn s dao ng cao th c lc m xuyn cao. Tia X, tia l cc tia ion ha u c tc dng dit trng. Liu lng s dng ty thuc vo bn cht tng loi vi sinh vt. Chiu dy ti a ca thc phm em chiu tia X v tia m cc l 127mm (nu chiu c 2 mt). Tia hng ngoi v tia t ngoi l cc tia bc x. Tc dng ca tia hng ngoi l lm nng sn phm dit vi sinh vt. Tia t ngoi c tc dng st trng l lm ng t protid v ph hy h thng men ca vi sinh vt.

2. Thanh trng bng sng siu m

Di tc dng ca siu m, mi trng lng truyn m b x y, b p v to chn khng lin tip, sinh ra nhiu khong trng. Lc , cc cht ha tan v hi ca cht lng lp tc dn vo khong trng y, gy ra tc dng c hc lm cht vi sinh vt trong mi trng. Mt khc trong qu trnh y, mt phn cht kh ha tan b ion ha to ra nc oxy gi (H2O2), Nitrogen oxy (NO) l nhng cht c i vi vi sinh vt. Trong cc loi vi sinh vt th vi khun d b siu m tc dng nht.

3. Thanh trng bng dng in cao tn

Thanh trng bng cch t sn phm trong in trng ca dng in xoay chiu (c tn s cao) Cc phn t tch in trong sn phm (ion, in t) s dao ng do tc dng ca in nng, chuyn in nng c hp thu thnh nhit nng lm cht vi sinh vt. Kh nng hp thu in nng ty thuc vo: kch thc bao b ng thc phm, in p tn s ca dng in. Tn s ca dng in cng ln hay bc sng cng ngn th qu trnh thanh trng cng nhanh (Tn s thch hp nht l 3.108 - 3.107 Hz). Thi gian thanh trng ch trong vi mi giy n vi pht.

4. Thanh trng bng s dng p sut cao

p lc 300 - 600MPa c kh nng v hat cc vi sinh vt khng hnh thnh bo t. Trong khi v hat cc vi khun sinh bo t cn p lc rt cao (1800MPa) Tuy nhin, ti p sut thp 200 - 400MPa cng lm gim s sn sinh bo t.

5. Thanh trng bng xung in t

Trng xung in (p dng cho cc lai thc phm lng, thi gian x l t vi micro ti mili giy) c th tiu dit vi sinh vt v to xp mng t bo. Lc in trng i hi v hat vi sinh vt thay i t 0,1 - 2,5 V/m.

6. Lc Thanh trng
Sn phm lng, nh nc qu trong c th loi tr vi sinh vt bng cch lc. Bn lc, thng l cc mng s xp, c nhng l nh ch cho sn phm qua, cn gi li vi sinh vt. Sau khi lc, sn phm c rt vo bao b st trng, ri ghp kn ngay. Qu trnh ny phi tin hnh trong iu kin v sinh cao. Bng phng php ny, sn phm hon ton gi c tnh cht t nhin.

43

III. THANH TRNG BNG TC DNG CA NHIT

Thanh trng bng nhit cao ca nc nng v hi nc nng l phng php thanh trng ph bin nht trong sn xut hp. Khi nng nhit ca mi trng qu nhit ti thch ca vi sinh vt th hot ng ca vi sinh vt b chm li. nhit cao, protid ca cht nguyn sinh ca vi sinh vt b ng t lm cho vi sinh vt b cht. Qu trnh ng t protid ny khng thun nghch, nn hot ng ca vi sinh vt khng phc hi sau khi h nhit.

1. ng hc ca qu trnh tiu dit vi sinh vt bng nhit

T thc nghim ch s tiu dit vi sinh vt c th hin bi phng trnh:
-

dN = k T .N n dt

(1)

Trong : N : lng vi sinh vt trong sn phm sau thi gian t (cfu/ml). kT: h s vn tc tiu dit vi sinh vt nhit T, ty theo loi vi sinh vt v tnh cht ca hp m tr s k thay i. t : Thi gian x l (pht) n : Bc phn ng Trong hu ht trng hp, bc phn ng bng 1, tin trnh v hot bc nht c th vit nh sau:
dN = k T .N dt

(2)

Hay
dN = k T .dt N

(3)

Vi phng trnh vi phn (3) c th c ly tch phn theo cc iu kin thi im ban u t = 0 th N = No thi im t = t th N = N
dN N = kT .dt 0 N0
N t

(4)

Khi thc hin tiu dit vi sinh vt nhit khng i, kT = hng s (qu trnh ng nhit) Phng trnh (4) c th vit nh sau:
dN N = kT dt 0 N0
N t

(5) (6)
44

ln (N) ln (No) = - kT. t

Hoc

ln

N N0

= k T .t

(7)

T ta c c : N = No e -kt Trong (8)

N : lng vi sinh vt trong sn phm thi im t (cfu/ml) No: lng vi sinh vt ban u (cfu/ml) kT : h s vn tc tiu dit vi sinh vt nhit T t : Thi gian gia nhit (pht)

nhit tiu dit vi sinh vt khng i, lng vi sinh vt gim theo hm s m theo thi gian. iu ny c ngha tng s vi sinh vt khng th gim n 0. V vy, khng th m bo tuyt i rng tt c vi sinh vt s b tiu dit bi mt qu trnh no .

45

Nu v ng biu din v mc tiu dit vi sinh vt theo thi gian bi phng trnh (8) ta c th theo hnh 4.1

Hnh 4.1. S tiu dit vi sinh vt bng nhit theo thi gian

Cng c th vit :
lg N k = t N0 2,303

(9)

Nu biu din theo hm logarite thp phn phng trnh (9) th l mt ng thng, c h s gc
k 2,303

biu th qua hnh 4.2

ng l thuyt

ng thc nghim

Hnh 4.2. Thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt theo mi quan h logarite

46

Vi gi tr D l thi gian cn thit ti mt nhit xc nh tiu dit 90% lng vi sinh vt ban u. c gi l thi gian tiu dit thp phn. Theo hnh 4.2 v phng trnh (9), ta xy dng c mi quan h gia h s vn tc k v thi gian D :
1 k = D 2,303

Phng trnh (9) c th vit :

lg N 1 = t N0 D (10)

Vy thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt

t = D lg

N0 N

(11)

2. Tnh ton nh hng ca qu trnh x l nhit (Gi tr thanh trng F)

xc nh mc tiu dit vi sinh vt, cn phi bit tr s D v z biu th cho loi vi sinh vt cn tiu dit. Nh ta bit ng thi gian cht nhit ca vi sinh vt trong qu trnh x l nhit l mt ng thng, ta v th biu din (hnh 4.3)
Thi gian tit trng

(ng thc nghim) (ng hiu chnh)

Hnh 4.3. Biu din thi gian cht nhit ca vi sinh vt

- F : thi gian cn thit (tnh bng pht) tiu dit vi sinh vt, ti mt nhit nht nh. - z : khong nhit cn thit cho ng thi gian cht nhit thc hin mt chu trnh logarite (i vi mi loi vi sinh vt v thc phm khc nhau, c gi tr D v z khc nhau)
47

Bng 4.2. S khng nhit ca vi sinh vt trong qu trnh x l nhit

Nhm vi khun Sn phm khng chua v t chua (pH > 4,5) - Vi khun chu nhit (bo t) - Vi khun khng chu nhit (bo t) Sn phm chua (pH 4,0 - 4,5) - Vi khun chu nhit (bo t) - Vi khun khng chu nhit (bo t) Sn phm rt chua (pH < 4,0) Vi sinh vt khng chu nhit (vi khun khng sinh bo t, nm men, nm mc)
(Carla,1992) Ghi ch (1): x l 121,1OC (2): x l 100OC (3): x l 65OC

D (pht) 2,0 - 5,0 (1) 0,1 - 1,5 (1) 0,01 - 0,07 (1) 0,1 - 0,5 (2) 0,5 - 1,0 (3)

z (OC) 8 - 12 8 - 10 8 - 10 7 - 10 5-7

Bng 4.3. S v hot vi sinh vt (bo t) trong qu trnh tit tng

LOI VI SINH VT (Type of microorganism)

MI TRNG (Medium)

z-value (oC)

D121,1 (min)

Bacillus stearothermophilus Bacillus subtilis 5230 Bacillus coagulans Bacillus cereus Bacillus megaterium Clostridium perfringens Clostridium sporogenes Clostridium botulinum

General General solution General General General General General

7,6-10,3 7,4-13 8,2-9,0 9,7 8,8 10,0 8,0-12,0 9,9

1,8-4,7 0,3-0,76 0,2-2,5 0,0065 0,04 / 0,48-1,4 0,21

(Carla.1992)

48

Bng 4.4. S v hot vi sinh vt (T bo sinh dng) trong qu trnh thanh trng LOI VI SINH VT (Type of microorganism) Escherichia coli Pseudomonas fluoresens Streptococcus faecalis Staphylococcus aureus Salmonella senftenberg Lactobacillus plantarum Listeria monocytogenes Closstridium botulinum Non-proteolytic type B Non-proteolytic type E Bacillus cereus Bacillus subtilis MI TRNG (Medium) / / Fish Pea soup Pea soup Tomato soup Carrots Buffer pH 7,0 Water Buffer pH 7,0 Buffer pH 6,8 z-value (oC) 4,9 7,5 6,7 4,6 5,7 12,5 6,7 9,7 9,4 10,5 9,8 DT (min) 4,5 (56oC) 3,2 (60oC) 15,7 (60oC) 10,4 (60oC) 10,6 (60oC) 11,0 (70oC) 0,27 (70oC) 32,3 (82oC) 3,3 (80oC) 8,0 (100oC) 0,57 (121oC)

(Carla.1992)

Bng 4.5. S khng nhit ca cc enzyme trong qu trnh x l nhit

Enzyme Peroxydase Polygalacturonase O-diphenoloxydase Lipoxygenase Catalase Lipase Protease
(1): x l 80OC (2): x l 120OC

D (pht) 232 (1) 20 (1) 0,82 (1) 0,09 (1) 0,02 (1) 25 (2) 300 (2)
(Carla.1992)

z (OC) 28 6,8 5,5 8,5 8,3 26 28

Ghi ch

49

Bng 4.6. Gi tr Z i vi s v hot enzyme v cc nhn t cht lng ca mt s thc phm ENZYME Lipoxygenase (peas) Lipoxygenase (soybean) Polyphenoloxidase (mushroom) Polyphenoloxidase (plum) Chlorophyllase (spinach) Peroxidase (potato) NHN T CHT LNG Thiamine (milk) Thiamine (meat, vegetables) Cht lng chung (peas) Cht lng chung (green beans) Cht lng chung (bp)
(Carla.1992)

GA TR Z (oC) 8,7 6,9 6,5 17,6 12,2 35,0 29,4 31,4 25,0 31,3 28,3 28,8 31,6

Bng 4.7. Ga tr Z ca cc nhn t thc phm (tng qut) NHN T Bo t vi khun T bo sinh dng Vitamins Proteins Enzymes Cht lng cm quan chung Cu trc Mu sc
(Carla.1992)

GA TR Z (oC) 7 12 48 25 30 15 37 5 50 25 45 17 47 17 - 57

50

Theo hnh 4.3, ta c th vit:

lg t lg F 1 = = dc ca ng thng 121 ,1 T Z
121,1 T Z

lg t lg F =

Hay c th vit li
lg F T 121,1 = Z t
T 121 ,1 z

F = t .10

Mt cch tng qut, ga tr F c biu th :

z Tref

= t .10

T Tref z

Tref : nhit tham chiu tng ng vi qu trnh x l nhit (v d i vi qu trnh tit trng th nhit l 121,1oC, i vi qu trnh thanh trng th nhit l 100oC...) T : Nhit x l nhit (oC) z : ty thuc vo loi vi sinh vt cn tiu dit v tnh cht ca sn phm. Ni chung, ngi ta chn loi sinh bo t Clostridium botulinum l mc tiu ca qu trnh thanh trng v i din cho loi chu nhit, c z = 10oC Trong trng hp nhit thay i theo thi gian, ngi ta ghi nhn T(t), khi gi tr F c tnh nh sau :
z FTref

T ( t )Tref z 10

.dt

N c ngha l tnh trn tng thi gian nh hng tc thi, m c biu th bi ga tr 10 (T - Tref)/z c gi l yu t Bigelow. Cng thc Bigelow cho ta tnh c s ph hy cc bo t bi nhit trong trng hp x l nhit khng c nh.

3. Mc tiu ca qu trnh tit trng

Bo t ym kh Clostridium botulinum l mc tiu chnh trong qu trnh ch bin nhit v : - C th sn sinh ra c t lm cht ngi d liu lng rt thp.
51

- C kh nng thnh lp bo t, rt bn nhit - Clostridium botulinum c th tm thy bt c ni u, v vy hu ht nguyn liu u nhim vi sinh vt ny, nn chng quan h mt thit ti lnh vc an ton thc phm Chnh v nhng l do trn, Clostridium botulinum c xem l nguyn nhn gy ng c thc phm. trnh s "bng n" v ng c, cc nh ch bin thc phm cn : - Gim mt s bo t Clostridium botulinum n mc c th chp nhn c trong thc phm - Ngn cn s pht trin ca Clostridium botulinum (bo t) v qu trnh sn sinh c t Trong thc t rt kh v hot bo t Clostridium botulinum, v vy trnh h hng i hi phi x l nhit cao, y l nguyn nhn dn n vic gim tnh cht dinh dng, cm quan ca cc thc phm, khng p ng c i hi ca ngi tiu dng. Chnh v th, vic ngn cn h hng thc phm thng l hn ch s pht trin nhanh ca bo t Clostridium botulinum hn l v hot. Vic x l nhit thnh cng ph hy bo t Clostridium botulinum l kt hp vi nhiu yu t (yu t bn trong v bn ngoi) nh pH, nhit , oxy, hot ng ca nc, ph gia bo qun hoc kt hp vi nhm vi sinh vt cnh tranh
Bng 4.8. Cc ni v ngoi tc nhn gp phn ngn chn s pht trin ca clostridium botulinum Yu t bn trong - aw : 0,93 (theo FDA, aw < 0,85) - pH < 4,6 - Ph gia : Nitrit : 0,1 0,2g/kg, Mui : < 100g/kg Yu t bn ngoi - Nhit bo qun T < 10oC : Clostridium botulinum dng A, B; enzyme phn gii protein T < 3,3oC : Clostridium botulinum dng B, E, F; khng phn gii protein
(Carla.1992)

Thng thng bo t Clostridium botulinum khng hnh thnh v pht trin trong thc phm c pH < 4,6. V vy, pH : 4,6 c chn l ranh gii phn chia gia thc phm acid v t acid. - Trong thc phm acid (pH < 4,6) bo t Clostridium botulinum c th hin din, khng c du hiu lin quan n s pht trin nhanh, c th p dng x l nhit trung bnh ph hy chng (thanh trng) - Trong thc phm t acid (pH > 4,6) x l nhit mc tng i c th s dng vi mc ch tiu dit bo t Clostridium botulinum, nhng phi kt hp vi qu trnh bo qun mt. Trong trng hp ny, qu trnh tit trng thng c p dng hn.

52

4. Xc nh im kt thc ca qu trnh tit trng

Tri s gi tr tit trng F cn c xc nh cho mi loi h hng do vi sinh vt. Mt tr s ca qu trnh ny c tnh ton da vo z = 10oC v nhit qui c l 121,1oC, c k hiu l F0. Nhiu nm trong thc t ng hp cho php kt lun i vi qu trnh tit trng nhit m, tr s F10121,1 (Clostridium botulinum) tc l F0 = 3 pht, ti tm ca sn phm ng hp s cho kt qu an ton theo quan im an ton v mt sc khe. Nhng bo t ca vi sinh vt chu nhit c th cn sng i vi qu trinh nhit c thit lp git bo t Clostridium botulinum v c th gy h hng cho sn phm, nhng khng sinh ra c t trong khi bo qun thc phm. V vy, vic thit lp qu trnh nhit ti thiu l hng n vic tiu dit cc bo t ca cc ging Clostridium botulinum phn gii protein da vo nhng thng s z (khong nhit cn thit thc hin 1 chu trnh logarit tiu dit vi sinh vt) v nhit thc hin qu trnh tiu dit vi sinh vt. im kt thc ca qu trnh thanh trng thng c xc nh theo Xc sut ca mt vi sinh vt cn sng st (PNSU: Probability of a Non-Sterile Unit) Tr s thc nghim ca F10121,1 i vi : 1. Sc khe cng ng Bo t Clostridium botulinum D121,1 = 0,2 pht N0 = 103 2. Ngn nga h hng - Bo t chu nhit trung bnh D121,1= 0,5 pht N0 = 104 D121,1= 0,7 pht - Bo t chu nhit Phn b nhit < 30oC D121,1= 1,5 pht N0 = 102 Phn b nhit > 30oC D121,1= 1,5 pht N0 = 102 D121,1= 2,5 pht

PNSU = 10-9

F0 = 3 pht

PNSU = 10-6

F0 = 5 pht F0 = 7 pht

PNSU = 10-2 PNSU = 10-6

F0 = 6 pht F0 = 12 pht F0 = 20 pht

5. Chn ch thanh trng

Ta phi chn c mt ch thanh trng hp l, c ngha l m bo c yu cu tiu dit cc vi sinh vt c hi trong hp , ng thi cc cht dinh dng t b tn tht nht, phm cht sn phm tt nht. a. Chn nhit thanh trng Tt c cc loi thc phm em ng hp u l mi trng sng ca cc loi vi sinh vt. Mc d c rt nhiu yu t nh hng n kh nng hot ng ca vi sinh vt, trong acid nh hng rt ln, nn acid l yu t quan trng trong vic chn nhit thanh trng. Ngi ta chia sn phm hp thnh 2 nhm theo acid hot ng ca sn phm, lm c s cho vic chn nhit thanh trng :
53

- Nhm sn phm hp khng chua v t chua c pH > 4,6 - Nhm sn phm hp chua c pH < 4,6 + i vi cc loi hp thuc nhm khng chua hay t chua, tc l c mi trng pH > 4,5 ( nh hp tht, c, mt s hp rau.): vi sinh vt pht trin mnh trong mi trng ny u l cc vi sinh vt chu nhit. Trong loi nguy him hn c, c hi n sc khe ngi s dng l nhng bo t ca loi vi khun Clostridium botulinum c kh nng phn gii protein, l loi vi sinh vt chu nhit nguy him nht, c cc nc trn th gii coi l i tng ch yu phi loi tr, v tiu dit nha bo ca n c coi l tiu chun thanh trng ti thiu. Mc d n khng phi l i din a nng nht ca nhm vi sinh vt ln men thi. Trong hp tht, c, ta cn c th gp cc loi vi khun ym kh gy thi hng hp nh Clostridium sporogenes bn vi nhit hn c Clostridium botulinum. Ngoi ra cc loi hp c acid hot ng khng cao lm, cng thng c cc loi vi khun bn vi nhit nh Clostridium thermosaccharolyticum thuc nhm ym kh a nhit, c tc dng phn hy glucid. V loi hiu kh a nhit nh loi Bacillus stearothermophillus, l loi vi sinh vt lm hng hp. Do i vi cc loi hp c mi trng pH > 4,6 cn phi c nhit thanh trng cao mi tiu dit c cc loi vi sinh vt a nhit gy h hng hp. Nhit vo khong 105oC - 121oC, c gi l qu trnh tit trng. + i vi cc loi hp thuc nhm chua, tc l c mi trng pH < 4,6 (nh hp qu, c chua, rau mui chua): cc vi khun chu nhit khng nhng khng pht trin c m tnh chu nhit ca chng cng gim i, nn n d dng b tiu dit khi nng cao nhit . Cc loi nm men, nm mc tuy c th pht trin mnh c trong mi trng acid, nhng hu ht l km bn i vi nhit. Nn c th thanh trng cc loi hp c acid cao nhit thp hn nhit d thanh trng cc loi hp t chua. Nhit thng nhit 100oC hoc thp hn, khong 80oC. Khi xc nh nhit thanh trng, phi ch nhit phi l nhit ca c khi sn phm cn c thanh trng, phi l nhit v tr trung tm ca hp (i vi hp sn phm c th v tr trung tm l gia hp, i vi hp sn phm lng th v tr trung tm nm 2/3 ca hp). Trong thc t, nhit v tr ny gn bng nhit thit b thanh trng i vi hp lng, hoc thp hn nhit thit b thanh trng 0,5 - 1,5oC i vi hp c. b. Chn thi gian thanh trng mt nhit thanh trng nht nh, vi sinh vt trong hp thng khng b tiu dit ngay tc thi, m cn phi c mt thi gian nht nh gi l thi gian thanh trng hay thi gian tc dng nhit, k hiu l t (pht). Trong qu trnh thanh trng, sn phm ng trong hp, khng c un nng tc thi ti nhit thanh trng cn t c, m nhit lng phi truyn dn t mi trng un nng, qua bao b vo lp sn phm bn ngoi, ri vo ti khu vc trung tm ca hp. Qu trnh ny phi mt mt thi gian, gi l thi gian truyn nhit (k hiu l t1). Khi khu vc trung tm ca hp t ti nhit thanh trng, th gi nhit trong mt thi gian nht nh, gi l thi tiu dit (k hiu l t2). Nh vy thi gian thanh trng tng qut ca hp (hay thi gian hp chu tc dng nhit) bao gm thi gian truyn nhit (t1) v thi gian tiu dit (t2) t = t1 + t2 (pht)
54

Nhng trong thc t, ngay trong thi gian truyn nhit, mt s vi sinh vt c trong hp cng b tiu dit, do tc dng ca nhit cao hn nhit pht trin ca vi sinh vt . V vy thi gian thanh trng thc t nh hn tng ca thi gian truyn nhit v thi gian tiu dit. ttt < t1 + t2 Mun xc nh c chnh xc thi gian thanh trng t, cn phi kho st cc yu t nh hng ti thi gian truyn nhit t1 v thi gian tiu dit t2 i vi hp cn thanh trng. c. p sut i khng Thc phm ng trong hp bao gm cc thnh phn : cht rn, cht lng, cht kh. Di tc dng ca nhit cao, cc p sut ring phn v s dn n ca cc cu t tng ln, lm cho p sut chung trong bao b ng sn phm tng ln. p sut ny (c th ti 2 atm) c th lm cho bao b st ty b bin dng, bao b thy tinh b nt, v. V vy ta cn to ra p sut trong thit b thanh trng (cn c vo tnh cht ca bao b, thnh phn ca sn phm ng trong hp v nht l nhit thanh trng) bng hay gn bng p sut d tng ln trong hp, p sut ny gi l p sut i khng, thng vo khong 0,4 - 1,4 atm.
p sut (Bar)

Ghi ch Sn phm Thit b

Hnh 4.4. S thay i p sut trong qu trnh thanh trng (khng c p sut i khng)
p sut (Bar)

Hnh 4.5. S thay i p sut trong qu trnh thanh trng (c p sut i khng)

55

* Khi xc nh c cc thng s ca mt ch thanh trng hp, ta ghi li thnh cng thc thanh trng tng qut :

A B C P To

a: Thi gian ui khng kh ra khi thit b thanh trng (bng hi nc), tnh bng pht. Thi gian ui kh thng ko di : 5 - 10 pht Nu thanh trng trong thit b h (bng nc) th khng c thi gian ui kh a. A: Thi gian nng nhit , trong thit b thanh trng cha hp, t nhit ban u ti nhit thanh trng cn thit (pht). B: Thi gian gi nhit khng i trong thit b thanh trng (pht). C: Thi gian h nhit t nhit thanh trng ti nhit c th ly hp ra (pht). o T : Nhit thanh trng (oC) p: p sut i khng cn to ra trong thit b thanh trng (atm)
T (oC)

Thit b

Sn phm

t (pht)

Hnh 4.6. th thanh trng tng qut

56

6. Cc yu t nh hng n thi gian thanh trng

a. Cc yu t nh hng n thi gian truyn nhit trong qu trnh thanh trng + Tnh cht vt l ca sn phm Cc loi hp c tnh cht vt l khc nhau nh nht v trng lng ring. Do cc loai hp c thi gian truyn nhit khc nhau. - Cc loi hp sn phm lng (nh nc qu) c nht thp v t trng nh, nn s truyn nhit ca cc sn phm ny xy ra nhanh bng cc dng i lu. Nhit gia hp t ti nhit thanh trng chm hn thit b t ti nhit thanh trng khong 13 - 15 pht. - Cc loi hp sn phm c (nh pat, tht hm) s truyn nhit ca cc sn phm ny bng cch dn nhit. V h s dn nhit ca thc phm nh nn s un nng cc sn phm ny xy ra chm. Nhit thanh trng gia hp t c chm hn nhit thanh trng thit b khong 40 pht. - Cc loi hp sn phm c phn th c, c phn th lng (nh hp qu nc ng, c ngm du). S truyn nhit xy ra theo hai cch : i lu v dn nhit. Nhit thanh trng gia hp t c chm hn nhit thanh trng thit b khong 28 pht. Ngoi ra cc dung dch c cha nhiu ng, tinh bt, pectin, cellulose lm nh hng n tnh cht vt l nn nh hng n thi gian truyn nhit. C th ko di thi gian truyn nhit. + Tnh cht ca bao b Cc loi sn phm thc phm ng trong cc loi bao b lm bng vt liu khc nhau, c dy khc nhau, kch thc khc nhau. Nn thi gian truyn nhit trong ch thanh trng khc nhau. - nh hng tnh cht vt l ca bao b Khi truyn nhit t mi trng un nng bn ngoi vo khu vc trung tm ca bao b. Trc ht phi khc phc nhit tr ca thnh bao b, nhit tr ny ph thuc vo dy ca bao b () v h s dn nhit ca vt liu lm bao b (). Nhit tr biu th bng t s /. Nhit tr chung cng ln th thi gian truyn nhit cng ko di.
Bng 4.9. Tnh cht vt l ca cc loi bao b
Loi bao b St ty Thy tinh Chiu dy trung bnh [] (m) 0,24 0,26.10-3 2 - 6.10-3 dn nhit [] (w/m.oC) 46 - 52 0,6 - 0,9 Nhit tr [/] ( oC.m2/w) 4,6 - 7,8.10-5 200 - 1000.10-5

(Nguyn Vn Tip. 2000)

Nhng trong qu trnh thanh trng, khng th nghin cu ring r nh hng nhit tr ca bao b, m phi xt nh hng ca c khi sn phm :
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Trng hp sn phm lng ng trong bao b st ty: s truyn nhit t mi trng un nng ti thnh hp st l s truyn nhit ch yu bng i lu. Thi gian truyn nhit i vi cc sn phm lng ng trong bao b st ty rt ngn. Trng hp sn lng ng trong bao b thy tinh: s truyn nhit gm i lu v dn nhit. Thi gian truyn nhit trong ch thanh trng ny ln hn thi gian truyn nhit ca trng hp trn. Trng hp sn phm c ng trong bao b st ty : s truyn nhit bn trong hp ch yu bng dn nhit. Thi gian un nng trong trng hp ny s ko di hn 2 trng hp trn. V coi thi gian ch yu ph thuc vo tnh cht v nhit tr ca sn phm c. Trng hp sn phm c ng trong bao b thy tinh : S truyn nhit ch yu cng bng dn nhit. Thi gian truyn nhit trong trng hp ny di nht v ph thuc vo tnh cht ca bao b thy tinh v sn phm, trong tnh cht ca sn phm gi vai tr ch yu. Tm li trong c 4 trng hp: Tnh dn nhit v dy ca bao b ch c nh hng ng k n thi gian truyn nhit trong ch thanh trng khi c cc dng i lu mnh. Trng hp hp cha sn phm c, ngha l s truyn nhit ch yu bng dn nhit th cc c im ca bao b t c nh hng n thi gian truyn nhit. M ch yu l tnh cht ca sn phm, sn phm cng c, cng c h s dn nhit nh v b dy lp sn phm t ngoi vo lp gia hp cng ln, th thi gian truyn nhit cng ko di. - nh hng kch thc hnh hc ca bao b Cc loi bao b c nhng hnh dng v kch thc hnh hc rt phc tp. Nn vic nghin cu nh hng kch thc hnh hc ca bao b ti thi gian truyn nhit cha c y lm. Loi bao b c kch thc hnh hc n gin nht l bao b hnh tr. Da trn nhng kin thc c bn ca l thuyt v truyn nhit, tnh c thi gian truyn nhit ca bao b hnh tr theo cng thc : to = A (8,3HD + D2) Vi
19 A= 1 lg 0,01 973

T 2 T1 T n T1

H : chiu cao ngoi ca hp, (cm) D : ng knh ngoi ca hp, (cm) T1 : nhit ban u ca hp, (oC) T2 : nhit khi cui gia hp, (oC) Tn : nhit thanh trng, (oC) : h s dn nhit chung ca hp, (w/moC) to : thi gian un nng gia hp t nhit T1 n T2, (pht) Nu thanh trng cng mt sn phm ng trong 2 bao b c kch thc hnh hc khc nhau, th ta c t l n gin :
t 01 8,3H 1 D1 + D12 = 2 t 02 8,3H 2 D2 + D2

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Cng thc ny cho ta tnh c gn ng thi gian truyn nhit mt loi hp c kch thc khc khi bit thi gian truyn nhit ca sn phm ng trong bao b xc nh. Cng thc truyn nhit khng nhng cho bit thi gian truyn nhit m cn c th kho st nh hng ca cc loi hp . Cng mt th tch, nu hp dt (H/D<1) tc l hp c ng knh ln s truyn nhit nhanh hn hp cao. Vn tc truyn nhit cc i khi H/D 0,25 . + nh hng ca nhit ban u ca hp Thi gian truyn nhit ca hp cn ph thuc vo nhit ban u ca hp trc khi thanh trng v nhit ca thit b thanh trng. - i vi sn phm lng, do s truyn nhit ch yu bng cc dng i lu, nn nhit ban u t c nh hng n thi gian truyn nhit. - i vi sn phm c, th s truyn nhit ch yu bng dn nhit, nn nhit ban u ca sn phm c nh hng nhiu n vn tc truyn nhit ca sn phm. hp lc thanh trng cng ngui th thi gian truyn nhit cng ko di. T cng thc to = A (8,3 HD + D2), vi cc gi thit l nhit thanh trng khong 110 - 120oC, nhit gia hp sau khi un nng thp hn nhit ca thit b l 1oC, lp ra cng thc tnh gn ng thi gian truyn nhit hp nh sau i vi hp loi ngui (c nhit ban u : 20 - 45oC)
t0 = 0,072(8,3HD + D 2 )

i vi hp loi nng ( c nhit ban u : 45 - 90oC)

t0 = 0,061(8,3HD + D 2 )

Theo 2 cng thc ny khi un nng hp nng th rt ngn c 18% thi gian truyn nhit. Vy i vi hp c nhit ban u cng ngui, th vn tc truyn nhit cng nh, thi gian truyn nhit cng ko di. + nh hng ca trng thi chuyn ng ca hp khi thanh trng. Trong sn xut hp phn ln cc thit b thanh trng u l loi khng lm chuyn ng hp khi lm vic. V vy thi gian truyn nhit i vi cc loi hp tng i di. Khi to ra s i lu nhn to bng cch lm chuyn ng hp th s truyn nhit s tng ln. Gim c thi gian truyn nhit trong ch thanh trng. Mun to ra s i lu nhn to , ngi ta ch to cc loi thit b thanh trng c bng ti hp, thng l cc thit b lm vic lin tc. Ty theo cu to ca mi loi thit b m hp c vn tc chuyn ng quay khc nhau hay phng php quay khc nhau.

59

b. Cc yu t nh hng n thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt trong qu trnh thanh trng + nh hng ca nhit thanh trng nhit 60OC th cc loi vi sinh vt c th bt u b tiu dit. Nhng nu nhit thanh trng thp th phi ko di thi gian tiu dit. Ngc li, nhit thanh trng cng cao th thi gian tiu dit cng ngn. Gia thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt v nhit thanh trng c mi quan h logarite. Ngi ta xc nh c mi lin h theo phng trnh sau: T 2 - T1 t2 = t2 . 10 Z t2 : thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt tng ng vi nhit T1 (pht) t2: thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt tng ng vi nhit T2 (pht) z : h s nhit , ty theo tnh cht ca mi loi vi sinh vt m c tr s z khc nhau (loi tiu biu nht, trong ch thanh trng hp, phi loi tr l Clostridium botulinum c tr s z = 10OC). + nh hng thnh phn ha hc ca sn phm Vi sinh vt sng trong mi trng ca sn phm thc phm khc nhau, th nhit tiu dit cc loi vi sinh vt khng ging nhau. V vy cn kho st cc thnh phn ha hc ca mi trng thc phm n kh nng tiu dit bng nhit cc vi sinh vt . nh hng ca acid: ch s pH l yu t quan trng c nh hng n bn i vi nhit ca vi sinh vt. Nu mi trng c acid hot ng cng cao (ch s pH nh) th nhit thanh trng nht nh, thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt cng ngn. Tuy nhin vn c nhng trng hp c bit ch s pH hu nh khng c nh hng n thi gian tiu dit vi sinh vt.
Bng 4.10. nh hng ca pH n s khng nhit ca bo t vi khun clostridium sporogenes nhit 115oC pH 5,0 5,7 6,0 6,6 7,0 7,5 8,2 Thi gian khng nhit ti a (pht) 9 12 15 21 25 20 15
(G. Guilmain. 1996)

Cc kt qu nghin cu cho thy khng nhng ch c acid hot ng ca mi trng c nh hng n bn nhit ca vi sinh vt. M loi acid ca mi trng cng c nh hng ng k. nh hng ca nng ng v mui: ng v mui l nhng cht c kh nng to ra p sut thm thu cao nn nh hng n hot ng ca vi sinh vt.

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Dung dch ng c tc dng bo v vi sinh vt lm cho chng kh b tiu dit hn khi un nng. Nu thnh phn thc phm c nhiu ng th thi gian tiu dit cng ko di. Nu tng nng mui th bn nhit ca vi sinh vt cng gim, chng d b tiu dit hn. Nhng nu nng ng hay mui qu cao th do tc dng ca hin tng tiu nguyn sinh, cc vi sinh vt yu i nhiu v d b tiu dit. nh hng ca protid v lipid: trong cc sn phm thc phm cha nhiu protid, lipid th thi gian tiu dit phi ko di. V cc cht ny lm cn tr s truyn nhit tiu dit cc t bo vi sinh vt. Hin tng ny l do dung dch keo (t bo vi sinh vt) tip xc vi cht bo to thnh mng. T bo vi sinh vt c mng ny bo v nn s dch chuyn nc t mi trng xung quanh vo t bo lm ng t phn protid ca t bo y s b cn tr. V vy trong mi trng cng nhiu cht bo, cc vi sinh vt cng chu c nhit cao, thi gian tiu dit cng ko di. nh hng ca cc thnh phn ha hc khc: ngoi cc thnh phn trn, th cc phitonxit cng c nh hng ln n ch thanh trng. Thi gian thanh trng hp c th gim xung khi cho thm mt s rau hay gia v c cha nhiu phitonxit nh: hnh, ti c allycin, c chua c tomatin, t c capcaicin, tiu c piperin ... l cc cht c tnh cht khng sinh. Do khi ch bin cc loi hp tht, c ta cho thm cc gia v ny, khng nhng lm tng hng v ca sn phm m cn gim c mc nhim trng trong hp trc khi thanh trng. V cng gim c thi gian thanh trng cn thit. + nh hng ca loi v s lng vi sinh vt Thi gian tiu dit ca mt ch thanh trng ph thuc rt nhiu vo c im ca cc loi vi sinh vt c th pht trin trong hp, v kh nng chu nhit ca cc loi vi sinh vt rt khc nhau. Trong cng mt mi trng c cng acid hot ng, cc loi vi khun khng nha bo b tiu dit nhanh hn loi vi khun c nha bo. Thi gian tiu dit ca phn ln cc vi sinh vt khng nha bo ch cn 60 - 80OC trong vi pht. Cn cc loi vi sinh vt c nha bo phi i hi thi gian ko di hn nhiu c th hn hng gi. Thi gian tiu dit trong ch thanh trng cn ph thuc vo s lng vi sinh vt nhim vo hp. Lng vi sinh vt nhim nhiu th thi gian tiu dit di, cho thy qua cng thc :

t = D lg

N0 N

7. Cch thit lp ch thanh trng

Thit lp ch thanh trng cho mt loi hp l xc nh nhit v thi gian thanh trng cn thit va m bo yu cu tiu dit vi sinh vt, va gi c gi tr dinh dng v gi tr cm quan ca hp.

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Cc giai on tin hnh trnh t nh sau: - Phn tch thnh phn ha hc ca thc phm cn ng hp, ch yu l acid, hm lng ng, mui, cht bo, protid ... - Chn nhit thanh trng cn c vo acid (pH) + hp c pH < 4,6 th nhit thanh trng : 80 - 100OC + hp c pH > 4,6 th nhit thanh trng :105 - 121OC - Xc nh tc truyn nhit vo trung tm hp theo nhit thanh trng chn bng ni hp th nghim: di ni hp t mt hp sn phm, trn np hp c t mt nhit k, bu thy ngn ca nhit k cm ng trung tm hp. Cho hi vo ni hp v c sau mt khong thi gian (thng khong 1 pht) c nhit ct nhit k. Sau khi o c nhit gia hp tng thi im ngi ta v th truyn nhit. T xc nh c thi gian truyn nhit. - Phn lp vi sinh vt xc nh loi vi sinh vt nguy him nht bao gm loi gy bnh, loi c c t, loi chu nhit... Tm tc tiu dit theo cc s liu c. Trn c s v th thi gian tiu dit. Thit lp thi gian thanh trng. - Kim tra ch thanh trng theo phng php biu ca Biegelow, hay theo phng php hiu ng ca Ball - Flaumenbaum. - T cc mu hp thanh trng theo cc ch khc nhau, ngi ta kim tra cht lng hp v cm quan v v vi sinh vt. Sau xt n hiu qu kinh t ca ch thanh trng, m chn ra ch thanh trng tt nht.

8. Gii thiu thit b thanh trng

a. Thit b thanh trng h np

C cu to n gin nh ni nu, dng mi trng truyn nhit l nc c un si bng hi hoc un trc tip bng nhin liu. Dng thanh trng cc loi hp c nhit thanh trng khng qu O 100 C.
b. Thit b thanh trng c p sut cao lm vic gin on

Dng thanh trng cc loi hp c nhit thanh trng t 100oC tr ln, c np y kn, cn gi l ni hp thanh trng. C 2 loi ni hp: loi t thng ng v loi t nm ngang.
+ Thit b hp thanh trng loi thng ng C thn hnh tr, y v np hnh chm cu, np c cc cht ghp cht vi thn thit b, di y c lp ng phun hi nng thanh trng. Bn trong thit b c gi t gi ng hp, c loi ch c 1 gi, loi 2 gi, loi 3 gi. + Thit b hp thanh trng loi t nm ngang Thn thit b t nm ngang, bn trong khng c gi gi m c ng ry cho xe ng cc gi hp y vo. Loi ny c kh nng lm vic cao, nhng thao tc phc tp, chu k lm vic ko di, tn hi v nc nhiu.
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Ghi ch A Hi nng B Nc C Nc tho D iu khin gi E iu khin kh F Valve an ton

Hnh 4.7. Thit b tit trng hi dng ng

Hnh 4.8. Thit b tit trng hi dng nm ngang

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c. Thit b thanh trng lm vic lin tc dng p sut thy tnh

Thit b gm c 2 nhnh ct nc cao 12 - 20 m cha y nc nng. Gia 2 ct nc l mt phng cha y hi nc nng. Cui ct nc th II l thng nc lnh. hp c chuyn bng bng ti xch. p sut trong phng hi c iu chnh bng cch iu chnh chiu cao mc nc 2 nhnh ct nc. Thi gian thanh trng c iu chnh bng vn tc ca bng ti. Thit b ny lm vic vi nng sut cao nhng c nhc im l cu to hi cng knh.

Ct nc

Hp vo

Thanh trng

Hp ra
Nc lm ngui

Hnh 4.9. Thit b thanh trng dng p sut thy tnh

d. Thit b thanh trng bn mng

y l loi thit b lm vic lin tc p sut hi nc cao hn p sut kh quyn. Cu to ca thit b nh cc khoang cha nc qu t xen k vi cc khoang cha cht ti nhit, v nc qu chy trong khoang kn ch bng mt lp mng, li c truyn nhit t 2 mt nn thi gian thanh trng rt nhanh. Thit b thanh trng bn mng dng thanh trng nc qu trc khi rt vo hp v phi rt hp trong iu kin v trng.

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Hnh 4.10. Thit b thanh trng bn mng

Hnh 4.11. B phn trao i nhit

Ghi ch 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Bn cha Bm un nng s b Bm hoc ng ha Thanh trng Lm ngui s b Lm ngui hon ton

Hnh 4.12. H thng lm vic ca thit b thanh trng bn mng

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CHNG V
QU TRNH BO N - NG GI HP THC PHM

I. QU TRNH BO N - NG GI HP THC PHM

1. Bo n
Cc loi hp sau khi thanh trng lm ngui, c chuyn n kho thnh phm bo n. Trong thi gian bo n, cc thnh phn trong hp c tip tc n nh v mt phm cht v c th pht hin c cc hp hng. Thi gian n nh hp ti thiu 15 ngy. hp khng c xut xng trc thi gian ny.

2. ng gi
Sau thi gian bo n hp trc khi xut kho phi em dn nhn, ri ng thng. Cc hp mi c coi l tiu chun s dng. a. Dn nhn Cc hp, chai l ng sn phm a vo dn nhn phi sch, nguyn vn, khng nt m, kn hon ton. Cc hp b bn sau khi thanh trng nht thit phi ra hay phun hi nng, lm kh ri mi a vo dn nhn. Tin hnh dn nhn hp c th dn bng tay hay bng my. Hin nay cc nc sn xut hp pht trin, ngi ta in nhn hiu ngay trn thn hp, va lm cho hp khi b r, bn, va c hnh thc p. b. ng thng Cc hp nh c ng trong cc thng giy carton, cc hp ln c ng trong cc thng g. vic vn chuyn c thun li v d dng. G dng ng thng phi nh, sch, khng mc nt, m t 12-18%. Cc thng giy phi c lm chc chn v ch dng giy dy. Xp hp vo kin, xit ai v in m hiu, c th tin hnh bng tay hoc bng my.

II. CC DNG H HNG CA HP

hp h hng hay mt phm cht l cc hp cha thc phm bin cht, c th lm hi n sc khe ngi s dng hoc cc bao b c nhng bin i lm nh hng xu n gi tr dinh dng v gi tr thng phm ca hp. hp h hng do rt nhiu nguyn nhn, c th pht hin qua hnh thc bn ngoi ca bao b hoc phi qua kim tra vi sinh v ha hc mi xc nh c. Thng phn bit theo 3 nguyn nhn :

1. hp h hng do vi sinh vt
Hin tng hp h hng do vi sinh vt l ph bin nht trong s cc loi hp h hng. Cc vi sinh vt pht trin, phn hy cc cht hu c ca thc phm, to
65

ra kh CO2, H2S, NH3...hay tit ra cc c t. C loi vi sinh vt pht trin khng sinh ra cht kh. V vy hp h hng do vi sinh vt c th gy phng hp hay khng gy phng hp nn kh pht hin. Cc nguyn nhn gy h hng hp do vi sinh vt : a. Do thanh trng khng ch Cc hp thanh trng khng ch tc l cha nhit v thi gian thanh trng cn thit. Cc vi sinh vt trong hp y cn sng, pht trin lm sn phm b chua, hp b mt phm cht c th to thnh cc cht kh lm phng hp. Vic thanh trng khng ch c th do thiu st ca cng nhn vn hnh : qu trnh vn hnh thit b thanh trng khng ng qui tc, lng khng kh cn li nhiu trong thit b thanh trng, lm nhit k v p k ch khng cn tng ng vi nhau na. Khi xp hp vo gi v xp gi v thit b thanh trng khng ng qui tc, s lm cn tr s truyn nhit v i lu, cng lm cho hp khng t ch thanh trng. C mt s hp do b nhim trng qu nhiu do thit b v do cc qu trnh ch bin trc khi thanh trng gy ra, ta khng pht hin c m vn tin hnh thanh trng theo cng thc qui nh, cng coi nh thanh trng khng ch . b. Do lm ngui khng thch hp Cc vi sinh vt a nhit lm hng hp, pht trin nhanh chng nhit khong 49 - 71oC. V vy nu khng lm ngui nhanh hp n nhit thp di khong nhit , th cc vi sinh vt c th pht trin lm h hng hp. c. Do mi ghp b h Hin tng ny cng xy ra kh ph bin trong sn xut hp. hp b h c th do my ghp np lm vic khng ng qui tc, hay cc mi hn dc ca bao b khng c kn. Khi thanh trng do p sut trong hp tng ln qu mc, lm h cc mi ghp, vi sinh vt nhim vo (ngun nhim vi sinh vt ch yu vo hp b h l nc dng lm ngui hp sau khi thanh trng) pht trin lm hng hp. d. Do nhim vi sinh vt gy h hng trc khi thanh trng Hin tng ny xy ra khi thc hin khng ng qui trnh k thut v ch v sinh thc phm, lm cho vi sinh vt xm nhp v pht trin thc phm trong thi gian ch bin. Thi gian t lc vo hp n lc ghp kn v mang i thanh trng qu lu. nhit khng cao lm , l iu kin thch hp cho cc vi sinh vt pht trin lm hng hp trc khi thanh trng.

2. hp h hng do cc hin tng ha hc

hp b hng do cc hin tng ha hc xy ra c th do cc phn ng gia cc thnh phn ca thc phm vi nhau hay gia cc thnh phn thc phm vi bao b. Cc phn ng ha hc ny, phn ln lm cho thc phm c mu sc, hng v gim i nhiu. Trong thi gian bo qun hp thnh phm, ta thng thy cc hp ng trong bao b st ty, b n mn kim loi mt bn trong ca bao b, lp trng thic b n mn. Kim loi nhim vo sn phm. Hin tng ny thng thy nhiu cc hp c acid cao. Lng kim loi nng nhim vo sn phm, c th gy bin i mu sc, mi v ca sn phm, v gy c i vi c th. Qu trnh n mn, kh hydro thot ra lm cho hp b phng.
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Nhit cng cao, s n mn kim loi cng xy ra nhanh. Ty thuc acid ca sn phm, phm cht ca bao b, m hm lng kim loi nng tch t trong sn phm nhiu hay t.

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3. hp h hng do cc nh hng c l Xy ra trong qu trnh thanh trng, bo qun v vn chuyn. a. hp h hng do sai thao tc thit b thanh trng Trong giai on cui ca qu trnh thanh trng, nu gim p sut hi qu nhanh, th to thnh hin tng cng phng hp, c th b bin dng, h mi ghp. Do p sut trong hp c to ra chnh lch vi p sut bn ngoi qu nhiu. b. hp h hng do bi kh khng Trong qu trnh thanh trng bng nhit, cc hp bi kh cn li s dn n gy cng phng hp. V hnh dng bn ngoi cc hp ny sau khi bo qun, thng thy b phng nh, np hp c th n ln xung c. c. hp h hng do xp hp qu y Khi sn phm xp trong hp qu y, sn phm s dn n th tch khi thanh trng bng nhit, lm cho hp b phng, hin tng ny d xy ra hn khi cho sn phm vo hp lc ngui, thanh trng sn phm cng b dn n nhiu. d. hp h hng v b mp, mo, r + Mt s sn phm hp ng trong bao b st ty kch thc ln, khi ghp kn vi chn khng qu cao, chnh lch p sut ln, bao b st ty mng th d b mo. Hoc khi xp hp vo gi thanh trng v vn chuyn trc khi thanh trng, lm hp b mp, mo, lc p sut trong hp ln, khi thanh trng sn phm dn n s lm cng phng hp, c th lm h mi ghp kn ca hp. + hp vi bao b st ty d c cc vt r: khi bo qun ni m. Khi trn b mt st c cc vt bn ca cht bo, trong qu trnh bo qun, cc cht bo b oxy ha li cc vt r. Hoc hp b thng do cc vt nhn gy ra khi vn chuyn, lc bo qun nc trong hp chy ra v c th gy r cho cc hp chung quanh n.

4. Cch x l hp h hng
+ Tt c cc hp c du hiu hng do vi sinh vt gy ra, d hp b phng hay khng b phng, cng u khng th s dng lm thc n. Phi hy b. + Cc hp h hng do hin tng ha hc, nu mc nh th c th ch bin thnh cc sn phm khc c gi tr thp hn ( nh lm mt, nu ru, tht xay...). Nhng khi c mi ca kim loi nhiu, mc nhim kim loi nng cao, th khng th s dng lm thc n. + Cc hp h hng do cc nh hng c l, th v cht lng sn phm c th khng gim. Nhng khng c gi tr hay km gi tr thng phm. C th thay bao b khc, tin hnh nu li, c th x l ch bin thnh cc sn phm ph.

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III. TIU CHUN HP

1. Yu cu ca thnh phm
Khi a ra th trng cung cp cho ngi tiu dng phi t cc yu cu: + V hnh thc bn ngoi hp phi c nhn hiu nguyn vn, ngay ngn, sch s, ghi r cc mc : c quan qun l, c s ch bin, tn mt hng, phm cp, ngy sn xut, khi lng tnh v khi lng c b. Hp st hay cc hp kim loi khc khng b r, np hp khng b phng di mi hnh thc. + V vi sinh vt hp khng h hng do hot ng ca vi sinh vt, khng c vi sinh vt gy bnh, lng tp trng khng qu qui nh. + V ha hc Khng vt qu qui nh v hm lng kim loi nng : Thic : 100 - 200 mg/kg sn phm ng : 5 - 80 mg/kg sn phm Ch : khng c Km : vt m bo cc ch tiu v thnh phn ha hc, ch yu nh nng ng, acid, mui... + V cm quan Lp vecni phi nguyn vn, phi m bo hnh thi, hng v, mu sc c trng ca sn phm theo nhng qui nh ca tng loi sn phm.

2. Tiu chun ngnh (iu kin m bo an ton v sinh thc phm cc c s sn xut hp)
21Tiu chun trch dn 28 TCN 130: 1998 (iu kin chung m bo an ton v sinh thc phm). 2.2. nh ngha thut ng Trong Tiu chun ny, cc thut ng di y c hiu nh sau X l nhit l lm chn nguyn liu mc nht nh bng mt hoc kt hp cc phng php x l nh: chn, hp, luc, xng khi, sy, rn. Xp hp v ghp m l cho bn thnh phm v ph gia vo hp, ghp kn np hp m bo ngn cch hon ton sn phm trong hp vi khng kh bn ngoi. Thanh trng l qu trnh gia nhit hp trong thit b thanh trng, nhm tiu dit ton b vi sinh vt sinh nha bo, ng thi lm chn sn phm trong hp ghp m vi thi gian v nhit thch hp.
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- Bo n hp l qu trnh xp cc l hp mi c thanh trng trong phng c nhit thch hp, trong thi gian qui nh sn phm trong hp n nh v pht hin hin tng h hng ca hp do cc nguyn nhn vt l, ho hc v vi sinh 2.3Quy nh i vi c s sn xut hp C s ch bin hp phi theo ng nhng qui nh ca 28 TCN 130; 1998. Ngoi ra, c s cn phi theo ng nhng qui nh ring di y + X l nhit - Khu vc x l nhit phi c b tr nhng v tr thch hp, m bo thng thong, d thot nhit, thot m. - Qu trnh x l nhit phi c tin hnh nhit , p sut v thi gian ph hp cho tng loi sn phm. - Thit b x l nhit phi c trang b y dng c o nhit , p sut v thi gian, m bo sn phm c x l nhit theo yu cu. + Lm ngui sn phm - Sn phm sau khi x l nhit phi c lm ngui nhanh bng nc lnh hoc bng lung khng kh thi cng bc - Nc lnh dng lm ngui sn phm phi sch, p ng yu cu qui nh ca 28 TCN 130: 1998. - Khng kh lm lnh phi sch, c tun hon tt v phi c lc qua thit b lc trc khi a vo phng lm ngui. + Ra v hp - V hp phi c kim tra cht lng v phi c ra sch trc khi cho vo hp - Phi dng nc sch p ng yu cu qui nh 28 TCN 130: 1998 ra hp. Nc nng hoc hi nc nng phi m bo p lc v nhit cn thit. - Trnh lm dp, mp mo hp trong khi ra. - V hp sau khi ra phi c sp xp sao cho hp rc nc v kh ro. + Ghp m hp - Nng sut lm vic ca cc my ghp m phi tng ng vi nng sut ca dy chuyn sn xut. - My ghp m phi c k thut vin c kinh nghim iu chnh trc mi ca sn xut v trong qu trnh sn xut, m bo cho kch thc m hp nm trong gii hn an ton. - Kim tra m hp * Kim tra m hp bng mt thng 15 pht mt ln * Ly mu hp trc mi ca v t nht 30 pht mt ln khi my ghp m ang lm vic. Ct m hp kim tra cc thng s: cao, dy, rng ca m hp: kch thc mc thn, mc np, chng m hp v cc khuyt tt ca m hp.
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* Nu pht hin m hp c khuyt tt phi dng my, tin hnh kim tra v hiu chnh my. * C lp cc hp ghp m sau ln kim tra cui cng theo qui nh. S hp ny ch c php nhp chung vo l hp sau khi c kim tra t yu cu v c quyt nh cho php bng vn bn ca ngi ph trch cht lng hoc qun c phn xng. + Ra hp sau khi ghp m * Hp sau khi ghp m phi c ra sch du m v cc tp cht khc bm bn ngoi. Khi ra khng c gy bin dng hp. * Nc ra hp phi sch p ng yu cu ca 28 TCN 130: 1998. Nu s dng cht ty ra cho php ra hp th phi ra li bng nc sch loi b ht cht ty ra cn li. + Thanh trng - Ngi vn hnh thit b thanh trng phi c o to v c tay ngh theo yu cu qui nh. Khi vn hnh thit b thanh trng phi theo ng hng dn ca nh ch to. - Mi thit b thanh trng phi c ng h o p sut, nhit k thy ngn v nhit k t ghi theo di cc ch s v p sut, nhit trong qu trnh thanh trng tng l hp. Nhit k v ng h o p sut ca thit b thanh trng phi c kim nh t nht 3 thng mt ln bng cch s dng thit b chnh xc hn. Hng nm cc thit b ny phi c kim nh theo qui nh ca nh nc. - Trn mi biu nhit ca nhit k t ghi phi ghi gi, ngy thng, s ca thit b thanh trng: tn sn phm thanh trng v m s ca l hp c thanh trng. Biu nhit ca l hp c thanh trng phi c lu gi t nht 3 nm k t ngy l hp c thanh trng. - Khu vc thanh trng phi c thit k, b tr v qun l loi tr kh nng b ln ln gia l hp ang ch c thanh trng v l hp c thanh trng. - C s sn xut phi tin hnh kho st s phn b nhit bn trong thit b thanh trng v nghin cu, thc nghim s truyn nhit vo bn trong sn phm trong hp xy dng cng thc thanh trng ph hp cho mi loi hp. Cc kt qu nghin cu kho st cho cc sn phm / iu kin khc nhau phi lu gi y v cp nht t nht 2 nm. - Cng thc thanh trng cho mi loi hp phi bao gm nhng ni dung sau: + Nhit thanh trng + Thi gian nng nhit + Thi gian gi nhit + Thi gian lm ngui

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+ Lm ngui hp - Sau khi thanh trng, hp phi c lm ngui nhanh cho n khi nhit sn phm tm hp xung di 40oC - Nc s dng lm ngui hp sau khi thanh trng phi l nc ung c, x l chlorin trong thi gian khng qu 30 pht vi hm lng clor d trong nc phi t 1 ppm. C s phi tin hnh o v lu gi kt qu o d lng clor trong nc lm ngui hp. - hp sau khi lm ngui phi c yn trong gi t nht l 24 gi mi c ly ra khi gi. + Bo n v ghi nhn hp - hp sau khi lm ngui phi c lm kh trc khi a vo kho bo n. - Kho bo n phi kn, nh sng, rng m bo dung tch cha dng theo yu cu ca sn xut. Trong kho phi c k chc chn, c lt giy hoc vi trc khi xp hp - Cc l hp xp trong kho phi c nhn, bng ghi hoc cc phng tin nh du ph hp khc trnh nhm ln. - Trn np mi hp v bao b phi in m s l hng. M s phi c in m bo bn chc, khng d ty xo. + Bo qun thnh phm - Kho bo qun hp thnh phm phi m bo v sinh, thong mt, kh ro; ngn chn c cn trng v loi gm nhm; c gi, k chc chn xp cc kin hng theo tng l thun tin cho vic theo di, kim tra v xut hng. - Trong kho bo qun thnh phm phi c nhit k, m k theo di nhit v m ca kho trong qu trnh bo qun hp. + Kim tra thnh phm - C s sn xut phi tin hnh ly mu hp thnh phm cho tng ca sn xut kim tra m ghp v cc ch tiu cht lng c lin quan. - hp mu phi c nhit v thi gian qui nh v tin hnh kim tra vi khun chu nhit. L hp khng c a ra th trng tiu th khi vic kim tra mu cha kt thc. - Cc l hp phi c kim tra cht lng theo qui nh, phi c phiu kt qu kim nghim cc ch tiu v cht lng v an ton v sinh mi c php a i tiu th. + Lu gi h s Cc biu mu gim st qu trnh sn xut, kt qu kim tra cht lng hp thnh phm phi c lu gi trong b h s kim sot cht lng. Thi gian lu gi h s t nht phi bng thi hn s dng ca sn phm hp c kim sot cht lng. H s kim sot cht lng phi lun sn cung cp cho c quan nh nc c thm quyn khi c yu cu.
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CHNG VI K THUT CH BIN HP QU NC NG

hp qu nc ng l loi hp ch bin t cc loi qu nguyn hay ct thnh ming, qua x l (gt v, b ht, chn...) xp vo bao b, rt nc ng, ghp np v thanh trng. Do qu trnh ch bin nhanh, nguyn liu li khng b qua nhit nhiu nn sn phm gi c hng v v mu sc t nhin ca nguyn liu. ng cho vo sn phm di dng nc ng, khng c tc dng bo qun m mc ch ch yu l tng thm v ngon v gi tr dinh dng cho hp. Tu theo thnh phn ca nguyn liu, ngi ta phn bit 2 loi sn phm: hp qu nc ng ch bin t 1 loi nguyn liu. hp qu nc ng ch bin t hn hp nhiu loi nguyn liu. Loi ny cn gi l cocktail

Theo nng nc ng v qui cch nguyn liu, ngi ta chia hp qu nc ng lm: Sn phm c pha nc thng hoc nc ng rt long, nguyn liu thuc loi th cp nh ming vn, qu c hnh thi khng p. Mt s nc ch gi loi hp ny l compt. Sn phm lm t nguyn liu chn lc, hnh thi p, ngm trong nc ng c. Mt s nc ch gi loi hp ny l qu nc ng.

I.Yu cu nguyn liu

Cht lng nguyn liu a vo ch bin c nh hng quyt nh n cht lng hp, v vy ngi ta ch s dng nguyn liu ti tt, chn thch hp v c kch thc ln ch bin. 1. Chui tiu: Chui tiu chn dm (khng dng chui chn cy) c chn va phi: v mm, khng dai; tht qu vng u, hng thm, v ngt khng cn v cht. Nu dng chui cha chn s cho sn phm c mu sc xu, hng km thm, v hi cht. Nhng nu dng chui chn qu th sn phm b nhn, nc ng c. Qu chui phi ti tt, khng bm dp, su thi, ng knh (o gia qu) phi trn 25mm. 2. Da: C 3 ging da hoa, da ta, da c bnh u c th dng ch bin da nc ng, nhng da hoa cho sn phm tt hn c. c sn phm gi tr, nng sut lao ng cao, t l ph liu thp, nn dng qu da c hnh tr, kch thc ln (nhng ng knh li da khng qu to): Da ta c ng knh trn 90mm.
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Da hoa c ng knh trn 75mm. Nhng qu nh dng ch bin nc da, mt da. Da a vo ch bin hp phi c chn va phi:

Da hoa chn t na qu tr ln. Da ta chn t mt mt (mt hng mt st cung hoe vng) n na qu.

Da ta c cu to tht qu mm, li chn nhanh v chng h hng hn da hoa nn ch bin chn thp hn, v trong qu trnh thu ht, vn chuyn, bo qun cng cn cn thn hn da hoa. Nu dng da cha chn, sn phm c mu sc km (thng l trng bch), t thm v hao tn ng nhiu hn. Nu dng da qu chn th mu sc v hng v cng km. 3. Cam qut: Ngi ta thng dng cam snh, qut ngt (v mt phn cam ng, cam giy) sn xut compt cam qut. chn k thut ca cam qut c mu vng da cam ti. Cam qut t ht hay khng c ht cho sn phm tt hn loi c nhiu ht. 4. Vi: c 3 ging vi (vi thiu, vi lai, vi chua) u c th dng lm nguyn liu sn xut compt vi, nhng vi thiu cho sn phm c hnh thc p hn (ci nguyn vn v dn hn), v t l ph liu thp hn hai ging kia. Vi a vo ch bin cn c ng knh trn 30mm, v qu c mu t 1/3 tr ln, khng b kh ho, dp nt. 5. Nhn: Ngi ta ch dng nhn ci v nhn ng phn ti tt ch bin hp nhn nc ng (v nhn nc tuy c v ngt hn nhng ci mng v mm d b v nt khi ch bin), v ng knh ca qu phi trn 21mm. 6. Mn: Mn phi c ln trn 23mm, chn nhng cn cng (mn chn qu th kh bc v v b v nt nhiu), trng cc tnh min ni (t cht hn mn ng bng).

II.X l nguyn liu

Cc qu trnh tin hnh trc khi xp sn phm vo hp gi l x l nguyn liu. Tu theo chng loi nguyn liu hoa qu m c phng php x l thch hp. 7. Chui tiu: Chui tiu lm hp qu nc ng di hnh thc ct thnh khc phi chn qu thng v ng trong hp cao, nu ct chui thnh khc th t l s dng cho compot khng c cao. Qu trnh x l nguyn liu gm nhng giai on sau: La chn Ra qu Bc v Tc x Ct khc La chn: Trc tin ct ri ni chui thnh tng qu, sau loi b nhng qu khng quy cch: cha chn, qu chn, nh, bm dp v.v...
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Ra qu: Ra chui la chn trong nc st trng (c pha vi clurur vi nng 5-6 mg clor/lit). Sau ra li bng nc sch. Bc v: Dng dao nh ct cung hoc dng tay b cung, ri bc sch v qu theo chiu dc qu, khng lm rut qu b bm dp v nt gy. V chui chim t 30-35% (chui ma ng) n 40-45% (chui ma h) khi lng chung ca qu. Tc x: X chui ln tht qu khi vo hp thng b xm en hoc ri vo nc ng lm xu sn phm, do cn phi tc sch. Cc x nm rnh qu c tc bng mi dao nh nhn u. Ct khc: Trc khi xp hp nh v thp, ngi ta ct khc c chiu di nht nh bng dao 2 li. Dao ny lm t thp khng r hoc t st ty cha b han r, khong cch gia 2 li c nh v bng chiu di khc chui. Chiu di khc chui xp trong hp s 8 (xp ng) l 40mm. Khi ct khc, phi ct b phn u v ui qu, v la kho gim t l ph liu. T l chui u tha loi ra khi ct chim khong 20-30%. Ngi ta c th dng chui u tha sn xut nc chui v mt chui. 8. Da: Ngi ta x l da qua cc qu trnh sau:
Chn, phn loi B hoa, cung Ra Ct t li Gt v Sa Thi Ct Ra li Hnh 6.1. S x l da mt khoanh ming u

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Chn phn loi: Trc ht cn loi b nhng qu da xanh, da qu chn, dp nt, su bnh v.v... Sau phn loi theo ging, theo chn v theo kch thc ch bin ring. B hoa, cung: Trong khi phn loi da, ng thi b hoa v cung. Cng nhn cng on ny cng nh cng on la chn phn loi phi c bao tay vi bt... Ra: cc khe v mt da thng bm t, bi cn phi ra sch bng bn chi hay trn my ra kiu bn chi. Ct u: Dng dao sc v to bn ln lt ct 2 u qu. Mi u qu ct i dy khong 1-1,5cm c th em p nc. Hai u qu da ct xong phi bng phng, trc giao vi li v song song nhau khi t li khng b lch tm. T l ph liu ca qu trnh ny khong 15-20%. t li: Qu da ct 2 u em t li trn my bn c kh. My t li gm c gi , bn p, h thng n by, bn , cnh gt v dao t. Dao t l ng hnh tr rng lm bng thp khng r, c ng knh 18-22mm (tu theo ln ca li da m s dng dao t c ng knh tng ng) lp thng ng vo gi . t thng ng qu da ct u vo bn , sao cho dao t hng ng tm qu da . Dm chn vo bn p v h n by, bn a qu da ln pha dao t. Khi nh chn khi bn p, bn h xung ko theo cnh gt qu da khi dao t. Cn t qu da chnh xc khi t khi lch tm. ng dao t phi sc vt ct c nhn. Nng sut ca my khong 15-20 qu/pht. T l ph liu 3-6%. Gt v: C th gt v bng tay, dng dao sc, nhng nng sut thp v hnh thc ming da khng p. c nng sut gt cao v ming da p, ngi ta dng my gt bn c kh. My gt v da gm c c cu gt, h thng chuyn ng v b my. C cu gt gm 3 li dao li mng phng t c nh trn 1 vng trn cch nhau 120o, v ng dao hnh tr rng bng thp khng r c ng knh 65-80mm (tu theo ng knh qu da to hay nh). ng dao ny quay vi tc khong 1000 vng/pht nh mt ng c in. H thng chuyn ng gm mt con x gn vo mt trc chuyn dch nh con ln v rnh trt. t qu da t li vo con x. Khi trc chuyn dch, con x ko theo qu da lao v pha c cu gt. Khi qua c cu gt, 3 li dao phng kha trn v da 3 rnh theo chiu dc qu c su bng chiu dy lp v cn gt, sau ng dao tch v thnh 3 mnh. Qu da gt v i ra cui my. Nng sut ca my khong 20 qu/pht. T l v: 25-27%. V da loi ra c th em p sn xut nc da .
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Sa mt: Cc ging da ca ta qu nh, mt su, nu gt v ht mt th ph liu nhiu v rut qu cn li qu nh, v th ch gt ht v nhng phi sa mt. Sa mt l ct sch mt da thnh ng rnh xon c quanh qu da. Rnh sa phi sch mt, gn, p v nhn. T l ph liu khi sa mt: 15-22%. Mt da cng c th em p nc. Thi khoanh: Sau em thi thnh khoanh c chiu dy 11-15mm ty theo chiu cao hp. Ngi ta dng my thc hin lin hon cc ng tc ct u, gt v, t li v thi khoanh vi nng sut 125-150 qu/pht. Chn li, ct ming. Nhng khoanh da ct ra em chn li cn thn. Khoanh nguyn vn, trn u em ng hp da khoanh nc ng. Khoanh v, khng trn u em ct thnh 4-6 ming ng hp da ming nh. Ming da qu nh em p nc hoc nu mt. Ra li: Cc khoanh da v cc ming da trc khi xp hp cn ra li bng cch xi nc hoc nhng c khay ng ming da vo b nc sch loi b ming vn, ht v cc tp cht khc. 9. Cam, qut: ch bin hp qu nc ng ngi ta x l cam snh v qut qua cc qu trnh sau:
La chn, phn loi Ra Chn Bc v, tch mi Chn NaOH Ra Ct gn, ly ht Hnh 6.2. S x l cam, qut

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Cc qu trnh la chn-phn loi, ra qu tng t nh x l chui, da. Chn: Chn qu nhm mc ch bc v v tc x dnh mi c d dng. Ngi ta chn cam qut bng cch nhng vo nc si trong thi gian t 20-30s (qut) n 56-60s (cam snh). Sau ngui t nhin trong khng kh ch bc v. Hao ht khi chn l 2-3% khi lng qu. Bc v, tch mi: Cam qut chn xong khng nn lu qu, qu ngui tr li s kh bc v. Dng dao nh kha 4 rnh theo chiu dc qu cam ri ly tay bc sch v v lp ci trng. Vi qut, qu nh v v mng, khng cn phi kha trc m bc lun. Sau tch ring tng mi v tc sch nhng x trng cn dnh mi. Khi bc v v tch mi khng lm v mi, v loi b nhng mi dp nt hay kh sn. T l ph liu ca cam snh khi bc v l 33-36%. V cam, qut c th s dng ct ly tinh du. Chn NaOH: Mng bc mi cam qut cha nhiu naringin l mt glucoside c v ng. gim v ng ca sn phm cn lm mng lp mng ny bng cch chn mi cam qut trong dung dch NaOH c nng 0,8-1,0%, nhit 75-80oC, trong thi gian 3-4s (i vi qut) hay 7-8s (vi cam snh), t l mi cam qut/dung dch NaOH l 1/201/30. T l hao ht ca qut khi bc mng mi l 3-5%. Mi cam qut chn NaOH xong cn mt lp v rt mng, nu lm sch ht lp mng mng ny mi s b v. Nht, Trung Quc c nhng loi qut tt, c th lm sch mng mi m mi vn khng b v nt. m bo hiu qu bc mng, thnh thong phi b sung NaOH cho dung dch ng nng chn. Ra: Sau khi chn NaOH xong, a cam qut ra li bng nc sch lun lu cho ht NaOH. Ra lun lu cn nhm mc ch tip tc ho tan naringin. Thi gian ra khong 60-90pht. Mi cam qut ra xong phi sch NaOH. Th mc sch NaOH nh sau: nh vi git phenolphtalein vo cam qut ra, nu khng thy xut hin mu hng l cam qut sch NaOH, nu c mu hng xut hin l cha sch NaOH, cn ra thm. Ct gn, ly ht: Mi qut ra sch NaOH cn ct b gn trng bng mi v loi b ht ht. Dng ko nh v sc ct gn mi, ri bp rt nh vo mi bt ht ra, hoc ly mi ko, gi nh ht ra. Cn lm nh tay trnh v nt mi. T l ph liu khu ny l 15-20%. Trong khi ch xp vo hp, mi cam qut x l xong phi th trong chu nc sch mi khi b nt. Nht Bn, Trung Quc c ging qut khng c ht hay t ht, em sn xut cam qut nc ng cho sn phm c cht lng cao v tng nng sut lao ng.

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10. Vi, nhn: Vi, nhn c x l ging nhau, theo nhng qu trnh sau:
La chn, phn loi Ngt cung Ra Bc v, ly ht Ngm CaCl2 Ra li Hnh 6.3. S x l vi, nhn

Bc v ly ht: Vi nhn sau khi la chn-phn loi, ngt cung, ra ngi ta bc v b ht ly ci nguyn vn. Trc tin dng dao nhn nay ch nm qu cho st mt cht v, dng tay bc thm v va ming ng ly ht. ng ly ht l mt ng thp mng hnh cn, c ng knh khc nhau tu theo kch thc vi, nhn.
Bng 6.1. ng knh ng dao ly ht vi, nhn
Loi qu Vi chua Vi lai, vi thiu Nhn
(Nguyn Vn Tip. 2000)

ng knh ng ly ht (mm) 16-17 12-13 10-11

Khi xoy mnh ng ly ht vo, mt vnh ci qu b t v ht gn vo ming ng. Rt ng ra, ht theo ng ra khi qu. Sau bc nt phn v cn dnh qu, c ci nhn, ci vi nguyn hnh khng b v nt. Ngm dung dch CaCl2. Ci qu va bc xong th ngay vo dung dch canxi clorua 0,5% trong khong 10-15pht tng cng. Nu cha kp vo hp, ci nhn, vi cng cn ngm trnh mt mu trng p do tip xc vi khng kh. Nu khng c CaCl2 c th dng dung dch NaCl 1% nhng qu km dn hn. Trc khi xp hp, vt vi nhn khi dung dch, ri ra li bng nc sch. 11. Mn: hp mn nc ng c th ch bin nhiu dng: nguyn v hoc bc v, b ht hoc ht, b i hoc nguyn qu.
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Cc loi mn ca ta v qu nh nn ch bin mn nc ng dng nguyn qu, bc v v khng ly ht ra. Cc qu trnh x l mn thc hin sau: Bc v: Mn sau khi phn loi v ra em nhng vo dung dch NaOH 9-10% nhit 70-75%, vi thi gian 3-4 pht, theo t l mn/dung dch l 1/15. Sau vt mn ra, ra sch v v ht NaOH bng nc, ri ngm ngay vo nc mui 1% trnh bin mu. Dung dch NaOH c sau 2 gi cn b sung NaOH mt ln, v sau 2 ca sn xut cn thay bng dung dch NaOH mi. Gt sa: Dng dao nh, nhn mi gt sa cho sch cc vt v cn dnh trn ci qu, nht l ch rnh qu. Vt sa ch lt rt nh, khng ct lm su vo tht qu. Khi gt sa, thy qu no dp nt, khng trn u cn loi ra. Trc khi xp hp, ngm mn vo nc sch ra mui, thi gian ngm 20-30 pht. Sau vt ra, ro nc.

III.Xp hp rt nc ng
Qu trc khi xp hp cn ro nc, v kim tra li ln cui cng loi b nhng qu hay ming qu khng qui cch trong qu trnh x l cn st li. Khi lng qu khi xp hp chim 55-80% khi lng tnh ca hp, tu theo tng sn phm. Sau khi thanh trng, t l ci trong hp gim i (6-21% tu loi qu) do dch qu khuch tn vo nc ng. Ngi ta thng ng hp qu nc ng trong hp st hoc l thy tinh. Nhng loi qu c mu mnh v acid cao nn ng trong l thu tinh hoc hp sn vecni. Nhng qu c acid thp nhng mu mnh nh chui, xoi cng nn dng hp st c sn vecni, v cht mu anthocyan ca qu c th tc dng vi mui kim loi gy ra bin mu. Nhng qu y n mn thic mnh hn qu c acid cao nhng mu nht hn. Hp st s b n mn khi ng qu c nhiu anthocyan nu tng acid ca sn phm, v anthocyan ch tc dng vi thic trong mi trng acid yu. Chui, cam, qut thng ng trong hp st hn vecni. Da, vi, nhn c th dng hp st trng khng sn vecni. Nu dng hp khng sn vecni, sn phm thng c v kim loi. Hp xp qu, em rt nc ng. Chun b nc ng nh sau: dng ng trng tinh khit ho tan trong nc nng, ri un si dung dch, v pha acid citric nu c, sau lc cho trong. C th lm trong nc ng bng anbumin thc phm (4g anbumin/100 kg ng) hoc lng trng trng (ca 4 qu/100kg ng). Ho tan anbumin vo nc lnh hoc nh k lng trng trng, ri vo dung dch nc ng (ang nhit 50oC), sau un si hn hp. Khi un nng, protit b ng t v ni ln mt dung dch dng bt, ko theo tp cht trong nc ng. Ngi ta ht bt ri lc dung dch th c nc ng rt trong. Tu theo mi loi qu, ngi ta dng nc ng c nng khc nhau, v thng pha thm acid citric vi t l 0,2-0,5%. gi mu cho sn phm ca mt s loi rau qu, ngi ta cn cho thm vo nc ng khong 0,1% vitamin C.
79

Khi rt hp, nc ng cn c nhit 80-85oC, v nn rt cch ming hp 710mm. Nu rt y qu, khi thanh trng, np c th b h (vi hp st) hoc b bt (vi l thu tinh).
Bng 6.2. Cc ch s khi xp hp mt s loi qu
Loi qu nc ng Da khoanh Da r qut Da ming nh Chui tiu Cam, qut Nhn Vi thiu Mn S hiu hp Khi lng tinh (g) 480 500 850 330-340 350 480 500 880 Khi lng qu khi xp (g) 280 300-310 550-575 230-250 250 255 250 550 Nng nc ng (%) 25-30 25-30 25-30 24 46 25 28 60 0,2 0,3 0,5 0,3 acid ca nc ng (%)

10 12 13 8 8 10 10 13

(Nguyn Vn Tip. 2000)

IV.Ghp np, thanh trng

Hp rt nc ng xong, em ghp np ngay trn my ghp vi chn khng 300-350 mmHg, nu chm sn phm b bin mu v d nhim trng. Sau em thanh trng ngay, khng nn lu qu 30pht, trnh hin tng ln men trc khi thanh trng v gim nhit ban u ca hp. Tu theo chng loi sn phm v s hiu hp, ch thanh trng khc nhau. Nhit thanh trng thng 100oC, thi gian thanh trng 10-25 pht.
Bng 6.3. Ch thanh trng mt s hp qu nc ng.
Loi qu nc ng Chui tiu Da Da Da Cam snh Qut Vi thiu Vi thiu Nhn S hiu hp 8 8 10 13 8 8 10 8 10 Nhit thanh trng (oC) 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 Thi gian thanh trng (pht) Nng nhit 10 10 10 15 10 10 10 10 10 Gi nhit 20 15 15 18 25 20 15 13 15 H nhit 15 15 15 20 15 15 15 15 15

(Nguyn Vn Tip. 2000)

Nu dng l thu tinh, cn to p sut i khng l 7,85-9,81.104 N/m2 (0,8-1,0at) vi nhit thanh trng 85-95oC hoc 11,77.104 N/m2 (1,2at) vi nhit thanh trng 100oC. Thanh trng xong cn lm ngui nhanh m bo hng v, mu sc, chc ca hp v st b n mn.
80

VI.Phm cht sn phm - nh mc s dng nguyn liu Bng 6.4. Thnh phn ho hc v sinh nhit ca mt s hp qu nc ng
Loi qu nc ng Chui tiu Da Qut Vi Nhn Mn Thnh phn ho hc (%) Nc 84,9 85,4 86,4 83,7 83,3 84,5 Glucid 13,9 13,7 11,7 14,7 15,0 13,2 Protid 0,5 0,3 0,2 0,4 0,5 0,3 Cc cht hu c khc 1,3 0,4 1,6 1,1 1,0 1,8 Tro 0,4 0,2 0,1 0,2 0,2 0,2 sinh nhit (kcal/100g) 59 57 49 62 64 55

(Nguyn Vn Tip. 2000)

V phm cht cm quan ca hp qu nc ng, ngi ta xc nh theo cc ch tiu: hnh dng, mu sc, mi v v chc ca qu, phm cht ca nc ng. Trong mt hp, kch thc, hnh dng v mu sc ca qu phi tng i ng u, nc ng phi trong khng ln tp cht. mt s nc, ngi ta nh gi phm cht cm quan ca qu nc ng theo im, v d n ngi ta cho im nh sau:
Bng 6.5. im nh gi cm quan sn phm hp qu ng
Ch tiu Cam qut Mi v Mu sc chc v ng u v kch thc Khng c cc khuyt tt 20 20 25 35
(Nguyn Vn Tip. 2000)

S im cao nht Da 20 20 25 35 Xoi 20 20 25 35

Ty theo tng loi qu, ngi ta qui nh t l ci ti thiu ca sn phm. Trung bnh, t l ci chim 45-55% khi lng tnh hp. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn quy nh chn khng v khong trng trong hp. V d, vi xoi, cam qut, da nc ng th chn khng c quy nh l trn 125 mmHg

V ho hc, qu nc ng thng c xc nh hai ch tiu: kh theo chit quang k (hoc o theo khi lng ring ca nc ng) v acid (hoc ch s pH) ca nc ng.
Bng 6.6. Ch tiu ho hc ca qu nc ng Vit Nam.
Loi qu nc ng Da 81 kh theo chit quang k 20oC (%) 16 min acid (%) 0.2 - 0.6

Chui Cam, qut Vi thiu Vi lai, vi chua Nhn Mn Xoi

18 min 18 min 18 min 16 min 18 min 25 min 18 min

(Nguyn Vn Tip. 2000)

0.10 min 0.60 max 0.35 max 0.35 min 0.30 max 1.50 max 0.10 min

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CHNG VII K THUT CH BIN HP NC QU

c im chung v phn loi hp nc qu
Nhng cht c gi tr dinh dng cao nht trong rau qu nh ng, acid hu c, vitamin... u tp trung dch qu. Nh c y v cn i cc cht y nn nc qu c hng v rt thm ngon. hp nc qu ch yu dng ung, ngoi ra cn dng ch bin xir qu, ru mi, nc gii kht c np kh, mt ng...
Bng 7.1. Thnh phn dinh dng ca mt s nc qu
Loi nc qu Cam Qut M Mn Da Bi chm Nc (%) 84,5 87,8 84,0 82,0 84,7 90,1 Prtid (%) 0,7 0,8 0,5 0,3 0,3 0,4 Lypid (%) 0 0 0 0 vt 0,1 Glucid (%) 13,3 9,6 14,0 16,1 14,0 6,65 Cellulose (%) 0,2 0,2 0,3 0,3 0,1 0,1 Acid hu c (%) 1,0 0,9 0,8 1,3 0,6 1,42 Tro (%) 0,3 0,7 0,4 0,3 0,3 0,4 sinh nhit (kcal/100g) 61 46 63 73 60 38

(Nguyn Vn Tip. 2000)

Ngi ta phn loi hp nc qu nh sau: Cn c theo mc t nhin, ngi ta chia nc qu thnh cc loi: Nc qu t nhin: ch bin t mt loi qu, khng pha thm ng, tinh du, cht mu.

Nc qu t nhin dng ung trc tip hoc ch bin cc loi nc ngt, ru mi. Nc cc loi qu qu chua khi ung phi pha thm ng. tng hng v nc qu i khi ngi ta cho ln men ru mt phn hoc ton b ng c trong nc qu t nhin. Nc qu hn hp: ch bin bng cch trn ln nhiu loi nc qu khc nhau, lng nc qu pha thm khng qu 35% nc qu chnh. Nc qu pha ng: tng v ngon, mt s nc qu nh chanh, cam, qut ngi ta thng pha thm ng. Nc qu c c: ch bin bng cch c c nc qu t nhin theo phng php un nng (bc hi) hay phng php lnh ng (tch nc ). Nc qu
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c c c li l tn bao b, kho tng, vn chuyn v t b vi sinh vt lm hng. Cn c theo phng php bo qun, ngi ta chia nc qu thnh cc loi: Nc qu thanh trng: ng vo bao b kn, thanh trng bng cch un nng trc hoc sau khi ghp kn. Nc qu bo qun lnh: bo qun nhit 0 - 2oC. Nc qu np kh: np CO2 c ch s hot ng ca vi sinh vt v tng tnh cht gii kht. Nc qu sunfit ha: bo qun bng SO2, dng lm bn ph phm. Nc qu ru ho: pha ru c ch s hot ng ca vi sinh vt ri ng trong bao b thanh trng. Nc qu khng c tht qu: l dch bo c tch khi m qu ch yu bng cch p sau em lng ri lc. Tu theo mc trong cn thit m ngi ta lc th (nc qu c) hay lc k (nc qu trong). Nc qu c tht qu: l dch bo ln vi cc m c nghin mn v pha ch vi nc ng.

Cn c theo trong ca sn phm, ngi ta chia nc qu thnh cc loi: -

Nc qu khng tht qu c hnh thc hp dn, t b bin i khi bo qun hn nc qu c tht qu. Cc loi qu cha nhiu carotin nh m, qut hoc c tht qu nc nh chui u ch nn ch bin nc qu dng c tht qu, v carotin khng tan trong nc v v m qu qu mm khng th ly ring dch qu bng cch p.

I. Yu cu v nguyn liu
Ngi ta dng nhiu chng loi hoa qu khc nhau ch bin nc qu. Nguyn liu cn c cc cht ng, acid, tanin, cht thm, cht mu v dch qu, cc nguyn liu c hng v thm ngon, mu sc p. Cc ch tiu quan trng nht, c trng cho sn phm cht dch qu l khi lng ring, hm lng cht kh v acid. Qu dng ch bin nc qu phi ti tt, khng bm dp, su thi, chn ng mc. Nu qu cha chn th mng t bo cng, dch bo t, nn nhiu ph liu, v do hm lng ng thp, hm lng acid cao nn chua nhiu. Nhng qu chn th m qu mm v b, khi p tht qu kt li khng cho dch qu thot ra, dch qu c nhiu bt v kh lng, lc. Nhng qu c vt rm ngoi v khng nh hng n hng v ca dch qu, vn dng c. Kch thc v hnh dng ca qu cng khng nh hng lm n phm cht nc qu nn khng hn ch.

II. Nc qu khng tht qu

1. S ch nguyn liu trc khi p: nng cao hiu sut p nc qu, ngi ta s ch nguyn liu theo cc cch sau:
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a. Nghin: trc khi p, qu c x l c hc (ct, x ti, nghin th). Hiu qu nghin t c khi phn ln t bo b tc dng, song v kch thc t bo rt nh nn ch mt s nh t bo b ph. V d, khi nghin qu thnh ming nh 0,3 cm th ch khong 15% lng t bo chung b ph trc tip, do khng nn nghin qu to. Tuy vy nu nghin qu nh, th khi p nguyn liu khng to ra rnh thot nc qu, cng lm gim hiu sut p. Mc nghin ty thuc tng loi qu. b. un nng: di tc dng ca nhit cao, prtit ca cht nguyn sinh b ng t v v vy thm thu ca t bo tng ln. Ngi ta thng un nng qu nhit 80-85oC, nu thp hn th qu trnh ng t ko di, nu cao qu th c th gy cho nc qu c v kh chu. c. Lm lnh ng: Thc vt b cht khi lm lnh ng l v nh hng chung ca s mt nc do to thnh nc , ca tc dng c do nng acid v mui trong dch bo tng ln, ca sc p ca tinh th nc ln t bo... Ngi ta s dng bung lnh thm x l qu nhit -18oC n 30oC. Sau lm tan gi qu ngoi khng kh hay ngm trong nc l. Ngoi 3 phng php trn, ngi ta cn tng hiu sut p bng ch phm enzyme, bng dng in cao tn... 2. p: S ch nguyn liu tc l lm cho dch bo ra khi mng t bo, vo khi nguyn liu p, cn vic tch dch qu khi khi nguyn liu p l chc nng ca qu trnh p. 3. Lm trong dch qu: Dch qu l dung dch trong c ng, acid, mui, cht cht, cht mu v cc cht khc ca qu. Dch qu khng ch l dch bo m cn cha cc phn t ca m qu. Kch thc v hm lng cc phn t ny trong dch qu tu thuc vo nguyn liu, phng php s ch v k thut p. Dch qu mi p cha cc ht l lng c kch thc khc nhau: ht th c ln trn 10-2 cm, ht mn 10-2 n 5.10-5 cm, dung dch keo c cc ht vi kch thc 10-5 n 10-7 cm. Mun c nc qu trong sut phi loi cc ht l lng trng thy bng mt thng, song do c h thng keo nn vic tch cc ht l lng gp tr ngi. V vy phi ph hu h thng keo mi c th tch c ht cc ht l lng v lm cho dch qu trong. Tuy nhin, ph hu hon ton h keo l kh khn, v khng cn thit v cc cht trong h keo cng l cu t to ra hng v nc qu, v ht keo cn li vi kch thc nh th mt thng cng khng pht hin c. C nhiu phng php lm trong dch qu: lc, lng, ly tm, x l bng t st, bng ch phm men, bng cch h, bng cch pha trn, bng cch ng t, un nng v lm ngui nhanh... 4. n nh trong ca nc qu: Nc qu lc trong sut khi bo qun c th b c tr li v c khi kt ta. Nc qu b c l do nhng phn t keo cn li trong nc qu kt t vi nhau. Vi sinh vt cng c th lm c nc qu. Hin tng c do keo l v c s bin i ca cht mu v tanin, protid v pectin. Nhn t chnh lm thay i h thng keo chnh l qu trnh oxy ho nhng cht c trong nc qu. Nhng mui khong v acid hot ng c tc dng gi cho nc qu b c.
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Nu bo qun nc qu nhit cao qu s kch thch cc qu trnh oxy ho v lm nc qu b lng cn. Lm lnh ng nc qu khi bo qun cng lm thay i h thng keo v lm nc qu b c. Gi cho nc qu hon ton trong l mt iu kh thc hin. Tuy nhin ta c th p dng cc bin php sau y chng c. Nc qu trc khi lc nn un nng ln nhit cao hn nhit thanh trng, nu khng, khi thanh trng protit tip tc b ng t v nc qu b c. Hn ch s tip tc nc qu vi oxy bng cch bi kh nc qu, v khi ghp np cho ht chn khng. Bo qun nc qu bng kh tr (kh carbonic) cng n nh c trong. Thanh trng nc qu vi nhit cao v thi gian ngn th nc qu t b c hn vi nhit thp v thi gian di. Nn trnh bo qun nc qu nhit gn 0oC lm cho khng kh d ho tan vo nc qu v nc qu mau c. 5. Pha ch: tng hng v sn phm, ngi ta thng pha ch nc ng hoc trn ln mt s loi nc qu vi nhau. V d, trn ln nc m (cha nhiu caroten) vi nc mn (nhiu vitamin B2) c sn phm giu vitamin hn. Qu trnh pha ch nn tin hnh trc khi lc loi b nhng cn kt ta, hoc trn ln cc loi nguyn liu qu trc khi p. 6. Bi kh: gi hng v, mu sc v cc vitamin, nc qu cn c bi kh, bng nhit hoc bng cch ht chn khng. Ngi ta ch bi kh i vi nc qu thanh trng, v nu un nng nhiu qu th nc qu b bin mu v c v nu chn do xy ra phn ng melanoidin. Thng thng nc qu c bi kh bng cch ht chn khng trong nhiu kiu thit b khc nhau. Trn hnh l s lm vic ca thit b bi kh APV. Nguyn tc lm vic ca thit b nh sau: nc qu t thng cha c ht ln bnh bi kh. Bnh bi kh c v thp khng r hnh tr, y hnh nn, bn trong l mt thng hnh tr c c l. Nc qu i vo pha trn ca bnh, c phun u ri chy theo thnh thng xung y v vo bm. Trong bnh chn khng rt cao (700 - 730 mmHg) c to ra do vi phun vi p sut lm vic l 8,82 - 9,80.105 N/m2. 7. ng hp: Nc qu thng ng trong chai, l thy tinh hoc cng c th ng trong hp st sn hay khng sn vecni. Nu ng trong bao b nh ri thanh trng th c th khng cn nng nhit nc qu trc khi ng hp. Nu ng trong bao b ln m khng thanh trng th nht thit phi un nng nc qu trc khi ng hp. 8. Bo qun nc qu: C th dng cc phng php sau y gi cho nc qu khi b h hng. a. Thanh trng: Ngi ta thng thanh trng nc qu ng hp trong hp st hay trong chai thu tinh nhit 80 - 100oC vi thi gian t 10 - 40 pht (vi bao b c dung tch di 1000 ml) n 40 - 60 pht (vi bao b c dung tch trn 1000 ml) tu mc nhim vi sinh vt ca nc qu. Sau khi thanh trng xong phi lm ngui nhanh.
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b. Bo qun bng cch rt nng: Nc qu c acid cao nn l mi trng hot ng ca nm mc v nm men, m nm mc v nm men li km chu nhit. Do c th bo qun nc qu bng cch rt nng. un nng nc qu ln 90 - 95oC trong 30 - 40s ri rt ngay vo l thy tinh ln (10 lt tr ln) st trng v ghp np ngay. Nc qu vi dung tch ln ngui chm, nn st trng. Nu ng nc qu trong bao b nh, phng php ny khng m bo. c. Bo qun bng CO2: Ngi ta np kh cacbonic vi t l 1,5% (theo khi lng nc qu) bo qun nc qu d tr trong thng cha ln. ho tan ca CO2 trong nc qu ph thuc vo p sut kh (trn mt nc qu) v nhit ca nc qu. Nhit cng thp, p sut cng ln th ho tan ca CO2 cng nhiu. m bo t l CO2 l 1,5%, ng vi cc nhit khc nhau cn c p sut tng ng nh sau:
Bng 7.2. Nhit v p sut tng ng bo ha CO2 t nng 1,5% Nhit oC p sut CO2 Tnh bng 105 N/m2 Tnh bng atm 3,72 3,80 4,65 4,75 5,63 5,85 6,86 7,00 8,23 8,40 0 5 10 15 20

(Nguyn Vn Tip. 2000)

Nu bo qun nhit 15 - 20oC, cn c p sut cao, th gp kh khn khi thc hin. Mt khc, nu bo qun nhit qu thp th nc qu b ng bng v tn chi ph lm lnh. Tt nht l bo qun nc qu bng CO2 0 - 5oC. d. Bo qun bng cch lc thanh trng: C th thanh trng nc qu bng cch lc qua amiant p v cellulose c l nh gi li vi sinh vt. Nc qu qua lc cn ng hp ngay trong iu kin v trng. e. Bo qun bng ha cht: Ngi ta cn bo qun nc qu bn ph phm bng ru etylic, kh SO2, natri benzoat v acid sorbic. Sau khi pha ru vi t l 25 - 30% (so vi th tch nc qu) 15 - 25 ngy, em gn cn. Lng cn cn li trong nc qu khng qu 0,1%. Sunfit ho nc qu bng cch np kh SO2 hay cho ho cht c cha SO2 vi hm lng hu hiu ca SO2 l 0,1 - 0,15%. Trc khi s dng phi loi sunfit ho nc qu bng cch un nng. Natri benzoat cho vo nc qu vi t l 0,1% (tnh theo acid benzoic), cn acid sorbic ch cn t l 0,05 - 0,1%.

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III. Nc qu c c
Nc qu c c ch bin bng cch c c nc qu t nhin theo phng php un nng hay theo phng php lnh ng. Thnh phm c kh l 40 - 60%. Trc khi c c, cn lng, lc v loi tr n mc ti a pectin c trong nc qu sn phm khi b c v khng b ng c khi c c. Ngi ta thng c c nc qu bng h thng ni c chn khng. gi hng v ca nc qu, ngi ta lp thm thit b thu hi cht thm, ri pha vo thnh phm. Nc qu c c trc khi rt vo bao b thy tinh cn un nng ln 70 - 80oC. Nu dng bao b di 1 lt th thanh trng 75oC ri lm ngui bng nc lnh, nu ng trong bao b ln (t 3 lt tr ln) khng cn phi thanh trng. C c nc qu theo phng php lnh ng da trn nguyn tc: khi gim nhit ca dung dch cha bo ho xung di nhit ng bng ca n th dung mi (nc) s ng bng trc, cn cht ho tan (ng, mui, acid) vn dung dch. Tch tng rn khi tng lng bng cch chit, lc hay ly tm (ly tm va nhanh, va tn tht nc qu) ngi ta thu c nc qu c c. Nc qu thng c lm lnh ng -10oC n 12oC. So vi phng php bc hi th phng php lnh ng tuy tn tht cht ha tan nhiu hn nhng sn phm c cht lng cao v gi c dinh dng nhiu hn. sn phm t nng cao c th kt hp hai phng php lc u c c bng chn khng, sau lm lnh ng tip tc cho n kh cn thit. T nc qu c c c th ch bin thnh bt qu. Pha nc ng c vo nc qu c c ri sy bng thit b sy phun, ta c bt qu.

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IV. Nc qu c tht qu
Mt s qu nh chui, xoi, mng cu, i... kh ch bin thnh nc qu khng tht qu v cho sn phm c cht lng km v hng v v gi tr dinh dng; do ngi ta ch bin thnh nc qu c tht qu. Qui trnh ch bin nc qu c tht qu thng tin hnh theo s sau: Qu La chn - Ra Kim tra Chn - Gt ra Ch Phi ch ng ho Nng nhit, Bi kh Rt hp - Ghp np Thanh trng Thnh phm
Hnh 7.1. Qui trnh ch bin nc qu c tht qu

Trong qui trnh trn, nhiu qu trnh ging nh trong qui trnh ch bin nc qu khng tht qu. Do , phn ny ch trnh by cch tin hnh mt s qu trnh ring bit ca nc qu c tht qu khc vi nc qu khng tht qu.
89

1. Ch: Trong nc qu c tht qu (nectar) ngoi dch bo cn c m qu nghin nh. V vy khi ly dch qu ch bin nectar ngi ta dng my ch (hoc my p kiu trc xon) m khng dng my p thu lc hay my p trc vt. Vi loi qu hch nh m, mn, o... ngi ta dng my ch kiu roi thp, vi cc loi qu mm nh chui, u , i... ngi ta dng my ch kiu cnh p. 2. Phi ch: Khi ch bin nectar, ngi ta thng pha thm ng, acid thc phm v nc vo dch qu sn phm t c yu cu v hng v, mu sc v c cn thit. Sn phm phi c hng thm r rt ca nguyn liu, v ngt chua thch hp. Sn phm thng c kh 15 - 20% v c acid tng ng vi acid ca nguyn liu (0,2 - 0,5%) Trong qu trnh ch bin, tanin trong qu thng b oxy ho to thnh flobafen c mu en. trnh hin tng ny, ngi ta thng pha thm cht chng oxy ho m thng dng nht l acid ascorbic (vitamin C). Vitamin C va c tc dng n nh mu sc, va tng gi tr dinh dng cho sn phm. Khi s dng vitamin C, ngi ta gi l vitamin ho sn phm. Qu cha t vitamin C d b bin mu hn qu c nhiu vitamin C. Trong 100 ml nc qu nu cha khong 1 mg acid ascorbic th nc qu c th ngoi khng kh trong 30 pht m khng b bin mu. Lng vitamin C cho vo khi phi ch cn c ch cc men xc tc phn ng bin mu v cn d khong 100 mg/l nc qu. Nu d qu, sn phm c v chua gt v hc. Sn phm cn c c va phi, nu long qu th km gi tr dinh dng v km hng v, nu c qu cng khng hp dn. sn phm c c va phi, ngi ta thm nc ng vi t l Pur qu/nc ng =1/0,5 - 1/2 tu loi nguyn liu. 3. ng ho: c c thch hp, mn v t phn lp, vn cc, ngi ta ng ho sn phm bng thit b ng ho kiu phun c p sut (vi p sut lm vic l 1,47 - 1,98.107 N/m2 tc 150 200 at) hoc bng thit b ly tm.

V. Qui trnh ch bin mt s hp nc qu

1. Nc da: Da thng c ch bin nc qu dng khng tht qu, loi c (lc th). Cc ging da u c th dng ch bin nc da c, song da hoa cho sn phm c cht lng tt (mu vng p, hng v thm ngon) v tiu hao nguyn liu t nht. Khng dng da qu chn ( c mi ru) hoc qu xanh, c th dng phi hp cc ph liu loi ra khi ct gt trong sn xut da nc ng, ch bin nc da. Trc khi p, cn x ti da qu trn my x trc inh tng hiu sut p. Hiu sut p thu lc t 55 - 60% trong khi my p trc vt ch t 40 - 50%.

90

 hng v ca sn phm c ng u v tng ln, ngi ta pha thm nc ng v acid citric thnh phm c kh 15 - 16% v acid 0,5 - 0,6%. Sau khi phi ch, em lc th nc da, ri nng nhit trn thit b truyn nhit kiu bn mng hoc kiu rut g (cht ti nhit l nc si hay hi nc) trong thi gian 20 - 30s loi b kt ta. Nu ng trong hp st s 13, s 14 th thanh trng theo cng thc 10-20-10/100oC. Nu ng trong chai thu tinh 0,65lt hay 0,75lt khng cn phi thanh trng, nhng phi nng nhit ln 100 - 105oC trc khi rt vo bao b. Sau lm ngui nhanh bng nc hay bng khng kh lnh nhit 2 - 8oC. cc nc, khi ch bin nc da ngi ta cn dng my p trc xon ri kt hp vi ly tm cao tc hoc vi my ng ho sn phm ng nht, c thanh trng 8082oC trong 20 - 30 pht hay 88oC hoc rt nng 88 90,5oC. Nc da cn dng ch bin nc qu hn hp (pha ch vi nc bi...) rt vo hp da nc ng (loi thng hng) thay nc ng. sn xut 1 tn hp nc da cn: da ta: 2,0 Tn qu da hoa: 1,8 Tn qu

2. Nc cam, nc chanh: Nc cam, nc chanh c ch bin dng nguyn cht, loi c. Ngi ta thng dng cam chanh (tt nht l cam X oi) ch bin nc cam v ging cam ny cho sn phm thm ngon v t ng. Ch dng cam va chn ti, th hin v c mu vng t 2/3 din tch qu tr ln, khng dng cam qu chn, sn phm d b ln men v hng v km. Cc loi chanh, rut trng hay hng, khng kh sn c kh 5 - 6% v acid (acid citric) 4,5 5,0% u dng ch bin nc chanh c. C th dng chanh xanh hoc mi chn (ng) nhng khng dng chanh cn non v nc t v acid thp. Sau khi la chn nguyn liu loi b nhng qu khng hp qui cch (m khng cn phn loi theo kch thc) em ra sch trn my ra hnh trng hoc bn chi, ri bc sch v ngoi v ci trng. lp v ngoi cha nhiu tinh du, trong c lymonen, b bin i thnh tecpen dng pinen di tc dng ca nhit, lm cho sn phm c mi kh chu. lp ci trng cha nhiu naringin c v ng. tng hu sut p, trc khi p ngi ta x nh cam, chanh trn my x kiu a rng. Sau p trn my p thu lc, c p sut p khong 2,45.107 N/m2 (250 at). Nc p ra em lc trn thit b lc bn khung, hoc lc th qua 10 - 12 lp vi mn. Qu trnh nng nhit, rt vo bao b, ghp np cng tin hnh ging nh nc da. Nc cam, nc chanh trong qu trnh tn tr th hng v gim st r rt. hn ch tnh trng ny, ngi ta dng chai thu tinh mu v bo qun nhit 0 - 5oC. Tiu hao nguyn liu i vi 1 tn thnh phm l: Cam chanh:1,5 tn Chanh: 2,2 tn
91

3. Nc chui: Nc chui ch bin dng nc qu c tht qu (nectar).

Nguyn liu chui tiu v ng xun cho sn phm tt hn v h thu. Chui phi chn hon ton nhng khng b nu, khng b ln men ru, khng cn phn loi theo kch thc v c th s dng c nhng khc chui tha dy chuyn hp qu nc ng chui loi ra. Qu trnh la chn, ra, bc v, tc x tin hnh ging nh ch bin hp chui nc ng. Sau khi bc v, tc x ngi ta ngm chui vo nc ra bt tinh bt v ho tan tanin sn phm t b bin mu hn, sau em ch trn my ch c l ry 1,0 - 1,5 mm. Chui qua ch (pur) c cha ngay vo thng c sn nc ng nng 15% c pha thm 0,1% acid citric v 0,05 - 0,1% acid ascorbic. Tu theo phm cht nguyn liu v yu cu ca sn phm m t l gia pur chui v nc ng 15% thay i khc nhau. Sau pha ch, nc chui c kh 16 - 18%, acid (theo acid citric) 0,2 - 0,25%. Khi pha ch phi khuy cho nc chui tht u. Sau em ng ho sn phm ng nht, khng b phn lp, p sut lm vic l 11,76 - 14,7.106 N/m2 (120 150 at). Trong t bo chui c cha nhiu khng kh (8 - 16%) nn cn ui bt sn phm gi c hng, v, mu sc t nhin v b vn cc hoc phn lp. Trong khi bi kh, ngi ta kt hp vi nng nhit tng hiu qu bi kh, ng thi dit men v s b dit khun. C th bi kh nc chui trn thit b bi kh nhit hoc trn thit b c c chn khng hai v (thi gian 3 - 6 pht, nhit sau khi nng nhit t 80 - 90oC). Nc chui bi kh v nng nhit xong phi ng hp v ghp np ngay. ng hp s 8 sn vecni, ghp np vi chn khng 300mmHg, thanh trng theo cng thc 1025-10/100oC. Mt tn thnh phm cn 1500 kg chui tiu qu.

92

CHNG VIII
K THUT CH BIN HP MT QU
Mt qu l cc sn phm ch bin t qu ti hoc t qu bn ch phm (pur qu, nc qu, qu sunfit ho) nu vi ng n kh 65-70%. ng cho vo mt qu khng ch tng v ngt m cn bo qun sn phm. T bo vi sinh vt trng thi co nguyn sinh nn b ngng hot ng. V vy nhiu loi mt nu xong c th khng cn thanh trng. Mt s loi mt khc c kh thp hn cn phi thanh trng vi thi gian ngn, ch yu dit nm men, nm mc, ch yu dit nm men, nm mc, cn vi khun khng pht trin trong mt qu, l mi trng c acid cao. Phn ln cc loi mt cn c ng nht nh. Cht to ng c sn trong qu l pectin. Trng hp cn tng ng ca sn phm, ngi ta pha thm pectin bt, pectin c c, agar-agar (thch) hoc cc loi qu giu pectin (nh to). Agar-agar ch bin t rau cu, c ng cao, vi nng 0,2% n c kh nng lm ng, khng cn phi c ng v acid. Nu un nng lu trong mi trng acid, ng ca agar-agar b gim. Agar-agar t tan trong nc lnh, nhng n ht nc v n ra, trong nc nng n to thnh dung dch keo v to ng. Pectin ch c tc dng to ng trong mi trng acid, v cc keo pectin mang in tch m b cc ion H+ ca mi trng acid trung ho v ng t. Pectin ng tt trong mi trng c acid khong 1% tng ng vi ch s pH t 3,2 n 3,4. ng cho vo mt cng c tc dng tng ng. Nng ng trong mt cn t gn nng khong 55 - 60%). Trong qu trnh tn tr, mt dn dn b va, thot u trn mt ri lan dn ra. Nu bo qun nhit thp, sn phm c pH di 2,8 v c nhiu tp cht, hoc b tc ng c hc, mt cng chng b va hn. Mt qu c ch bin nhiu dng, c th phn loi thnh cc dng sau: Mt ng Mt nhuyn Mt ming ng Mt rim Mt kh

I.Mt ng
Mt ng ch bin t nc qu hoc xir qu. Ngi ta thng dng nc qu trong sut. Nu nc qu sunfit ho, trc khi nu mt phi kh SO2 bng cch un nng hm lng SO2 trong sn phm khng qu 0,025%. Ty theo nht ca nc qu v ng ca sn phm m ngi ta hoc khng pha thm pectin. 1. Cch ch bin mt ng khng pha pectin: Trc ht cn xc nh nht ca nc qu tnh ton lng ng cho vo v kh ca sn phm. nht cng cao do nc qu cha cng nhiu pectin nn cn cho thm nhiu ng, sn phm cng d ng nn kh sn phm c th thp hn. Nc qu lm trong c un nng trong ni 2 v ti 30-40oC ri ho tan ng v c th cho thm mt t anbumin vo lm trong nc ng. Sau un si dung dch (nu c bt cn ht ht bt i) v c n kh 65%, ri lm ngui xung nhit 75-80oC. Cng c th cho thm acid citric vo sn phm. Dng l thu tinh hay hp st sn vecni ng sn phm, ghp np vi chn khng 150-200 mmHg ri xp ngay vo thng. V sn phm c kh cao nn khng cn thanh trng, nhng cn phi ng hp nhanh v m bo v sinh cng nghip. Trong khi bo qun khng nn lc o sn phm nhiu khi nh hng n ng. 2. Cch ch bin mt ng c pha pectin: Ngi ta pha pectin vo sn phm vi t l khng qu 3% pectin kh so vi khi lng qu. Trc tin ha tan pectin bt trong nc lnh theo t l khi lng 1:19 v mt ngy cho pectin ngm nc v n ra. Khi nu mt ng gn c, ngi ta pha pectin vo, trn mt u. Cc qu trnh khc cng tin hnh nh cch nu mt khng pha pectin. Nu dng agar-agar th sn phm c kh thp hn, nn nht thit phi thanh trng.

II. Mt nhuyn
Mt nhuyn ch bin t pur qu, c th dng ring mt chng loi hoc hn hp nhiu loi qu, c th dng pur qu ti hay pur qu bn ch phm. Ty theo c ca sn phm m quy nh t l ng pha vo pur qu. Loi mt nhuyn c ng trong khay g yu cu c c cao hn loi mt nhuyn thng ng trong hp st, l thu tinh hay loi ng trong thng g kn. T l phi ch nh sau:
Bng 8.1. T l phi ch mt nhuyn

Nguyn liu Pur qu (12% kh) ng trng

Mt nhuyn 120-130 kg 100 kg

Mt nhuyn c 150-180 kg 100 kg

Tuy c khc nhau, t l phi ch khc nhau, nhng cc loi mt u c kh l 66-67%. tng ng, c th pha thm pectin hoc agar-agar. Ngi ta nu mt nhuyn trong ni nu 2 v hoc tt hn l trong thit b c c chn khng v cho sn phm c cht lng cao hn v hng, v, sc. 1. Cch nu mt nhuyn trong ni nu 2 v: Sau khi cho pur qu vo ni, cho cnh khuy hot ng. Khi no pur t kh 16-18% th cho ng vo (ng tinh th cn tht tinh khit v ry k), tip tc nu cho n khi t yu cu. Nu pur qu c qu th lc u ch cho na lng ng cn thit, khi t n 40-45% kh mi cho nt ng vo. Nh th thi gian nu s ngn hn l cho pur v ng vo ngay t u. Nu dng pur sunfit ho, v cn kh SO2 nn phi nu pur trc, sau mi cho ng vo loi b sunfit c d dng. Tuy nhin, cho ng vo t u cng c tc dng tt l sn phm to ng tt hn v kh trng trong ng c tt hn. Cn ch l khi cho ng vo phi trn tht u ng khi lng xung y ni, d b caramel ho, lm cho sn phm b xm mu v c mi v l. Trong nhiu trng hp, ngi ta cn pha nc ng thnh dung dch 70% nu mt. 2. Cch nu mt nhuyn trong thit b c c chn khng: Trc tin, ngi ta tin hnh lai b sunfit trong pur v trn ng ni nu, sau mi cho vo ni c chn khng c c vi chn khng 600-670 mmHg. Trc khi c chn khng, cn un si hn hp trong p sut kh quyn vi pht tit trng, sau ny ng hp c th khng cn thanh trng. Cng c th nu sn phm ln 100oC giai on cui ca qu trnh. Cn lu l, tuy mt c hm lng ng cao song vn c th c mt s vi sinh vt pht trin c vi ng ca mi trng l 70%. V vy trong qu trnh ch bin, cn m bo v sinh thc phm tt c cc khu ch bin, nguyn vt liu v thit b. Bao b thng dng l thng g c dung tch 50 lt tr li, khay g c sc cha 15-20 kg, hoc hp st, l thu tinh. Trc khi cho mt nhuyn vo thng, nn lm ngui mt xung 50oC, v vi khi lng ln, mt lu ngui, d xy ra phn ng to thnh melanoidin lm cho sn phm b xm mu v hng v km. Lm ngui mt tt nht l bng chn khng ngay trong ni c c chn khng hoc trong thit b lm ngui chn

khng vi chn khng 600-670 mmHg tng ng vi nhit si ca mt l 50-60oC. gim hao ht ca mt do ngm vo thng g, ngi ta thng lt thng bng mt ti polyetylen hoc trng mt lp mng parafin ln mt trong ca thng. Nu ng mt vo hp st c ln (10 lt), khng cn thanh trng thm. Nu ng vo bao b nh th thanh trng 100oC.

III. Mt ming ng
Mt ming ng ch bin t qu (ti, sunfit ho hay lnh ng) nguyn hay ct ming, nu vi ng, c pha hoc khng pha thm acid thc phm v pectin. Qui trnh ch bin mt ming ng theo s sau:
Nguyn liu Chn la - phn loi - Ra Gt v, b ht Ct ming Chn Nu vi ng

ng vo bao b ln

ng vo bao b nh Thanh trng

Thnh phm

Hnh 8.1. Qui trnh ch bin mt ming ng

Sau khi la chn phn loi v ra sch, qu c gt v b ht. Sau , tu theo qu to hay nh m nguyn hoc ct ming, ri chn trong nc nng hay nc ng long. Chn nhm mc ch chuyn ho protopectin khng tan thnh pectin ho tan tng ng cho sn phm, v vi qu sunfit ho cn kh SO2. Khng

nn chn trong nc ng c, v nh vy s hn ch vic chuyn ho ca protopectin. Sau nu qu chn vi ng tinh th hay nc ng c c nng 70-75% theo t l qu/ng l 1/1-1/1,5 trong ni nu hai v hoc ni c chn khng; cch tin hnh ging nh nu mt ng. Nu mt c thanh trng (ng trong bao b kn, dung tch nh) th nu n kh 68%. Nu mt khng thanh trng (ng vo bao b ln), nu n kh 72%. Trc khi ng vo thng g, cn lm mt ngui xung 50-60oC, vi mt km ng (nh mt m, mt du ty) phi lm ngui xung 40oC. Nu ng vo hp st hay l thu tinh th rt vo bao b di 1 lt cn thanh trng 100oC.

IV. Mt kh
Mt kh l sn phm nu t qu vi nc ng v sy ti kh 80%, trn b mt ming mt c mt mng trng c. Cch x l nguyn liu ging nh x l lm mt ming ng. qu khi b nt, ngi ta chn qu trong dung dch phn chua. mt ngm ng u, ngi ta nu mt theo phng php gin on: nu 6-8 ln, mi ln nu 4-6 pht. Cng c th p dng phng php nu nhanh v lin tc nh nu mt ming ng. Nu xong, cht xir v em qu sy nh. trn b mt mt c lp mng trng c, ngi ta nhng mt vo nc ng qu bo ho. Khi nhng qu ngui vo nc ng nng s xut hin mt lp mng ng kt tinh. Chnh lch nhit gia qu v nc ng cng nhiu th mng cng mn. Cng c th to mng bng cch khc. Qu nu xong ngm trong nc ng c 10-12 gi nhit 35-40oC, cht xir v em sy 45-55oC trong 48 gi. Khi sy, nc trong xir bao quanh qu bc hi, cn li ng kt tinh trn b mt mt. Ngi ta ng mt kh trong hp st, hp carton lt hay trng cht chng m, hoc trong ti polymer nh.

V. Qui trnh ch bin mt s hp mt qu

1. Mt da nhuyn: C th s dng ring tng ging da hoc pha ln c hai loi ch bin mt nhuyn. Yu cu chn ca da nh i vi ch bin nc da, nu da cha chn th sn phm c mu xu v hng v km thm ngon.

Da tiu chun chn (khng cn phn loi theo kch thc) em ra trn my ra bn chi, ri ct hai u, t li, gt v, ra mt ging nh sn xut hp da nc ng. Sau em x ti, v ch trn my ch c l ry 1-1,5 mm thu c pur da, em c c vi nc ng 70% theo t l sau: Pur da: 300 kg Nc ng 70%: 100 lt Pur da: 300 kg ng trng: 100 kg

hoc vi ng tinh th theo t l:

Lc u ht mt na nc ng vo ni c c chn khng, nng nhit nc ng ln 85-90oC ri mi ht dn pur da vo v tin hnh c c nhit 60-80oC chn khng 5,88-7,84.104 N/m2 (0,6-0,8at). Khi kh ca hn hp trong ni c c t khong 50%, li ht nt nc ng cn li vo ni, ri tip tc c c n kh 63-64% th ph chn khng nng nhit sn phm ln khong 100oC tit trng. Khi kh t ti 66-67%, cho sn phm ra khi ni. Rt mt c nhit khng di 70oC vo hp st s 8 sn vecni, ri ghp np v thanh trng theo cng thc 20-30-20/100oC. 2. Mt chui nhuyn: Ngi ta ch dng chui tiu, c tiu chun ging nh i vi ch bin nc chui, sn xut mt chui nhuyn. Qu trnh la chn phn loi, ra qu, bc v, tc x, ra li, ch cng tin hnh ging nh ch bin nc chui. Pur chui c cha ngay vo thng c sn nc ng 70% c pha natri bisunfit sn phm b bin mu. T l phi ch nh sau: Pur chui: 100 kg Nc ng 70%: 72,5 lt Dung dch NaHSO3 (cha 25-30% SO2): 0,15-0,2 lt Cch tin hnh c c ging nh i vi mt da nhuyn. Khi mt nu xong, ng hp tht nhanh vo hp s 8 sn vecni, ghp np vi chn khng 300-350 mmHg, thanh trng theo cng thc 20-30-20/100oC 3. Mt cam nhuyn c: nguyn liu chnh ch bin mt cam l cam, chanh, c th km thm cam snh, cam giy, qut. Nguyn liu phi chn hon ton, th hin v c mu vng u hay u, khng s dng nguyn liu qu chua, acid trn 1%.

Qu trnh ra qu, chn, bc v tin hnh ging nh trong ch bin hp qut nc ng, nhng khng cn tc x k lm. Sau em x ti, v ch trn my ch c l ry 1,0-1,5 mm. tng hng v sn phm, ngi ta pha mt t v vo sn phm. V ny phi c mu vng hay mu p, khng c m xanh, m en, v phi qua x l nh sau kh bt v ng v mi hc (do v v ci trng cha nhiu narinhin v tinh du): Cho v cam vo ni, ngp nc v un si trong 30 pht, sau tho nc ra v li cho nc mi vo, un si. C th sau 3-4 ln tin hnh luc, vt v ra ra lun lu 30 pht trong nc l. ro nc v em xay 1 phn v cam luc vi 4,5 phn nc ng 75% (ly trong lng nc ng cn nu mt) hai ln trn my xay trc xon ln lt qua li c l 3 mm v 1-2 mm. sn phm c ng tt, cn pha thm pectin ly ngay b cam t my ch ra. Loi ht ht trong b cam ch bng cch ra trong nc, ch ly b mi ca cam qut. un nng b khong 45 pht trong dung dch acid thu phn pectin theo t l: b cam: 100 nc: 200 acid citric khan: 3

Sau em hn hp ch trn my ch c l ry 1-2 mm, thu c ch phm cha pectin (c kh 4-5%). Ch phm ny cn s dng ngay, khng lu qu 2 gi. Ngi ta c c mt cam vi t l phi ch (theo khi lng) nh sau: Pur cam qut: 100 Nc ng 70%: 140 Ch phm cha 5% pectin: 27 V cam qut x l: 11

Cch tin hnh c c, ng hp, thanh trng ging nh i vi mt da nhuyn.

Bng 8.2. nh mc s dng nguyn liu (tnh cho 1 tn sn phm)
Loi mt ng trng (kg) Mt da Mt chui Mt cam 550 550 600 Da ti (kg) 6000 2500 2000 Chui ti (kg) Cam ti (kg)

4. Mt xoi nhuyn: Dng xoi chn hon ton, hng v thm ngon. Sau khi ra, em ch trn my ch, ly pur xoi nu vi nc ng theo t l 1/1 ti kh 68-70%. tng hng v v bo m t l ng kh ngi ta cho thm mt t acid citric trc khi nu. tng ng cho mt, ngi ta cho thm pectin. 5. Mt i ng: Chn qu chn, ti, tt, em ra v ct thnh lt mng v em nu 30 pht tch pectin theo t l nc/qu l 1/1 (c thm 2-2,5g acid citric/kg qu): Sau khi ngm v un nng li vi 25% nc na (so vi khi lng qu) em lc qua vi tha v li ngm 12 gi na. Lc qua vi v thm vo nc qu trch ly mt lng ng theo t l ng/dch qu lc l 1/1. Sau em c c ti khi t thnh phm l mt ng. 6. Mt chanh kh: V chanh, cam, qut, bi c ch bin thnh mt kh qua 2 khu: x l v tm ng. V c x l nh sau: kha theo dc qu chanh (qu ln c th ct i, ri ly sch mi, tp), sau ngm trong dung dch NaCl 2% trong 4 ngy, mi ngy tng nng nc mui ln 2% (ngy th 4 t 8%), sau ngm vi ngy trong dung dch CaCl2 1% tng cng. C th bo qun t 1 n 3 thng v x l nh trn trong dung dch NaCl 8% c thm 0,2% kali hay natri metabisunfit, hoc trong dung dch cha 0,35% SO2. Trc khi ch bin, cn ra k v v cho vo nc ri un cho n khi mm. Khi tm ng, ngi ta xp v chanh x l vo ni, rt nc ng ngui c nng 30%, ngm trong 2 ngy. Do hin tng khuch tn, nng ng gim dn, phi cht nc ng ra c c ln 30-35% ri mi nu v chanh trong nc ng y vi thi gian 5-7 pht. Cho thm 0,12-0,25% (so vi khi lng v) acid citric. Tip tc c c phn on, mi ngy 5-7 pht v kh ca v tng ln 5%, cho ti khi t nng 75%. Gi trong nc ng 2-3 tun, vt ra, phi nhit bnh thng hoc sy nh 49-50oC.

CHNG IX
K THUT CH BIN HP C - THT

I. K THUT CH BIN HP C SAUCE C

1. Qui trnh tng qut
C X l s b Ngm gim Ngm dung dch mui C chua X l s b un nng Ch Phi ch Hp C c

Cho vo hp Ghp np Tit trng Lm ngui Dn nhn, ng thng Thnh phm

Hnh 9.1. Qui trnh ch bin c sauce c chua
100

2. Thuyt minh
2.1. Chun b c - Tip nhn c Nguyn liu c tip nhn phi ti, ng u v kch thc, khi lng v mu sc, mi c trng, tht c cn chc, nguyn vn khng b tn thng, mt ti trong v c trong lng khong 60 n 100g/con. - X l s b C c ra sch, nh vy, ct u, cht ui, m bng ly sch ni tng, sau ra sch cho ht mu, nht, bn trong khoang bng v trn c, cn ch thao tc trong cng on ny phi nhanh nhm trnh ly nhim vi sinh vt vo sn phm. - Ngm gim Mc ch: Trong c bin c nhiu Trimethylamin oxyd gy mi tanh kh chu, hp cht ny c tnh baz nn dng acid acetic loi chng. Ngoi ra, nng H+ c tc dng c ch vi sinh vt. Khi pH = 6 th vi khun thi ra b khng ch, pH = 4.5 vi khun ngng sinh sn, v khi pH = 3 th cc enzyme b km hm. Khi ngm gim, protein b mt b bin tnh, tht c tr nn rn chc hn. - Ngm dung dch mui Thnh phn gm: mui 15%, ng, bt ngt, hnh. Tc dng ca vic ngm dung dch mui l: Mui: km hm s t phn ca enzyme v vi khun. Nng mui ln gy nn tc dng thm thu ln c th lm v mng t bo vi khun, lm thot nc ra ngoi v th vi khun kh pht trin NaCl c c i vi vi khun: s thi ra ca c ch yu l do tc dng thu phn ca cc enzyme v vi khun. Cc loi enzyme trong tht c c hot tnh mnh nht trong nc mui long hoc mi trng khng mui nhng nng cao chng s b km hm. ng: lm du v mn ca mui NaCl Tc dng ca hnh lm cho c c hng v thm ngon hn. S thm thu ca mui vo c th c: qu trnh thm thu c th chia lm 3 giai on: Khi nng mui cao, cc phn t mui ngm vo c nhanh, nc trong c thot ra ngoi (nc thot ra gp 3 ln lng dung dch thm vo) Trong giai on ny tht c t mi thm. Do s thm thu dung dch mui vo bn trong c th c nn nng gim dn lm cho nc thot ra ngoi chm hn, protein b bin tnh, tht rn chc. p sut thm thu gim dn ti 0, nng mui trong c dn dn bng nng mui ca dung dch bn ngoi. Tht c giai on ny rn chc, mi thm c trng. Nhng yu t nh hng n qu trnh p mui:
101

Phng php p: phng php p mui t nhanh hn phng php mui kh. Nng : nng cao th tc thm thu nhanh Thi gian: tc thm thu ca dung dch mui vo c tng ln t l thun vi thi gian, nhng n mt tc nht nh no th qu trnh thm thu gim dn v t trng thi cn bng. Thnh phn ho hc ca mui: cc thnh phn khc nh Ca2+, Mg2+ s lm gim qu trnh thm thu ca mui vo c. Nhit : nhit tng th tc thm thu s tng, tuy nhin nhit cao th cc enzyme v vi khun hot ng lm gim cht lng ca c. Cht lng c: c ti th tc thm thu mnh, c mng th tc thm thu mnh hn c dy, c nh th tc thm thu mnh hn c to, c bo th tc thm thu km hn c gy. Nhng bin i ca c trong qu trnh p dung dch mui: Khi lng c gim do nc thot ra ngoi nhiu gp 3 ln lng mui thn vo, lng nc thot ra ph thuc vo phng php mui, nng mui va thi gian mui... Hao ht cht dinh dng: cht bo hao ht t, protein hao ht nhiu, do hm lng Nit ho tan khuch tn ra dung dch mui, lng protein trong nc tng. S hao ht protein ph thuc vo phng php mui (phng php khuy o b hao ht nhiu protein hn phng php khng khuy o). - Hp C sau khi ct khc v x l c tin hnh hp nhit 950C n 1000C Mc ch ca qu trnh hp: Ngng qu trnh sinh ho, gi ti ca c Lm bin tnh protein, tch loi nc nhm n nh sn phm (lng nc cn li khong 60-70%) ui kh trong nguyn liu trnh phng hp khi tit trng - Xp hp C sau khi hp c em xp hp v cho nc sauce c chua vo, nc sauce c chua c chun b nh sau : 2.2Chun b sauce c chua - Nguyn liu Chn c cn ti, mu sng, khng qu chn, khng su bnh,dp nt. - X l: ra c trong nc sch nhm loi b tp cht, t, ct. Loi b nhng qu b thi, khng quy cch ch bin. - un nng Mc ch: v hot enzyme pectinase gi cho sn phm khng b tch nc. Bn cch , enzyme oxy ho cng b v hot. Ngoi ra, un nng lm cho cu trc mm hn nhm tng hiu sut thu hi dch qu.
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Nhit un nng: 85 0C - Ch Nhm tch v, ht v lm nh tht c trong t bo nguyn liu. - Phi ch Thnh phn: bt, mui, ng, bt ngt. Bt: c tc dng tng st ca nc sauce, gim v chua ca nguyn liu lm tng gi tr kinh t. Lng bt s dng va phi, nu qu nhiu s lm gim cht lng sn phm Cc gia v khc c tc dng iu v, tng gi tr cm quan. - C c Qu trnh c c c thc hin trong iu kin chn khng vi chn khng khong 600-650 mmHg. Trong iu kin chn khng nhit si ca dung dch rt thp, khong 50-550C. Khi , cu trc pectin khng b ph v nn gi c st ca nc sauce. Ngoi ra cc thnh phn khc cng t b bin i nht l Vitamin C. C c n kh nc sauce khong 13-150Bx. Sau khi c c xong nc sauce c chua ta tin hnh rt nc st vo hp lc nhit cn nng khong hn 850C theo t l : sauce c/c = 4/6 sau tin hnh ghp np . - Ghp np Ghp np c tin hnh lc cn nng nhm ui ht kh ra khi hp trnh hin tng phng hp lc tit trng. - Tit trng V pH ca sn phm ln hn 4,6 nn chn ch tit trng 115-1210C trong 80-90 pht. Thi gian c tc dng tiu dit vi sinh vt l khong 30-40 pht, thi gian cn li c tc dng lm mm xng c. Sau khi tit trng phi x kh t t trong thit b ra ngoi trnh hin tng phng hp. - Bo n pht hin hp b h hoc bi h hng, cc thnh phn trong c v nc st khuch tn qua li gip cho sn phm c hng v n nh. Thi gian bo n l 15 ngy.

103

II. QU TRNH SN XUT HP THT

1. C s chung
1.1. Nguyn liu Nguyn liu tht dng trong ch bin phi m bo yu cu cht lng, khng dng tht b bnh. Trong sn xut sn phm hp tht thng dng tht heo, gan heo, gia cm, tht b 1.2. Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng sn phm - nh hng ca protein nguyn liu S hnh thnh nh tng c lin quan n tnh tan ca protein. Nng protein v s to thnh nh tng c mi quan h vi nhau. Chng s gia tng cng vi s gia tng nng protein mc gii hn. nh tng c hnh thnh, tc nhn hot ng b mt l protein s ho tan trong mi trng phn tn. - nh hng ca ph gia * Tinh bt Tinh bt b sung vo hn hp nh tng nhm mc ch: H gi thnh sn phm Hp th mt lng nc Di tc dng ca nhit to ra dng gel gia tng kh nng kt dnh, ngn chn hin tng ng ti m. Tinh bt c kh nng to gel do s to thnh v sp xp li cc phn t tinh bt to thnh cu trc mng 3 chiu do cc lin kt hydro gia cc mch polyglucoside hay gin tip qua cu phn t nc. Tinh bt cng c kh nng ng to gel vi protein nh vo lin kt hydro v lc Van Der Waals. Trong trng hp ny c protein v tinh bt u sp xp li phn t to gel. Tuy nhin, vic s dng tinh bt vo sn phm l c gii hn, nu qu nhiu chng s to mi cho sn phm, lm gim cht lng. * Mui NaCl Mui c b sung vo c tc dng: To v cho sn phm Km hm s pht trin ca vi sinh vt C kh nng to p sut thm thu, lm gim aw do ngn cn s pht trin ca vi sinh vt * Cc phosphate Vai tr ch yu ca phosphate khi p mui l lm gia tng kh nng lin kt ca nc vi protein ca m c, v bng cch lm gia tng nng sut ca sn phm sau cng, tng cht lng ca sn phm. Hot ng ca phosphate trong vic ci thin s gi nc biu th 3 mt: Nng pH Hnh thnh lin kt vi ion Ca2+ v Mg2+ Gy ra s dui protein ca c, to cc v tr c kh nng lin kt m tt hn. * Nitrit

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Mc ch ca vic s dng natri l to mu cho sn phm, ngn cn s pht trin ca vi sinh vt. Nu s dng vi lng d s to hp cht gy c cho c th (Nitrosamin l cht dn n ung th), v n kt hp vi Hemoglobin trong c th to thnh Methemoglobin, ngn cn s hp th oxy gy nn hin tng thiu mu no. * Natri ascorbate Lng ascorbate hot ng ging nh mt cht chng oxy ho. Lm gim c tnh ca Nitrit. * ng ng lm du mm sn phm, tr gip qu trnh gi mu ca tht do ng c tnh kh, s kh Fe3+ thnh Fe2+ *Tc dng ca nc Nc b sung vo trong hn hp tht xay nhm h nhit ca khi tht xung di 10oC gi cu trc dai, chc ca khi nguyn liu.

2. Gii thiu qui trnh ch bin pat gan

2.1Nguyn liu - Tht Nguyn liu tht dng trong ch bin phi m bo yu cu cht lng, khng dng tht b bnh. Trong sn xut sn phm hp tht thng dng tht heo. - Gan Gan l b phn quan trng nht trong s chuyn ha vt cht ca hot ng sng . Gan chim 1,5% khi lng con vt. Pha ngoi ca gan c bao bc bng mt lp mng cng. Gan hn hn cc sn phm ph khc v hm lng m. Trong thnh phn ca gan c globulin, albumin, glucoproteid, ferritin, ferrin. Lipid ca gan cha triglyceride, phosphatit, urkhi lng glycogen t n 2 5%. Gan dng sn xut pat c th l gan ti hay gan lm lnh ng nhng u phi m bo tiu chun c mu g sn, khng dp nt v khng c mu vng ca nc mt.
Bng 9.1. Gi tr thc phm ca gan Thnh phn Nc Tro Cht bo Cht ha tan Protein Protein hon thin Protein khng hon thin Collagen Elastin Gi tr (%) 71,4 1,5 3,6 4,7 18,8 17,6 1,1 0,04

Ngoi ra gan cn chc mt lng hematocuprein (cha 0,24% ng vitamin nhm B, trong s ny c vitamin B12 v A) - B (da)
105

S dng da ln ti c ly ngay sau khi git m hoc sau khi pha lc. B phi c mu trng v khng dnh hay st lng. - Trng sn xut pate c th dng trng g hay trng vt u c nhng phi m bo cht lng tt. Trng phi ti khng b dp v. Lng trng: Lng trng chim khong 60% khi lng ton qu trng c thnh phn ha hc nh sau: Nc : Protid : Lipid : Glucid : Khong : 86 88% 10,5 12,3% 0,3% 0,5 0,9% 0,3 0,6%

Lng trng trng long cha ch yu albumin v globuline; lng trng c cha ch yu mucine v mucoid. Phn tch protein trng ta thy c cc tiu phn: Ovo albumine, ovo mucoid, ovo mucine, ovo coalbumine, avidine. Ngoi cc thnh phn trn lng trng trng cha kh CO2 vi hm lng ng k Lng : Lng chim khong 30% khi lng ton qu trng, c thnh phn ha hc nh sau: Nc : Protid : Lipid : Glucid : Khong : 47 50 % 15 17 % 27 36 % 0,7 1% 0,7 1,6%

Ngoi ra trong lng cha nhiu loi vitamin (tr vitamin C) Protein lng trng khng nhng cha y cc amino acid khng thay th m t l gia chng rt cn i v th protein lng trng c dng lm mu so snh vi cc loi thc phm khc. Trong protein lng trng cha cc amino acid nh: Cystine, Methionine l cc amino acid cha lu hunh vi hm lng kh cao. Nh vy protein lng trng s l ngun b sung kh tt cho cc loi thc phm khc t methionine. Cc tiu phn Lipovitelin, Livetin v phosphovitin, y l ngun amino acid khng thay th ng ch trong protein lng trng. Lipid trong lng trng gm c hai dng: dng t do (glycerid) v dng lin kt (phosphatit, glycolipid, steroid) - ng S dng ng RE t tiu chun
Bng 9.2. Ch tiu ng s dng trong ch bin thc phm Thnh phn Saccharose, % m, % Tro, % ng kh, % pH 106 Ch tiu 99,7 0,15 0,15 0,15 7

Mu sc

Trng

107

2.2. Qui trnh ch bin Nguyn liu X l & lm sch Tht ln Ct Xay Da ln Chn Xay Gan ln Lm sch Xay p mui Bm nhuyn Nguyn liu ph Hnh Xay
Nguyn liu khc

Vo hp

Hp s b

Ghp np

Thanh trng

Sn phm

Thuyt minh - X l Lm sch gan: gan phi c lc ht gn trng, cung gan v ng ng dn mt, mu ng. Loi b nhng phn b thm en hay thm dch mt mu xanh vng. Sau gan c ra bng nc sch. Yu cu sau khi lm sch mu gan phi ng nht. - Chn b (da ln) B c tch khi khi tht trong qu trnh phn loi tht, sau em i chn. Nhm mc ch to iu kin cho qu trnh xay v bm nhuyn d dng. B c chn trong nc si thi gian 15 20 pht. Yu sau khi chn b phi chn 70 80%. - Xay Nguyn liu tht, gan, b, hnh kh u c qua qu trnh xay. Thng tin hnh xay ring tng loi nhng yu cu cng ngh nh nhau. Xay nhm to iu kin
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cho qu trnh bm nhuyn v trn gia v c d dng. Yu cu sau khi xay tht, b, gan, hnh u ng nht. - Mui gan Gan sau khi xay c em i p mui. Qu trnh p gan c trn u vi gia v. Mc ch p mui l to mu, mi, v cho sn phm sau ny. Qu trnh p mui c tc dng quan trng n cht lng ca pat. Nu nhit thng, thi gian p mui khong 1 gi. - Bm nhuyn Tht, b, hnh sau khi xay, gan sau khi p mui v cc nguyn liu ph khc c phi trn v bm nhuyn nhm mc ch tng mn ca pat, tng ng u v kh nng lin kt ca cc cu t. Yu cu sau khi bm nhuyn khi sn phm phi mn, ng u. - Vo hp Cho khi sn phm sau khi bm nhuyn vo hp ng yu cu v trng lng, khi tht phi nm trn trong hp khng dnh ln thnh hp. - Hp s b Nhm mc ch l bi kh trong khi tht bm nhuyn chun b ghp m. Nu hp khng c bi kh m em ghp m s gy phng hp khi thanh trng, lm h hng sn phm. Oxy tn ti trong sn phm lm qu trnh oxy ha xy ra trong hp, cc cht hu c b oxy ha lm thay i hng v v mu sc ca thc phm trong hp. ng thi bi kh cn hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt hiu kh tn ti trong hp, hn ch s n mn st ty. - Ghp np v thanh trng Khi tht sau khi c bi kh xong phi c ghp m ngay. Sau a i thanh trng 1210C. Thanh trng nhit p dng cho sn phm ny c li v: va tc dng tiu dit vi sinh vt, va gi c cht lng sn phm.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Tip, Nguyn Vn; Quch nh v Ng M Vn. 2000. K thut sn xut hp rau qu. Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut. 2. nh, Quch; Nguyn Vn Thoa v Nguyn Vn Tip. 1996. Cng ngh sau thu hoch v Ch bin rau qu. Nh xut bn Khoa Hc K Thut. 3. Nhng, L Vn. 1977. Ha hc trong cng nghip thc phm. Nh xut bn Khoa Hc K Thut. 4. Thoa, Nguyn Vn. 1981. K thut bo qun v ch bin rau qu. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip. 5. Sng, H. 1982. Vi sinh vt trong bo qun v ch bin thc phm 6. Thm, Nguyn Xun. K thut hp tht c. i hc bch khoa, H Ni. 7. Ashraf F. 1993. Isolation, Purification and Characterisation of Papaya Pectinesterase. Faculty of Food Science and Biotechnology, Pertanian University, Malaysia. 8. D. Arthey. 1996. Fruit Procesing. Blackie Academic & Professional, Glasgow G64 2NZ, United Kingdom. 9. Bnh, Trn Quang v H Vn Thuyt. 2000. Bo qun rau qu ti v Bn ch phm. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip. 10. Carla Weemaes. 1997. In-pack thermal processing of foods. Laboratory of Food Technology, Leuven University, Belgium. 11. Gerrit Beldman and Jean - Paul Vincken. 2002. The role of enzymes in food. Department of Agrotechnology and Food Sciences, Wageningen University, Netherlands. 12. John.M.Jackson. 1979. Fundamentals of Food Canning Technology 13. G. Gluimain; Guerrant Ohara et al. 1996. La Conserve Appertise. Tec & Doc Lavoisier 14. Norman N. Potter et Joreph H. Hotchkiss. 1995. Food Science. Chapman & Hall 15. Tm, Trn Minh. 1988. Cc qu trnh cng ngh trong ch bin nng sn thc phm. Nh xut bn Nng Nghip. 16. Gaonkar A. G. 1995. Food Processing recent development. Elsevier Science, California 17. Dennis R. Heldman, Richard W. Hartel. 1998. Principles of Food Processing. Aspen Publishers, Inc. 18. Gaonkar A.G. 1995. Food processing. Elsevier Science. 19. Laszlo P. Somogyi, Diane M. Barrett, Y. H. Hui. 1996. Processing Fruits: Science and Technology, vol. 1,2

MC LC
Trang M U PHN I. CC QU TRNH C BN TRONG CH BIN THC PHM NG HP CHNG I. QU TRNH CH BIN S B NGUYN LIU BNG C HC I. Chn la, phn loi 1. Khi qut 2. Cc nguyn tc phn, la chn II. Ra 1. Khi qut 2. Tiu chun nc dng trong cng nghip thc phm 3. Nguyn l ca qu trnh ra III. Lm sch nguyn liu 1. Khi qut 2. Phng php lm sch nguyn liu IV. Lm nh nguyn liu 1. Ct nguyn liu 2. Xay, nghin nguyn liu 3. ng ha V. Phn chia nguyn liu 1. Ch 2. p 3. Lc 4. Lng 5. Ly tm 6. Cc phng php khc CHNG II. QU TRNH CH BIN S B NGUYN LIU BNG NHIT I. Chn, hp nguyn liu 1. Khi qut 2. Mc ch 3. nh hng ca qu trnh chn, hp n cht lng sn phm 4. Gii thiu thit b chn, hp II. Rn nguyn liu 1. Khi qut 2. Mc ch 3. Qu trnh rn 4. rn 5. Nhng bin i trong qu trnh rn 6. Gii thiu thit b rn III. C c 1. Khi qut 2. Mc ch 3. Cc yu t k thut ca qu trnh c c thc phm 1

5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 9 9 9 10 12 12 13 14 15 15 15 17 17 17 18 20 20 20 20 20 21 22 23 24 24 24 24

4. Bin i ca thc phm trong qu trnh c c 5. Gii thiu thit b c c CHNG III. QU TRNH CHO SN PHM VO BAO B - BI KH GHP KN I. Qu trnh cho sn phm vo bao b 1. S lc bao b hp 2. Yu cu bao b hp 3. Chun b bao b ng sn phm 4. Thnh phn v trng lng tnh ca sn phm 5. Cho sn phm vo bao b II. Bi kh 1. Khi qut 2. Mc ch 3. Phng php bi kh 4. Gii thiu thit b bi kh III. Ghp kn 1. Mi ghp 2. Gii thiu my ghp np 3. Th kn ca hp CHNG IV. C S CA QU TRNH THANH TRNG HP THC PHM I. Cc h vi sinh vt trong hp 1. Vi khun 2. Nm men, nm mc II. Phng php thanh trng vt l 1. Thanh trng bng tia ion 2. Thanh trng bng sng siu m 3. Thanh trng bng dng in cao tn 4. Thanh trng bng s dng p sut cao 5. Thanh trng bng xung in t 6. Lc thanh trng III. Thanh trng bng tc dng ca nhit 1. ng hc ca qu trnh tiu dit vi sinh vt bng nhit 2. Tnh ton nh hng ca qu trnh x l nhit 3. Mc tiu ca qu trnh tit trng 4. Xc nh im kt thc ca qu trnh tit trng 5. Chn ch thanh trng 6. Cc yu t nh hng n thi gian thanh trng 7. Cch thit lp ch thanh trng 8. Gii thiu thit b thanh trng CHNG V. QU TRNH BO N - NG GI HP THC PHM I. Qu trnh bo n - ng gi hp thc phm 1. Bo n 2. ng gi

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II. Cc dng h hng ca hp 1. hp h hng do vi sinh vt 2. hp h hng do cc hin tng ha hc 3. hp h hng do nh hng c l 4. Cch x l III. Tiu chun hp 1. Yu cu ca thnh phm 2. Tiu chun ngnh PHN II. GII THIU K THUT CH BIN MT S THC PHM NG HP Chng VI. K thut ch bin hp qu nc ng Chng VII. K thut ch bin hp nc qu Chng VIII. K thut ch bin hp mt qu Chng IX. K thut ch bin hp c - tht TI LIU THAM KHO

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