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CROM
I. V TR V CU TO Crom l kim loi chuyn tip, thuc nhm VIB, chu k 4, s hiu nguyn t l 24. S phn b electron vo cc mc nng lng: 1s22s22p63s23p64s13d5 Cu hnh electron nguyn t: 1s22s22p63s23p63d54s1 hay [Ar] 3d54s1 Biu din cu hnh electron qua lng t:
Crom c s oxi ha +1 n +6. Ph bin hn c l cc s oxi ha +2, +3 v +6. m in: 1,61 Bn knh nguyn t Cr 0,13 nm (1 nm = 1109 m = 1103 m) Bn knh ion Cr2+ l 0,084 nm v Cr3+ l 0,069 nm. II. TNH CHT VT L Crom c mu trng nh bc, rt cng (cng nht trong s cc kim loi), kh nng chy (18900C). Crom l kim loi nng, c khi lng ring 7,2 g/cm3. III. TNH CHT HA HC 1. Tc dng vi phi kim nhit cao, crom tc dng c vi nhiu phi kim t0 4Cr + 3O 2 2Cr2O 3
t 2Cr + 3Cl 2 2CrCl 3 2. Tc dng vi nc.
0
E0 = 0, 74V Crom c th in cc chun nh ( Cr / Cr ) m hn so vi th in cc hidro pH = 0 E = 0, 74V 7 ( H O/ H ). Tuy nhin, trong thc t crom khng phn ng vi nc. 3. Tc dng vi axit Khi tc dng vi dung dch HCl, H2SO4 long to ra mui Cr(II). Cr + 2HCl CrCl 2+ H 2
3+ 2 2
Trang 1
IV. NG DNG Thp cha 2,8-3,8% crom c cng cao, bn, c kh nng chng g. Thp cha 18% crom l thp khng g (thp inox). Thp cha 25-30% crom siu cng d nhit cao. Crom dng m thp. Thp m crom bo v kim loi khi b n mn v to v p cho vt. V. SN XUT Phng php nhit nhm: Cr2O3 c tch ra t qung cromit FeO.Cr2O3. 4 FeCr2O4 + 8 Na2CO3 + 7 O2 8 Na2CrO4 + 2 Fe2O3 + 8 CO2 2 Na2CrO4 + H2SO4 Na2Cr2O7 + Na2SO4 + H2O Na2Cr2O7 + 2 C Cr2O3 + Na2CO3 + CO
t Cr2O3 +2Al 2Cr + Al 2O 3
0
MT S HP CHT CA CROM
I. HP CHT CROM (II) 1. CrO CrO l mt oxit baz. CrO + 2HCl CrCl 2+ H 2O
CrO + H 2SO 4 CrSO 4+ H 2O CrO c tnh kh, trong khng kh CrO d b oxi ha thnh Cr2O3. 2. Cr(OH)2 Cr(OH)2 l cht rn, mu vng. Cr(OH)2 c tnh kh, trong khng kh oxi ha thnh Cr(OH)3 4Cr(OH) 2 +O 2 + 2H 2O 4Cr(OH) 3 Cr(OH)2 l mt baz.
Cr(OH) 2 +2HCl CrCl 2+ 2H 2O 3. Mui crom (II) Mui crom (II) c tnh kh mnh. 2CrCl 2 +Cl 2 2CrCl 3 III. HP CHT CROM (III) 1. Cr2O3 Cr2O3 l oxit lng tnh, tan trong axit v kim c. Cr2O3 + 6HCl 2CrCl3+ 3H 2O
Cr2O3 + 2NaOH 2NaCrO 2 + H 2O Cr2O3 + 2NaOH + 3H 2O 2Na[Cr(OH) 4 ] Cr2O3 c dng to mu lc cho s, thy tinh. 2. Cr(OH)3 Cr(OH)3 l hiroxit lng tnh, tan c trong dung dch axit v dung dch kim.
Cr(OH) 3 + 3HCl CrCl 3 + 3H 2O Cr(OH) 3 + NaOH Na[Cr(OH) 4 ] Cr(OH) 3 + NaOH NaCrO 2 + 2H 2O 3. Mui crom (III) Mui crom (III) c tnh kh v tnh oxi ha. Trong mi trng axit, mui crom (III) c tnh oxi ha b Zn kh thnh mui crom (II)
2CrCl 3 + Zn 2CrCl 2 + ZnCl 2 Cr2 (SO 4 )3 + Zn 2CrSO 4 + ZnSO 4 Trong mi trng kim, mui crom (III) c tnh kh v b cht oxi ha mnh oxi ha thnh mui crom (VI). 2CrBr3 + 3Br2 + 16KOH 2K 2 CrO 4 + 12KBr + 8H 2 O
2CrCl3 + 3Br2 + 16KOH 2K 2 CrO 4 + 6KBr + 6KCl + 8H 2 O Cr2 (SO 4 )3 + 3Br2 + 16KOH 2K 2 CrO 4 + 6KBr + 3K 2SO 4 + 8H 2 O 2Cr(NO3 )3 + 3Br2 + 16KOH 2K 2 CrO 4 + 6KBr + 6KNO3 + 8H 2 O Phng trnh ion: 3+ 2 2Cr + 3Br 2 + 16OH 2CrO 4 + 6Br + 8H 2O Phn crom-kali K2SO4.Cr2(SO4)3.24H2O c mu xanh tnh, c dng thuc da, lm cht cm mu trong ngnh nhum vi. III. HP CHT CROM (VI) 1. CrO3 CrO3 l cht oxi ha rt mnh. Mt s cht v c v hu c nh S, P, C, NH3, C2H5OH bc chy khi tip xc vi CrO3, CrO3 b kh thnh Cr2O3. 4CrO 3 + 3S 3SO 2 + 2Cr2O 3
10CrO 3 + 6P 3P2O 5 + 5Cr2O 3
CrO3 l oxit axit, khi tc dng vi nc to thnh hn hp axit cromic H2CrO4 v axit icromic H2Cr2O7. Hai axit ny khng th tch ra dng t do, ch tn ti trong dung dch. Nu tch ra khi dung dch, chng b phn hy thnh CrO3. 2. Mui cromat v icromat 2 CrO 2 Cr2O 7 4 Ion cromat c mu vng. Ion icromat c mu da cam. Trong mi trng axit, cromat chuyn ha thnh icromat. 2K 2CrO 4 +H 2SO 4 K 2Cr2O 7+ K 2SO 4+ H 2O Trong mi trng kim icromat chuyn ha thnh cromat. K 2Cr2O 7 +2KOH 2K 2CrO 4+ H 2O Tng qut:
2 2CrO 2 + 2H+ Cr2O 7 + H 2O 4
Mui cromat v icromat c tnh oxi ha mnh, chng b kh thnh mui Cr(III).
K 2Cr2O 7 + 6FeSO 4 + 7H 2SO 4 Cr 2(SO 4) 3+ 3Fe 2(SO 4) 3+ K SO 4+ 7H O 2 2
K 2 Cr2 O7 + 6KI + 7H 2SO4 Cr2 (SO 4 )3 + 4K 2SO 4 + 3I 2 + 7H 2 O K 2 Cr2 O7 + 14HCl 2KCl + 3CrCl3 + 3Cl2 + 7H 2 O K 2 Cr2 O7 + 3H 2S + 4H 2SO 4 Cr2 (SO 4 )3 + K 2SO 4 + 7H 2 O + 3S (NH4)2Cr2O7 b nhit phn theo phn ng: t0 (NH 4 ) 2 Cr 2O 7 N 2 + Cr2O 3 + 4H 2O BI TP VN DNG Trang 3
Cu1.Nguyn t ca nguyn t X c tng s ht cc loi l 60, s ht mang in trong ht nhn bng s ht khng mang in. Nguyn t ca nguyn t Y c 11 electron p. Nguyn t nguyn t Z c 4 lp electron v 6 electron c thn. Cht no khng tn ti: A. XY2 B. XY3 C. ZY2 D. ZY3 Cu2.Ion X3+ c phn lp electron lp ngoai cung la 3d3. X c s electron c thn l: A. 6 B. 1 C. 4 D. 5
Cu3.Trong s 5 kim loi: Cu, Fe, Al, Ag, Cr. Nhn nh no sau y KHNG ng? A. Kim loi c tnh kh mnh nht l Al C. Kim loi khng phn ng vi oxi l Ag. D. Kim loi c cng cao nht l Cr.
B. Kim loi dn in tt nht l Cu Cu4.Cc hp cht trong dy cht no di y u c tnh lng tnh? A. Cr(OH)3, Fe(OH)2, Mg(OH)2.
B. Cr(OH)3, Zn(OH)2, Mg(OH)2. Cu5.Khi cho dung dch H2SO4 long vo cc X ng dung dch K2CrO4 th mu ca dung dch trong cc X s i t mu A. Xanh sang mu hng. B. Mu da cam sang mu hng. Cu6.Pht biu khng ng l: A. Hp cht Cr(II) c tnh kh c trng cn hp cht Cr(VI) c tnh oxi ho mnh. B. Cc hp cht CrO, Cr(OH)2 tc dng c vi dung dch HCl cn CrO3 tc dng c vi dung dch NaOH. C. Thm dung dch kim vo mui icromat, mui ny chuyn thnh mui cromat. D. Cc hp cht Cr2O3, Cr(OH)3, CrO, Cr(OH)2 u c tnh cht lng tnh. Cu7.Cho hn hp X gm Cr v Fe vo dung dch HCl 15M n khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch Y. Cht tan c trong dung dch Y l: A. CrCl2, FeCl2. trng axit l : A. 0,325 gam Cu9.Xt hai phn ng: 2Cr3+ + Zn 2Cr2+ + Zn2+ 2Cr3+ + 3Br2 + 16OH- 2CrO42- + 6Br- + 8H2O Nhn xt no sau y l ng: A. Cr3+ ch c tnh oxi ha B. Cr3+ ch c tnh kh C. Cr3 c+ tnh kh mnh hn tnh oxi ha. D. Trong mi trng kim Cr3+ c tnh kh v b Br2 oxi ha thnh mui crom (VI) Cu10.Cho dy cc cht: Cr(OH)3, Al2(SO4)3, Cr, Cr(OH)2, CrCl3 v CrO3. S cht trong dy c tnh cht B. 0,650 gam C. 0,975 gam D. 1,300 gam B. CrCl2, CrCl3. C. CrCl3, FeCl2 D. CrCl3, FeCl3 Cu8.Lng kim loi km cn thit kh ht ion Cr3+ trong dung dch cha 0,02 mol CrCl3 trong mi C. Mu da cam sang mu vng. D. Mu vng sang mu da cam.
lng tnh l A. 5. B. 4. C. 2. D. 3. Cu11.X l mt kim loi. Ha tan ht 3,24 gam X trong 100 ml dung dch NaOH 1,5M, thu c 4,032 lt H2 (ktc) v dung dch D. X l: A. Zn. B. Al. C. Cr. D. K.
Cu12.Thm 0,02 mol NaOH vo dung dch cha 0,01 mol CrCl2 ri trong khng kh n phn ng hon ton. Khi lng kt ta thu c l A. 0,86 gam. B. 1,03 gam. C. 1,72 gam. D. 2,06 gam.
Cu13.Khi ha tan cng 1 lng kim loi R vo dung dch HNO3 long v vo dung dch H2SO4 long th thu c kh NO v H2 c th tch bng nhau (o cng k). Bit khi lng mui nitrat thu c bng 159,21% khi lng mui sunphat. Kim loi R l: A. Al. B. Fe. C. Cr. D. Mg.
Cu14.Khi 101,05 gam hp kim gm c Fe, Cr v Al tc dng vi mt lng d dung dch kim, thu c 5,04 L (ktc) kh. Ly b rn khng tan cho tc dng vi mt lng d axit clohidric (khi khng c khng kh) thu c 39,2 L (ktc) kh. Thnh phn phn trm khi lng Cr trong hp kim bng A. 77,19% B. 12,86% C. 7,72% D. 6,43%
Cu15.Lng H2O2 v KOH tng ng c s dng oxi ha hon ton 0,01 mol KCr(OH)4 thnh K2CrO4 l : A. 0,015 mol v 0,01 mol B. 0,030 mol v 0,04 mol C. 0,015 mol v 0,04 mol D. 0,030 mol v 0,04 mol
Cu16.Dy no di y ch gm cc phn t v ion va c tnh oxi ha, va c tnh kh ? A. HCl, SO2, HNO3, CO2. B. F2, SO32-, NO2, Fe2+. C. Cl2, H2O, HNO2, Cr3+. D. Br2, H2S, H3PO4, Ca.
Cu17.Dy so snh tnh cht vt l ca kim loi no di y l KHNG ng ? A. Kh nng dn in v nhit ca Ag > Cu > Au > Al > Fe B. T khi ca Li < Fe < Os. C. Nhit nng chy ca Hg < Al < W D. Tnh cng ca Cs > Fe > Cr * Cu18.Lng Cl2 v NaOH tng ng c s dng oxi ha hon ton 0,01 mol CrCl3 thnh A.0,015 mol v 0,10 mol C. 0,015 mol v 0,08 mol B. 0,030 mol v 0,16 mol Cu19.Nhn nh no di y KHNG ng ? Trang 5 D. 0,030 mol v 0,14 mol
CrO2 4
l :
A. Sn xut CuSO4 bng cch ngm Cu trong dung dch H2SO4 long c thi khng kh lin tc, th c li hn l cho Cu tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 c nng. B. Sn xut H3PO4 t P th sn phm c tinh khit cao hn l sn xut t qung photphorit qua phn ng gia Ca3(PO4)2 v H2SO4. C. iu ch Cr t Cr2O3 th nn dng phn ng nhit nhm hn l dng cc phn ng nhit phi kim khc. D. Tuy cng c iu ch t qung photphorit, nhng suppephotphat n c tinh khit cao hn so vi suppephotphat kp. Cu20.Cho kim loi M tc dng vi Cl2 c mui X; cho kim loi M tc dng vi dd HCl c mui Y. Nu dung dch X v dung dch Y tc dng vi Br2/NaOH u to thnh dung dch Z. Kim loi M c th l A. Cr. B. Fe. C. Zn. D. Al.
Cu21.Cho dy cc cht: Na2S, KHCO3, KOH, Ca(NO3)2, SO3, NaHSO4, Na2SO3, K2CrO4. S cht trong dy to thnh kt ta khi phn ng vi dung dch BaCl2 l A. 6. B. 5. C. 4. D. 3.
Cu22.Th tch dung dch NaOH 0,1M ti thiu cn cho vo dung dch hn hp cha 0,03 mol HCl v 0,02 mol CrBr3 lng kt ta thu c l cc i bng. A. 900 ml B. 600 ml C. 800 ml D. 300 ml
Cu23.Thm KOH vo dung dch hn hp cha 0,02 mol HCl, 0,01 mol NiCl2 v 0,01 mol CrCl3. S mol NaOH ti thiu dng kt ta thu c l nh nht v ln nht ln lt bng. A. 0,05 mol v 0,06 mol. B. 0,07 mol v 0,08 mol. C. 0,03 mol v 0,04 mol. D. 0,07 mol v 0,10 mol.
Cu24.Hin tng no di y c m t khng ng ? A. Thm d NaOH v Cl2 vo dung dch CrCl3 th dung dch t mu xanh chuyn thnh mu vng. B. Thm t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch K[Cr(OH)4] thy xut hin kt ta lc xm, sau tan li. C. Thm d KOH vo dung dch K2Cr2O7 th dung dch chuyn t mu vng thnh mu da cam. * D. Thm t t dung dch NaOH vo dung dch CrCl3 thy xut hin kt ta lc xm v kt ta ny tan li trong NaOH d. Cu25.Khi cho dd NaOH d vo cc dung dch cho di y, trng hp no to ra kt ta khng mu: A. CuSO4 B. CrCl3 C. Fe(NO3)3 D. MgSO4 2+ 2Cr3+ + 3Ni, Bit . E0 ca pin in ha l: Cu26.Phn ng ha hc trong pin in ha. 2Cr + 3Ni A. 1,0 V B. 0,78 V C. 0,96 V Cu27.Hin tng no di y c m t KHNG ng ? D. 0,48 V
A. t CrO trong khng kh thy cht rn chuyn t mu en sang mu lc thm B. un nng S vi K2Cr2O7 thy cht rn chuyn t mu da cam sang mu lc thm. C. Thi kh NH3 qua CrO3 un nng thy cht rn chuyn t mu sang mu lc thm. D. Nung Cr(OH)2 trong khng kh thy cht rn chuyn t mu vng nu sang mu en. *
Cu28.Khi cho 41,4 gam hn hp X gm Fe2O3, Cr2O3 v Al2O3 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH c (d), sau phn ng thu c cht rn c khi lng 16 gam. kh hon ton 41,4 gam X bng phn ng nhit nhm, phi dng 10,8 gam Al. Thnh phn phn trm theo khi lng ca Cr2O3 trong hn hp X l (Cho. hiu sut ca cc phn ng l 100%) A. 20,33%. B. 66,67%. C. 50,67%. D. 36,71%. Cu29.Cu 55. Khi cho dung dch H2SO4 long vo cc X ng dung dch K2CrO4 th mu ca dung dch trong cc X s i t mu A. xanh sang mu hng. B. mu da cam sang mu hng. C. mu da cam sang mu vng. D. mu vng sang mu da cam.
Cu30.Dy no cho di y m tt c cc cht u phn ng vi dung dch H2SO4 long: A. Mg, Na2SO3, Al(OH)3, Fe3O4 B. Cu, NaHCO3, Fe(OH)2, CuO. C. MgCl2, BaCl2, Cr, Cu(OH)2. D. FeO, Na2S, NaOH, C.
Cu31.Thm KOH vo dung dch hn hp cha 0,02 mol HCl, 0,01 mol NiCl2 v 0,01 mol CrCl3. S mol NaOH ti thiu dng kt ta thu c l nh nht v ln nht ln lt bng. A. 0,05 mol v 0,06 mol. B. 0,07 mol v 0,08 mol. C. 0,03 mol v 0,04 mol. D. 0,07 mol v 0,10 mol.
Cu32.Cho kim loi M tc dng vi Cl2 c mui X; cho kim loi M tc dng vi dd HCl c mui Y. Nu dung dch X v dung dch Y tc dng vi Br2/NaOH u to thnh dung dch Z. Kim loi M c th l A. Cr. B. Fe. C. Zn. D. Al.
Cu33.Cho hn hp X gm Cr v Fe vo dung dch HCl 15M n khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c dung dch Y. Cht tan c trong dung dch Y l: A. CrCl2, FeCl2. B. CrCl2, CrCl3. KOH tng ng l A. 0,015 mol v 0,04 mol B. 0,03 mol v 0,04 mol K2CrO4 l : A. 0,015 mol v 0,01 mol B. 0,030 mol v 0,04 mol Trang 7 C. 0,03 mol v 0,08 mol D. 0,015 mol v 0,08 mol C. CrCl3, FeCl2 D. CrCl3, FeCl3
Cu34. oxi ha hon ton 0,01 mol CrCl3 thnh K2CrO4 bng Cl2 khi c mt KOH, lng ti thiu Cl2 v
Cu35.Lng H2O2 v KOH tng ng c s dng oxi ha hon ton 0,01 mol KCr(OH)4 thnh
Cu36.Lng Cl2 ,NaOH tng ng c s dng oxi ha hon ton 0,01 mol CrCl3 thnh CrO 4 l:
Cu37.Nung hn hp bt gm 15,2 gam Cr2O3 v m gam Al nhit cao. Sau khi phn ng hon ton, thu c 23,3 gam hn hp rn X. Cho ton b hn hp X phn ng vi axit HCl (d) thot ra V lt kh H2 ( ktc). Gi tr ca V l (cho O = 16, Al = 27, Cr = 52) A. 7,84. B. 4,48. C. 3,36. D. 10,08.
Cu38.Lng kim loi km cn thit kh ht dd cha 0,02 mol CrCl3 trong mi trng axit l: A. 0,325 gam B. 0,650 gam C. 0,975 gam D. 1,300 gam
Cu39.Thi kh NH3 d qua 1 gam CrO3 t nng n phn ng hon ton th thu c lng cht rn bng: A. 0,52 gam. B. 0,68 gam. C. 0,76 gam. D. 1,52 gam.
Cu40.Ha tan ht 1,08 gam hn hp Cr v Fe trong dung dch HCl long, nng thu c 448 mL kh (ktc). Khi lng crom c trong hn hp l : A. 0,065 gam. B. 0,520 gam. C. 0,560 gam. D. 1,015 gam.
Cu41.Tnh khi lng bt nhm cn dng c th iu ch c 78 gam crom bng phng php nhit nhm. A. 20,250 gam B. 35,695 gam C. 40,500 gam D. 81,000 gam
Cu42.Cho lng d Cl2 v NaOH vo dung dch mu th ch cha mt cation kim loi. Dung dch sau phn ng c mu vng, vy mu th cha ion : A. Fe2+ B. Fe3+ C. Cr3+ D. Al3+