Nghiên cứu, cải thiện hiệu quả quá trình chuyển hoá phân hủy các hợp chất nitơ trong các hệ thống xử lý nước thải sinh hoạt đô thị

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc
L Th Hng
M U
nhim mi trng v ang l mt vn quan trng, h qu ca mt qu trnh pht trin nng ca cc nc ang pht trin trong giai on cng nghip ha v hin i ha. S pht trin nhanh chng ca cc ngnh cng nghip v dch v, qu trnh th ha v tp trung dn c nhanh chng l nhng nguyn nhn gy nn hin trng qu ti mi trng . Vit Nam, phn ln nc thi sinh hot cc khu dn c th, ven v nng thn u cha c x l ng quy cch. Nc thi t cc khu v sinh mi ch c x l s b ti cc b t hoi, cht lng cha t yu cu x ra mi trng, l nguyn nhn gy nhim, ly lan bnh tt. l cha k dng nc thi sinh hot t nh bp, tm, git, ... thng khng c x l qua b t hoi, gp phn lm nhim mi trng v nh hng n sc khe cng ng. Cc ch tiu BOD5, COD, nit, Pht pho v vi sinh vt l cc ch tiu nhim chnh c trng thng thy trong nc thi sinh hot. Trong nc thi sinh hot, hm lng nit rt ln, nu khng c loi b th s lm cho ngun tip nhn nc thi b ph dng mt hin tng thng xy ra ngun nc c hm lng nit cao, trong cc loi thc vt thy sinh pht trin mnh ri cht i, thi ra, lm cho ngun nc tr nn nhim. Mun x l loi b nit trong nc thi th tt nht l s dng bin php sinh hc da vo quy lut t nhin gim thiu nhim. y thc cht l qu trnh thc y hot ng ca cc vi sinh vt vn c trong t nhin. C th l s dng cc vi khun Nitrat ha v phn Nitrat ha loi b nit trong nc thi. Da vo c tnh ca vi sinh vt trong nc thi c th chuyn ho amoni thnh NO2- , NO2- thnh NO3-, sau s chuyn NO3- thnh NO, N2O, N2 hon ton khng c hi vi mi trng. Chnh v vy ti la chn ti Nghin cu, ci thin hiu
Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni
CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
qu qu trnh chuyn ho phn hy cc hp cht nit trong cc h thng x l nc thi sinh hot th vi cc mc tiu sau:
Phn lp chng vi sinh vt c kh nng phn gii hp cht cha nit trong nc thi. Tuyn chn chng vi sinh vt c hot tnh phn gii cao. Nghin cu mt s yu t nh hng n sinh trng pht trin v kh nng phn gii hp cht cha nit ca chng c tuyn chn. To ch phm sinh hc x l nc thi sinh hot Nghin cu, ng dng ch phm sinh hc trong x l nc thi.
CHNG 1: TNG QUAN
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L Th Hng
1.1. Ti nguyn nc v s nhim nc Ti nguyn nc l thnh phn ch yu ca mi trng sng, quyt nh s thnh cng trong cc chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi, bo m quc phng, an ninh quc gia. Hin nay ngun ti nguyn thin nhin qu him v quan trng ny ang phi i mt vi nguy c nhim v cn kit. Nguy c thiu nc, c bit l nc ngt v sch l mt him ha ln i vi s tn vong ca con ngi cng nh ton b s sng trn tri t. Do con ngi cn phi nhanh chng c cc bin php bo v v s dng hp l ngun ti nguyn nc. nhim nc c th c nh ngha bng nhiu cch nh khi nng mt hoc nhiu cht c th trong nc vt qu ti lng ca mi trng trong khong thi gian gy tc ng hay hu qu r rt ta gi l nhim nc. Hin chng chu u v nc nh ngha: " nhim nc l s bin i ni chung do con ngi i vi cht lng nc, lm nhim bn nc v gy nguy him cho con ngi, cho cng nghip, nng nghip, nui c, ngh ngi, gii tr, cho ng vt nui v cc loi hoang d". nhim nc c ngun gc t nhin: Do ma, tuyt tan, gi bo, l lt a vo mi trng nc cht thi bn, cc sinh vt v vi sinh vt c hi k c xc cht ca chng. nhim nc c ngun gc nhn to: Qu trnh thi cc cht c hi ch yu di dng lng nh cc cht thi sinh hot, cng nghip, nng nghip, giao thng vo mi trng nc (VloSer, 2009). Theo bn cht cc tc nhn gy nhim, ngi ta phn ra cc loi nhim nc: nhim v c, hu c, nhim ho cht, nhim sinh hc, nhim bi cc tc nhn vt l. Hin nay, c nhiu hot ng tuyn truyn ch trng x hi ho cng tc bo v ti nguyn nc, a ra nhiu bin php nhm ku gi tt c cc thnh vin
CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
trong x hi nng cao thc, cng hnh ng tch cc bo v ngun ti nguyn thin nhin ny. Bo v ti nguyn nc l nhim v cp bch, n khng ch p ng cc yu cu trc mt m cn to nn tng vng chc cho s nghip bo v ti nguyn v mi trng trong tng lai lu di, v l s sng cn ca chnh chng ta v con chu sau ny. 1.1.1. Tnh trng nhim mi trng nc trn th gii Trong thp nin 60, nhim nc lc a v i dng gia tng vi nhp ng lo ngi. Tin nhim nc phn nh trung thc tin b pht trin k ngh. Ta c th k ra y vi th d tiu biu. Anh Quc chng hn: u th k 19, sng Tamise rt sch, n tr thnh ng cng l thin vo gia th k ny. Cc sng khc cng c tnh trng tng t trc khi ngi ta a ra cc bin php bo v nghim ngt. Nc Php rng hn, k ngh phn tn v nhiu sng ln, nhng vn cng khng khc bao nhiu. Dn Paris cn ung nc sng Seine n cui th k 18. T vn i khc: cc sng ln v nc ngm nhiu ni khng cn dng lm nc sinh hot c na, 5.000 km sng ca Php b nhim. Sng Rhin chy qua vng k ngh ha mnh, khu vc c hn 40 triu ngi, l nn nhn ca nhiu tai nn (nh nn chy nh my thuc Sandoz Bale nm 1986 chng hn) thm vo cc ngun nhim thng xuyn. Hoa K tnh trng thm thng b pha ng cng nh nhiu vng khc. Vng i h b nhim nng, trong h Erie, Ontario c bit nghim trng. 1.1.2. Tnh trng nhim mi trng nc ti Vit Nam Nc ta c nn cng nghip cha pht trin mnh, cc khu cng nghip v cc th cha ng lm nhng tnh trng nhim nc xy ra nhiu ni vi cc mc nghim trng khc nhau (Cao Lim v Trn c Vin, 1990).
CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
Nng nghip l ngnh s dng nhiu nc nht dng ti la v hoa mu, ch yu l ng bng sng Cu Long v sng Hng. Vic s dng nng dc v phn bn ha hc cng gp thm phn nhim mi trng nng thn. Cng nghip l ngnh lm nhim nc quan trng, mi ngnh c mt loi nc thi khc nhau. Khu cng nghip Thi Nguyn thi nc bin Sng Cu thnh mu en, mt nc si bt trn chiu di hng chc cy s. Khu cng nghip Vit Tr x mi ngy hng ngn mt khi nc thi ca nh my ha cht, thuc tr su, giy, dt... xung Sng Hng lm nc b nhim bn ng k. Khu cng nghip Bin Ha v TP HCM to ra ngun nc thi cng nghip v sinh hot rt ln, lm nhim bn tt c cc sng rch y v c vng ph cn. Nc dng trong sinh hot ca dn c ngy cng tng nhanh do dn s v cc th. Nc cng t nc thi sinh hot cng vi nc thi ca cc c s tiu th cng nghip trong khu dn c l c trng nhim ca cc th nc ta. iu ng ni l cc loi nc thi u c trc tip thi ra mi trng, cha x l trit , v nc ta cha c h thng x l nc thi no ng ngha nh tn gi ca n. Nc ngm cng b nhim, do nc sinh hot hay cng nghip v nng nghip. Vic khai thc trn lan nc ngm lm cho hin tng nhim mn v nhim phn xy ra nhng vng ven bin sng Hng, sng Thi Bnh, sng Cu Long, ven bin min Trung... (Cao Lim v Trn c Vin, 1990). 1.2. c im nc thi sinh hot th v s nhim Tc cng nghip ho v th ho kh nhanh v s gia tng dn s gy p lc ngy cng nng n i vi ti nguyn nc trong vng lnh th. Mi trng nc nhiu th, khu cng nghip v lng ngh ngy cng b nhim bi nc thi, kh thi v cht thi rn. cc thnh ph ln, hng trm c s sn xut cng nghip ang gy nhim mi trng nc do khng c cng trnh v thit b x l cht thi. Nc thi th bao gm c nc thi sinh hot pht sinh t cc hot ng sinh hot ca cc cng ng dn c, cc loi nc thm v nc thi sn xut thi ra t cc
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L Th Hng
cng trnh cng nghip [11]. Ngun nc thi t sinh hot gm: nc v sinh tm, git, nc ra rau, tht, c, nc t b pht, t khch sn, nh hng, cc dch v cng cng nh thng mi, bn tu xe, bnh vin, trng hc, khu du lch, vui chi, gii tr. Chng thng c thu gom vo cc knh dn thi. Hp cht nit trong nc thi l cc hp cht amoniac, protein, peptit, axit amin, amin cng nh cc thnh phn khc trong cht thi rn v lng [2]. Mi ngi hng ngy tiu th 5-16g nit di dng protein v thi ra khong 30% trong s . Hm lng nit thi qua nc tiu ln hn trong phn khong 8 ln [2]. Cc ch tiu BOD5, COD, Nit, Pht pho l cc ch tiu nhim chnh c trng thng thy trong nc thi sinh hot. Mt yu t gy nhim quan trng trong nc thi sinh hot l cc loi mm bnh c ly truyn bi cc vi sinh vt c trong phn. Vi sinh vt gy bnh cho ngi bao gm cc nhm chnh l virus, vi khun, nguyn sinh bo v giun sn (vacne.org.vn). c trng ca nc thi th hin nay l cha nng cht hu c mc cao v nhiu cht hot ng b mt t vic s dng nhiu cht ty ra nh x phng, nc ra chn... ng Yutaka Matsuzawa - Chuyn gia mi trng ca T chc Hp tc Quc t Nht Bn (JICA) ti Vit Nam nhn nh: Qu trnh th ho ti Vit Nam din ra rt nhanh. Nhng th ln ti Vit Nam nh H Ni, TP H Ch Minh, Hi Phng, Nng b nhim nc rt nng n. th ngy cng phnh ra ti Vit Nam, nhng c s h tng li pht trin khng cn xng, c bit l h thng x l nc thi sinh hot ti Vit Nam v cng th s. C th ni rng, ngi Vit Nam ang lm nhim ngun nc ung chnh bng nc sinh hot thi ra hng ngy. Theo Hi Bo v thin nhin v mi trng Vit Nam, nc thi sinh hot chim khong 80% tng s nc thi cc thnh ph, l mt nguyn nhn chnh gy nn tnh trng nhim nc v vn ny c xu hng cng ngy cng xu i. c tnh, hin ch c khong 6% lng nc thi th c x l (VACNE, 2010). Chuyn gia Matsuzawa cho rng, qu trnh cng nghip ho v hin i ho khin lung di c v th. Song vic thu gom, x l rc thi v nc thi sinh hot
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li khng c . Ti chc chn rng, Vit Nam trong vng t nht l 10-15 nm na s cn phi hng chu cc tc ng nng n do nc thi sinh hot khng c x l. y l l do v sao ti ni rng, nhim nc thi sinh hot ang l vn nghim trng nht m Vit Nam ang i mt, ng khng nh. Mt bo co ton cu mi c T chc Y t th gii (WHO) cng b hi u nm 2010 cho thy, mi nm Vit Nam c hn 20.000 ngi t vong do iu kin nc sch v v sinh ngho nn v thp km. Cn theo thng k ca B Y t, hn 80% cc bnh truyn nhim nc ta lin quan n ngun nc. Ngi dn c nng thn v thnh th ang phi i mt vi nguy c mc bnh do mi trng nc ang ngy mt nhim trm trng. Tnh trng nhim nc cc th thy r nht l thnh ph H Ni v thnh ph H Ch Minh. cc thnh ph ny, nc thi sinh hot khng c h thng x l tp trung m trc tip x ra ngun tip nhn (sng, h, knh, mng). Mt khc, cn rt nhiu c s sn xut khng x l nc thi, phn ln cc bnh vin v c s y t ln cha c h thng x l nc thi, mt lng rc thi rn ln trong thnh ph khng thu gom ht c l nhng ngun quan trng gy ra nhim nc. Hin nay, mc nhim trong cc knh, sng, h cc thnh ph ln l rt nng. Tng lng nc thi ca thnh ph H Ni, theo bo co ca U ban Khoa hc Cng ngh v Mi trng (2006), ln ti 300.000-400.000m3/ngy, trong 2/3 l nc thi sinh hot.
Hnh 1.1. nhim nc ti sng T Lch
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Theo thng bo mi nht ca UBND thnh ph H Ni (2006), tnh trng nhim mi trng do hot ng cng nghip tuy c chuyn bin nhng vn cn hn 90% tng lng nc thi sinh hot v nc thi ca cc c s sn xut, bnh vin, dch v v lng ngh cha c x l. Ch c mt s t nh my v bnh vin c trang b h thng x l nc thi ti ch, v ch c 8-10% tng lng nc thi th c x l bn nh my x l nc thi mi xy dng vi tng cng sut 48.000 m3/ngy [10]. thnh ph H Ch Minh th lng rc thi ln ti gn 4.000 tn/ngy; ch c 24/142 c s y t ln l c x l nc thi; khong 3.000 c s sn xut gy nhim thuc din phi di di. Khng ch H Ni, thnh ph H Ch Minh m cc th khc nh Hi Phng, Hu, Nng, Nam nh, Hi Dng nc thi sinh hot th cng khng c x l, nhim ngun nc ni tip nhn nc thi u vt qu tiu chun cho php (TCCP). Nh vy nghin cu a ra phng n x l l vn v cng cp thit hin nay. 1.3. Phng php x l nc thi v la chn phng php x l Trong cc phn trc chng ta thy rng ngun gy nhim nc quan trng nht l nc thi. Nc thi sinh hot v nc thi cng nghip u cha cc tc nhn gy c hi, gy suy thoi cht lng nc sng, h, nc ngm. Do vy vic x l nc thi l ti cn thit trong cng tc bo v ti nguyn nc. Mc ch ca vic x l nc thi l kh cc tp cht sao cho nc sau khi x l t tiu chun cht lng mc chp nhn c theo cc ch tiu t ra. Cc tiu chun cht lng thng ph thuc vo mc ch v cch thc s dng: nc s c ti s dng hay thi thng vo cc ngun tip nhn nc [11].
CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
1.3.1. Phng php c hc Nc thi cng nghip cng nh nc thi sinh hot thng cha cc cht tan v khng tan dng l lng. Cc tp cht l lng c th dng rn v lng, chng to vi nc thnh h huyn ph. Ty thuc vo kch thc ht, cc h huyn ph c chia lm 3 nhm l cht rn tan, cht rn keo v cht rn l lng [11].
CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
tch cc ht l lng ra khi nc thi, thng ngi ta s dng cc qu trnh thy c (gin on hoc lin tc): lc qua song chn rc hoc li, lng di tc dng ca lc trng trng hoc lc ly tm v lc. Vic la chn phng php x l ty thuc vo kch thc ht, tnh cht ha l, nng ht l lng, lu lng nc thi v mc lm sch cn thit [11]. 1.3.2. Cc phng php vt l v ha hc Cc phng php x l sinh hc c s dng vi hiu qu cao x l cht hu c km bn vng, nhng t hiu qu vi nc thi cng nghip cha cc cht v c c hi (kim loi nng, axit, baz) hoc cc cht hu c bn vng (cc clobenzen, PCB, phenol...) v cng t hiu qu vi mt s loi vi trng. Trong cc trng hp ny cn kt hp phng php x l sinh hc vi cc phng php l, ha hc. Nm phng php l, ha thng c dng trong x l nc thi l: - Phng php ng t v keo t; - Phng php hp ph; - Phng php trung ha; - Phng php tuyn ni; - Phng php trao i ion 1.3.2.1. Phng php ng t v keo t Qu trnh lng ch c th tch c cc ht rn huyn ph nhng khng th tch c cc cht gy nhim bn dng keo v ha tan v chng l nhng ht rn c kch thc qu nh. tch cc ht rn mt cch hiu qu bng phng php lng, cn tng kch thc ca chng nh s tc ng tng h gia cc ht phn tn lin kt thnh tp hp cc ht, nhm lm tng tc lng ca chng. Vic kh cc ht keo lng rn bng lng trng lng i hi trc ht cn trung ha in tch thng c gi l qu trnh ng t cn qu trnh to thnh cc bng ln hn t cc ht nh gi l qu trnh keo t [11].
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Trong thc t ngi ta thng s dng cc ha cht trong phng php ng t v keo t loi b cc cht rn l lng trong nc thi l: Al 2(SO4)3.nH2O (n = 1318), NaAlO2, Al2(OH)5Cl, KAl(SO4)2.12H2O, NH4Al(SO4)2.12H20, Ca(OH)2, Fe2(SO4)3, FeCl3 , soda kt hp phn chua (Na2CO3 + Al2(SO4)3.nH2O) 1.3.2.2. Phng php hp ph Phng php ny da theo nguyn tc cc cht nhim tan trong nc c kh nng hp ph ln b mt mt s cht rn (cht hp ph). Cc cht hp ph thng dng l: than hot tnh (dng ht hoc dng bt), than bn....Phng php hp ph c tc dng tt trong vic x l nc thi c cha cc cht hu c, cc kim loi nng v mu. loi b cc kim loi nng, cc cht v c v hu c c hi, hin nay ngi ta c th s dng than bn hoc mt s loi thc vt nc nh lc bnh v chng c kh nng hp ph tt [11]. 1.3.2.3. Phng php trung ha Nc thi cha cc axit v c hoc kim cn c trung ha a pH v khong 6,5 8,5 trc khi thi vo ngun nc hoc s dng cho cng ngh x l tip theo. Trung ha nc thi c th thc hin bng nhiu cch khc nhau: Trn ln nc thi axit vi nc thi kim; B sung cc tc nhn ha hc; Lc nc axit qua vt liu c tc dng trung ha; Hp th kh axit bng nc kim hoc hp th amoniac bng nc axit... Vic la chn phng php trung ha l ty thuc vo th tch v nng ca nc thi, ch thi nc thi, kh nng sn c v gi thnh ca tc nhn ha hc [11]. 1.3.2.4. Phng php tuyn ni Trong x l nc thi, v nguyn tc, tuyn ni thng c s dng kh cc cht l lng v lm c bn sinh hc. u im c bn ca phng php ny so vi phng php lng l c th kh c hon ton cc ht nh hoc nh, lng chm, trong
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mt thi gian ngn. Khi cc ht nh ni ln b mt, chng c th c thu gom bng b phn ht bt. Qu trnh tuyn ni c thc hin bng cch sc cc bt kh nh (thng l khng kh) vo trong pha lng. Cc kh kt dnh vi cc ht v khi lc ni ca tp hp cc bng kh v ht ln s ko ht cng ni ln b mt, sau chng tp hp li vi nhau thnh cc lp bt cha hm lng cc ht cao hn trong cht lng ban u [11]. 1.3.2.5. Phng php trao i ion Phng php trao i ion c ng dng lm sch nc hoc nc thi khi cc kim loi nh Zn, Cu, Ni, Hg, V, Cd, Mn... cng nh cc hp cht ca asen, photpho, xyanua v cht phng x. Trao i ion l mt qu trnh trong cc ion trn b mt ca cht rn trao i vi ion c cng in tch trong dung dch khi tip xc vi nhau. Cc cht ny gi l cc ionit (cht trao i ion), chng hon ton khng tan trong nc [11]. 1.3.3. Phng php x l sinh hc Phng php sinh hc da trn c s s dng hot ng ca vi sinh vt phn hy cc cht hu c gy nhim bn trong nc thi. Cc vi sinh vt s dng cc cht hu c v mt s cht khong lm ngun dinh dng v to nng lng. Trong qu trnh dinh dng, chng nhn cc cht dinh dng xy dng t bo, sinh trng v sinh sn nn sinh khi ca chng tng ln. Qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c nh vi sinh vt gi l qu trnh oxy ha sinh ha. Nh vy, mun bit nc thi c kh nng x l c bng phng php sinh hc cn quan tm n ch tiu BOD hoc COD c iu kin vn hnh h thng. c th s l bng phng php ny nc thi cn khng cha cc cht c v tp cht, cc mui kim loi nng hoc nng ca chng khng c vt qu nng cc i cho php v c t s BOD/COD 0,5 [11]
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L Th Hng
Ngi ta c th phn loi cc phng php sinh hc da trn cc c s khc nhau. Song nhn chung c th chia chng thnh ba loi chnh: Phng php hiu kh, phng php thiu kh v phng php ym kh. 1.3.3.1. Phng php hiu kh 1.3.3.1.1. Nguyn tc: Phng php hiu kh dng loi cc cht hu c d b vi sinh phn hy ra khi ngun nc. Cc cht ny c cc loi vi sinh hiu kh oxy ha bng oxy ha tan trong nc. Cht hu c + O2 Cht hu c + O2 T bo mi + O2
vi sinh vt vi sinh vt vi sinh vt
H2O + CO2 + Nng lng. T bo mi. H2O + CO2 + NH3. H2O + CO2 + NH3 +
Tng cng: Cht hu c + O2 sinh t dng ( qu trnh nitrit ha ). 2 NH4+ + 3 O2 2 NO2- + O2 ( gim pH )
Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter
Trong phng php hiu kh amoniac cng c loi b bng oxy ha nh vi 2 NO2- + 4 H+ + 2 H2O + Nng lng. 2 NO3NO3- + 2 H+ + H2O + Nng lng.
Tng cng: NH4+ + 2 O2
Vi sinh
iu kin thch hp cho qu trnh l: pH= 5,5 - 9,0, oxy ha tan ln hn hoc bng 4 mg/l, nhit 5-400C [11] . 1.3.3.1.2. K thut x l nc thi theo phng php hiu kh a. K thut x l trong cc b aroten y l k thut c s dng rng ri x l nc thi th v cng nghip thc phm. Theo cch ny, nc thi sau khi thu gom c a qua b phn chn rc, cht rn c lng, bn c tiu hy v lm kh. Qu trnh c th hi lu (bn hot tnh xoay vng) lm tng kh nng loi BOD (n 85-90%), loi N (n 40-50%) v loi coliform (60-90%) [11].
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L Th Hng
Hnh 1.2. S dy truyn cng ngh x l nc thi bng k thut bn hot tnh b. K thut x l lc sinh hc B lc sinh hc l mt thit b phn ng sinh hc trong cc vi sinh vt sinh trng c nh trn lp mng bm trn vt liu lc (mi trng lc). Thng nc thi c ti t trn xung qua lp vt liu lc bng hoc cc vt liu khc nhau. Mng sinh hc gm cc vi khun, nm v ng vt bc thp c np vo h thng cng vi nc thi. Mc d lp mng ny rt mng song cng c hai lp: lp ym kh st b mt m v lp hiu kh ngoi. Do qu trnh lc sinh hc thng c xem nh l qu trnh hiu kh nhng thc cht l h thng vi sinh vt hiu ym kh [11].
Dng ra Bm Dng vo Mng

u sc
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Hnh minh ha
L Th Hng
Hnh 1.3. Hnh minh ha mng t ngp trong b phn ng
Hnh 1.4. S cng ngh x l nc thi bng phng php lc sinh hc c. K thut x l h sinh hc H sinh hc hay cn c gi l h oxy ha hoc h n nh. l mt chui gm t 3 n 5 h. Nc thi chy qua h thng h trn vi vn tc khng ln. Trong h nc thi c lm sch bng cc qu trnh t nhin bao gm c to v cc vi khun nn tc oxy ha chm, i hi thi gian lu thy hc ln (30-50 ngy). Cc vi sinh vt s dng oxy sinh ra trong qu trnh quang hp ca to v oxy c hp th t khng kh phn hy cc cht hu c. Cn to n lt mnh s dng CO2, NH4+, photpho c gii phng ra trong qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c thc hin qu trnh quang hp [11].
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L Th Hng
y l mt loi h cha nc thi trong nhiu ngy, ph thuc vo nhit , oxy c to ra qua hot ng t nhin ca to trong h. C ch x l trong h n nh cht thi bao gm c hai qu trnh hiu kh v k kh. Hai loi h n nh nc thi thng c s dng nhiu nht, l: - H n nh cht thi hiu kh. L loi h cn c 0,3-0,5m c thit k sao cho nh sng mt tri thm nhp vo lp nc nhiu nht to pht trin, hot ng quang hp to oxi. iu kin thng kh bo m t mt n y h. - H n nh cht thi k kh. L loi h su khng cn oxi ha tan cho hot ng ca vi sinh. y cc loi vi sinh k kh v ty nghi dng oxi t cc hp cht nh nitrat, sulfat oxi ha cht hu c thnh metan v CO2. Cc loi h ny c kh nng tip nhn khi lng ln cht hu c v khng cn qu trnh quang hp to. H n nh cht thi ty nghi l loi h hot ng theo c qu trnh hiu kh v k kh. H thng su khong 1-2m, thch hp cho vic pht trin to v cc vi sinh ty nghi. Ban ngy khi c nh sng mt tri qu trnh chnh xy ra trong h l hiu kh. Ban m v lp y h qu trnh chnh l k kh. 1.3.3.2. Cc phng php thiu kh ( anoxic ) Trong iu kin thiu oxy ha tan vic kh nitrat ha s xy ra. Oxy c gii phng t nitrat s oxy ha cht hu c v nit s c to thnh. NO3vi sinh
NO2- + O2 N2 + CO2 + H2O
Cht hu c + O2
Trong h thng x l theo k thut bn hot tnh s kh nitrat ha s xy ra khi khng tip tc thng kh. Khi oxy cn cho hot ng ca vi sinh gim dn v vic gii phng oxy t nitrat s xy ra. Theo nguyn tc trn, phng php thiu kh (kh nitrat ha) c s dng loi nit ra khi nc thi. 1.3.3.3. Cc phng php k kh Phng php x l k kh dng loi b cc cht hu c trong phn cn ca nc thi bng vi sinh vt ty nghi v vi sinh vt k kh.
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x l nc thi ngi ta s dng qu trnh ln men kh metan. Qu trnh ln men kh metan gm hai pha: - Trong pha axit: cc vi khun to axit (bao gm cc vi khun ty tin, vi khun ym kh) ha lng cc cht rn hu c sau ln men cc cht hu c phc tp to thnh cc axit bc thp nh axit bo, cn, axit amin, amoniac, glyxerin, axeton, dihyrosunfua, CO2, H2... - Trong pha kim: cc vi khun to metan ch gm cc vi khun ym kh chuyn ha cc sn phm trung gian trn to thnh CH4 v CO2. Vic ln men metan nhy cm vi s thay i pH. pH ti u cho qu trnh ny l t 6,5-7,5 [11]. Th d v s ln men metan ha: CH3COOH 2 CH2(CH2)COOH
Methanosarcina M. suboxydans
CH4 + CO2 CH4+2CH3COOH +C2H5COOH+2H2O+CO2
Qu trnh phn hy ym kh c chia thnh 3 giai on chnh nh sau: Phn hy cc cht hu c cao phn t.

To nn cc axit. To metan
Giai on I Thy phn v ln men
Giai on II To axid acetic, H2
Giai on III Sinh CH4
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Hnh 1.5. Ba giai on ca qu trnh ln men ym kh (Mc. Cathy, 1981) Ba nhm vi khun chnh tham gia vo qu trnh l nhm vi sinh vt thy phn cht hu c, nhm vi sinh vt to axit bao gm cc loi Clostridium sp., Peptococcus anaerobus, Bifidobacterium sp., Desulphovibrio sp., Corynebacterium sp., Lactobacillus, Actonomyces, Staphylococcus, Escherichia coli, v nhm vi sinh vt sinh metan gm cc loi dng hnh que (Methanobacterium, Methanobacillus), dng hnh cu (Methanococcus, Methanosarcina). Cc phng php k kh thng c dng x l nc thi cng nghip thc phm v cht thi t chung tri chn nui, phn rc. 1.4. C s l thuyt cc qu trnh x l Nit bng phng php sinh hc Vit Nam, vic x l loi b cc cht dinh dng (N, P) trong nhiu loi nc thi trc khi x thi l nhm hn ch s nhim nc ngm, nc mt. Tc hi ln nht khi thi nc thi giu N, P vo cc vc nc mt l hin tng ph dng. Hu qu ca ph dng l kch thch s pht trin mnh cc loi to, lm ph v chui thc n n nh ca cc h sinh thi thy vc, gy nhim nc v bi cn cc vc nc ny. i vi amoni, tiu chun thi ca Vit Nam (QCVN 14 : 2008/ BTNMT) qui nh gii hn nng NH4+-N trong nc thi sinh hot c php thi vo cc vc nc cho cc mc ch s dng khc nhau t 5-10 mg/l [13]. Cc h thng x l nc thi bc 2 thng thng c thit k loi cc cht hu c (nh gi qua cc thng s BOD5, COD), v ch c hiu qu loi nit mt phn. Do vy, vic loi nit thng phi c tin hnh giai on ring tip theo. Cng ngh sinh hc truyn thng x l nit l da vo s kt hp ca 2 giai on nitrat ho v kh nitrat. Chu trnh nit c thc hin thng qua cc qu trnh sau: qu trnh c nh nit phn t (N-fixation), qu trnh amon ha (Ammonification), qu trnh tng hp (Synthesis), qu trnh nitrat ha (Nitrification), qu trnh phn nitrat ha
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(Denitrification) [28, 35]. Trong qu trnh ny vi sinh vt chuyn ha ng vai tr ht sc quan trng.
NO 3Qa trnh ng ha
NO 2NO N2O NH 3 N-N R-NH 2

Nit trong t bo
Phn nitorat ha
[NH 2OH ]
Qu trnh nitrat ha
Qu trnh amoni ha
C nh Nit
Hnh 1.6. S chuyn ha Nit trong chu trnh Nit 1.4.1. Qu trnh c nh nit phn t Chu trnh chuyn ha nit bt u bng qu trnh c nh nit phn t. Qu trnh ny chuyn ha kh nit to thnh cc hp cht nit m thc vt c th ng ha c. C nh nit bng qu trnh sinh hc l ph bin nht, nhng cng c th c hnh thnh bi sm chp v trong sn xut cng nghip [28]. Vic c nh nit bng sinh hc c thc hin bi vi khun sng t do nh vi khun hiu kh, vi hiu kh, k kh, vi khun lam, to lam v thc vt bc cao. Qu trnh ny c xc tc bi h enzyme nitrogenase, sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh ny l cc hp cht cha nit lm giu cho t. 1.4.2. Qu trnh Amoni ha Nit sau khi c nh c chuyn vo t v nc, nhng chng khng c thc vt s dng ngay m phi thng qua qu trnh khong ha nh vi sinh vt. Qu trnh khong ha (qu trnh amon ha) l qu trnh phn gii cc cht nit hu c thnh
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dng amoniac hoc ion amoni vi s tham gia ca cc vi sinh vt nh vi khun, x khun, nm mc. C ch ca qu trnh ny c tin hnh nh sau: cc vi sinh vt c cha enzyme thy phn ngoi bo thy phn cc hp cht hu c, protein thnh cc sn phm nh: pepton, peptit, axit amin. Axit amin c tch ly nh mt ngun dinh dng sau nh enzyme kh ni bo phn hy thnh ammoniac sn phm ca qu trnh amon ha. Qu trnh amon ha cng c thc hin vi cc cht khng c ngun gc protein. Nhiu loi vi sinh vt s dng ure lm ngun nit, qu trnh ny c thc hin nh enzyme urease trong iu kin pH trung tnh. NH2 O=C NH2 Qu trnh phn gii protein c th xy ra trong iu kin hiu kh hoc k kh. Trong iu kin hiu kh c s tham gia ca nhm vi khun Bacillus v Pseudomonas, cc x khun v nm si. Trong iu kin k kh th mt s loi vi khun thuc ging Clostridium tham gia vo qu trnh ny . 1.4.3. Qu trnh tng hp Tng hp l c ch sinh ha, trong cc ion amoni v nitrat c chuyn thnh dng nito hu c. C nh m l mt hnh thc duy nht tng hp m ch c th c thc hin bng vi khun c nh nit v to [28]. 1.4.4. Qu trnh Nitrit ho Qu trnh nitrit ha l qu trnh oxy ha amon thnh nitrit vi s tham gia ca nhm vi khun nitrit ha nh Nitrosomonas, qu trnh ny c tin hnh theo phn ng sau: 2NH4+ + 3 O2
Nitrosomonas
+ 3 H2O
2NH4+ + CO2 + 2OH-
2NO2- + 2H2O + 4H+ + sinh khi
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Cc vi sinh vt nitrit ha s dng nng lng t phn ng ny sinh trng v pht trin. Mt s chng nitrit ha l: Nitrosomonas, Nitrospira, Nitrococcus, Nitrosolobus... tt c u thuc nhm vi khun Gram (-), c cu to t bo hnh que, hnh cu, hnh xon ... Chng sinh trng v pht trin c nhit t 5 400C v nhit ti u l 25 30oC [11]. Sinh trng di pH t 5,0 9,0 [11], pH ti u l 7,5. Vi pH < 7,0 qu trnh pht trin ca chng b chm li, nu pH < 6,0 v > 9,0 th hot tnh nitrit s gim hoc khng xy ra. Bi vy trong canh trng thun khit cht m c vai tr rt quan trng. 1.4.5. Qu trnh Nitrat ha Qu trnh nitrat ha l qa trnh oxy ha NO2- thnh NO3-. Qu trnh ny c tin hnh theo phn ng sau: NO2- + O2
Nitrobacter
NO3- + Sinh khi
Qu trnh nitrat ha c thc hin ch yu bi nhm vi khun t dng ha nng. Cc vi khun ny hu nh u thuc nhm vi khun Gram(-), c cu to t bo hnh que, hnh cu, hnh qu l... chng c kh nng s dng nitrit nh mt ngun nng lng v c kh nng ng ha CO2 qua chu trnh Calvin Benson nh ngun cacbon cho sinh trng. Mi phn t CO2 c c nh th cn 100 phn t NO2- b oxy ha. Qu trnh ny tiu tn nhiu nng lng. Mt s vi khun nitrat c cng nhn hin nay l Nitrobacter, Nitrospira, Nitrococcus, Nitrospina. Thi gian nhn i t bo ca vi khun ny khong 12 13 gi, hay 59 gi thm tr hn 140 gi ty tng chng vi khun [8]. Chng l nhng vi khun c tc pht trin rt chm. pH thch hp cho vi khun nitrat ha pht trin t 7,5 8,0. Nhng cng c th pht trin c trong khong pH 6,5 8,5. Di nhit cho vi khun ny pht trin l t 5 370C nhit ti u l 25 300C. Vi khun nitrat ha c th pht trin c trong iu kin hn ch oxy. Nng oxy cao v cng nh sng mnh cng nh hng ti tc pht trin ca mt vi loi vi khun nitrat
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ha. Cc chng vi khun Nitrobacter c th pht trin c trong mi trng tp dng hoc d dng. Nhng nhng chng Nitrospira, Nitrococcus, Nitrospina li khng c kh nng pht trin c trn mi trng d dng. 1.4.6. Qu trnh phn Nitrat ho Qu trnh phn nitrat ha l qu trnh kh nitrat hoc nitrit thnh NO, N2O hoc nit phn t. Qu trnh ny ch din ra trong iu kin k kh di s tc ng ca h enzyme reductase. Cc vi khun c th s dng nitrat nh l cht nhn in t cui cng trong chui h hp v nng lng thot ra dng tng hp ATP. Qu trnh phn nitrat ha to ra cc sn phm trung gian nh NO v NO2 dng kh. S chung ca qu trnh phn nitrat ha: NO3Nitratereductase
NO2- Nitritereductases NO Nitrieoxidereductase N2O Nitrousoxidereductase N2
Vi khun phn nitrat ha phn ln l cc vi khun d dng ym kh ty tin: Pesudommonas, Bacterium, Nitrococcus, Achromobacter, Bacillus.... Trong mi trng oxy, cc vi khun ny oxy ha cc hp cht hu c ging nh cc vi khun hiu kh bnh thng. Khi mi trng thiu oxy chng mi tin hnh kh nitrat di tc ng ca cc enzyme Nitritreductase v Nitratreductase. S c mt ca oxy s c ch hot ng ca enzyme ny v dn n km hm qu trnh phn nitrat ha. Di nhit cho s sinh trng v pht trin ca vi khun ny l 5 - 600C nhit ti u l 25 300C. Khi nhit gim xung di 50C th tc phn nitrat gim nhanh xung v dng li hon ton 0 20C . Vic loi b hon ton nit lin kt ra khi nc cn phi kt hp c qu trnh nitrat ha v qu trnh phn nitrat ha. Qu trnh ny ang c ng dng nhiu trn th gii trong x l nc mt gip trnh gy ra hin tng ph dng. 1.5. Tnh hnh nghin cu, ng dng cc phng php sinh hc x l hp cht hu c cha nit trong x l nuc thi
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Cc qu trnh sinh hc p dng cho hp cht cha nit trong x l nc thi th Vit Nam: - X l k kh: vi b phn hy k kh, h thng UASB .... - X l hiu kh: bn hot tnh, lc nh git, mng lc sinh hc ... - H thng t nhin: ao h n nh, cnh ng ngp nc .... Thng thng cc giai on x l k kh phi ng trc x l hiu kh nhm gim ti trng cht hu c v dinh dng c th cho nc thi t yu cu cht lng thi ra sng h ... Ngun Carbon
B t hoi (K kh)
NH4+ Nit hu c
Pha hiu kh
Qu trnh Nitrat ha
NO3-
Thiu kh
Qu trnh phn Nitrat ha
N2
Qu trnh loi b nit
Hnh 1.7. Qu trnh nitrat v phn nitrat ha trong h thng x l nc thi (Gold et al. 1989) 1.5.1. X l nit bng bn hot tnh. Loi b cc hp cht hu c l vic rt quan trng, khi lng amoni v mc nitrit/nitrat vt qa s c hi i vi cht lng nc. Amoni to ra mt nhu cu v oxy trong mi trng nc, cn phi c 4,5 gram oxy oxy ho 01 gram amoni [2]. Nitrit rt c i vi i sng thy sinh v c th gy ra chng gim kh nng vn chuyn oxy ca mu trong sinh vt [28]. Nhng yu t ny yu cu mt phng php hiu qu loi b nit trong nc thi trc khi thi vo cc h thng nc t nhin.
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Trong mt mu nc thi cha x l, phn ln thng l amoni v cc nit hu c cc cht ny b oxy ho thnh nitrit v sau l nitrat trong mi trng. Phng php thng thng loi b nit khi nc thi bt u bng cch oxy ho amoni, nitrit/nitrat (qu trnh nit ho) v chm dt bng cch chuyn ho nitrit/nitrat thnh kh nit (qu trnh kh nit). Qu trnh nit ho sinh hc l mt qu trnh hai bc, bt u bng amoni c chuyn thnh nitrit bi vi khun Nitrosomonas, sau nitrit b oxy ho thnh nitrat do vi khun Nitrobacter [1,2]. Nhng dng vi khun ny l v d in hnh trong qu trnh nit ho. Chng c kh nng t dng trong t nhin v s dng ngun CO2 lm ngun cacbon trong t bo ca chng. Vic hp th amoni nh l ngun nit s cao hn so vi qun th vi sinh t nhin c trong h thng x l nc thi. Chng c kh nng s dng cc ngun nit t nitrit v nitrat cho vic h hp (kh nit) v sinh trng. Bi v s nhy cm ca qu trnh ny, do da vo bc nit ho amoni chuyn amoni thnh nitrit bng cch s dng vi khun t dng, qu trnh ny i hi thi gian trung bnh duy tr t bo lu, ko di n vi ngy v nn i hi phng tin lu gi ln. Vi khun rt nhy vi nhit lnh cng nh s c mt ca cc ho cht c trong h thng. Tc nit ho chm li ng k khi thi tit lnh. Nhit di 8oC c th lm cho vi khun ngng tng trng, nhit ti u l 30oC. Vi khun phn nitrat ha phn ln l cc vi khun d dng ym kh ty tin: Pesudommonas, Bacterium, Nitrococcus, Achromobacter, Bacillus....Trong mi trng oxy, cc vi khun ny oxy ha cc hp cht hu c ging nh cc vi khun hiu kh bnh thng. Khi mi trng thiu oxy chng mi tin hnh kh nitrat di tc ng ca cc enzyme Nitritreductase v Nitratreductase. S c mt ca oxy s c ch hot ng ca enzyme ny v dn n km hm qu trnh phn nitrat ha. Trong h thng aroten s dng bn hot tnh vi s c mt ca cc loi vi khun phn gii cht hu c, vi khun nitrat ha v c vi khun phn nitrat ha th hiu qu x l nit ph thuc vo iu kin vn hnh. Giai on u l giai on hiu kh l giai
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on nit hu c b phn hy vo sinh khi t bo, to NH 4+ ri chuyn sang dng NO2- v NO3-. Sau nc thi c a sang b cha mt thi gian to iu kin thiu kh pht huy hiu qu kh nitrat ca vi khun. 1.5.2. Cc cng ngh x l nit mi trn c s ANAMMOX C ch ca qu trnh anammox (Anaerobic Ammonium Oxidation) l phn ng oxy ha k kh amoni, trong amoni b oxi ha bi nitrite to thnh nit t do, khng cn cung cp cht hu c cho qu trnh phn hy sinh hc ny [12]. Qu trnh kh nit trong nc thi bng h vi khun Anammox c th biu din bng s sau: NO2- + NH4+ N2 + 2H2O
C nh Nit Qu trnh kh nit truyn thng Qu trnh kh nit t dng
Hnh 1.8. Qu trnh kh nit truyn thng v qu trnh Anammox. Phn ng anammox c xc nhn l s oxy ho amoni bi nitrit, phn ng ho hc n gin vi t l mol NH4+: NO2- = 1:1 nh phng trnh: (Qu trnh nitrat ha bn phn) (anammox) (Tng) 2NH4+ + 1.5O2 NH4+ + NO2- + H2O + 2H+ NH4+ + NO2- N2 + 2H2O 2NH4+ + 1.5O2 N2 + 3H2O + 2H+
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Trn c s cn bng khi lng t th nghim nui cy lm giu vi k thut m lin tc (SBR) c tnh n s sinh trng sinh khi, phn ng anammox c xc nh vi cc h s vi t lng nh sau (Strous v cng s, 1999): NH4+ + 1.32NO2- + 0.066HCO3- + 0.13H+ 1.02N2 + 0.26NO3- + 0.066CH2O0.5N0.15 + 2.03H2O Trong , s to thnh lng nh nitrate t nitrite c gi thit l sinh ra cc ng lng kh khi ng ha CO2. Phng trnh ny c chp nhn rng ri cho phn ng anammox khi tnh ton v gii thch. Mt trong cc vn l cc vi khun anammox sinh trng rt chm (thi gian nhn i hn 10 ngy), nn vic nui cy, phn lp gp nhiu kh khn. Tuy nhin, nh vo k thut phn tch DNA, vic pht hin trc tip trn mu bn thi v nh danh cc vi khun anammox c thc hin thun li. Mt s c im sinh l ca vi khun anammox c bit c th hot ng trong khong nhit t 20 n 430C (ti u 400C), pH 6,4-8,3 (ti u pH 8,0). iu kin ti u, tc tiu th c cht ring cc i l 55mol NH 4+-N/g protein/pht. i lc vi cc c cht amoni v nitrit rt cao (hng s i lc di 10 mM). p dng anammox vo x l nit (ch yu l nit amoni), v nguyn tc hoc l cn b sung nitrit vo, hoc l chuyn ho mt na amoni ban u thnh nitrit ri chnh nitrit sinh ra phn ng vi phn na amoni cn li. Hng th hai chnh l nguyn l cho cc ng dng thc t ca anammox. Nh vy, cc cng ngh x l nit mi s bao gm nitrit ho bn phn theo sau l anammox. 1.5.3. SHARON v qu trnh kt hp SHARON - Anammox SHARON (Single reactor system for Hing-rate Ammonium Removal Over Nitrite) l cng ngh x l nit mi, l mt l phn ng loi b amoni tc cao qua nitrrit. Qu trnh Sharon l h thng nitrat ha ph hp vi nc thi c nng amoni cao (> 0,5mg/l). Trong qu trnh ny, 50% amoni b chuyn thnh nitrat nh s c mt ca oxy. Tnh kim ca nc thi b vo cho qu trnh axit ha (Jetten v cng
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s, 1997). Qu trnh Sharon chn lc cho cc vi khun oxi ha amoni pht trin nhanh vt qua vi khun oxi ha nitrat ha: NH4+ + HCO3- + 0.75 O2 0.5 NO2- + CO2 + 1.5H2O Da vo c im l nhit cao (trn 300C), cc vi khun oxy ho amoni (AOB) s sinh trng nhanh hn cc vi khun oxy ho nitrit (NOB), v vi khun phn nitrit trong iu kin thiu oxy c kh nng chuyn nitrit thnh kh nit. Do s khc bit trong t l tng trng ca cc loi vi khun nhit nn h thng ny cn chn thi gian lu thy lc (HRT) ngn v vn hnh nhit cao cho NOB b ra tri khi b phn ng v qu trnh oxy ho amoni ch dng nitrit. Mehtanol c dng lm ngun carbon cho kh nitrit [31]. B phn ng SHARON l mt dng b iu nhit khuy trn u, vn hnh nhit 30 - 400C; pH t 7,0 n 8,0 v HRT 1,5 ngy. B c vn hnh theo cc chu k 2 gi gm 80 pht hiu kh (nitrit ho) v 40 pht k kh (kh nitrit).
Dng vo
Dng ra
Kim Ngun C
Thng kh
Hnh 1.9. S phn ng SHARON
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Hnh 1.10. Qu trnh kt hp SHARON - Anammox Sau , SHARON c s dng ch vi chc nng nitrit ho kt hp vi anammox thnh mt qu trnh x l hai giai on [24]. So vi h thng nitrit ho - kh nitrat truyn thng, qu trnh SHARON - Anammox tit kim 50% nhu cu oxy v 100% nhu cu b sung ngun carbon hu c. quy m th nghim, h thng x l kt hp ny t c hiu qu chuyn ho 80% amoni thnh kh nit vi ti trng 1,2 kg-N/m3/ngy. n nay, c cc trm SHARON qui m ln x l nit trong nc tch ra t phn hy bn k kh c lp t v vn hnh chu u, H Lan nh Utrecht (1997, 900 kg-N/ngy); Dokhaven-Rotterdam (1999, 850 kg-N/ngy),...(Van Kempen et al,2004). Tt c cc trm ny u s dng cng ngh nitrit ho-kh nitrit. 1.5.4. CANON CANON (Completely autotrophic nitrogen removal over nitrite) l qu trnh loi nit hon ton t dng qua nitrit [23]. u tin, b phn ng kiu SBR c np bn anammox v vn hnh iu kin k kh vi nc thi tng hp cha c amoni v nitrit. Sau , oxy c cung cp nng gii hn pht trin cc vi khun nitrit ho vi nc thi tng hp ch cha amoni v khng cha nitrit. Kt qu l khong 85% nit amoni c chuyn ho thnh kh nit v 15% cn li thnh nitrat. Phn tch mu bn CANON bng k thut lai hunh quang ti ch (FISH - Fluorescence In Situ Hybridisation) pht hin s c mt ca cc vi khun AOB thuc chi Nitrosomonas v vi khun oxy ho amoni k kh tng t planctomycete [31]. T , c ch vn hnh
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ca CANON c gi thit l s kt hp phn ng nitrit ho bn phn v phn ng anammox trong cng mt b phn ng. Nghin cu chi tit cho thy rng bn CANON to thnh cc ht tp hp v cc vi khun AOB phn b pha bn ngoi, trong khi vi khun anammox th phn b bn trong cc ht ny. Cc ht tp hp c kch thc khc nhau c thnh phn vi khun AOB v anammox khc nhau. 1.5.5. OLAND OLAND (Oxygen-limited autotrophic nitrificationdenitrification) cng l mt h thng x l nit hon ton t dng, c tn y l h thng nitrat ho - kh t dng trong iu kin gii hn oxy [26]. Ban u, OLAND c pht trin trn h thng SBR (dung tch 4 lt), theo mt con ng gn nh ngc li vi CANON. Bn nitrat ho hot tnh (giu AOB v NOB) c cy vo b SBR vn hnh iu kin gii hn oxy v np nc thi tng hp cha 1000mg NH 4+-N/l (khng c carbon hu c) cc ti trng khc nhau. Sau mt thi gian, vi khun NOB c pht hin gim dn (c 107 ln ), s mt nit di dng kh N 2 xut hin v tng dn (4% vi ti trng 0,13kg - N/m3/d). C ch loi nit c gi thit do s oxy ho NH4+ thnh N2 bi NO2- vi mt enzyme tng t hydroxylamine oxidoreductase (HAO) ca vi khun nitrat ho thng thng. 1.5.6. Cng ngh b USBF Cng ngh lc dng ngc bn sinh hc USBF (Upflow Sludge Blanket Filter) c thit k da trn trn m hnh ng hc x l BOD, nitrate ho (nitrification) v kh nitrate ha (denitrification) ca Lawrence v McCarty. Ln u tin c gii thiu M nhng nm 1900 sau c p dng chu u t 1998 tr li y. Tuy nhin, hin nay trn th gii m hnh ca Lawrence v McCarty c p dng kt hp trn nhiu dng khc nhau ty thuc vo c im ca mi nc. Cng ngh ny cha c s dng Vit Nam, mc d cng ngh bn hot tnh c s dng nh mt cng ngh kinh in trong cng tc x l nc thi ph bin nc ta.
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Hnh 1.11. Cng ngh b USBF Nghin cu s dng m hnh cng ngh USBF x l nc thi th, l cng ngh ci tin ca qu trnh bn hot tnh trong kt hp 3 qu trnh Anoxic, Aeration v lc sinh hc dng ngc trong mt h thng x l nc thi. y chnh l im khc vi h thng x l bn hot tnh kinh in, thng tch ri ba qu trnh trn nn tc v hiu qu x l thp. Vi s kt hp ny s n gin ha h thng x l, tit kim vt liu v nng lng chi ph cho qu trnh xy dng v vn hnh h thng. ng thi h thng c th x l nc thi c ti lng hu c, N v P cao. M hnh c thit k nhm kt hp cc qu trnh loi b carbon (COD, BOD), qu trnh nitrat ho/kh nitrat v qu trnh loi b dinh dng (N v P). Nc thi c loi b rn, sau c bm vo mng chy trn thu nc u vo cng trn ln vi dng tun hon bn. Hn hp nc thi v bn hot tnh chy vo ngn thiu kh. Ngn ny c vai tr nh l ngn chn lc thiu kh (Anoxic Selector) thc hin hai c ch chn lc ng hc (Kinetic Selection) v chn lc trao i cht (Metabolism Selection) lm tng cng hot ng ca vi sinh vt to bng nhm tng cng hot tnh ca bng bn v km hm s pht trin ca cc vi sinh vt hnh si gy vn bn v ni bt. Qu trnh loi b C, kh nitrat v loi b P din ra trong ngn ny. Sau ,
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nc thi chy qua ngn hiu kh nh khe h di y ngn USBF. y oxy c cung cp nh cc ng cung cp kh qua mt my bm. Nc thi sau ngn hiu kh chy vo ngn USBF v di chuyn t di ln, ngc chiu vi dng bn lng xung theo phng thng ng. y chnh l cng on th hin u im ca h thng do kt hp c lc v x l sinh hc ca chnh khi bn hot tnh. Phn nc trong c x l pha trn chy trn vo mng thu nc u ra. Mt phn hn hp nc thi v bn trong ngn ny c tun hon tr li ngn thiu kh. 1.5.7. Cng ngh x l nit trong nc thi bng MBR Cng ngh x l nc thi bng mng MBR (Membrance Bioreactor) c nghin cu v ng dng ti Hoa K v mt s nc pht trin, nhng Vit Nam cng ngh ny mi ang c nghin cu. Vit Nam va thnh cng trong nghin cu dng b sinh hc mng vi lc (MBR) x l nit, amonia trong nc thi. Chic b ny c thit k nh mt chic b lng bn hot tnh thng thng nhng bn hot tnh sinh trng l lng c kt hp vi cng ngh lc mng nhm tch hai pha rn lng u ra [7]. V th, nng bn duy tr c rt cao, thi gian lu bn ko di t hiu qu ti u trong vic kh nit v amoni. H thng b sinh hc MBR theo thit k c 2 kiu: kiu t ngp mng MBR vo trong b v kiu t ngoi. Vi kiu t ngp, mng MBR hot ng bng cch ht hoc dng p lc; vi kiu t ngoi, mng MBR hot ng theo nguyn tc tun hon li b phn ng p sut cao. B sinh hc mng MBR c th ph hp x l rt nhiu loi nc thi khc nhau nh nc thi sinh hot, nc thi th, nc thi nh my, nc r rc, nc thi thy hi sn...
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CHNG II: VT LIU V PHNG PHP

2.1. Nguyn liu 2.1.1. Vi sinh vt Chng vi sinh vt phn lp t t, ngun nc thi sinh hot, nc mt, nc thi ca nh my sn xut thc phm v bn hot tnh ca h thng x l nc thi v c gi ging trn mi trng thch nghing, thc hin ti phng th nghim sinh hc - Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng, i hc Bch Khoa H Ni. Bn c s dng trong h thng x l nc thi sinh hot c ly t cc b sinh hc hiu kh vn hnh n nh cc h thng x l nc thi c tnh cht tng t. 2.1.2. Ho cht Cac hoa cht c s dung Merk (c), Anh, Trung Quc, Vit Nam co tinh khit cao. 2.1.3. Thit b Cc thit b v trng, kh trng: Ni kh trng Hymalayama HV. T sy (Nht bn). Cc thit b nui cy v gi ging: T cy, t nui, t lnh, my lc. Kinh hin vi quang hoc Olimpus Nht. Cn in t Adam Anh. May o quang Lamda 35 (Perkilermer). May ly tm Heititech c. May o pH Eutech 1500. My thi kh v o DO. My ph mu Hach. B ph mu v chng ct Kjeldahl. B xc nh BOD (Oxitop).
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Ngoi ra cn cc dng c khc nh: Micropipet, pipet thu tinh, bnh tam gic cc loi, ng nghim, cc thu tinh, ng ong.... 2.2. Phng php nghin cu 2.2.1. Phng php phn lp vi khun Chng ti s dung phng phap truyn thng trong phn lp vi khun. Cac vi khun nitrat thng c phn lp t mi trng t hoc nc, vic phn lp cac chung vi khun nay tng i kho khn, cac hoa cht s dung cho qua trinh phn lp co tinh khit cao. tao iu kin thun li cho vi khun phat trin mi trng s dung cho phn lp la mi trng Winogradsky I v II, thanh phn nh sau: Winogradsky I Winogradsky II Thnh phn Khi lng (g) Thnh phn Khi lng (g) (NH4)2SO4 2 NaNO2 1 K2HPO4 1 K2HPO4 0,5 MgSO4 0,5 MgSO4 0,3 FeSO4 0,4 FeSO4 0,4 NaCl 2 NaCl 0,5 H2 O 1 (l) H2O 1(l) CaCO3 hay MgCO3 1 NaHCO3 1 pH 8,0 pH 8,3 8.8 Aga 2% Aga 2% Bng 2.1. Thnh phn mi trng phn lp vi khun nitrate ha Trong qua trinh phn lp vi khun nitrit ngi ta nui cy t hoc nc vao mi trng dich th Winogradsky I, nui tng sinh 300C trong 120h, sau o ly mt giot mi trng ay cy truyn sang binh khac. Lam nh vy 2 n 3 ln. Pha long mu v ly 0,1 ml cy trang u ln mi trng Winogradsky thch aga phn lp vi khun . Nui nhit 30oC trong thi gian 48h - 240h. La chn nhng khun lc c hnh thi khc nhau, cy ria ln mi trng thch mi. Lm nh vy t 3-4 ln thu
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c vi khun thun khit. Cui cng cy truyn vo ng thch nghing, sau bo qun lnh 40C thc hin cho vic nghin cu tip theo. 2.2.2. Phng php xc nh kh nng sinh trng ca vi sinh vt 2.2.2.1. Phng php o c (OD) Sinh trng c theo di bng phng php o mt t bo vi bc sng 620 nm trn my so mu. Kt qu OD cho ta bit c ca canh trng nui cy vi sinh. Dng phng php ny cho php ta so snh c lng sinh khi gia cc dch canh trng. y l phng php n gin, cho kt qu nhanh nhng kt qu ch mang tnh so snh gia cc mu c mi trng tng t nhau. 2.2.2.2. Xc nh s lng t bo bng phng php pha long ti hn v nui cy trn mi trng thch Mu cn xc nh s lng c lc u dng pipet v trng ht 1ml dch cha vi sinh vt cho vo ng cha 9 ml dung dch mui sinh l (NaCl = 0,85%) v trng, trn u. Ht tip 1 ml dch ng nghim trn cho vo ng nghim th hai cng ng 9 ml dch nc mui sinh l. Mi ln ht truyn sang ng nghim l ta pha long 10 ln, chnh xc thay u pipt sau mi ln pha long. Pha long n nng thch hp tu theo mt vi sinh vt mu. Sau khi pha long ht 0,1 ml dch pha long nng thch hp cho vo a mi trng thch tng ng. chnh xc mi nng nn gt 3 a m s khun lc. Dng que gt v trng gt u trn b mt thch.
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Hnh 2.1. Qu trnh to dy pha long mu Nui cy nhit thch hp v theo di trong vng t 24 72 h. m s lng khun lc vi khun trn tng a v tnh theo cng thc: CFU/ml(g) = a.K / V Trong : CFU- Conoly forming unit. a: S khun lc trung bnh xut hin trn cc a thch c cng pha long. V: Th tch dch pha long c cy gt trn mt thch. K: pha long ca dch c nui cy. S lng khun lc c m mt s nng khc nhau v c s a lp li (t nht 3 a) tng chnh xc. 2.2.3. Phng php xc nh hot tnh ca vi sinh vt Dch mi trng sau khi nui cy em ly tm 9000vng/pht/15pht. Ly phn dch trong xc nh hot tnh nitrat ho ca vi khun. 2.2.3.1. Phng php xc nh nitrit (NO2-) bng phng php trc ph hp th phn t. Nguyn tc:
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NO2- c xc nh qua hp cht azo mu hng c to thnh ti pH t 2 n 2,5 bng cch kt hp sulfanilamide (NH2C6H4SO2NH2) vi N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (NED dihydrochloride) (C12H16Cl2N2). o hp th bc sng = 543 nm. Ha cht Trong qu trnh phn tch, ch dng thuc th thuc loi phn tch v ch dng nc ct khng cha nitrit. Thuc th Ha tan 10g sulfanilamide (NH2C6H4SO2NH2) trong 800 ml nc v 100 ml axit H3PO4 85%. Sau khi ha tan hon ton sulfanilamide, thm vo 1 g N-(1-naphthyl)ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (C12H16Cl2N2). Trn u ri nh mc thnh 1(l). Dung dch n nh trong vng 1 thng nu c gi lnh trong chai ti mu. Dung dch nitrit chun Dung dch nitrit chun 1 mg/l c pha t dung dch gc c nng 1000 mg/l. Dung dch chun c pha trc khi s dng. Cch tin hnh Dng ng chun Ly vo bnh nh mc 25 ml ln lt cc th tch 0; 1; 2; 5; 10 ml dung dch nitrit chun lm vic 1 mg/l ri nh mc bng nc ct n vch. Thm vo mi bnh 1 ml thuc th NED ri lc u. n nh mu sau 10 pht ri so mu trn my UV-VIS bc sng 543 nm Phn mu th Th tch phn mu th ln nht l 25 ml. Lng mu ny thch hp cho vic xc nh nng nitrit ti = 0,4 mg/l. Phn mu th nh hn c th c s dng xc nh nitrit c nng cao hn. Nu mu th nghim c cha cc cht l lng, th phi lc qua mng lc 0,47 m hoc ly tm trc khi ly phn mu th . Xc nh
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Dng pipet chuyn phn mu th c ly vo bnh nh mc dung dch 25 ml. nh mc n vch ri thm 1 ml thuc th NED, lc u dung dch. mu n nh mu sau 10 pht, o hp th ca dung dch bc sng 543 nm vi cuvt c chiu di ng quang 10 mm.. Mu trng Tin hnh th mu trng nh mu th nhng thay phn mu th bng 25 ml nc ct khng cha nitrit. Mu chun Chun b mu chun vi nng gia khong xc nh ca ng chun hoc vi nng thng gp nht khi phn tch cc ch tiu ny Tnh ton kt qu Da vo ng chun tnh ra hm lng NO2- -N (g) trong mu phn tch. Ly gi tr ny chia cho th tch mu ly phn tch c kt qu nng NO 2--N (mg/l) ca mu phn tch. 2.2.3.2. Xc nh NO3- bng phng php ct kh cadimium Nguyn tc NO3- b kh gn nh hon ton thnh NO2- vi s c mt ca Cd. Cd trc khi s dng cn c x l bng CuSO4 v nhi vo ct. NO2- sau c xc nh bng cch diazo ha bng axit sunfanilamide v cho kt hp vi N-(1-naphthyl)-ethylendiamin dihydrochloride to thnh hp cht azo c mu hng o bng my so mu. loi tr nh hng ca s c mt NO2--N c sn trong mu cn tin hnh phn tch khng qua cng on kh bng Cd. Khong xc nh ca phng php l t 0,01 n 1,0 mg NO3-/l. Phng php ny c bit thch hp khi hm lng NO3--N trong mu phn tch nh hn 0,1 mg/l. Dng c v thit b th nghim Ct kh: cu to gm 2 phn: - Pipet bu 20ml ( b phn on ng trn bu).
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- Phn ng nha gn vo pipet c lp thm b phn iu chnh tc cui ng. My so mu bc sng 543 nm Ha cht Ht Cu-Cd Ra 25g Cd (ht) bng HCl 6N ri trng li bng nc. Thm 100ml dung dch CuSO4 2% v khuy trong 5 pht n khi mu xanh ca dung dch nht i. Gn b dung dch ri lp li (tip tc cho dung dch CuSO4 ri khuy) n khi xut hin kt ta dng keo mu nu. Ra li bng nc loi b kt ta Cu. Ha cht - Dung dch NH4Cl EDTA (A): ha tan 13 g NH4Cl v 1,7 g EDTA trong 900 ml nc. iu chnh pH ca dung dch n 8,5 bng dung dch NH4OH ri nh mc n 1000ml. - Dung dch NH4Cl EDTA (B): ly 300 ml dung dch A, thm nc ct thnh 500 ml dung dch. - Dung dch HCl 6N (HCl 1:1) - Dung dch CuSO4 2%: ha tan 20 g CuSO4.5H2O trong 500 ml ri nh mc thnh 1000 ml. - Thuc th Trong qu trnh phn tch, ch dng thuc th thuc loi phn tch v ch dng nc ct khng cha nitrit. + Ha tan 10 g sulfanilamide (NH2C6H4SO2NH2) trong 800 ml nc v 100 ml axit H3PO4 85%. Sau khi ha tan hon ton sulfanilamide, thm vo 1 g N-(1naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride (C12H16Cl2N2). Trn u ri nh mc thnh 1(l). Dung dch n nh trong vng 1 thng nu c gi lnh trong chai ti mu.
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+ Dung dch nitrat chun gc: Sy kh mui KNO3 nhit 1050C trong 24 gi. Ha tan 0,7218 g trong nc nh mc thnh 1000 ml, thm 2 ml CHCl3 bo qun; 1 ml = 100 g NO3--N. Dung dch n nh t nht 6 thng. + Dung dch nitrat lm vic: Pha long 100 ml dung dch nitrat gc thnh 1000 ml vi nc ct, bo qun bng 2 ml CHCl3; 1ml = 10g NO3--N. Dung dch n nh trong 6 thng. - Cc dung dch ha cht phn tch NO2-- N. Phng php Chun b ct kh Nhi mt t si thy tinh vo y ct ri y nc vo ct. Trong khi gi ct y nc cho ht Cu-Cd vo ct vi chiu di phn cha ht Cu-Cd l khong 18,5 cm. Lun gi mt mc nc pha trn ct trnh bt kh trong ct. Ra ct bng 200ml dung dch B (NH4Cl - EDTA long). Hot ha ct bng cch cho chy qua t nht 100ml dung dch hn hp 25% dung dch chun 1mg NO 3--N/l v 75% dung dch NH4Cl - EDTA (dung dch A) vi tc 7 10 ml/pht. X l mu v phn tch - Loi b cn l lng bng cch lc mu qua giy lc 0,45m. - iu chnh pH = 7 9 bng HCl hoc NaOH ( m bo c pH khong 8,5 khi thm dung dch NH4Cl EDTA). - Kh mu: ly 25ml mu (hoc mu c pha long thnh 25ml), thm 75ml dung dch NH4Cl EDTA (A) ri trn u. Cho hn hp mu chy qua ct vi tc 7 10 ml/pht. B qua phn dung dch ban u, thu 25ml phn dung dch sau vo bnh nh mc. - Trong vng 15 pht sau khi thu c mu, cho 1ml thuc th phn tch ri o trn my so mu bc sng 543nm sau 10 pht nhng khng lu hn 2 gi.
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Lu : Khng cn phi ra ct gia cc mu khc nhau. Trong trng hp khng dng ct ngay trong vi gi hoc lu hn, ly 50ml dung dch NH 4Cl - EDTA (A) cho chy qua ct mt phn, mt phn gi li trong ct, khng ct b kh. Lp ng chun S dng dung dch nitrat lm vic chun b cc im dung dch chun trong khong 0,05 n 1,0 mgNO3--N/l bng cch ly cc th tch 0,5; 1,0; 2,0; 5,0 (ml) vo bnh nh mc 100ml ri nh mc n vch. Tin hnh kh ri so mu mu chun chnh xc nh lm vi mu. Tnh ton kt qu Xy dng ng chun, da vo ng chun tnh ra hm lng NO2--N trong mu kh. Nu nh NO2--N khng c tch ra khi mu trc khi phn tch th kt qu thu c l tng hm lng ca N- NO2- v N-NO3-. xc nh ring nng N-NO3cn xc nh nng N-NO2- trong mu trc ri tr i gi tr ny. 2.2.4. Mt s phng php xc nh cc thng s mi trng nc 2.2.4.1. Xc nh pH Nng pH c xc nh bng my o pH. 2.2.4.2. Xc nh nng oxy ho tan (DO) Nng oxy ho tan c xc nh bng my o DO (Insitu - M). 2.2.4.3. Phng php xc nh nhu cu oxy ho hc (COD). Nhu cu oxy ha hc ca nc l lng oxy cn thit oxy ha hon ton cc hp cht hu c c trong nc bng cht oxy ha mnh: Cht hu c + O2 CO2 + H2O Nguyn tc un mu th vi lng kali dicromat bit trc (c mt ca thy ngn (II) sunfat v xc tc bc sunfat) trong axit sufuric c trong khong thi gian nht nh, trong qu trnh mt phn dicromat b kh do s c mt cc cht c kh nng b oxy ha. Chun l-
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ng dicromat cn li bng st (II) amonisunfat. Tnh ton gi tr COD t lng dicromat b kh. C ch phn ng Hu ht cc hp cht hu c b oxy ha bi hn hp si ca bicromatkali v axit sunfuric c vi xc tc l Ag2SO4
H Cht hu c + Cr2O72- Cr3++H2O
+
(Cr2O72-+14H+ + 6e Cr3+ +14H2O) Phn ng c tin hnh 1500C trong khong 2 gi, trong mi trng H2SO4c vi xc tc l Ag2SO4. Lng K2Cr2O7 bit trc s gim tng ng vi lng cht hu c c trong mu. Lng K2Cr2O7 cn li sau phn ng s c nh phn bng dung dch FAS 0,025N. Lng cht hu c b oxy ho c tnh bng lng O2 tng ng thng qua lng K2Cr2O7 b kh. Lng oxy tng ng ny chnh l COD. Ha cht - Axit sufuric Thm 5,5 g Ag2SO4 v 33,3 g HgSO4 vo 1 kg H2SO4 m c dng a khuy u n khi tan ht( ch an ton) - Dung dch chun Bicromatkali 0,25N Cn 12,259 g K2Cr2O7 sy kh 1050C trong vng 2 gi. Dng nc ct nh mc thnh 1000 ml. - Cht chun Potassium hydragen phthalate (KHP) Sy kh ha cht 1050C ti khi lng khng i. Ha tan 425 mg KHP bng nc ct v nh mc thnh 1 lit. Dung dch ny c nhu cu oxy ha hc l 500 mg O2/l Dung dch chun st (II) amoni sunfat (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O (FAS) 0,025N.
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Ha tan 9,8 g (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O trong nc ct. Thm 2 ml axit sufuric c lm lnh dung dch v pha long thnh 1 lt. Dung dch ny cn c chun li hng ngy bng cch: ly 1ml dung dch K2Cr2O7 0,25 N cho vo bnh tam gic 100 ml c lm lnh sau cho t t 3 ml H2SO4 c. Cho vo bnh 1 git ch th Feroin lc u. Chun dung dch ny bng FAS. Mu ca dung dch chuyn t xanh sang nu th dng li Nng ca FAS c tnh theo cng thc:
N FAS = V1 .0,25 V2
Trong : V1 : V2 : Th tch ca K2Cr2O7 0,25 N (ml) Th tch FAS tiu tn khi chun (ml)
- Cht ch th Feroin: Ha tan 1,5 g 1,10 - phenalthrolin C12H8N2. H2O v 0,7 g FeSO4.7H2O vo nc ct v nh mc thnh 100 ml. Dung dch ny bn trong vi thng nu c bo qun trong chai ti. Cch tin hnh Ly vo ng un dung dch c 16x 100ml, 1ml dung dch chun Bicromatkali 0,25N v 3ml dung dch acid sunfuric b sung Ag2SO4 .Ht chnh xc 2ml mu cho vo ng (Ch pha long sao cho mu cn phn tch c hm lng COD 700 mg/l) y np li v lc u ng cha mu, trnh hin tng nng cc b. t ng nghim vo bp un 150 20C trong 2 gi. Sau khi un xong, lm ngui n nhit phng. Chuyn dung dch trong ng vo bnh nn 100 ml. Trng k bng nc ct, b sung mt git ch th Feroin v tin hnh chun bng dung dch FAS 0,025 N. Mu ca
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dung dch s chuyn t xanh sang nu im cui ca qu trnh chun . Tin hnh ng thi vi mu trng v mu cha Potassium hydragen phthalate (KHP) (i vi mu trng thay 2 ml mu phn tch bng 2 ml nc ct. i vi mu chun KHP thay bng 2ml dung dch KHP pha trn c hm lng ph hp vi mu cn phn tch). Tnh kt qu phn tch
CO = D (V1 V2 ) xNx 8 x1000 xK Vm
Trong : V1 : trng, ml V2 : ml N: 8: Vm: K: Nng ca FAS dng chun ng lng phn t gam ca oxy Th tch mu em phn tch, ml H s pha long Th tch dung dch FAS tiu tn khi chun mu th, Th tch dung dch FAS tiu tn khi chun mu
2.2.4.4. Xc nh nhu cu oxy sinh ho BOD5 Nhu cu oxy sinh ha BOD l lng oxy cn thit vi sinh vt oxy ha cc cht hu c c kh nng phn hu sinh hc. Ly mu v bo qun Trong khong thi gian t lc mu c ly n khi phn tch, mu nc c th phn hu ng k dn n gi tr BOD ca mu gim dn. V vy tt nht l phn tch mu ngay sau khi ly. Trong trng hp khng phn tch c ngay cn gi lnh mu nhit ng bng nhng cng ch trong vng 24 gi. a mu v 200C trc khi phn tch.
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B o BOD bng Oxitop * Cu to:

-
Thit b khuy t lm vic in p 230V/50Hz hoc 120V/60Hz. Chai mu ti c th tch 510ml. Cc con t Sensor BOD ng cao su cha vin NaOH tinh th hp th CO2 Cc bnh nh mc th tch mu Qu trnh mu c tin hnh trong h kn. Vi sinh vt s dng O 2 trong
* Nguyn tc hot ng: qu trnh phn hu lm lng O2 gim dn, ng thi kh CO2 to thnh trong qu trnh phn hu b hp th vo cht kim mnh lm p sut trong chai gim dn. S gim p sut c chuyn qua mt b vi x l trong sensor v chuyn thnh gi tr BOD tng ng. X l mu Trung ha mu: dng dung dch NaOH 1N (hoc c hn) hoc H2SO4 1N (hoc c hn) iu chnh pH ca mu v khong 6,5 7,5. Th tch axit hoc baz cho vo khng nn vt qu 0,5% th tch mu. Cn thit c th dng dung dch c hn. Nc thi sinh hot thng thng khng cha cc cht c ng thi c cc cht dinh dng v vi sinh vt thch hp nn c th ly phn tch ngay m khng cn b sung vi sinh vt v cht dinh dng. Do khng cn phi x l mu tc l c th dng b o oxitop xc nh BOD m khng cn phi pha long mu. Cch tin hnh
Chn th tch mu: Th tch mu ly ph thuc vo khong gi tr BOD ca mu (xem bng). Gi tr BOD ca mu c c on qua gi tr COD.
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Thng thng BOD = 80%COD. Da vo gi tr ny ly th tch mu tng ng bng cc bnh nh mc sn c. H s 1 2 5 10 20 50
Th tch mu (ml) Khong BOD (mg/l) 432 0 40 365 0 80 250 0 200 164 0 400 97 0 800 43,5 0 - 2000 mu nc vo chai mu. Cho con khuy t vo.

t ng cao su ln ming chai. Cho vo ng cao su 2 vin NaOH. Ch khng c NaOH ri vo mu.
Vn cht sensor vo chai.

Bm ng thi phm S v M trn sensor, khong 2 giy th mn hnh xut hin 00. iu ny ngha l cc gi tr nh trc b xo sch. Gi chai trn thit b khuy t trong t 20oC trong 5 ngy. Mun xem gi tr BOD ca tng ngy, bm phm S (bn tri). Bm phm M xem gi tr BOD tc thi. Kt qu BOD5 (mg/l) = D H s x H s pha long D: s hin trn sensor BOD sau 5 ngy.
2.2.4.5. Xc nh cht rn l lng (SS) Nguyn tc Dng my lc chn khng hoc p sut lc mu qua giy lc. Sy giy lc 1050C lng cn c xc nh bng cch cn Thit b, dng c Bm chn khng lc chn khng Giy lc bng xanh loi c ng knh ph hp
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Phu lc s hoc thu tinh Bnh ht m, cht ht m tm ch th mu T sy c kh nng duy tr nhit 1050C 20C Cn phn tch c th cn vi chnh xc 0,1 mg Panh gp giy lc Nn ly mu vo bnh trong sut (trnh ly y bnh lc
Ly mu v x l mu cho tt) Cn phn tch cht rn l lng cng nhanh cng tt sau khi ly mu, nn phn tch trong vng 4 gi. Nu khng kp phn tch th phi gi mu 40C trong ti, khng c mu ng lnh, khng thm g vo mu khi lu gi. Cch tin hnh Ly mu khi t bo qun ( t0 40C ), mu t nhit Sy giy lc trong t sy 1050C kh n khi lng khng i. phng Cn giy lc vi chnh xc 0,1mg trn cn phn tch. Sy giy lc lp li n khi hao khi lng ca giy lc < 0,3 mg t giy lc trong bnh ht m, trnh bi bn v hi nc t giy lc vo phu ca thit b lc, mt nhn xung di v Ly lng mu sao cho cn kh trn giy lc ph hp vi gii khi lbm vo giy ni thit b vi my bm chn khng ng ti u cho vic xc nh. khong 5 mg n 50 mg thng ly khong 100 ml mu. kt qu c gi tr lng cn kh cn t ti thiu l 2 mg. Lc mu, trng ng ong v xung quanh phu lc
46
CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
bng nc ct vi lng xc nh. Tho b ngun chn khng khi thy giy lc kh. Cn thn g giy lc ra khi phu bng panh gp ph hp, gp giy lc b vo t sy 1050C trong vng 1 n 2 gi, ly giy lc ra khi t sy cho vo bnh ht m khong 1 pht, cho giy lc cn bng vi khng kh xung quanh ri cn. Lp li qu trnh sy v cn cho ti khi khi lng giy khng i ( m = 0,3 mg). Lm cng vi mt mu trng, nu dng 100ml mu em phn tch, trng giy lc v phu bng 20ml nc ct th ta dng 120ml nc ct em lc i vi mu trng, sau x l nh vi mu phn tch. Tnh ton Hm lng cht rn l lng X trong nc tnh bng mg/l c tnh theo phng trnh sau X = 1000.(a-b)/Vmu X: a: b: V: Hm lng cht rn l lng trong nc, mg/l Khi lng giy lc trc khi lc, tnh bng mg Khi lng giy lc sau khi lc, tnh bng mg Th tch mu em phn tch Hm lng cht rn l lng trn thc t SS = x + SS0 Trong : a0: b0: SS0 = (b0 - a0)/Vmu Khi lng giy lc trc khi lc mu trng, tnh bng mg Khi lng giy lc sau khi lc mu trng, tnh bng mg. Nit Ken-dan: l hm lng nit hu c v nit amoniac trong mu c xc nh sau khi v c ho.
2.2.4.6. Xc nh tng nit Kjeldahl
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CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
N khng bao gm nit nitrat v nitrit v khng nht thit bao gm nit lin kt vi cc hp cht hu c. Nguyn tc V c ho mu to amoni sunfat. T amoniac c gii phng, c ct v tip theo l chun . Chuyn cc hp cht nit trong mu th thnh amoni sunfat bng cch v c ho vi axit sunfuric c cha lng ln kali sunfat tng im si ca hn hp v c selen lm xc tc1). Gii phng amoniac t amoni sunfat bng cch thm kim v chng ct vo dung dch axit boric / ch th. Xc nh amoni trong phn ct bng cch chun vi axit chun. Cng c th xc nh ion amoni bng trc quang 655nm. Thuc th Trong phn tch ch dng cc thuc th tinh khit phn tch v nc khng cha amoni. - Axit clohidric, d = 1,18g/ml - Natri hidroxit, khong 500g/l - Axit clohidric, dung dch tiu chun 0,02mol/l Pha ch dung dch ny bng cch pha long axit clohidric (dung dch tiu chun 0,02mol/l) v nh chun bng phng php thng thng. C th dng dung dch chun c bo m trn th trng. - Dung dch axit boric/ ch th Ho tan 0,5 0,1 metyl vo khong 800ml nc ri pha long thnh 1 lt trong ng ong. Ho tan 1,5 0,1g xanh metylen vo khong 800ml nc ripha long thnh 1 lt trong ng ong.
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CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
Ho tan 20 1g axit boric (H3BO3) trong nc m. ngui n nhit phng. Thm 10 0,5ml dung dch metyl v 2,0 0,1ml xanh metylen (5.7.2) ri pha long thnh 1 lt trong ng ong. - Hn hp xc tc Cnh bo - Hn hp ny c. Trnh ht th phi bi hn hp khi chun b hoc khi s dng. Tt c phn cn cha selen cn thu gp thu hi selen hoc thi b c gim st. Trn k 1000 20g kali sunfat vi 10,0 0,2 selen bt th. - bt Thit b, dng c Mi dng c thng thng trong phng th nghim v cc thit b, dng c sau: Bnh Ken-an, c thit k c bit, c dung tch cho phn mu th nhng khng qu 500ml.

Chng phi c cu to thch hp ni trc tip vo my chng ct. My chng ct, c c nhm gn ng mao qun v mt ng sinh hn thng ng vi u ra nhng ngp vo dung dch hp th. Nu bnh Ken-dan khng ni trc tip c vo my ct th nht thit phi tch ring bnh ct.
Ly mu v bo qun mu Ly mu th nghim vo bnh polyetylen hoc bnh thu tinh. Mu ly xong cn phn tch cng sm cng tt, nu lu gi cn 2 - 5OC cho n khi phn tch. Axit ho mu n pH < 2 gip cho lu gi mu tt, nhng phi ht sc trnh mu axit ho hp th amoniac t khng kh. Cch tin hnh Phn mu th Nu bit s b hm lng nit ca mu, chn th tch phn mu theo bng . Bng chn th tch mu Nng nit Ken-dan CN, mg/l Th tch phn mu th(*), ml
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CNSH 2008-2010
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Cho n 10 10 - 20 20 - 50 50 - 100
250 100 50 25
(*) Khi dng dung dch chun axit clohidric 0,02mol/l chun . Cnh bo - Trong khi v c ho mu, cc kh c nh SO2, H2S v/hoc HCN c th sinh ra t cc mu nhim. Do cn phi tin hnh v c ho trong t ht. Ly phn mu th cho vo mt bnh Kendan (dng ng ong), thm 10ml axit sunfuric, 5,0 0,5g hn hp xc tc. Thm vi ht bt v un mnh dung dch trong bnh cho si nhanh. Phi tin hnh giai on ny trong t ht thch hp. Sau khi nc bay hi ht, khi trng bt u bc ln. Sau khi ht khi trng, dung dch trong bnh tr nn trong sut, khng mu hoc vng nht th tip tc un thm 60 pht. Sau v c ho, bnh ngui n nhit phng. Trong khi ly 50 5ml dung dch axit boric/ch th vo bnh hng ca my chng ct. Cn lu sao cho u mt ca ng dn ra t sinh hn phi nhng ngp vo dung dch. Thm cn thn 250 50ml nc ct khng cha N vo bnh v c ho cng vi ht bt. Sau dng ng ong thm 50ml dung dch natri hidroxit (500g/l) v lp ngay bnh vo my chng ct. un nng bnh ct sao cho tc chy vo bnh hng khong 10 ml/pht. Dng ct khi thu c khong 200ml bnh hng. Chun phn hng c n mu xanh tm bng axit clohidric 0,02mol/l v ghi th tch axit tiu th. Th hin kt qu Nng nit Ken dan, CN, tnh bng mg/l, c biu din bng cng thc
V1 V2 Vo
Trong :
C 14,01 1000
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CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
Vo : l th tch ca phn mu th , ml; V1 : l th tch ca axit clohidric tiu chun dng chun mu, ml; V2 : l th tch ca axit clohidric tiu chun dng chun mu trng, ml;
C: l nng chnh xc ca axit clohidric tiu chun dng chun , mol/l; 14,01: l khi lng nguyn t ca nit. 2.2.4.7. Xc nh amoni (NH4+-N) Nguyn tc ca php th: Amoniac trong mi trng kim phn ng vi thuc th Nessler (K2HgI4) to phc mu vng hay nu sm ph thuc hm lng amoniac c trong nc Ha cht: Nc ct khng c Amoniac: c th dng nc ct deion, nu khng c my ct nc deion th dng nc ct 1 ln thm 1 git Brom, yn 12 gi v ct li hai ln. Dung dch NaOH 6N: ha tan 240g NaOH trong 1l nc. Dung dch ZnSO4 5%: ha tan 5g ZnSO4 trong 100ml nc. Dung dch mui Natri Kalitartrat (KNaC4H4O6) 50%: Ha tan 50g mui trong 100ml nc ct, dung dch ny lu s c cn nn phi thng xuyn kim tra. Dung dch amoniac chun 1ml = 1mg NH3: Ha tan 3,1303g amoni clorid sy kh 100C trong 1gi trong bnh nh mc 1l vi 1 lng nc ct nh cho tan ht, sau cho nc ct n 1l. Dung dch amoniac lm vic 1ml = 100g NH3: pha long dung dch chun 10 ln. Cc bc tin hnh phn tch mu: Lp ng chun: Chun b dung dch chun NH3 lm vic (0,1mg/ml) v mt dy bnh nh mc 25 ml v cho ln lt cc dung dch theo th t sau: TT B1 B2 B3 B4 B5 B6
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CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
DD lm vic 1ml = 0,1mg Nc ct DD Kali Natritartrat Thuc th Nessler mg NH4+/25ml
0 25 0,5 2 git 0
0,1 24,9 0,5 2 git 0,01
0,3 24,7 0,5 2 git 0,025
0,5 24,5 0,5 2 git 0,05 2
1 24 0,5 2 git 0,1 4
3 21 0,5 2 git 0,25 10
Nng NH4+ mg/l 0 0,4 1 Lc u, sau 10 pht so mu bc sng 385nm nh lng:
Ly 100ml mu, thm 1ml Km sulfat 5%, 0,5ml NaOH 6N, lc u, yn 5 10 pht, li tm hoc lc mu ly phn nc trong. Ly V(ml) mu vo bnh nh mc 25ml (ty vo phn phn tch nh tnh mu ca phc cng m th lng mu cho vo cng t) ri ln nh mc n 25ml, thm 0,5ml Kali Natritartrat, thm 2 git thuc th Nessler, lc u, sau 10 pht em so mu trn my UV- VIS bc sng 385nm. Tnh kt qu: Da vo th ng chun, tnh ra hm lng NH4+ c trong V(ml) mu ly phn tch, tnh nng NH4+- N nh sau: [NH4+- N] = Trong :
a 14 V 18
(mg/l)
a l hm lng amoniac (g) V l th tch mu phn tch (ml) 14. l khi lng ca N 18. l khi lng ca NH4+
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CNSH 2008-2010
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CHNG 3. KT QU V THO LUN

3.1. Tuyn chn vi khun nitrat ho Cc chng vi sinh vt to ch phm x l nc thi sinh hot c hot tnh nitrat ho c phn lp t cc mu nc thi v bn hot tnh trn mi trng Winogradsky I v II ci tin. Kt qu phn lp c 31 chng vi khun c kh nng pht trin c trn mi trng Winogradsky I v II trong c 17 chng vi khun oxy ho amoni (NS) v 14 chng vi khun oxy ho nitrit (NB). Tt c cc chng ny c nui cy trong mi trng Winogradsky I v II lng trong iu kin nhit 30oC, thi gian 72h. Dch mi trng sau khi nui cy mt phn em o OD620nm, mt phn pha long sau cy truyn ln a thch xc nh
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CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
mt t bo, mt phn em ly tm 9000 vng/pht/15pht. Ly dch mi trng xc nh hot tnh chng. Sau khi xc nh hot tnh chng, chng ti tuyn chn c 6 chng vi khun nitrat ho c kh nng ng dng trong thc tin l NB3, NB5, NS1, NS7, NS12, NS15. Nhng chng vi khun ny dng nghin cu cho nhng th nghim tip theo.
NS7
NS1
NB3
Hnh 3.1: Hnh nh khun lc ca chng vi khun phn lp 3.2. Hoat tinh cua cac chung vi khun nitrat c tuyn chn. 3.2.1. Hot tnh nitrit ho. xc nh hot tnh oxy ho amon, cc chng vi khun phn lp trn c nui trong mi trng lng Winogradsky I cha 424 mg/l N-NH4+. Cc bnh c nui lc vi tc 150 vng/pht, nhit 30oC/72h. Song song chng ti lm th nghim vi mu trng khng cha vi sinh vt lm i chng. Hot tnh ca cc vi khun nitrit ho c xc nh bng hm lng N-NH4+ mt i hoc N-NO2- sinh ra trong mi trng nui cy. Hot tnh ca mt s chng vi khun oxy ho amon c trnh by hnh 3.2 .
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CNSH 2008-2010
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12 Nng N-NO2 sinh ra (mg/l) 10 8 6 4 2 0

T NS 1 NS 2 NS 3 NS 4 NS 5 NS 6 NS 9 NS 10 NS 11 NS 12 NS 13 NS 14 NS 15 NS 16 NS 17 NS 7 NS 8 M
chng vi khun
Hnh 3.2 . Kh nng kh amon ca cc chng vi khun phn lp. Hnh 3.2. cho thy 4 trn 17 chng vi khun nghin cu c kh nng oxy ho amon to nitrit mnh hn c, l chng NS1, NS7, NS12 v NS15, lng N-NO2sinh ra dao ng trong khong 8,90 9,75 mg/l N-NO2-, cn cc chng khc cng c hot tnh oxy ha amon nhng hot tnh khng cao t 4,00 n 5,93 mg/l N-NO2-. Do vy chng ti la chn 4 chng c hot tnh mnh hn phc v cho nhng nghin cu tip theo. 3.2.2. Hot tnh nitrat ho xc nh kh nng kh nitrit, cc chng vi khun c nui trong mi trng lng Winogradsky II cha 203mg/l N-NO2-. Cc bnh nui lc nhit 300C vi tc 150 vng/pht/72h. Song song chng ti lm th nghim vi mu trng khng cha vi sinh vt lm i chng. Hot tnh ca cc chng vi khun nitrat ho c xc nh bng hm lng N-NO2- mt i hoc N-NO3- sinh ra trong mi trng nui cy. Hot tnh ca cc chng vi khun oxy ho nitrit c trnh by hnh 3.3.
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CNSH 2008-2010
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200 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0

T NB 1 NB 3 NB 5 NB 7 NB 8 NB 9 NB 2 NB 4 NB 6 NB 10 NB 11 NB 12 NB 13 NB 14 M
Nng N-NO3 sinh ra (mg/l)
Chng vi khun
Hnh 3.3. Hot tnh ca cc chng vi khun oxy ho nitrit T kt qu trn hnh 3.3 cho thy cc chng vi khun phn lp c u c kh nng oxy ho nitrit, 2 trn 14 chng l cc chng NB3 v NB5 c kh nng oxy ha nitrit cao. Cc chng ny to ra lng N-NO 3- trong mi trng 172,13 n 179,76 mg/l. Trong s cc chng vi khun phn lp c c 2 chng NB2 v NB11 c kh nng chuyn ha nitrit km. Do , chng ti la chn 2 chng c hot tnh oxy ho nitrit cao l NB3 v NB5 thc hin cho cc th nghim tip theo. 3.3. Nghin cu mt s yu t mi trng nh hng n s sinh trng, pht trin v hot tnh ca vi khun nitrat ho Trong qu trnh kh nit lin kt trong nc c s tham gia ca c hai nhm vi khun nitrit ho v nitrat ho. Hai nhm ny c gi chung l nhm vi khun nitrat ho. c c s xy dng quy trnh k thut kh nit lin kt c hiu qu, cn nghin cu nh hng ca mt s yu t mi trng ln s pht trin v hot tnh nitrat ha ca cc chng vi khun tuyn chn. 3.3.1. nh hng ca nhit s sinh trng v hot tnh ca vi khun Nhit l yu t c tc ng n cc qu trnh sinh ha trong qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin ca vi khun. Ty tng loi vi khun m nhit c nh hng
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CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
khc nhau. tm ra nhit thch hp cho qu trnh sinh trng, pht trin v hot tnh ca cc chng tuyn chn chng ti tin hnh nui cy cc chng NS1, NS7, NS12, NS15 trn mi trng lng Winogradsky I cha 424mg/l N-NH4 v cc chng NB3, NB5 trn mi trng lng Winogradsky II cha 203mg/l N-NO2 cc nhit 20, 25, 30, 35, 400C, nui lc 150 vng/pht. Sau 72h, xc nh kh nng sinh trng bng phng php m khun lc, dch sau khi ly tm 9000vng/pht/15pht dng xc nh hot tnh nitrat ho. Bng 3.1. nh hng ca nhit n s sinh trng v hot tnh ca vi khun Nhit Chng NS1 NS7 NS12 NS15 NB3 NB5 NS1 NS7 NS12 NS15 NB3 NB5 NS1 NS7 NS12 NS15 NB3 NB5 NS1 NS7 NS12 NS15 ( C)
0
Kt qu kho st CFU/ml(x 106) 1,2 1,4 1,7 1,5 2,2 1,9 5,3 5,4 5,8 5,5 6,1 6,0 8,2 8,7 8,8 8,2 9,6 8,9 7,7 7,9 8,2 7,8 NO2-N (mg/l) 2,53 3,13 3,55 2,92 6,71 5,96 6,88 6,19 8,73 8,24 9,12 7,96 7,90 8,13 8,95 7,27 NO3-N (mg/l) 57,21 49,56 135,70 122,93 152,43 158,74 -
20
25
30
35
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CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
NB3 NB5 NS1 NS7 NS12 NS15 NB3 NB5

12 Mt t bo (x10 CFU/ml) 10 8 6 4 2 0 20
40
8,4 7,9 6,3 6,8 7,2 6,9 7,1 6,5
4,58 4,16 5,24 4,79 -
145,94 149,22
97,92 101,60
NS1 NS7 NS12 NS15 NB3 NB5
25
30 Nhit
35
40
Hnh 3.4. nh hng ca nhit ln tc sinh trng ca vi khun. Qua hnh 3.4. cho thy nhit c nh hng rt ln ti sinh trng ca cc chng vi khun nitrat ho c nghin cu. nhit 200C n 400C, tt c cc chng vi khun trn pht trin rt km, th hin mt t bo khng cao, chng t kh nng sinh trng ca cc chng ny thp. Trong khong 30oC n 35oC vi khun pht trin ti u. Qua bng 3.1. thy nhit cng nh hng n hot tnh oxy ho amon v nitrit ca cc chng vi khun nghin cu. 30 oC n 35 oC hot lc ca cc chng ny cng tt nht. Nh vy, s pht trin ca vi khun t l thun vi hot tnh ca chng trong di nhit ti u. Vi iu kin bin nhit ca nc thi sinh hot v nhit mi trng xung quanh th cc chng nghin cu hon ton c kh nng p dng trong thc t.
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CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
3.3.2. nh hng ca pH s sinh trng v hot tnh ca vi khun pH l yu t mi trng c tnh cht quan trng ging nh nhit . pH qu thp hay qu cao cng u nh hng n s sinh trng v pht trin ca vi khun. nghin cu nh hng ca pH n s sinh trng ca cc chng vi khun nitrat ho, tin hnh nui trong cc bnh tam gic 250ml cha 100ml mi trng Winogradsky I v II c iu chnh pH t 6 n 10. Gi tr ca pH c iu chnh bng HCl 1N hoc NaOH 1N. Sau 72h, kh nng sinh trng v hot tnh ca cc chng vi khun nitrat ho cc pH khc nhau c trnh by bng 3.2. Bng 3.2. nh hng ca pH s sinh trng v hot tnh ca vi khun Chng NS1 NS7 NS12 NS15 NB3 NB5 NS1 NS7 NS12 NS15 NB3 NB5 NS1 NS7 NS12 NS15 NB3 NB5 NS1 NS7 NS12 NS15 pH Kt qu kho st CFU/ml (x 106) 3,2 3,5 2,1 2,9 4,7 3,3 6,7 5,2 5,9 6,3 6,0 5,8 8,3 8,1 8,8 8,2 9,2 8,0 7,7 6,9 7,2 7,8 NO2-N (mg/l) 2,03 1,67 2,69 1,94 6,43 5,97 6,71 5,48 8,73 8,24 9,12 7,96 7,23 7,96 8,41 7,63 NO3-N (mg/l) 78,49 71,32 118,44 109,73 143,95 140,36 -
6,0
7,0
8,0
9,0
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CNSH 2008-2010
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NB3 NB5 NS1 NS7 NS12 NS15 NB3 NB5
10,0
7,4 7,9 2,5 2,7 2,4 2,0 2,3 1,6
2,43 1,05 1,96 2,01 -
138,27 131,00
45,22 39,06
10 9 Mt t bo (x10 CFU/ml) 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 pH 6 pH 7 pH 8 pH 9 pH 10 NS1 NS7 NS12 NS15 NB3 NB5
Hnh 3.5. nh hng ca pH ln tc sinh trng ca vi khun T hnh 3.5. v bng kt qu 3.2. cho thy iu kin pH thp (pH 6) hay cao (pH 10) hot tnh ca chng phn lp c l rt thp. iu kin pH ~ 8, s pht trin ca cc chng vi khun l rt tt v c s lng t bo cng nh v hot tnh, 3.3.3. Xc nh c im sinh trng va hoat tinh cua cac chung vi khun trong mi trng dich th theo thi gian. Cc chng vi khun nitrit ho c nui trong mi trng lng Winogradsky I cha 424 mg/l N-NH4+ , pH mi trng 8,0-8,3. Cc bnh nui lc nhit 30 oC 2 vi tc 150 vng/pht. C sau 24 gi ly mu mt ln, kim tra mt t bo bng phng php pha long, cy trn thch a, sau m s lng khun lc v hot tnh
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CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
chuyn ho N-NH4+ ca cc chng ny. Hot tnh nitrit ho c xc nh theo hm lng N-NH4+ mt i hoc N-NO2- sinh ra trong mi trng. Tng t i vi cc chng vi khun nitrat ho. Cc chng ny c nui trong mi trng lng Winogradsky II cha 203mg/l N-NO2-. Hot tnh nitrat ho c xc nh theo hm lng N-NO2- mt i hoc N-NO3- sinh ra theo thi gian. S tch lu sinh khi ca vi khun theo thi gian c trnh by bng 3.3. Kh nng oxy ho amon v nitrit cng c xc nh theo thi gian c trnh by trn bng 3.4. Bng 3.3. S sinh trng ca vi khun theo thi gian (n v CFU/ml) Gi 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 NS1 2,1x105 9,3x105 8,1x106 7,2x107 1,4x108 6,7x108 4,3x108 3,2x108 NS7 2,2x105 1,2x106 8,1x106 9,1x107 3,1x108 5,9x108 1,2x109 2,4x108 NS12 3,3x105 7,1x106 8,8x106 4,5x108 5,6x108 9,3x108 3,1x107 4,3x106 NS15 2,5x105 3,5x106 7,4x106 9,3x107 3,2x108 5,5x108 6,7x107 2,1x106 NB3 1,9x106 6,3x106 8,5x106 8,8x107 3,4x108 8,5x108 1,1x109 3,5x107 NB5 2,7x105 5,5x106 7,6x106 8,7x107 4,1x108 9,8x108 1,5x107 4,3x106
T bng 3.3. thy rng, c vi khun oxy ho amon v nitrit u t sinh khi cc i vo cc thi im 144h v 168h, sau sinh khi ca chng gim nhanh hay chm ty vo tng chng. Ta cng thy s pht trin sinh khi t bo gia cc chng gn ging nhau, mc tng sinh t bo trong mi trng nui cy u nhau. ng thi theo gii s tng sinh t bo chng ti cng theo gii qu trnh nitrit v nitrat ha ca cc chng trong 192h.
61
CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
Bng 3.4. Hot tnh ca cc chng vi khun theo thi gian Thi gian (gi) 24 48 72 96 120 144 168 192 NS1 N-NO2 (mg/l) 3,56 6,72 7,91 9,23 10,56 12,78 12,87 13,03 Hot tnh nitrit ho NS7 NS12 N-NO2 (mg/l) 2,56 5,73 8,36 9,53 11,72 13,13 14,86 14,97 N-NO2 (mg/l) 3,17 6,03 8,32 10,23 12,57 13,83 13,99 14,03 NS15 N-NO2 (mg/l) 2,97 5,55 7,63 9,24 10,94 12,34 12,45 12,82 Hot tnh nitrat ho NB3 NB5 N-NO3 (mg/l) 53,30 79,62 137,26 142,55 157,47 169,59 189,24 190,05 N-NO3 (mg/l) 45,29 69,22 128,76 133,55 147,87 164,38 167,47 169,35
T 2 bng kt qu trn cho thy, cc chng vi khun nitrat ho sau 192h (8

A
ngy) nui cy, mt t bo u tng dn v t mt cao nht vo ngy th 6 v th 7 (tu thuc vo chng), sau th thy mt t bo gim dn. Cng vi s tng sinh ca t bo vi sinh vt th hm lng N-NO2- v N-NO3- cng bt u tng dn. Cc ngy sau lng N-NO2- v N-NO3- vn tip tc tng, nhng s sai khc gia cc ngy th 7 v 8 khng ng k. Nh vy ta c th la chn thi gian sinh trng v to hot tnh ti u ca cc chng l sau 7 ngy nui cy p dng vo thc t trong qu trnh x l nc thi t hiu sut cao nht. Nh ni trn, vi khun ng vai tr quan trng hng u trong cc b x l nc thi. Do trong cc b ny chng ta phi duy tr mt mt vi khun cao tng thch vi lu lng cc cht nhim a vo b. iu ny c th thc hin thng qua qu trnh thit k v vn hnh. Trong qu trnh thit k chng ta phi tnh ton chnh xc thi gian tn lu ca vi khun trong b x l v thi gian ny phi ln cc vi khun c th sinh sn c. Trong qu trnh vn hnh, cc iu kin cn thit cho qu
62
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trnh tng trng ca vi khun (pH, cht dinh dng, nhit , khuy trn...) phi c iu chnh mc thun li nht cho vi khun. Trong nghin cu ny, chng ti ti u c mt s thng s mi trng cn thit cho qu trnh tng trng ca vi khun nitrat ho (pH = 8 8,3; nhit 30oC, thi gian sinh trng ti u 6-7 ngy), Nh vy trong qu trnh thit k chng ta phi tnh ton chnh xc thi gian tn lu ca vi khun trong b x l v cc iu kin ti u cc vi khun c th sinh sn c v cho hot tnh tt nht, 3.3.4. Kho st kh nng sinh trng, pht trin v hot tnh chng trn mi trng nui cy c b sung thm ngun dinh dng. Cao nm men l ngun dinh dng rt phong ph v chng cha cc vitamin nhm B cng nh ngun nit v cacbon nn l ngun dinh dng kh tt cho vi sinh vt sinh trng v pht trin. Chnh v vy m ti la chn b sung cao nm men vo mi trng nui cy tng sinh t bo vi khun. Cc chng vi khun nitrit ho c nui trong mi trng lng Winogradsky I cha 424mg/l N-NH4+ pH mi trng 8,0 v mi trng trn c b sung 1% cao nm men. Cc bnh nui lc nhit 30oC 2 vi tc 150 vng/pht. Sau 144 gi ly mu kim tra mt t bo v xc nh hot tnh chuyn ho N-NH4+ ca cc chng ny. Hot tnh nitrit ho c xc nh theo hm lng N-NH4+ mt i hoc N-NO2sinh ra trong mi trng nui cy. Kt qu th hin bng 3.5. Tng t i vi cc chng vi khun nitrat ho, cc chng ny c nui trong mi trng lng Winogradsky II cha 203mg/l N-NO2- , pH mi trng 8,0 v mi trng ny c b sung 1% cao nm men. Sau 144 gi ly mu kim tra mt t bo v c xc nh hot tnh nitrat ho theo hm lng N-NO2- mt i hoc N-NO3sinh ra trong mi trng nui cy. Kt qu th hin bng 3.6. Bng 3.5. Kh nng sinh trng v hot tnh chng vi khun nitrit ha Chng vi Mi trng Winogradsky I Mi trng Winogradsky I b sung
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khun NS1 NS7 NS12 NS15 CFU/ml (x 10 ) 5,9 5,1 8,7 4,5
8
NO2 N (mg/l) 11,71 12,53 12,52 11,97
1% Cao nm men CFU/m (x 109) NO2-N (mg/l) 1,3 17,37 1,5 18,62 1,9 18,87 2,7 18,42
Bng 3.6. Kh nng sinh trng v hot tnh chng vi khun nitrat ha Chng vi khun NB3 NB5 CFU/ml (x 108) 7,4 8,5 NO3-N (mg/l) 157,43 163,20 Mi trng Winogradsky II Mi trng Winogradsky II b sung 1% Cao nm men CFU/ml (x 109) NO3-N (mg/l) 2,1 172,28 2,9 179,67
T hai bng kt qu cho thy: vi mi trng c b sung thm 1% cao nm men th c hai chng vi khun nitrit v nitrat ha c kh nng sinh trng kh mnh v km theo hot tnh cng cao hn so vi mi trng khng b sung cao nm men. Nh vy, trong qu trnh nui cy to ch phm sinh hc sau ny, chng ta cn b sung thm cao nm men tng s lng t bo. 3.3.5. Th kh nng i khng ca vi khun Chng ti tin hnh th kh nng i khng ca vi khun th thy rng cc vi khun nghin cu khng c tnh i khng nhau. Th hin im cy tip xc gia chng ny vi cc chng khc vt cy vn mc bnh thng th ta kt lun chng khng c kh nng i khng nhau. 3.3.6. Th nghim ln men sn xut ch phm vi sinh vt Sau khi tuyn chn chng v xc nh mt s yu t nh hng n kh nng sinh trng, pht trin v hot tnh chng, chng ti tin hnh nui cy nhn ging to ch phm. Mi trng ln men ca chng vi khun c hot tnh nitrit ha l mi trng Winogradsky I c b sung 1% cao nm men v mi trng ln men chng vi khun c hot tnh nitrat ha l mi trng Winogradsky II c b sung 1% cao nm
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men. Cc chng c cng hot tnh c cy chung cng mi trng ln men. Cc bnh nui lc nhit 30oC 2 vi tc 150 vng/pht. Sau thi gian 7 ngy ln men chng ti xc nh c tng s vi khun nitrit ha l 2,2.109 CFU/ml v tng s vi khun nitrat ha l 2,8.109 CFU/ml. Chng ti tin hnh ly tm thu sinh khi cc chng v trn vi cht mang l cao lanh sao cho mt t bo trong ch phm t khong 1,2.1010 CFU/g. Ch phm c bo qun trong ti nilon v trng, ht chn khng v gi nhit lnh 2-6oC. Chng ti la chn cht mang l cao lanh v cht mang ny r tin, d kim, khng c hi, khng gy nhim ngun nc v theo nhiu ti liu th thy rng cc vi sinh vt c trn vi cht mang l cao lanh th c kh nng sng st cao v gi c hot tnh. 3.4. ng dng ch phm sinh hc x l nhim nc thi sinh hot phc v cho nghin cu ny, chng ti ly nc thi ti im nc thi ca nh n A15 HBK H Ni vo ng ng dn nc thi ca thnh ph nghin cu hiu qu x l ca ch phm sinh hc v ngun nc ny c nng nhim cao. 3.4.1. Kho st cc yu t nh hng n hot ng ca cng trnh x l nc thi hiu kh khi cha b sung ch phm sinh hc (hot ng gin on) Vi ngun nc thi u vo, ta cn phi xc nh mc nhim. Bng 3.7. : Thnh phn tnh cht nc thi sinh hot th Ngy ly mu (18/7/2010) Ch tiu pH Nhit COD BOD5 SS Tng P Tng N N-NH4+ N-NO2Phng php phn tch pH metter o nhanh PP chun Oxitop PP khi lng PP so mu PP Kjeldahl PP so mu PP so mu n v 0 C mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l Kt qu 7,0 28oC 427 280 269 4,42 56,6 19,3 0,095
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N-NO3PP so mu mg/l 0,074 Coliform PP ln men nhiu ng MPN/100ml 23.106 Ngun: Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng HBKNH 3.4.1.1. Cc yu t dinh dng v vi lng c phn ng sinh ha, nc thi cn cha hp cht ca cc nguyn t dinh dng v vi lng. l cc nguyn t N, S, K, Mg, Ca, Na, Cl, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Co, Zn, Cu... trong N, P v K l cc nguyn t ch yu, cn c m bo mt lng cn thit trong x l sinh ha. Hm lng ca cc nguyn t khc khng cn phi nh mc v chng c trong nc thi mc cho nhu cu ca cc vi sinh vt. c trng ca nc thi sinh hot l thng cha nhiu tp cht, trong khong 52% l cc cht hu c, 48% l cc cht v c v mt s ln vi sinh vt. Ngun nc thi nghin cu c xc nh thnh phn (bng 3.7.). Nh vy nc thi sinh hot c hm lng cc cht dinh dng kh cao, i khi vt c yu cu cho qu trnh x l sinh hc. Thng thng cc qu trnh x l sinh hc cn cc cht dinh dng theo t l sau: BOD5 : N : P = 100 : 5 : 1. Mt tnh cht c trng na ca nc thi sinh hot l khng phi tt c cc cht hu c u c th b phn hy bi cc vi sinh vt v 20-40% BOD thot ra khi cc qu trnh x l sinh hc cng vi bn [11]. Nh vy nc thi sinh hot th y khng phi b sung ngun dinh dng vo h thng x l. 3.4.1.2. Thi gian lu ca nc thi trong b phn ng u tin chng ti hot ha bn hot tnh v xc nh MLSS ca bn khong 10000mg/l. Vi ngun nc thi u vo c ch s BOD5 l 280 mg/l th cn phi b sung lng bn hot tnh sao cho t l F/M t c hiu qu x l. Th tch nc thi trong b aroten l 40(l), b sung thm 5(l) hn hp lng bn hot tnh c MLSS 10000mg/l, khi t l F/M t ~ 0,25 (kgBOD5/kg bn hot tnh.ngy).
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Ngun cung cp oxy c cp t my thi kh v nng oxy ha tan c xc nh bng my o DO, gi tr DO c duy tr khong 4,0 ~ 6,3 mg/l.
Hnh 3.6. H thng aroten ti PTN R&D INEST Th nghim c duy tr trong thi gian 8h, c 2h ly mu v lc qua giy lc kch thc l 47m ri phn tch mt s thng s BOD, COD, N, NH4+, NO2-, NO3-. Kt qu th hin trong hnh 3.7.
400 350 hm lng (mg/l) 300 250 200 150 100 50 0 0 gi 2 gi 4 gi Thi gia n (h) 6 gi 8 gi COD (mg/l) BOD5 (mg/l) Tng N (mg/l) NH4+-N (mg/l) NO2--N (mg/l) NO3--N (mg/l)
Hnh 3.7. Kh nng x l nc thi hiu kh aroten (gin on) theo thi gian Kt qu nghin cu ny cho thy cc ch s COD, BOD5, N, NH4+-N u gim dn theo thi gian. Ti thi im kho st l 6h th hiu sut x l ca COD l 86,3%;
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BOD5 l 85,0%; tng N l 57,7% v NH4+-N l 38,2% v lng NO2--N to ra 1,18 mg/l, lng NO3--N to thnh t 3,89 mg/l. Sau thi gian x l 6h th cc ch s trn c gim nhng khng nhiu. Cc ch tiu NO2--N, NO3--N c xu hng tng ln. Nh vy la chn thi gian ti u cho qu trnh x l cc hp cht hu c v ph hp vi thi gian nghin cu th la chn thi gian 6h l ph hp nht cho qu trnh x l.
9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 pH DO
Hnh 3.8. Kho st DO, pH theo thi gian Trong qu trnh kho st theo thi gian, gi tr pH v DO lun theo di th thy rng gi tr pH trong thi gian kho st c tng ln nhng khng ng k. iu ny cho ta thy qu trnh nitrat ha trong qu trnh x l xy ra yu. Gi tr DO ban u thp, sau thi gian sc kh th tng ln, nhng sau li gim xung ti thi im 5h, sau li tng ln. iu ny gii thch rng qu trnh DO gim l lc bn hot tnh hot ng mnh nht nn s dng hm lng oxy ha ta cao nht cho qu trnh oxy ha sinh hc, sau l qu trnh thoi ha ca bn do hm lng hu c, tc l ngun dinh dng gim nn nng oxy ha tan li tng ln. 3.4.2. X l nc thi sinh hot bng phng php hiu kh c b sung ch phm sinh hc
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Sau khi nghin cu tm c thi gian lu nc thi trong qu trnh x l hiu kh l 6h, chng ti thc hin th nghim tip theo trong cc bnh 1 lt. 3.4.2.1. Kho st hm lng b sung ch phm sinh hc Pha long ch phm v b sung vo bnh 1 lt c cha sn 800 ml nc thi sinh hot c bn hot tnh (MLSS t 1100mg/l) sao cho mt t bo vi sinh vt nghin cu b sung vo nc thi khong l 102 CFU/ml; 103 CFU/ml; 104 CFU/ml; 105 CFU/ml. Nc thi ny cng c xc nh mt s thng s sau khi lc qua giy lc kch thc l 47m. Ch sc kh l nh nhau (mt thit b sc kh c chia lm 4 nhnh, m bo cng sut nh nhau), gi tr DO o c khong 4 ~ 5 trong sut qu trnh x l. Sau 6h x l, nc x l lng, lc v xc nh mt s ch tiu COD, BOD5, tng N, NH4+-N, NO2--N, NO3--N, Kt qu x l sau 6h th hin trong biu 3.9. v 3.10.
40 0 30 5 Hm lng (mg/l) 30 0 20 5 20 0 10 5 10 0 5 0 0 uv o E 2C U l + F /m E 3C U l + F /m M t t b o E 4C U l + F /m E 5C U l + F /m C D(m /l) O g B D (m /l) O5 g
Hnh 3.9. Kh nng x l khi b sung ch phm sinh hc
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80 70 Hm lng (mg/l) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 u vo E+2 CFU/ml E+3 CFU/ml E+4 CFU/ml E+5 CFU/ml Mt t bo Tng N (mg/l) NH4+-N (mg/l) NO2--N (mg/l) NO3--N (mg/l)
Hnh 3.10. Kh nng x l khi b sung ch phm sinh hc Kho st cho thy rng khi mt t bo vi sinh vt b sung tng dn th c s chuyn dch nng NH4+, NO2- v NO3- trong nc thi. Nng NH4+ gim mnh t hiu sut x l kh cao, cn NO 2- v NO3- tng dn ln theo t l mt t bo b sung. mt t bo nghin cu b sung vo nc thi l 104CFU/ml th thy c s chuyn dch r rng nht, t hiu sut x l COD l 87,5%; BOD 5 l 85,4%; tng N l 59,2%; NH4+-N l 75,0% v lng NO2--N to ra 1,897 mg/l, lng NO3--N to thnh t 25,359 mg/l. Cn b sung mt vi sinh vt cao hn th s chuyn dch khng cao. Do , chng ti la chn b sung ch phm sao cho t mt t bo vi sinh vt l 104CFU/ml vo nc thi nghin cu cc th nghim tip theo. 3.4.2.2. Kho st s nh hng ca nng oxy ha tan trong qu trnh x l Qu trnh nitrat ha l qu trnh oxy ha sinh hc hiu kh, v vy oxy ha tan l mt yu t nh hng ln n s sinh trng pht trin v hot tnh ca vi khun nitrat. Theo Grady et. al. th qu trnh nitrat ha s b ngng tr khi gi tr DO trong mi trng thp hn 1mg/l. Mt khc, cc chi ph x l tp trung vo chi ph nng lng cho vic cp kh. Do vy vic xc nh gi tr DO l rt cn thit v hu ch cho h thng x l nc thi. Trong th nghim ny, chng ti nh gi s nh hng ca gi tr DO trong di t 1 ~ 5 mg/l. Cc thng s khc c c nh nh nhau trong 4
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bnh cha 800 ml nc thi sinh hot c bn hot tnh (MLSS t 1100 mg/l) v mt t bo nghin cu b sung vo nc thi l 104CFU/ml. Nc thi ny cng c xc nh mt s thng s sau khi lc qua giy lc kch thc l 47m. Sau 6h x l xc nh mt s thng s, kt qu c th hin trong hnh 3.11.
350 300 Hm lng (mg/l) 250 200 150 100 50 0 u vo DO ~ 1 mg/l DO ~ 3 mg/l DO ~ 4 mg/l DO ~ 5 mg/l COD (mg/l) BOD5 (mg/l) Tng N (mg/l) NH4+-N (mg/l) NO2--N (mg/l) NO3--N (mg/l)
Hnh 3.11. S nh hng ca nng oxy ha tan Kt qu c th hin trn hnh 3.10. cho ta thy rng gi tr DO < 3mg/l th hiu sut x l COD, BOD5, tng nit v NH4+ t yu cu khng cao. DO cao th x l t hiu qu cao hn, nhng cao hn na th hiu qu khng tng nhiu. Do vy, chi ph x l l thp nht m vn t yu cu th gi tr DO ~ 4 mg/l l ti u hn c. Hiu sut x l t COD l 84,1%; BOD5 l 83,3%; tng N l 54,7%; NH4+-N l 68,8%, lng NO2--N to ra 1,83 mg/l v lng NO3--N to thnh t 27,75 mg/l.
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Hnh 3.12. Nc thi trc v sau khi x l 3.4.2.3. Kho st s nh hng ca pH trong qu trnh x l pH mi trng nh hng trc tip n s sinh trng ca vi khun nitrat ha, v vy pH qu cao s dn n to ra lng amoni t do ln trong mi trng, amoni t do li l mt yu t c ch s sinh trng ca vi khun nitrit v nitrat ha. Tuy nhin, mi trng pH li qu thp cng s li lm tch ly s lng ln axit nitrit t do, y cng l yu t nh hng n s sinh trng v hot tnh nitrat ha ca vi khun. Ngoi ra, mi trng pH thp, tc l nng H+ cao cng s lm thay i trng thi cn bng ca phn ng nitrit ha.
NH4+ + OH- NH3 + H2O NH4+ + 2 O2 NO3- + 2 H+ + H2O
Trong phn ti u ha mi trng nui cy cng ch ra pH mi trng nui cy vi khun nitrat ha l 8 8,3. Nh vy, trong nghin cu ny chng ti xc nh s nh hng pH ln hot tnh nitrat ha ca bn hot tnh, gi tr pH c iu chnh trong khong pH 6,0 9, cc thng s khc khng thay i ging nh th nghim s nh hng nng oxy ha tan, ch sc kh c 4 bnh l nh nhau sao cho gi tr DO ~ 4 mg/l. Kt qu c hin th trong hnh 3.13.
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70 60 Hm lng (mg/l) 50 Tng N (mg/l) 40 30 20 10 0 u vo pH = 6 pH = 7 pH = 8 pH = 9 NH4+-N (mg/l) NO2--N (mg/l) NO3--N (mg/l)
Hnh 3.13. nh hng ca pH n hiu qu x l Qua biu trn ta thy mi trng pH thp hn 6 th qu trnh nitrat xy ra chm bi v c s thay i cn bng phn ng khi pH thp. Ti pH = 7 - 8 th kh nng x l NH4+-N t hiu sut 66,7% l ti u hn c, khi tng pH ln cao hn na th kh nng loi b amoni gim dn v qu trnh nitrat ha cng gim. Nh vy la chn pH ti u cho qu trnh x l nit v cho qu trnh nitrat ha l pH = 7-8 l hiu qu nht.
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CHNG 4. KT LUN VA KIN NGHI

1. Kt lun

a phn lp c 4 chung vi khun nitrit ha NS1, NS7, NS12, NS15 v 2 chung vi khun nitrat ha NB3, NB5. a nghin cu mt s iu kin anh hng n kha nng sinh trng v hot tnh cua cac chung mi phn lp: nhit nui cy ti u 30oC ; pH mi trng ti u 8-8,3; thi gian sinh trng v hot tnh ti u sau 6-7 ngy. Nghin cu mi trng nui cy khi b sung thm 1% cao nm men vo mi trng th thy kh nng sinh trng v hot tnh ca vi sinh vt mnh hn mi trng khng b sung cao nm men.
Th kh nng i khng ca 6 chng nghin cu thy khng c s i khng nhau.
th nghim ln men v to ch phm sinh hc dng bt vi cht mang l cao lanh, iu kin bo qun ch phm trong ti nilon v trng, ht chn khng v gi nhit lnh 2-6oC.
th nghim ng dng ch phm sinh hc trong x l nc thi sinh hot: Trong h thng x l nc thi sinh hot s dng bn hot tnh thng thng th
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tm ra c thi gian lu t hiu sut x l cao l 6 gi. Mt t bo b sung vo nc thi nghin cu l 104 CFU/ml, ch cung cp oxy ha tan (DO ~ 4 mg/l) v pH ca nc thi l 7-8 th hiu qu x l nit l ti u nht. 2. Mt s kin ngh cn c tip t nghin cu Th nghim ch phm sinh hc trn h thng pilot v thc t hin trng. Nghin cu iu kin bo qun ch phm t hiu qu x l trong thi gian di v t hiu sut cao. nh danh chng loi vi khun ang nghin cu.
TI LIU THAM KHO

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78
CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
PH LC
Bng 3.8 . Hot tnh ca cc chng vi khun oxy ho amoni STT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Chng vi khun MT NS1 NS2 NS3 NS4 NS5 NS6 NS7 NS8 NS9 NS10 NS11 NS12 NS13 NS14 NS15 NS16 Lng N-NO2- sinh ra (mg/l) 1,63 8,90 5,63 4,67 4,91 5,58 4,73 9,18 4,60 5,21 5,93 4,83 9,75 5,70 4,79 8,90 5,51
79
CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
17
NS17
4,00
Bng 3.9. Hot tnh ca cc chng vi khun oxy ho nitrit STT 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Chng vi khun MT NB1 NB2 NB3 NB4 NB5 NB6 NB7 NB8 NB9 NB10 NB11 NB12 NB13 NB14 Hm lng N-NO3- sinh ra (mg/l) 16,18 119,07 40,03 172,13 137,76 179,76 158,43 150,87 140,05 146,92 141,63 59,57 128,85 101,88 133,18
80
CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
Bng 3.10. nh hng ca nhit ln kh nng sinh trng v hot tnh ca vi khun NS7 NS12 NS15 NB3 NB5 6,8 7,2 6,9 7,1 6,5 4,16 5,24 4,79 -
40
97,92 101,60
81
CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
Thi gian (gi) 24
NS1 N-NO2(mg/l) 3,56
Hot tnh nitrit ho NS7 NS12 N-NO2 (mg/l) 2,56 N-NO2(mg/l) 3,17
NS15 N-NO2 (mg/l) 2,97
Hot tnh nitrat ho NB3 NB5 N-NO3 (mg/l) 53,30 N-NO3 (mg/l) 45,29
48 6,72 5,73 6,03 5,55 79,62 69,22 72 7,91 8,36 8,32 7,63 137,26 128,76 96 9,23 9,53 10,23 9,24 142,55 133,55 120 10,56 11,72 12,57 10,94 157,47 147,87 144 12,78 13,13 13,83 12,34 169,59 164,38 168 12,87 14,86 13,99 12,45 189,24 167,47 192 13,03 14,97 14,03 12,82 190,05 169,35 Bng 3.12. Kh nng x l nc thi bng phng php hiu kh (aroten gin on) theo thi gian Thi gian (h) 0 gi 2 gi 4 gi 6 gi 8 gi COD (mg/l) 343 271 153 47 39 BOD5 (mg/l) 260 240 139 39 28 Tng N (mg/l) 69,3 57,2 49,2 29,3 28,5 NH4+-N (mg/l) 42,9 39,4 35,3 26,5 27,4 NO2--N (mg/l) 0,079 0,081 0,194 1,259 1,776 NO3--N (mg/l) 0,311 0,324 0,656 4,201 5,193
Bng 3.13. . Kh nng x l nc thi bng phng php hiu kh khi b sung thm ch phm sinh hc Ch phm b sung u vo 8.105 CFU/ml 8.106 CFU/ml COD (mg/l) 343 49 47 BOD5 (mg/l) 260 40 39 Tng N (mg/l) 69,3 29,7 28,9 NH4+-N (mg/l) 42,9 28,5 14,5 NO2--N (mg/l) 0,079 1,740 1,864 NO3--N (mg/l) 0,311 10,675 22,342
82
CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
8.107 CFU/ml 8.108 CFU/ml
43 42
38 35
28,3 27,8
10,7 7,2
1,976 2,140
25,670 28,154
Bng 3.14. nh hng ca DO n kh nng x l nc thi bng phng php hiu kh c b sung ch phm sinh hc COD u vo DO ~ 1 mg/l DO ~ 3 mg/l DO ~ 4 mg/l DO ~ 5 mg/l (mg/l) 327 299 112 52 40 BOD5 (mg/l) 245 230 87 41 32 Tng N (mg/l) 62,5 61,2 49,2 28,3 21,5 NH4+-N (mg/l) 43,9 41,5 31 13,7 10,5 NO2--N (mg/l) 0,089 0,112 1,283 1,92 2,731 NO3--N (mg/l) 0,401 0,571 9,657 24,564 28,154
Bng 3.15. nh hng ca pH n kh nng x l nc thi bng phng php hiu kh c b sung ch phm sinh hc Tng N (mg/l) NH4+-N (mg/l) NO2--N (mg/l) u vo pH = 6 pH = 7 pH = 8 pH = 9 62,5 36,7 27,3 27 31,9 43,9 29,8 18,5 14,6 17,2 0,089 2,71 2,074 1,873 1,392 NO3--N (mg/l) 0,401 15,320 22,387 25,539 19,23
83
CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
Hnh 3.14. nh ly mu nc thi sinh hot ti nh n A15 HBK H Ni
84
CNSH 2008-2010
MC LC
2.2.4.6. Xc nh tng nit Kjeldahl ............................................................................47 3.2. Hoat tinh cua cac chung vi khun nitrat c tuyn chn.............................................54 3.2.1. Hot tnh nitrit ho...................................................................................................54
DANH MC CC K HIU, CC CH VIT TT

AOB NOB BOD5 COD TSS MLSS DO WHO TCCP UASB MBR : ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Vi khun amoni ha) : nitrite-oxidizing bacteria (Vi khun nitrit ha) : Biochemical oxygen Demand (5 days) (Nhu cu oxy sinh ha) : Chemical Oxygen Demand (Nhu cu oxy ha hc) : Total suspended solids (Tng cht rn l lng) : Mixed Liquor Suspended Solids (Hm lng sinh khi) : Disolved oxygen (Oxy ha tan) : T chc Y t th gii : Tiu chun cho php : Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (B bn k kh ngc dng) : Membrane bioreactor (Mng phn ng sinh hc)
CNSH 2008-2010
DANH MC CC BNG
CNSH 2008-2010
DANH MC CC HNH V TH
LI CAM OAN
Ti xin cam oan ti: Nghin cu, ci thin hiu qu cc qu trnh chuyn ha phn hy cc hp cht nito trong cc h thng x l nc thi sinh hot th do PGS.TS. Nguyn Vn Cch hng dn l ti thc hin, khng sao chp ca bt k tc gi hay t chc no trong v ngoi nc. Ti xin chu ha ton trch nhim v ni dung trnh by trong lun vn!
H Ni, ngy 20 thng 10 nm 2010 Hc vin
CNSH 2008-2010
L Th Hng
LI CM N
Em xin chn thnh cm n ti Thy PGS.TS. Nguyn Vn Cch cng ton th cc thy c trong Vin Cng ngh Sinh hc v Thc Phm to mi iu kin thun li v hng dn em rt nhit tnh chu o em hon thnh kha hc ny! Em cng xin chn thnh cm n ti tp th cn b Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng, HBK H Ni to iu kin thun li v gip em lm vic v nghin cu ti Vin trong qu trnh hc tp! Cui cng em xin chn thnh cm n ti gia nh v bn b em to iu kin, gip v ng vin em rt nhiu em hon thnh kha lun ca mnh!.
H Ni, Ngy 20 thng 10 nm 2010
CNSH 2008-2010
Hc vin
L Th Hng
CNSH 2008-2010

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Nghiên cứu, cải thiện hiệu quả quá trình chuyển hoá phân hủy các hợp chất nitơ trong các hệ thống xử lý nước thải sinh hoạt đô thị

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Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

CHNG 1: TNG QUAN

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

Hnh 1.1. nhim nc ti sng T Lch

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

Tng cng: NH4+ + 2 O2

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

Dng ra Bm Dng vo Mng

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

Hnh 1.3. Hnh minh ha mng t ngp trong b phn ng

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

NO2- + O2 N2 + CO2 + H2O

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

CH4 + CO2 CH4+2CH3COOH +C2H5COOH+2H2O+CO2

Giai on I Thy phn v ln men

Giai on II To axid acetic, H2

Giai on III Sinh CH4

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

NO 2NO N2O NH 3 N-N R-NH 2

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

2NH4+ + CO2 + 2OH-

2NO2- + 2H2O + 4H+ + sinh khi

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

NO3- + Sinh khi

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

NO2- Nitritereductases NO Nitrieoxidereductase N2O Nitrousoxidereductase N2

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

Qu trnh loi b nit

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc

Trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni

Lun vn Thc s khoa hc