I HC NNG LM THNH PH H CH MINH KHOA CNG NGH THC PHM

CNG NGH SAU THU HOCH CHUI

GVDH: ThS. Phan Th Lan Khanh SV : Nguyn Th Ngc Thun

MSSV : 09148161 Lp : DH09DD

1. Mc ch:

Theo n quy hoch pht trin rau qu v hoa, cy cnh n nm 2010, tm nhn 2020 ca B Nng nghip v Pht trin nng thn, chui c nhiu a phng chn lm cy trng ch lc. Theo ng V Mnh Hi, Vin trng Vin Nghin cu rau qu Trung ng, chui l loi cy trng c gi tr kinh t cao. Hng nm kim ngch xut khu ca Vit Nam sang Trung Quc chim t l ln v khng b cnh c ma, mt gi. Chui c th c coi l cy ch lc m cc tnh nn quan tm. Xc nh cy chui l mt trong nhng cy n qu mang li gi tr kinh t cao, cho thu nhp quanh nm, vn u t t nn ngi dn tp trung m rng din tch trng. V mt trong nhng im cha mnh ca chng ta chnh l cng ngh sau thu hoch chui. em li sn phm c gi tr cao v bo qun c lu hn na cn c mt cng ngh hin i hn na.

2. Yu cu: Cn cho thy cc c im ca sn phm (chui) Qu trnh chn v h hng. iu kin thch hp cho vic bo qun chui Cc phng thc sau thu hoch chui. 3. Ni dung:
A.Gii thiu

B. S tng trng ca chui v mt s ch trc thu hoch C. Tiu chun cht lng D. Ch s thu hoch E. Nhng iu cn lu khi thu hoch F. Vn chuyn n nh kho G. Quy trnh ng gi ti nh kho H. Sp xp v lu tr I. Nhng yu cu chn ca chui sau thu hoch

A. Gii thiu: H Chui (danh php khoa hc: Musaceae) l mt h thc vt mt l mm bao gm cc loi chui v chui l. Cc nghin cu so snh gn y v th ht v chui gen cng vi cc ng dng php miu t theo nhnh a ra s phn loi mi, nhng vn hi mu thun theo b ca cc thc vt c hoa. Tuy nhin b Gng (Zingiberales) cho n nay l b duy nht chu nh hng nh bi cc nghin cu ny. Chi Musa c miu t ln u tin bi nh thc vt thi k tin Linnaeus l Georg Eberhard Rumphius nhng v hnh thc th n ch c thit lp trong ln xut bn th nht ca tc phm Species Plantarum ca Linnaeus nm 1753-tc phm l ranh gii gia cc tc phm thi k tin-Linnaeus v hu-Linnaeaus. Khi vit Species Plantarum, Linnaeus ch bit c mt loi chui, khi ng c c hi nhn thy n trong vn knh ca George Clifford gn Haarlem H Lan. Loi "in hnh" ca chi ny, Musa paradisiaca L. da trn Musa Cliffortiana L. v c cng b nm 1736, v mt k thut l tn gi "tin-Linnaeus" ca Linnaeus. Musa paradisiaca thc ra khng phi l mt loi, m l mt loi cy lai m ngy nay bit l gia Musa (nhm AAB) chui l 'Php' hay Musa x paradisiaca L. m Linnaeus la chn sai lm t tn loi cho mt cy lai phc tp, v n l nn tng ca nhiu s ln xn trong phn loi hc ca chi ny m vn khng c gii quyt trn vn cho n thp nin 1940 v 1950. Cho n tn nm 1862 th Musa l chi duy nht trong h ny. Nm 1862, Horaninow miu t Ensete nhng chi ny khng nhn c s cng nhn rng ri cho n khi Cheesman sa li vo nm 1947. Tnh trng ca chi Musella vn cn c mt s im gy mu thun. Musella lasiocarpa c xoay trn trong khi phn loi, u tin n c cho vo chi Musa, sau vo chi Ensete v mt ln na quay ngc tr li chi Musa trc khi a v i din duy nht cui cng ca n c tha nhn, t nht l bi mt s hc gi vo nm 1978. c im chung h Chui

C to, thn c cn hnh, l ln, mc xen. C phc hoa dng gi to thnh bung chui tn ngn. C rt nhiu hoa trong mt bung, c th ln ti 19 ngn hoa Hoa sp thnh hai hng to thnh ni chui. Cc hoa c nm ni trn ngn (ngn ca bung), cn gn cng ca phc hoa (gc ca bung) l hoa lng phi. Hoa c 5 tiu nhy, bu non 3 tm b to thnh 3 bung, mi bung c nhiu tiu non. Vi nhy duy nht vi num hnh chy. Tri l ph qu. Tri khng ht gi l trinh qu. B. S tng trng ca chui v mt s ch trc thu hoch Chui l mt loi qu c nh t ph h hp v c th pht trin trong nhiu loi t v c bit hiu qu trong t su vi t tht hay nhng kt cu st (t trn t st), n c th pht trin mnh cao 1,5 n 1000 m trn mc nc bin v cho qu ngt hn ti 600 m v cao hn. Mt trng c th c t 1500-2000 cy/ha v c thu hoch 11-13 thng sau khi trng.Sau , mi 9 thng n c th cho tri tr li trong iu kin pht trin tt. Chui chu c khong pH t rng, nhng pH 6,5 l l tng nht cho s pht trin ca chng v yu cu cc cht hu c khng t hn 2,5 phn trm (300600 kg/h/nm ca Amoni sunfat hoc Amoni nitrat), 24 ppm vi Photpho, Kali 400-600 ppm v Canxi, Magi, Lu hunh pht trin tt, cng nh mt s vi cht dinh dng, ch yu l Bo, Mangan v Km. Chui cng pht trin tt trong khu vc c lng ma 7mm/ngy hoc 25-50 mm mi tun vi loi t thot nc tt, n khng th pht trin tt trong khu vc m t hay b lt lt. Chui c th chu c tc gi t 10 n 14 km / gi nhng trn 35 km / gi c th lm gim nng sut do l c chng b tc thnh nhng mnh nh. Cc k hn thu hoch Chui c th da trn cc ch s sau y:

a) C gc cnh hoc c hnh dng c bn ca qu. l lc chui nn c thu hoch khi pht trin c khong 3 / 4 hoc ton b giai on ty theo yu cu ca th trng b) tui sinh l ca qu da trn s tun t khi n hoa xut hin n khi trng thnh.Thu hoch Chui thng din ra vo bui sng th thch hp hn, ct thn cy t t khong mt phn ba t u Bung chui ri h xung cn thn. Gi phn cui ca

Bung trc khi n chm mt t. Sau ct cung, li khong 30 cm thn bung x l d dng. S thay i mu trong qu trnh chn ca chui Trong v tri chui xanh c hm lng chlorophyll kh cao t 12 n 13 mg/cm2hay 5090 mg/g v ti. Trong qu trnh chn chlorophyll trn v tri b phn hy l ra carotene (hm lng 9-14mg/g v ti) v cc xanthophyll c mu vng . Thng thng, hm lng carotene v xanthophyll t thay i trong sut qu trnh chn ca chui. Tc phn hy chlorophyll ca v chui ph thuc vo nhit mi trng. 1: Mu xanh l ti: khng c nh vng xut hin trn chui, thch hp cho vn chuyn ng di; x l ethylene 24-48 gi 20C 2: Mu xanh l sng: c nh vng xut hin trn chui nhng vn cn rt xanh, thch hp vn chuyn vi khong cch ngn; x l ethylene 12-24 h 20 C 3: Vng nh: chui c mu ng sang vng v c nh mu xanh l; thch hp phn phi nhanh. K t thi im ny, phng php X l ethylene tp trung khng cn pht huy hiu qu 4, 5, 6: mu vng: dnh phn phi trc tip cho ngi tiu dng 7:chn nu: xut hin nhng m nu Nu sau khi x l nhit 14C tng ln n 20C th s ngy t c mu 4 gim i mt na. Cc gi tr biu th c th thay i khc nhau ty thuc vo ging, nhit tht qu, tnh trng nng hc ca sn phm xem hnh t 1 7

Cc yu t nh hng trc tip n qu trnh chn ca chui iu khin qu trnh chn chui hay lm mt mu xanh ca chui gi da trn cc yu t: nhit , m , chn ca tri v nng ethylene. Nhit : cng h hp ca tri tng cao khi nhit ca mi trng bo qun tng. Cng h hp tng n gi tr cc i th lm cho tri chn hon ton. Do cn qun l nhit ca mi trng bo qun m bo ko di thi gian m cng h hp nh nht v hn ch cng lu cng tt qu trnh tin ti gi tr cc i ca cng h hp, bng cch h thp nhit bo qun n nhit ti hn trnh tn thng lnh gy ri lon sinh l. Nhit trn 30oC tht tri chn tt i trc qu trnh chuyn mu ca v tri, to ra sn phm tri xanh mm. m : y l yu t nh hng n tc bay hi nc trong tri. Mi trng c m thp th lm cho tri mt hi nc, nhanh chng ho v cc hot ng sinh l mt cn bng lm gim gi tr cm quan ca tri sau khi x l ln mu. Ngc li mi trng c m cao th kh nng mt nc thp nhng to mi trng cho cho vi sinh vt hot ng. chn ca tri: tri cn c thu hoch ng chn sinh l cc thnh phn sinh l, sinh ha trong tri y nhm to iu kin cho qu trnh x l c hiu qu v to tri c mu sc v cht lng sau x l. Nng ethylene: chui l loi tri c tng t pht h hp nn khi x l ethylene ngoi sinh c th lm tri chn nhanh r rt. Cng vi qu trnh chn ca tri, ethylene c sn sinh rt nhiu cc m t bo tht tri v c coi nh hoocmon gy chn. Do c th dng ethylene ngoi sinh nh l mt tc nhn thc y qu trnh chn nhanh ca tri. C. Tiu chun cht lng Tiu chun cht lng (tiu chun EU). Nhng tiu chun ny cp n cc loi thuc ging Musa (AAA) Spp, nhm ph Cavendish e Gross Michel. c im cht lng: 1. Cc c im yu cu ti thiu trc khi chn cho tt c cc loi chui cn phi:

 C mu xanh lc, xt mt giai on pht trin y th chui vn cha chn hon ton; cn c chm sc k cng, khng c k sinh trng, khng gp cc triu chng h hng, sch gc, khng d lng thuc, khng b bin dng, khng b nt hay c k h, khng c mi hi 2. Phn loi. Chui c phn thnh ba loi: i) Extra (loi c Bit): Chui khng c c bt k li, ngoi tr v khuyt tt nh (t hn 1 cm2 trn ton b mt) m khng nh hng n ton b bung chui hay nhng qukhc. ii) First (loi Mt): Tiu chun cng nh trn nhng chui c th c nhng hnh dng khuyt tt nh; thay i v nh (t hn 2 cm2) m khng nh hng n tht qu iii) Second (loi Hai): Chui phi m bo cc yu cu ti thiu nhng c th c cc khuyt tt hnh dng; hoc v try xc (t hn 4 cm2), cc khim khuyt khng c gy nh hng n tht qu o c v hiu chun kch thc (xem Hnh 1) c cc s o sau, ta cn phi xem xt s tng quan gia cc qu chui cng mt ni trc khi chuyn vo kho ng gi Chiu di chui: o (cm) chnh xc t gc n ngn Chiu rng chui: mt ct ngang gia chui (mm) Tiu chun chung: Chiu rng 27 mm. Chiu di: 14 cm. Tiu chun xut khu th trng: vi Chiu rng 31-39,5 mm (th trng Bc u); 32-38 mm (th trng a Trung Hi) v Chiu di: 19 cm Nhng trng hp sn phm c chp nhn cc sai st trong cht lng v kch c:

1.Cht lng i) Chui loi Extra: 5 phn trm trng lng hoc s qu ca Chui loi Mt ii) Chui loi Mt: 10 phn trm trng lng hoc s lng chui khng ph hp vi yu cu chun hoc cc yu cu ti thiu, nhng khng ln cc qu nhim su bnh hoc c nhng khuyt tt khng chp nhn c

2.Kch thc i vi tt c cc loi Chui, 10 phn trm s chui t hn 1 cm chiu di ca yu cu ti thiu (14 cm) th c chp nhn ng gi v trnh by 1. Tnh ng nht Mi bao b ch cha chui cng mt ngun gc,m bo cht lng v s lng. Phn c th quan st c ca chui trong hp phi i din cho ton b chui ca hp. 2. X l Cc chui phi c x l theo cch nh vy m bo vic bo v sn phm. Cc vt liu c s dng ng gi phi mi, sch s v khng c hi hoc cha nhng cht nguy him cho sn phm cng nh cho ngi tiu dng. Vic s dng giy hoc cc vt liu in tip xc trc tip vi tri cy phi l loi s dng c vi thc phm. Cc gi sn phm khng c c bt k d vt no khc. 3. Trnh by Sn phm bao gi phi cha khong gn mt ni hoc mt cm hay ti thiu l 4 qu vi nhau. Trong mi gi, mt cm chui thiu 1- 2 qu c th chp nhn nu chng b ct ra mt cch chnh xc, c ngha l dng vi con dao dng ct chui trc (tc l n c loi b v c khuyt tt sau khi kim tra ln cui). Trong mi gi, c th chp nhn nhiu hp vi 4-8 qu chui nhng ch c mt hp vi 3 chui, l sai st nh khng ng k. Nhng ghi ch trn nhn sn phm Mi gi phi c th hin trn cng v tr r rng, d c nhng thng tin sau: - Ngun gc - Loi sn phm ("chui", loi chui)

- Xut x sn phm - c tnh thng mi (th loi, trng lng tnh, min v max ca kch thc) D. Ch s thu hoch: Mt trong nhng tiu ch rt hu ch cho vic thu hoch qu s dng trong thng mi l tui ca bung chui sau khi xut hin trn cy (xut hin c th c nh ngha l lc hnh thi ni chui hon chnh c th nhn thy c u tin). Ch : a. nh du thn cy (nhnh, bung) bng dy ai mu theo tun tui. b. Bo v cc ni chui bng cch s dng cc mnh nha, giy hoc cc vt liu mm, khng mn, hay cc vt liu nh l (hnh 2) ( mt tui nht nh, cc ni trng thnh mi nhnh l khc nhau, nhnh gn cui s trng thnh hn so vi nhng nhnh u ngn). c. D ton trng thnh ca ton b bung bng cch s dng ni th 2 tnh t u ngn v o lng chiu di, chiu rng theo tiu chun phn C)

E. Nhng iu cn lu khi thu hoch: Trc khi ct c bung, cn dng ti nha bc cc ni trnh dy m vo sn phm. Mt ngi phi gi bung, ngi cn li th ct cung bung bng dao (dao i rngMachete).

 Ngi th 3 - ngi a bung ct i, phi cn thn dng mt tm chn mm khng n mn lt trn vai khi vc. Trnh m cy bm vo qu, nu b bm cch gii quyt tt nht l s dng Phn chua Nhm Sunfat Al2(SO4)3, nu khng c sn th cng c th s dng giy hoc khn vi lau kh. Khi chn b dnh m cy tr nn th rp v mn th khng nn tip tc s dng. Ch : phi s dng bao tay khi lm vic. F. Vn chuyn n nh kho: - Trnh s va chm gia cc ni st nhau bng cch lt vo nhng vt liu mm. - Khng chng cc ni ln nhau trnh gy p lc cho b mt - V tr t phi mm - Trnh di chuyn qua khu vc gh gh v nhiu l ln

Cc phng php vn chuyn n ni ng gi: - Bng cp treo - t trn vai hoc lng ca ngi khun vc. - t trn lng la c lt sn l kh. - Dng xe chuyn dng G. Quy trnh ng gi ti nh kho 1. Ct v ra Khi chuyn v kho ng gi, qu nn c kim tra y s lng v kch thc, nhc im, vt so, cn trng tn cng... Ch c nhng qu chui p ng y yu

cu cht lng mi c ng gi, nhng qu cht lng thp hn c th c gi sang x l v ch bin. NU C NC: c hai la chn. a) Bung (chui) c treo ln mc kim loi. Sau , tin hnh ra c bung bng cc tia nc b) a chui vo mt bn nc v tin hnh ra Tip theo s chuyn sang cc bn nc tip theo thc hin cng don ct Chui sau c ct thnh t 8-14 ni tnh t trn xung di (khong 16-18 qu trong mt ni). Trong qu trnh ct, nc rt cn thit bo v cc bung (chui) v lm sch chng. Lu : Trong bn th hai bt buc phi c mt loi thuc tr nm nh Thiabendazole v mt loi thuc phc hi, ty trng nh Nhm Sunfat (phn). Tng t nh vy, khong 75-125 ppm Natri Hypochlorite thng c cho vo nc gim sinh vt phn hy. Cng quan trng l lm y cho cc bn n 75 phn trm tng khi lng trnh nc trn. NU KHNG C NC: ct cc bung (chui) nh nhng trn mt b mt phng ph xp, mm, vt liu (ba cc tng, vi, l) v dng dao chuyn dng loi b phn tha, cc d vt bn ngoi (l, bi bn, vt bn) lm sch mt ct loi b m. Ch : cc vt liu dng lt cn phi c thay i thng xuyn 3. Phn loi

Ct chui t cc nii thnh nhng cm nh hn, lm gim lng m v t l thi, tng tnh thm m cho sn phm Nu m cao su kh loi b th ngm chng trong bn nc th hai trong khong 20 pht Cc loi thuc dit nm c ngh (Thiabendazole) nng c th c 400 ppm / pht (i vi EU) hoc 200 ppm (i vi Hoa K), v cht ty trng (Alum) 1 phn trm, c trong ngn th hai. Nc nn c thay i thng xuyn v cn phi kim tra cn thn nng dung dch ha cht c s dng Lm sch phn u vi dung dch thuc ty hoc dung dch thuc dit nm (nu nc

b khng c sn) ng gi cc cm chui ct trong cc hp bng giy hoc nha hoc bao b nilon theo mt dy chuyn nhiu ngi (xem hnh 4, 5 v 6) S dng cc loi chui cng tui ng gi cng mt lc trnh chn khng u sau khi x l ethylene.

H. Sp xp v lu tr iu quan trng l phi tnh ton hp l m bo hn s dng l ti u nht. Chui nn c lu tr xa ca ra vo, ca s, cc bc tng v phn t lnh hoc nng. Cc np thng cc tng nn c b i v dn kn ming thng bng nilon. iu ny ngn cn s sinh nhit trong thng cc tng kn. Thng phi c xp chng cho m bo thng hi y cho sn phm. Qu trnh chui chn ph thuc vo s hnh thnh m cao trong phng cha. y nh mt h qu Chui -Thng carton, thng s hp th nc v c th lm yu thnh hp v gy mt s vng chc ca h thng thng cc tng xp chng ln nhau. Do cn ch khng xp chng cc thng ln qu cao ( mc chun l xp khng qu 5 lp thng) Cn phi c mt h thng lm lnh m bo rng khch hng s nhn c nhng sn phm tt nht v ti nht. Bn cnh , c th d dng qun l chn ca cc l hng bng cch chia ra tng khu vc chn khc nhau ca sn phm. l phng php Lm lnh bng khng kh i lu cng bc.

I. Nhng yu cu chn ca chui sau khi thu hoch 1. Phng lm chn Trc khi chuyn cc thng sn phm vo phng lm chn, chng cn c t ni thong mt khng b nh hng xu bi nhit . Tng l sn phm s c kim tra mt ln na m bo p ng y cc chi tit k thut cht lng c thit lp. Mt thng trong l hng s c la chn ngu nhin tr thnh mu hp c kim tra v i din cho ton b l hng Nhng nhit ngu nhin ca qu c th xy ra trong qu trnh vn chuyn s c thc hin trong phng lm chn m bo rng khng c bin ng nhit bt li xy ra trong thi gian ny. Nu bin ng bt li c xy ra trong khong thi gian chn, sn phm cn phi phn chia thnh cc l hng khc nhau trong phng ty theo nhit bin i d dng phn phi n nhng ni c nhit khc nhau. Nhit ca chui nn c duy trong khong 13-17 C. trong mt phm vi c th kim sot c, khi chui trng thnh v sn sng bn, da trn Hnh 11. Nhu cu th trng v gi c s c mt s nh hng n vic iu chnh thi gian chn. Ngi qun l k thut cn phi xc nh mt ch cn bng gia cht lng ca chui nhu cu th trng gi c, to ra sn phm cht lng cho th trng v li nhun cho doanh nghip Nhng hp ng chui bng cc-tng s ht nc trong phng lm chn c m cao. Thnh hp s rt yu v gy h hi n sn phm hai hng di cng ca mt cm hp (pallet). V vy mt pallet ch nn c khng qu 5 thng xp chng ln nhau.

2. Yu cu chn Nhit x l: 20-25C; m tng i x l: 90-95 % (rt cao). X l Ethylene tp trung: 500-1000 ppm; Thng gi (s dng qut a khng kh tun hon trong phng) CH Nhit sn phm khng c di 13,5 C Cc pallet cn xp y v thng gi ng nht, to iu kin cho s cn bng nhit v ethylene trong phng 3. Kim tra Trc khi sn phm bt u chn: Kim tra nhit ca chui Kim tra cng tht qu Sau khi x l lm chn: Kim tra cng Kim tra lng ng
4. Xc nh lng ng v cng tht qu

a) Xc nh lng ng (bng khc x k) Chn 10 qu chui t mt hp trong tng gc ca phng chn /phng lu tr: tng s chui l 40 (ti thiu) B v Ct mng thnh ming 50g chui (t on gia), nn ct thnh nhng ming chui ng nht v khi lng v kch thc t lng chui trn vo mt ci ly v thm vo cng mt lng nc Trn chng vi nhau tht k c c mt hn hp ng nht i khong na gi v mi 10 pht khuy hn hp mt ln Sau na gi, lc ly dung dch v b mt hoc hai git dung dch hn hp ln khc x k Gi tr thu c chnh l nng ng trong sn phm

b) Xc nh cng (Thu k Penetrometer vi 8 u ng knh mm) Cng mt mu ca th nghim xc nh hm lng ng hoc mu khc ty B v chui t chui trn mt mt phng a My o xuyn kim Penetrometer theo chiu dc vo trong tht chui ln lt 3 im sau: hai u v gia qu Khi cc u penetrometer c vo tht qu th dng y vo c gi tr trn penetrometer chnh l cng ca tht qu.

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