Chuyen de Toan LTDH 2013

Cc chuyn
LUYN THI I HC
Bin son: Nguyn Minh Hiu
THPT Phan nh Phng
ng Hi
Thng 08 - 2012
O
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Copyright c 2012 by Nguyn Minh Hiu, All rights reserved.
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Nguyn Minh Hiu
2

Mc lc
Chuyn 1. Kho St S Bin Thin V V Th Hm S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1. Tnh n iu Ca Hm S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2. Cc Tr Ca Hm S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
3. Gi Tr Ln Nht V Gi Tr Nh Nht Ca Hm S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
4. ng Tim Cn Ca Th Hm S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
5. Kho St S Bin Thin V V Th Hm S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
Chuyn 2. Phng Trnh - Bt Phng Trnh & H Phng Trnh i S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1. Phng Trnh & Bt Phng Trnh Khng Cha Cn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2. Phng Trnh & Bt Phng Trnh Cha Cn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
3. H Phng Trnh i S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
4. Phng Trnh & H Phng Trnh Cha Tham S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
Chuyn 3. Phng Php Ta Trong Mt Phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
1. Ta Trong Mt Phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2. Phng Trnh ng Thng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3. Phng Trnh ng Trn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
4. Phng Trnh Elip. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
Chuyn 4. Cc Bi Ton Lin Quan n Kho St Hm S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1. Cc Tr Ca Hm S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2. Tng Giao Gia Hai Th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3. Tip Tuyn Ca Th Hm S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
4. Bin Lun S Nghim Phng Trnh Bng Th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
5. i Xng - Khong Cch & Cc Bi Ton Khc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
Chuyn 5. Hm S Ly Tha. Hm S M & Hm S Lgarit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1. Ly Tha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2. Lgarit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3. Hm S Ly Tha. Hm S M & Hm S Lgarit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
4. Phng Trnh & Bt Phng Trnh M. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
5. Phng Trnh & Bt Phng Trnh Lgarit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
6. H Phng Trnh M & Lgarit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Chuyn 6. Phng Php Ta Trong Khng Gian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1. Ta Trong Khng Gian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2. Phng Trnh Mt Phng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3. Phng Trnh ng Thng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
4. Hnh Chiu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
5. Gc V Khong Cch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
Chuyn 7. Phng Trnh Lng Gic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1. Phng Trnh Lng Gic C Bn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
2. Phng Trnh Lng Gic Thng Gp. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3. Phng Trnh Lng Gic a V Phng Trnh Tch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
4. Phng Trnh Lng Gic Cha n Mu. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
5. Nghim Thuc Khong Cho Trc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
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Chuyn 8. Nguyn Hm - Tch Phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
1. Nguyn Hm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2. Mt S Phng Php Tm Nguyn Hm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3. Tch Phn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4. Mt S Phng Php Tnh Tch Phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
5. Tch Phn Ca Hm S Lng Gic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
6. ng Dng Ca Tch Phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
Chuyn 9. S Phc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
1. Dng i S Ca S Phc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2. Phng Trnh Bc Hai Nghim Phc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
3. Dng Lng Gic Ca S Phc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
Chuyn 10. Hnh Hc Khng Gian . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
1. Quan H Song Song . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2. Quan H Vung Gc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3. Th Tch Khi a Din. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4. Mt Nn - Mt Tr - Mt Cu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Chuyn 11. T Hp - Xc Sut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
1. Hon V - Chnh Hp - T Hp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2. Xc Sut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3. Nh Thc Newton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
Chuyn 12. Bt ng Thc & Gi Tr Ln Nht - Gi Tr Nh Nht. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
1. Bt ng Thc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2. Gi Tr Ln Nht - Gi Tr Nh Nht. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
PH LC 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
PH LC 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
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Chuyn 1
Kho St S Bin Thin V V Th
Hm S
1. Tnh n iu Ca Hm S
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
nh l 1.1. Cho hm s y = f(x) c o hm trn khong I.
Nu f
(x) > 0, x I th y = f(x) ng bin trn I.

Nu f
(x) < 0, x I th y = f(x) nghch bin trn I.

Nu f
(x) = 0, x I th y = f(x) khng i trn I.

Lu .
Nu f
(x) 0, x I v f
(x) = 0 ti hu hn im ca I th y = f(x) ng bin trn I.

Khong I trn c th c thay bi mt on hoc na khong vi gi thit b sung: Hm s y = f(x) lin
tc trn on hoc na khong .
B. K Nng C Bn
1. Tm cc khong n iu ca hm s.
Tm tp xc nh. Tnh y
. Tm cc im ti y
bng 0 hoc khng xc nh.

Lp bng bin thin. T bng bin thin rt ra kt lun.
2. iu kin hm s lun ng bin, nghch bin.
Tm tp xc nh D
f
.
Tnh y
v ch ra y
0, x D
f
(hoc y
0, x D
f
).
C. Bi Tp
1.1. Tm cc khong n iu ca cc hm s sau
a) y = 2x
3
3x
2
+ 1. b) y = x
3
3x + 2. c) y = x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x.
d) y = x
4
2x
2
+ 3. e) y = x
4
+ 2x
3
2x 1. f) y =
x
2
2x 3.
g) y =
2x + 3
x + 2
. h) y =
x + 2
3x 1
. i) y =
x
2
4x + 4
1 x
.
1.2. Tm m hm s y = x
3
+ (m1) x
2
+
_
m
2
4
_
x + 9 lun ng bin trn R.
1.3. Tm m hm s y = mx
3
+ (3 m) x
2
2x + 2 lun nghch bin trn R.
1.4. Tm m hm s y =
mx 2
mx
lun ng bin trn mi khong xc nh.
1.5. Tm m hm s y =
mx 2
x +m3
lun nghch bin trn mi khong xc nh.
1.6. Tm m hm s y = x + 2 +
m
x 1
lun ng bin trn mi khong xc nh.
1.7. Tm m hm s y =
mx + 4
x +m
nghch bin trn (; 1).
1.8. Tm m hm s y =
mx 2
x +m3
nghch bin trn (1; +).
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Nguyn Minh Hiu
1.9. Tm a hm s y = x
3
+ 3x
2
+ax +a nghch bin trn on c di bng 1.
1.10. Tm m hm s y = x
3
+ 3x
2
+mx + 2 ng bin trn on c di bng 3.
2. Cc Tr Ca Hm S
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
nh l 1.2. Gi s hm s y = f(x) t cc tr ti x
0
. Khi , nu y = f(x) c o hm ti x
0
th f
(x
0
) = 0.
nh l 1.3. Gi s hm s y = f(x) lin tc trn khong (a; b) cha x
0
v c o hm trn (a; x
0
), (x
0
; b). Khi
Nu f
(x) < 0, x (a; x

0
) v f
(x) > 0, x (x
0
; b) th hm s y = f(x) t cc tiu ti x
0
.
Nu f
(x) > 0, x (a; x

0
) v f
(x) < 0, x (x
0
; b) th hm s y = f(x) t cc i ti x
0
.
nh l 1.4. Gi s hm s y = f(x) c o hm cp mt trn (a; b) v c o hm cp hai khc 0 ti x
0
. Khi
Nu
_
f
(x
0
) = 0
f
(x
0
) < 0
th hm s t cc i ti x
0
.
Nu
_
f
(x
0
) = 0
f
(x
0
) > 0
th hm s t cc tiu ti x
0
.
Lu . Nu y
(x
0
) = 0 th hm s c th t cc tr hoc khng t cc tr ti x
0
.
B. K Nng C Bn
1. Tm cc tr ca hm s.
Tm tp xc nh. Tnh y
. Tm cc im ti y
bng 0 hoc khng xc nh.

2. iu kin hm s c cc tr, c k cc tr.
S dng L 1.3 v L 1.4.
3. iu kin hm s t cc tr ti x
0
.
Tnh y
, y
. Hm s t cc tr ti x
0
y
(x
0
) = 0 m.
Thay m v x
0
vo y
kt lun.
Lu . Nu y
(x
0
) = 0 th phi kim tra du ca y
kt lun.
C. Bi Tp
1.11. Tm cc tr ca cc hm s sau
a) y = 2x
3
3x
2
+ 1. b) y = x
3
3x + 2. c) y = x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x.
d) y = x
4
2x
2
+ 3. e) y = x
4
+ 2x
3
2x 1. f) y =
x
2
2x 3.
g) y =
2x + 3
x + 2
. h) y =
x + 2
3x 1
. i) y =
x
2
4x + 4
1 x
.
1.12. Tm m hm s y = x
3
3mx
2
+ 3 (2m1) x 2
a) C cc tr. b) t cc tr ti x = 0. c) t cc i ti x = 1.
1.13. Cho hm s y =
1
3
x
3
mx
2
+
_
m
2
m+ 1
_
x + 1. Vi gi tr no ca m th hm s
a) t cc i ti x = 1. b) C cc i, cc tiu. c) Khng c cc tr.
1.14. Cho hm s y = x
4
2 (m+ 1) x
2
+ 2m+ 1. Vi gi tr no ca m th hm s
a) C ba im cc tr. b) t cc tiu ti x = 0. c) t cc tr ti x = 1.
1.15. Tm m hm s y = x
4
+ 2 (2m1) x
2
+ 3 c ng mt cc tr.
1.16. (B-02) Tm m hm s y = mx
4
+
_
m
2
9
_
x
2
+ 10 c ba im cc tr.
1.17. Xc nh gi tr ca m hm s y =
x
2
+mx + 1
x +m
a) Khng c cc tr. b) t cc tiu ti x = 1. c) t cc i ti x = 2.
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Chuyn 1. Kho St S Bin Thin V V Th Hm S
3. Gi Tr Ln Nht V Gi Tr Nh Nht Ca Hm S
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
nh ngha 1.5. Cho hm s y = f(x) xc nh trn tp hp D. Khi
M = max
xD
f(x)
_
f(x) M, x D
x
0
D : M = f(x
0
)
. m = min
xD
f(x)
_
f(x) m, x D
x
0
D : m = f(x
0
)
.
Lu .
Mi hm s lin tc trn mt on u c gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht trn on .
Trn khong hoc na khong hm s c th c hoc khng c gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht.
B. K Nng C Bn
1. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s trn min D.
Tnh y
, y
= 0 x
i
D.
2. Xt tnh n iu trn khong cho trc.
PP1:
Tnh y
v ch ra y
0, x D (hoc y
0, x D).
T y
0, x D m g(x), x D.
Lp bng bin thin ca g(x) trn D. T bng bin thin rt ra kt lun.
PP2:
Tnh y
. Tm cc im ti y
= 0 hoc khng xc nh.

Lu .
m f(x), x D m max
xD
f(x). m f(x), x D m min
xD
f(x).
C. Bi Tp
1.18. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht (nu c) ca cc hm s sau:
a) y = 1 + 8x 2x
2
trn [1; 3]. b) y = x
3
3x
2
+ 1 trn [2; 3]. c) y = 1 + 4x
3
3x
4
trn [2; 1].
d) y = x
3
3x
2
+ 1 trn (1; 4). e) y = x 5 +
1
x
trn (0; +). f) y = x
1
x
trn (0; 2].
g) y =
4
1 +x
2
. h) y = x
4
+ 2x
2
1. i) y = x +
4 x
2
.
1.19. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht (nu c) ca cc hm s sau
a) y = x +
2 cos x trn
_
0;

2
. b) y = 2 sin x
4
3
sin
3
x trn [0; ]. c) y = sin
4
x 4sin
2
x + 5.
d) y = sin
4
x + cos
4
x. e) y = 5 sin x 12 cos x 5. f) y = sin
2
x + sin 2x + 2cos
2
x.
1.20. Cho parabol (P) : y = x
2
v im A(3; 0). Tm im M (P) sao cho khong cch AM ngn nht v tnh
khong cch .
1.21. Tm m hm s y = x
3
+ 3x
2
mx 4 ng bin trn (; 0).
1.22. (BT-79) Tm m hm s y =
1
3
x
3
+ (m1) x
2
+ (m3) x 4 ng bin trn (0; 3).
1.23. Tm m hm s y = mx
3
3 (m1) x
2
+ 9 (m2) x + 1 ng bin trn [2; +).
1.24. Tm m hm s y = x
3
+ 3x
2
+ (m+ 1) x + 4m ng bin trn (; 2) v (2; +).
1.25. (BT-50) Tm m hm s y =
mx
2
+ 6x 2
x + 2
nghch bin trn [1; +).
1.26. Tm m hm s y =
x
2
2mx + 2m
2
2
x m
ng bin trn (1; +).
1.27. Tm a hm s y =
x
2
2ax + 4a
2
x 2a
ng bin trn (2; +).
7

Nguyn Minh Hiu
4. ng Tim Cn Ca Th Hm S
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
nh ngha 1.6. ng thng y = y
0
c gi l ng tim cn ngang ca th hm s y = f(x) nu
lim
x+
f(x) = y
0
hoc lim
x
f(x) = y
0
.
nh ngha 1.7. ng thng x = x
0
c gi l ng tim cn ng ca th hm s y = f(x) nu
lim
xx
+
0
f(x) = +; lim
xx
+
0
f(x) = ; lim
xx
0
f(x) = + hoc lim
xx
0
f(x) = .
nh ngha 1.8. ng thng y = ax+b, (a = 0) c gi l ng tim cn xin ca th hm s y = f(x) nu
lim
x+
[f(x) (ax +b)] = 0 hoc lim
x
[f(x) (ax +b)] = 0.
B. K Nng C Bn
1. Tm tim cn ngang v tim cn ng.
Tm lim
x
f(x) TCN.
Tm lim
xx
0
f(x) TC.
Lu . x
0
thng l mt nghim ca mu.
2. Tm tim cn xin.
C1: Vit li hm s di dng y = ax +b +g(x). Ch ra lim
x
[y (ax +b)] = 0 TCX.
C2: Tnh a = lim
x
f(x)
x
v b = lim
x
[f(x) ax] TCX.
C. Bi Tp
1.28. Tm tim cn (nu c) ca cc hm s sau
a) y =
2x 1
x 2
. b) y =
x 3
x + 2
. c) y =
3 4x
x + 1
.
d) y =
x
2
+x
x 1
. e) y =
x + 3
x + 1
. f) y = 2x 1 +
1
x
.
g) y =
x
2
4x + 4
1 x
. h) y =
_
x
2
+x 1. i) y = x +
_
x
2
+ 2x.
1.29. Tm m th hm s y =
mx
2
2m(m1) x 3m
2
+m2
x + 2
c tim cn xin i qua A(1; 3).
1.30. Tm m hm s y =
2x
2
+ (m+ 1) x 3
x +m
c giao hai tim cn nm trn parabol (P) : y = x
2
+ 2x 1.
1.31. (A-08) Tm m gc gia hai tim cn ca hm s y =
mx
2
+
_
3m
2
2
_
x 2
x + 3m
bng 45
0
.
x
2
+mx 1
x 1
c tim cn xin to vi cc trc to mt tam gic c din tch
bng 4.
2x
2
(5m1) x + 4m
2
m1
x m
c tim cn xin to vi cc trc to mt
tam gic c din tch bng 4.
1.34. Cho hm s y =
3x 1
x 2
. Chng minh tch cc khong cch t im M nm trn th hm s n hai tim
cn khng i.
1.35. (A-07) Cho hm s y =
x
2
+ 4x 3
x 2
. Chng minh tch cc khong cch t im M nm trn th hm s
n hai tim cn l mt hng s.
1.36. Tm im M thuc th hm s y =
3x 5
x 2
tng khong cch t M n hai tim cn l nh nht.
1.37. Tm im M thuc th hm s y =
x
2
+ 2x 2
x 1
tng khong cch t M n hai tim cn l nh nht.
8

Chuyn 1. Kho St S Bin Thin V V Th Hm S
5. Kho St S Bin Thin V V Th Hm S
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. S kho st tng qut.
1. Tp xc nh.
2. S bin thin.
Gii hn, tim cn (nu c).
Bng bin thin (tnh o hm, lp bng bin thin, tnh n iu, cc tr).
3. th.
Tng giao vi cc trc.
Tnh i xng (nu c).
im c bit (nu cn).
2. im un.
nh ngha 1.9. im U (x
0
; f(x
0
)) c gi l im un ca th hm s y = f(x) nu tn ti mt khong
(a; b) cha im x
0
sao cho trn mt trong hai khong (a; x
0
) v (x
0
; b) tip tuyn ca th ti im U nm pha
trn th cn trn khong kia tip tuyn nm pha di th.
Mnh 1.10. Nu hm s y = f(x) c o hm cp hai trn mt khong cha x
0
, f
(x
0
) = 0 v f
(x) i du
khi qua im x
0
th U (x
0
; f(x
0
)) l mt im un ca th hm s y = f(x).
B. Cc Dng Th Kho St
Hm s y = ax
3
+bx
2
+cx +d (a = 0). Hm s y = ax
4
+bx
2
+c (a = 0).
O O
y y
x x
U U
O O
y y
x x
Hm s y =
ax +b
cx +d
(c = 0, ad bc = 0). Hm s y =
ax
2
+bx +c
dx +e
(a = 0, d = 0).
O O
y y
x x
I I
O O
y y
x x
I I
C. Bi Tp
1.38. Kho st s bin thin v v th ca cc hm s sau
a) y = x
3
+ 3x
2
4. b) y = x
3
+ 3x 2. c) y = x
3
+ 1. d) y = x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x + 1.
e) y = x
3
+x 2. f) y = 2x
3
x 3. g) y = x
3
+ 3x
2
1. h) y =
1
3
x
3
x
2
3x
5
3
.
a) y = x
4
2x
2
3. b) y = x
4
+ 2x
2
1. c) y =
1
2
x
4
+x
2
3
2
. d) y = 3 2x
2
x
4
.
e) y = x
4
+ 2x
2
2. f) y = 2x
4
4x
2
+ 1. g) y = 2x
4
4x
2
+ 1. h) y = x
4
4x
2
+ 3.
a) y =
4
2 x
. b) y =
x 3
2 x
. c) y =
x + 3
x 1
. d) y =
x + 2
2x + 1
.
e) y =
x 2
x + 1
. f) y =
x + 2
x 1
. g) y =
2 x
x + 1
. h) y =
x + 3
x 2
.
9

Nguyn Minh Hiu
a) y =
x
2
+ 2x + 2
x + 1
. b) y =
x
2
2x 3
x 2
. c) y =
2x
2
+ 5x + 4
x + 2
. d) y =
x
2
2x
x + 1
.
e) y =
x
2
2x
x 1
. f) y =
2x
2
x + 1
1 x
. g) y = x + 2 +
1
x 1
. h) y = x 1 +
1
x + 1
.
10

Chuyn 2
Phng Trnh - Bt Phng Trnh & H
Phng Trnh i S
1. Phng Trnh & Bt Phng Trnh Khng Cha Cn
A. Phng Php Gii C Bn
1. a v phng trnh tch.
Bin i a phng trnh v dng f(x).g(x) = 0.
p dng cng thc f(x).g(x) = 0
_
f(x) = 0
g(x) = 0
.
2. t n ph.
Chn n ph t = u(x) ph hp.
a phng trnh v phng trnh theo n t bit cch gii (phng trnh c th vn cha x).
3. Phung php khong (i vi phng trnh cha n trong du gi tr tuyt i).
Lp bng xt du cc biu thc trong du gi tr tuyt i.
Xt phng trnh trn tng khong.
Lu . Nu phng trnh ch cha mt du tr tuyt i |f(x)| th xt hai trng hp f(x) 0 v f(x) < 0.
B. Bi Tp
2.1. Gii cc bt phng trnh sau
a) x
2
6x + 6 > 0. b) 4x
2
+x 2 0.
c) x
4
4x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 8x 10 0. d) x
4
+x
2
+ 4x 3 0.
a)
x 2
x
2
9x + 8
0. b)
x
2
3x 2
x 1
2x + 2.
c)
x + 5
2x 1
+
2x 1
x + 5
> 2. d)
1
x
2
5x + 4
<
1
x
2
7x + 10
.
2.3. Gii cc phng trnh sau
a) x
3
5x
2
+ 5x 1 = 0. b) x
3
3
3x
2
+ 7x
3 = 0.
c) x
4
4x
3
x
2
+ 16x 12 = 0. d) (x 3)
3
+ (2x + 3)
3
= 18x
3
.
e)
_
x
2
+ 1
_
3
+ (1 3x)
3
=
_
x
2
3x + 2
_
3
. f) (4 +x)
2
(x 1)
3
= (1 x)
_
x
2
2x + 17
_
.
a)
_
x
2
4x + 3
_
2
_
x
2
6x + 5
_
2
= 0. b) x
4
= (2x 5)
2
.
c) x
4
+ 3x
2
+ 3 = 2x. d) x
4
4x 1 = 0.
e) x
4
= 6x
2
12x + 8. f) x
4
= 2x
3
+ 3x
2
4x + 1.
a) (x + 3)
4
+ (x + 5)
4
= 2. b) (x + 1)
4
+ (x + 3)
4
= 16.
c) (x + 3)
4
+ (x 1)
4
= 82. d) x
4
+ (x 1)
4
=
29
8
.
a) (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 3) (x + 4) = 3. b)
_
x
2
+ 1
_
(x + 3) (x + 5) + 16 = 0.
c) (x 1) (x 2) (x 3) (x 6) = 3x
2
. d)
_
x
2
2x + 4
_ _
x
2
+ 3x + 4
_
= 14x
2
.
11

Nguyn Minh Hiu
a) x
4
4x
3
+ 6x
2
4x + 1 = 0. b) 2x
4
+ 3x
3
16x
2
3x + 2 = 0.
c) 2x
4
+ 3x
3
27x
2
+ 6x + 8 = 0. d) x
4
5x
3
+ 8x
2
10x + 4 = 0.
a)
_
x
2
+ 5x
_
2
2
_
x
2
+ 5x
_
24 = 0.
b)
_
x
2
+x + 1
_ _
x
2
+x + 2
_
= 12.
c)
_
x
2
2x 2
_
2
2x
2
+ 3x + 2 = 0. d) (4x + 3)
2
(x + 1) (2x + 1) = 810.
a)
1
2x
2
x + 1
+
1
2x
2
x + 3
=
6
2x
2
x + 7
. b)
4x
4x
2
8x + 7
+
3x
4x
2
10x + 7
= 1.
c)
x
2
+ 1
x
+
x
x
2
+ 1
=
5
2
. d)
_
x 1
x + 2
_
2
+
x 3
x + 2
2
_
x 3
x 1
_
2
= 0.
e) x
2
+
_
x
x + 1
_
2
= 1. f)
_
1
x
2
+x + 1
_
2
+
_
1
x
2
+x + 2
_
2
=
13
36
.
a) |x 1| =

x
2
3x + 1

. b)

x
2
+ 4x 5

=

x
2
+ 5

.
c)

x
2
5x + 4

x = 4. d)

x
2
+ 4x + 4 = 5 x
2
.
e)

x
2
5x + 4

= x
2
+ 6x + 5. f)

x
2
5x + 5

= 2x
2
+ 10x 11.
a)
_
x
2
x
_
2
+

x
2
x

6 = 0. b) 3
_
2x 1
x + 1
_
2

x + 1
2x 1

6 = 0.
c)

x
2
+ 3x 10

+

x
2
4

= 0. d)

x
2
+ 3x 4

+

x
2011
+ 2011x 2012

= 0.
a) |x 2| < |2x + 1|. b)

2x 3
x 3

1.
c)

x
2
5x + 4

x
2
+ 6x + 5. d)

x
2
2x

+x
2
4 > 0.
a) |9 x| = |6 5x| +|4x + 3|. b)

x
2
5x + 4

+

x
2
5x

= 4.
c) |7 2x| = |5 3x| +|x + 2|. d) |x 1| 2 |x 2| + 3 |x 3| = 4.
e)

x
2
2x + 1 +
x
2
+ 4x + 4 = 5. f)
_
x + 2
x 1 +
_
x 2
x 1 = 2.
2. Phng Trnh & Bt Phng Trnh Cha Cn
1. S dng php bin i tng ng.
_
f(x) =
_
g(x)
_
f(x) 0
f(x) = g(x)
.
_
f(x) = g(x)
_
g(x) 0
f(x) = g
2
(x)
.
3
_
f(x) =
3
_
g(x) f(x) = g(x).
3
_
f(x) = g(x) f(x) = g
3
(x).
_
f(x) < g(x)
_
_
_
f(x) 0
g(x) > 0
f(x) < g
2
(x)
.
_
f(x) > g(x)
_

_
_
g(x) < 0
f(x) 0
_
g(x) 0
f(x) > g
2
(x)
.
2. t n ph
Dng 1: t t = u(x), a phng trnh v n t (phng trnh c th vn cha n x).
Dng 2. t u = u(x); v = v(x), a phng trnh v h theo n u v v.
3. S dng tnh n iu ca hm s.
D on nghim (nu c).
S dng tnh n iu ca hm s ch ra phng trnh ch c nghim d on (hoc ch ra PTVN).
4. nh gi hai v.
nh gi f(x) A; g(x) A. Khi f(x) = g(x)
_
f(x) = A
g(x) = A
.
12

Chuyn 2. Phng Trnh - Bt Phng Trnh & H Phng Trnh i S
B. Bi Tp
a) x
x 1 7 = 0. b)

2x + 9 =
4 x +
3x + 1.
c)

3x 3
5 x =
2x 4.
d)
_
2x +
6x
2
+ 1 = x + 1.
e)
3
2x 1 +
3
x 1 =
3
3x + 1. f)
3
x + 1 +
3
x + 2 +
3
x + 3 = 0.
a)

x
2
4x 12 > 2x + 3. b)

x
2
4x 12 x 4.
c)
3
6x 9x
2
< 3x. d)

x
3
+ 1 x + 1.
a) (C-09)

x + 1 + 2
x 2
5x + 1. b) (A-05)

5x 1
x 1 >
2x 4.
c)
_
2x +
6x
2
+ 1 > x + 1. d) (A-04)
_
2 (x
2
16)
x 3
+
x 3 >
7 x
x 3
.
a) (D-05) 2
_
x + 2 + 2
x + 1
x + 1 = 4. b)
_
x 1 + 2
x + 2
_
x 1 2
x + 2 = 1.
c) x +
_
x +
1
2
+
_
x +
1
4
= 9. d)
_
x + 2
x 1 +
_
x 2
x 1 =
x + 3
3
.
a)
_
x
4
+
x 4 8 x. b) (D-02)
_
x
2
3x
_
2x
2
3x 2 0.
c) (x 2)
x
2
+ 4 < x
2
4. d) (x + 2)
9 x
2
x
2
2x 8.
e)

x
2
3x + 2 +
x
2
4x + 3 2
x
2
5x + 4. f)

x
2
+x 2 +
x
2
+ 2x 3
x
2
+ 4x 5.
a) (D-06)

2x 1 +x
2
3x + 1 = 0. b)
_
7 x
2
+x
x + 5 =
3 2x x
2
.
c)

2x
2
+ 8x + 6 +
x
2
1 = 2x + 2. d) 3
_
2 +
x 2
_
= 2x +
x + 6.
e) x
2
+ 3x + 1 = (x + 3)
x
2
+ 1.
f)
_
x
2
7
x
2
+
_
x
7
x
2
= x.
a)
1
1 4x
2
x
< 3. b)
1
21 4x +x
2
x + 1
0.
c)
2x
2x + 1 1
> 2x + 2.
d)
x
2
_
1 +
1 +x
_
2
> x 4.
a) (x + 5) (2 x) = 3
x
2
+ 3x. b)
_
(x + 1) (2 x) = 1 + 2x 2x
2
.
c)

x + 1 +
4 x +
_
(x + 1) (4 x) = 5. d)

3x 2 +
x 1 = 4x 9 + 2
3x
2
5x + 2.
a) x +
4 x
2
= 2 + 3x
4 x
2
. b) (x 3) (x + 1) + 4 (x 3)
_
x+1
x3
= 3.
c)
4
x
2
+
x
2
4 x
2
+
5
2
4 x
2
x
+
x
4 x
2
_
+ 2 = 0. d) (B-2011) 3
2 +x6
2 x+4
4 x
2
= 103x.
a) x
2
+ 3x + 2 2
x
2
+ 3x + 5. b) x
2
+
2x
2
+ 4x + 3 6 2x.
c) x(x + 1)
x
2
+x + 4 + 2 0. d) x
2
2x + 8 6
_
(4 x) (2 +x) 0.
e)
x
x + 1
2
_
x + 1
x
> 3.
f)

x + 2 +
x 1 + 2
x
2
+x 2 11 2x.
a) x
2
1 = 2x
x
2
2x. b) x
2
1 = 2x
x
2
+ 2x.
c) (4x 1)
x
3
+ 1 = 2x
3
+ 2x + 1. d) x
2
+ 4x = (x + 2)
x
2
2x + 24.
a)
3
2 x = 1
x 1. b) (A-09) 2
3
3x 2 + 3
6 5x 8 = 0.
c) 2
_
x
2
+ 2
_
= 5
x
3
+ 1. d) 2
_
x
2
3x + 2
_
= 3
x
3
+ 8.
13

Nguyn Minh Hiu
a) x
2
+
x + 5 = 5. b) x
3
+ 2 = 3
3
3x 2.
c) x
3
+ 1 = 2
3
2x 1. d) x
3
35 x
3
_
x +
3
35 x
3
_
= 30.
2.27. Gii cc phng trnh, bt phng trnh sau
a) (B-2012) x + 1 +
x
2
4x + 1 3
x.
b) (A-2010)
x
x
1
_
2 (x
2
x + 1)
1.
c)
3
x
2
2 =
2 x
3
. d) x +
_
3 (1 x
2
) = 2
_
1 2x
2
_
.
a)

4x 1 +
4x
2
1 = 1. b)

x 1 = x
3
4x + 5.
c)

2x 1 +
x
2
+ 3 = 4 x. d) x
5
+x
3
1 3x + 4 = 0.
e) x
3
+ 4x (2x + 7)
2x + 3 = 0. f) (C-2012) 4x
3
+x (x 1)
2x + 1 = 0.
a)

x
2
2x + 5 +
x 1 = 2. b)

x 2 +
4 x = x
2
6x + 11.
c) 2
_
x 2 1
_
2
+
x + 6 +
x 2 2 = 0. d)

5x
3
+ 3x
2
+ 3x 2 =
1
2
x
2
+ 3x
1
2
.
3. H Phng Trnh i S
1. a v h mu mc. (H i xng loi I, h i xng loi II, h ng cp)
2. Phng php th.
Loi 1: Rt mt biu thc t mt phng trnh ri th vo phng trnh kia.
Loi 2: Gii c th mt phng trnh ri th vo phng trnh kia.
Loi 3. Th hng s.
3. t n ph.
4. S dng tnh n iu ca hm s.
Nu y = f(x) lun ng bin hoc nghch bin trn D th f(u) = f(v) u = v.
Nu y = f(x) lun ng bin trn D cn y = g(x) lun nghch bin hoc khng i trn D th phng trnh
f(x) = g(x) c nhiu nht mt nghim trn D.
B. Bi Tp
2.30. Gii cc h phng trnh sau
a)
_
x
2
+y
2
+xy = 7
x +y +xy = 5
. b)
_
x +y +xy = 1
x
3
+y
3
3(x y)
2
+ 2 = 0
.
c) (DB-05)
_
x
2
+y
2
+x +y = 4
x(x +y + 1) +y (y + 1) = 2
. d)
_
x
2
xy +y
2
= 3 (x y)
x
2
+xy +y
2
= 7(x y)
2
.
a)
_
x
2
2y
2
= 2x +y
y
2
2x
2
= 2y +x
. b)
_
_
x 3y =
4y
x
y 3x =
4x
y
.
c)
_
_
2x +y =
3
x
2
2y +x =
3
y
2
. d) (B-03)
_
_
3y =
y
2
+ 2
x
2
3x =
x
2
+ 2
y
2
.
a)
_
x
2
xy = 2
2x
2
+ 4xy 2y
2
= 14
. b)
_
x
2
2xy + 3y
2
= 9
x
2
4xy + 5y
2
= 5
.
c)
_
x
3
+y
3
= 1
x
2
y + 2xy
2
+y
3
= 2
. d) (DB-06)
_
(x y)
_
x
2
+y
2
_
= 13
(x +y)
_
x
2
y
2
_
= 25
.
a)
_
x +y = 1
x
3
3x = y
3
3y
. b) (DB-06)
_
x
2
+ 1 +y (y +x) = 4y
_
x
2
+ 1
_
(y +x 2) = y
.
c) (B-08)
_
x
4
+ 2x
3
y +x
2
y
2
= 2x + 9
x
2
+ 2xy = 6x + 6
. d) (D-09)
_
x(x +y + 1) 3 = 0
(x +y)
2
5
x
2
+ 1 = 0
.
14

Chuyn 2. Phng Trnh - Bt Phng Trnh & H Phng Trnh i S
a) (B-02)
_
3
x y =

x y
x +y =

x +y + 2
. b) (A-03)
_
x
1
x
= y
1
y
2y = x
3
+ 1
.
c)
_
x
2
+y
2
+
2xy
x+y
= 1
x +y = x
2
y
. d)
_
6x
2
3xy +x +y = 1
x
2
+y
2
= 1
.
a) (DB-07)
_
x
4
x
3
y x
2
y
2
= 1
x
3
y x
2
xy = 1
. b) (D-08)
_
xy +x +y = x
2
2y
2
x
2y y
x 1 = 2x 2y
.
c) (D-2012)
_
xy +x 2 = 0
2x
3
x
2
y +x
2
+y
2
2xy y = 0
. d)
_
x
3
+ 2y
2
= x
2
y + 2xy
2
_
x
2
2y 1 +
3
_
y
3
14 = x 2
.
a)
_
x
2
+y
2
+xy = 1
x
3
+y
3
= x + 3y
. b)
_
x
3
+ 2xy
2
+ 12y = 0
8y
2
+x
2
= 12
.
c) (DB-06)
_
x
3
8x = y
3
+ 2y
x
2
3 = 3
_
y
2
+ 1
_
. d) (A-2011)
_
5x
2
y 4xy
2
+ 3y
3
2 (x +y) = 0
xy
_
x
2
+y
2
_
+ 2 = (x +y)
2
.
a) (B-09)
_
xy +x + 1 = 7y
x
2
y
2
+xy + 1 = 13y
2
. b)
_
2x
2
+x
1
y
= 2
y y
2
x 2y
2
= 2
.
c)
_
8x
3
y
3
+ 27 = 18y
3
4x
2
y + 6x = y
2
. d)
_
x
3
y
3
= 9
x
2
+ 2y
2
= x 4y
.
a)
_
x(3x + 2y) (x + 1) = 12
x
2
+ 2y + 4x 8 = 0
. b)
_
x +y
xy = 3
x + 1 +
y + 1 = 4
.
c) (C-2010)
_
2
2x +y = 3 2x y
x
2
2xy y
2
= 2
. d) (DB-05)
_
2x +y + 1
x +y = 1
3x + 2y = 4
.
e)
_
x
2
+y
2
= 5
y 1 (x +y 1) = (y 2)
x +y
. f) (A-08)
_
x
2
+y +x
3
y +xy
2
+xy =
5
4
x
4
+y
2
+xy (1 + 2x) =
5
4
.
a)
_
x + 10 +
y 1 = 11
x 1 +
y + 10 = 11
. b)
_
x 1
y = 8 x
3
(x 1)
4
= y
.
c) (A-2012)
_
x
3
3x
2
9x + 22 = y
3
+ 3y
2
9y
x
2
+y
2
x +y =
1
2
. d) (A-2010)
_ _
4x
2
+ 1
_
x + (y 3)
5 2y = 0
4x
2
+y
2
+ 2
3 4x = 7
.
4. Phng Trnh & H Phng Trnh Cha Tham S
A. Kin Thc B Sung
Cho hm s y = f(x) lin tc trn D v c gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht trn D. Ta c:
m = f(x) c nghim trn D min
xD
f(x) m max
xD
f(x).
m f(x) c nghim trn D m max
xD
f(x).
m f(x) c nghim trn D m min
xD
f(x).
m f(x), x D m min
xD
f(x).
m f(x), x D m max
xD
f(x).
B. Phng Php Gii C Bn
1. Phng php tam thc bc hai.
Da vo nh l v du tam thc bc hai c iu kin ph hp cho tng bi ton.
2. Phng php chiu bin thin hm s.
T bi ton bin i v rt m theo f(x).
Lp BBT ca f(x). T BBT v cc kin thc b sung rt ra KL.
3. Phng php iu kin cn v .
T tnh cht bi ton rt ra iu kin cn xy ra bi ton.
Gii iu kin cn c m, thay li vo bi ton kim tra.
15

Nguyn Minh Hiu
C. Bi Tp
2.40. Tm m phng trnh
_
m
5
_
x
2
3mx +m+ 1 = 0.
a) C nghim. b) V nghim c) C hai nghim tri du.
2.41. Tm m phng trnh x
2
+ 2 (m+ 1) x + 9m5 = 0 c hai nghim m phn bit.
2.42. Tm m phng trnh (m2) x
2
2mx +m+ 3 = 0 c hai nghim dng phn bit.
2.43. Tm m phng trnh (m2) x
4
2 (m+ 1) x
2
+ 2m1 = 0.
a) C mt nghim. b) C hai nghim phn bit. c) C bn nghim phn bit.
2.44. (D-04) Tm m h
_
x +
y = 1
x
x +y
y = 1 3m
c nghim.
2.45. Tm m bt phng trnh

4x 2 +
16 4x m c nghim.
2.46. Tm m phng trnh (x 3) (x + 1) + 4 (x 3)
_
x+1
x3
= m c nghim.
2.47. (DB-07) Tm m bt phng trnh m
_
x
2
2x + 2 + 1
_
+x(2 x) 0 c nghim thuc on
_
0; 1 +
.
2.48. (A-07) Tm m phng trnh 3
x 1 +m
x + 1 = 2
4
x
2
1 c nghim thc.
2.49. (B-06) Tm m phng trnh

x
2
+mx + 2 = 2x + 1 c hai nghim thc phn bit.
2.50. (B-04) Tm m phng trnh m
_
1 +x
2
1 x
2
+ 2
_
= 2
1 x
4
+
1 +x
2
1 x
2
c nghim.
2.51. (A-08) Tm m phng trnh
4
2x +
2x + 2
4
6 x + 2
6 x = m c hai nghim phn bit.

2.52. (DB-07) Tm m phng trnh
4
x
4
13x +m+x 1 = 0 c ng mt nghim.
2.53. (B-07) Chng minh rng vi mi m > 0, phng trnh x
2
+ 2x 8 = m(x 2) c hai nghim phn bit.
_
2.54. Chng minh rng vi mi m, phng trnh x
4
+x
3
2x
2
+ 3mx m
2
= 0 lun c nghim.
2.55. (DB-04) Tm m h
_
x
2
5x + 4 0
3x
2
mx
x + 16 = 0
c nghim.
2.56. (D-2011) Tm m h
_
2x
3
(y + 2) x
2
+xy = m
x
2
+x y = 1 2m
c nghim.
2.57. Tm m h

1 x
2
+ 2
3
1 x
2
= m c nghim duy nht.
2.58. Tm m h
_
x = y
2
y +m
y = x
2
x +m
c nghim duy nht.
16

Chuyn 3
Phng Php Ta Trong Mt Phng
1. Ta Trong Mt Phng
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
Cho hai vect

u (x
1
; y
1
) ,

v (x
2
; y
2
) v ba im A(x
A
; y
A
) , B(x
B
; y
B
) , C (x
C
; y
C
). Ta c
Hai vect bng nhau:

u =

v
_
x
1
= x
2
y
1
= y
2
.
Cc php ton vect:

u

v = (x
1
x
2
; y
1
y
2
); k

u = (kx
1
; ky
1
).
Hai vect cng phng:

u ,

v cng phng k = 0 :

u = k

v .
Tch v hng ca hai vect:

u .

v = x
1
x
2
+y
1
y
2
.
Hai vect vung gc:

u

v

u .

v = 0.
di vect: |

u | =
_
x
2
1
+y
2
1
.
Gc gia hai vect: cos (

u ;

v ) =

u .

v
|

u |.|

v |
.
Ta vect:

AB = (x
B
x
A
; y
B
y
A
).
Khong cch gia hai im: AB =

AB

=
_
(x
B
x
A
)
2
+ (y
B
y
A
)
2
.
Tnh cht trung im: I l trung im ca AB I
_
x
A
+x
B
2
;
y
A
+y
B
2
_
.
Tnh cht trng tm: G l trng tm ABC G
_
x
A
+x
B
+x
C
3
;
y
A
+y
B
+y
C
3
_
.
B. Bi Tp
3.1. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ba im A(1; 1) , B(2; 5) , C (4; 3). Tm ta im D sao cho

AD = 3
AB2
AC.
Tm ta im M sao cho

MA+ 2
MB = 5
MC.
3.2. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ba im A(2; 5) , B(1; 1) , C (3; 3). Tm ta im D sao cho ABCD l hnh bnh
hnh. Tm ta tm hnh bnh hnh .
3.3. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho hai im A(3; 2) , B(4; 3). Tm ta im M thuc trc Ox sao cho tam gic
MAB vung ti M.
3.4. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c A(1; 1) , B(5; 3), nh C thuc trc Oy v trng tm G thuc
trc Ox. Tm ta nh C v trng tm G.
3.5. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho A(1; 3) , B(0; 4) , C (3; 5) , D(8; 0). Chng minh ABCD l t gic ni tip.
3.6. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c A(0; 6) , B(2; 0) , C (2; 0). Gi M l trung im AB, G l trng
tm tam gic ACM v I l tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC. Chng minh GI vung gc vi CM.
3.7. (A-04) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho A(0; 2) , B
_
3; 1
_
. Tm to trc tm v tm ng trn ngoi tip
tam gic OAB.
3.8. (B-03) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC vung cn ti A. Bit M (1; 1) l trung im cnh BC v
G
_
2
3
; 0
_
l trng tm tam gic. Tm to cc nh ca tam gic.
3.9. (D-04) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c A(1; 0) , B(4; 0) , C (0; m) , m = 0. Tm to trng
tm G. Tm m tam gic GAB vung ti G.
3.10. (D-2010) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c nh A(3; 7), trc tm l H (3; 1), tm ng trn
ngoi tip l I (2; 0). Xc nh ta nh C, bit C c honh dng.
17

Nguyn Minh Hiu
2. Phng Trnh ng Thng
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Vect ch phng v php tuyn.
Vect

u =

0 c gi song song hoc trng vi gi l vect ch phng ca ng thng .
Vect

n =

0 c gi vung gc vi gi l vect php tuyn ca ng thng .
Lu .

n (a; b)

u (b; a) v ngc li.
2. Phng trnh tham s ca ng thng.
ng thng qua M (x
0
; y
0
) v c vect ch phng

u (a; b) c phng trnh tham s:
_
x = x
0
+at
y = y
0
+bt
.
3. Phng trnh tng qut ca ng thng.
Dng: ax +by +c = 0 (a
2
+b
2
= 0).
Nhn xt: ng thng ax +by +c = 0 c vect php tuyn

n (a; b).
Cho x
0
tu y
0
ta c im M (x
0
; y
0
) thuc ng thng.
ng thng qua M (x
0
; y
0
) v c VTPT

n (a; b) c PT: a (x x
0
) +b (y y
0
) = 0.
ng thng qua A(a; 0) v B(0; b) c phng trnh
x
a
+
y
b
= 1 gi l PT on chn.
Trc Ox c phng trnh y = 0 v trc Oy c phng trnh x = 0.
4. Gc v khong cch.
Gc gia hai ng thng: cos (
1
;
2
) =
|
n
1
.
n
2
|
|
n
1
| . |
n
2
|
.
Khong cch t mt im n mt ng thng: d (M, ) =
|ax
0
+by
0
+c|
a
2
+b
2
.
Khong cch gia hai ng thng song song: d (
1
,
2
) = d (M,
2
), trong M l im bt k trn
1
.
B. Bi Tp
3.11. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ba im A(1; 2) , B(2; 3) v C (6; 2). Vit phng trnh ng thng qua A v
song song vi BC.
3.12. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho im A(3; 5). Vit phng trnh ng thng qua A ct hai tia Ox, Oy ln lt
ti M, N sao cho din tch tam gic OMN bng 30.
3.13. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho im A(8; 6). Lp phng trnh ng thng qua A v to vi hai trc ta
mt tam gic c din tch bng 12.
3.14. (D-2010) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho im A(0; 2) v l ng thng i qua O. Gi H l hnh chiu vung
gc ca A trn . Vit phng trnh ng thng , bit khong cch t H n trc honh bng AH.
3.15. (C-2011) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ng thng d : x +y + 3 = 0. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua
A(2; 4) v to vi ng thng d mt gc bng 45
0
.
3.16. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho hai ng thng d
1
: 2x y +5 = 0; d
2
: 3x +6y 1 = 0 v im M (2; 1). Tm
giao im A ca d
1
, d
2
. Vit phng trnh ng thng qua M v ct d
1
, d
2
ln lt ti B, C sao cho tam gic
ABC cn ti A.
3.17. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c nh B(4; 5) v hai ng cao ln lt c phng trnh l
d
1
: 5x + 3y 4 = 0 v d
2
: 3x + 8y + 13 = 0. Lp phng trnh cnh AC.
3.18. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c phng trnh AB l 5x 3y + 2 = 0; cc ng cao qua nh
A v B ln lt l d
1
: 4x 3y + 1 = 0 v d
2
: 7x + 2y 22 = 0. Lp phng trnh hai cnh cn li.
3.19. (C-2012) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC. Cc ng thng BC, BB
, B
ln lt c phng
trnh l y 2 = 0, x y +2 = 0, x 3y +2 = 0 vi B
, C
tng ng l chn cc ng cao k t B, C ca tam gic

ABC. Vit phng trnh cc ng thng AB, AC.
3.20. (D-09) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c M (2; 0) l trung im ca cnh AB. ng trung tuyn
v ng cao qua nh A ln lt c phng trnh l d
1
: 7x 2y 3 = 0; d
2
: 6x y 4 = 0. Vit phng trnh
ng thng AC.
3.21. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c nh A(1; 3) v hai trung tuyn k t B v C ln lt c phng
trnh d
1
: x 2y + 1 = 0 v d
2
: y 1 = 0. Lp phng trnh ng thng cha cnh BC.
18

Chuyn 3. Phng Php Ta Trong Mt Phng
3.22. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c A(2; 1) v hai ng phn gic trong ca gc B, C ln lt
c phng trnh l d
1
: x 2y + 1 = 0 v d
2
: x +y + 3 = 0. Lp phng trnh cnh BC.
3.23. (D-2010) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC vung ti A, c nh C (4; 1), phn gic trong gc A
c phng trnh x + y 5 = 0. Vit phng trnh ng thng BC, bit din tch tam gic bng 24 v nh A c
hong dng.
3.24. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho hnh bnh hnh c hai cnh l x + 3y 6 = 0 v 2x 5y 1 = 0. Bit hnh bnh
hnh c tm i xng I (3; 5), hy vit phng trnh hai cnh cn li ca hnh hnh.
3.25. (A-09) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho hnh ch nht ABCD c im I (6; 2) l giao im ca hai ng cho AC
v BD. im M (1; 5) thuc ng thng AB v trung im E ca cnh CD thuc ng thng : x +y 5 = 0.
Vit phng trnh ng thng AB.
3.26. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ng thng :
_
x = 2 2t
y = 1 + 2t
v im M (3; 1). Tm im M (3; 1) sao cho
on MB l ngn nht.
3.27. (B-07) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho A(2; 2) v cc ng thng d
1
: x+y 2 = 0, d
2
: x+y 8 = 0. Tm im
B d
1
v C d
2
sao cho tam gic ABC vung cn ti A.
3.28. (B-04) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho A(1; 1) , B(4; 3). Tm im C thuc d : x 2y 1 = 0 sao cho khong
cch t C n ng thng AB bng 6.
3.29. (B-2011) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho cc ng thng : x y 4 = 0 v d : 2x y 2 = 0. Tm ta
im N thuc d sao cho ng thng ON ct ng thng ti im M tha mn OM.ON = 8.
3.30. (A-06) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ba ng thng d
1
: x +y + 3 = 0, d
2
: x y 4 = 0, d
3
: x 2y = 0. Tm
M thuc d
3
sao cho khong cch t M n d
1
bng hai ln khong cch t M n d
2
.
3.31. Trong mt phng Oxy, cho P (1; 6) , Q(3; 4) v ng thng : 2x y 1 = 0. Tm to M trn sao
cho MP +MQ l nh nht. Tm to N trn sao cho |NP NQ| l ln nht.
3.32. (C-09) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c C (1; 2), ng trung tuyn k t A v ng cao
k t B ln lt c phng trnh l 5x +y 9 = 0; x + 3y 5 = 0. Tm ta cc nh A v B.
3.33. (A-02) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC vung ti A, ng thng cha BC c phng trnh
3x y
3 = 0, A v B thuc Ox, bn knh ng trn ni tip bng 2. Tm trng tm tam gic ABC.
3.34. (B-2011) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c nh B
_
1
2
; 1
_
. ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC
tip xc vi cc cnh BC, CA, AB tng ng ti cc im DEF. Cho D(3; 1) v ng thng EF c phng trnh
y 3 = 0. Tm ta im A, bit A c tung dng.
3.35. (B-08) Trong mt phng Oxy, tm to nh C ca tam gic ABC bit hnh chiu C ln ng thng AB
l H(1; 1), ng phn gic trong gc A l x y + 2 = 0 v ng cao k t B l 4x + 3y 1 = 0.
3.36. (D-2011) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c nh B(4; 1), trng tm G(1; 1) v ng thng
cha phn gic trong ca gc A c phng trnh x y 1 = 0. Tm ta cc nh A v C.
3.37. (A-2010) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC cn ti A c nh A(6; 6); ng thng i qua trung
im ca cc cnh AB v AC c phng trnh x +y 4 = 0. Tm ta cc nh B v C, bit im E (1; 3) nm
trn ng cao i qua nh C ca tam gic cho.
3.38. (B-09) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC cn ti nh A c nh A(1; 4) v cc nh B, C thuc
ng thng : x y 4 = 0. Xc nh to cc im B, C, bit din tch tam gic ABC bng 18.
3.39. (B-02) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho hnh ch nht ABCD c tm I
_
1
2
; 0
_
, AB : x2y+2 = 0, cnh AB = 2AD.
Tm to cc nh bit A c honh m.
3.40. (A-05) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho hai ng thng d
1
: x y = 0, d
2
: 2x + y 1 = 0. Tm cc nh hnh
vung ABCD bit A thuc d
1
, B thuc d
2
v B, D thuc trc honh.
3.41. (D-2012) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho hnh ch nht ABCD. Cc ng thng AC v AD ln lt c phng
trnh l x + 3y = 0 v x y + 4 = 0; ng thng BD i qua im M
_
1
3
; 1
_
. Tm ta cc nh ca hnh ch
nht ABCD.
3.42. (A-2012) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho hnh vung ABCD. Gi M l trung im ca cnh BC, N l im trn
cnh CD sao cho CN = 2ND. Gi s M
_
11
2
;
1
2
_
v ng thng AN c phng trnh 2x y 3 = 0. Tm ta
im A.
19

Nguyn Minh Hiu
3. Phng Trnh ng Trn
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Phng trnh ng trn.
Dng 1: (x a)
2
+ (y b)
2
= R
2
(R > 0) C tm I (a; b) v bn knh R =
R
2
.
Dng 2: x
2
+y
2
2ax 2by +c = 0
_
a
2
+b
2
> c
_
C tm I (a; b) v bn knh R =
a
2
+b
2
c.
2. Tip tuyn vi ng trn.
Tip tuyn ti M i qua im M v c vect php tuyn l

IM.
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M l: (x
0
a) (x x
0
) + (y
0
b) (y y
0
) = 0.
3. Bn knh ng trn.
im M thuc ng trn khi v ch khi R = IM.
ng thng tip xc vi ng trn khi v ch khi R = d (I; ).
B. Bi Tp
3.43. (B-06) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ng trn (C) : x
2
+y
2
2x 6y + 6 = 0 v im M (3; 1). Gi T
1
, T
2
l cc tip im v t M n (C). Lp phng trnh ng thng T
1
T
2
.
3.44. (D-2011) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho im A(1; 0) v ng trn (C) : x
2
+y
2
2x+4y 5 = 0. Vit phng
trnh ng thng ct (C) ti hai im M, N sao cho tam gic AMN vung cn ti A.
3.45. (C-2012) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ng trn (C) : x
2
+ y
2
2x 4y + 1 = 0 v ng thng d :
4x 3y +m = 0. Tm m d ct (C) ti hai im A, B sao cho

AIB = 120
0
, vi I l tm ca (C).
3.46. (D-09) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ng trn (C) : (x 1)
2
+y
2
= 1. Gi I l tm ca (C). Xc nh to
im M (C) sao cho

IMO = 30
0
.
3.47. (A-09) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ng trn (C) : x
2
+y
2
+4x+4y+6 = 0 v ng thng : x+my2m+3 =
0, vi m l tham s thc. Gi I l tm ca ng trn (C). Tm M ct (C) ti hai im phn bit A, B sao
cho din tch tam gic IAB ln nht.
3.48. (A-2011) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ng thng : x+y +2 = 0 v ng trn (C) : x
2
+y
2
4x2y = 0.
Gi I l tm ca (C), M l im thuc . Qua M k cc tip tuyn MA v MB n (C), (A, B l tip im). Tm
ta im M, bit t gic MAIB c din tch bng 10.
3.49. (B-09) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ng trn (C) : (x 2)
2
+ y
2
=
4
5
v hai ng thng
1
: x y = 0,
2
: x 7y = 0. Xc nh to tm K v tnh bn knh ca ng trn (C
1
), bit ng trn (C
1
) tip xc vi
hai ng thng
1
,
2
v tm K thuc ng trn (C).
3.50. (A-07) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho tam gic ABC c A(0; 2) , B(2; 2) , C (4; 2). Gi H l chn ng cao
v t B v M, N l trung im AB, BC. Vit phng trnh ng trn qua H, M, N.
3.51. (D-2012) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ng thng d : 2x y + 3 = 0. Vit phng trnh ng trn c tm
thuc d, ct trc Ox ti A v B, ct trc Oy ti C v D sao cho AB = CD = 2.
3.52. (B-2012) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho cc ng trn (C
1
) : x
2
+ y
2
= 4, (C
2
) : x
2
+ y
2
12x + 18 = 0 v
ng thng d : x y 4 = 0. Vit phng trnh ng trn c tm thuc (C
2
) tip xc vi d v ct (C
1
) ti hai
im phn bit A v B sao cho AB vung gc vi d.
3.53. (A-2010) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho hai ng thng d
1
:
3x+y = 0 v d
2
:
3xy = 0. Gi (T) l ng
trn tip xc vi d
1
ti A, ct d
2
ti hai im B, C sao cho tam gic ABC vung ti B. Vit phng trnh ca (T),
bit tam gic ABC c din tch bng
3
2
v im A c honh dng.
4. Phng Trnh Elip
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
O
y
x
F
1
F
2
A
1
A
2
B
1
B
2
20

Chuyn 3. Phng Php Ta Trong Mt Phng
Phng trnh chnh tc ca elip:
x
2
a
2
+
y
2
b
2
= 1
_
b
2
= a
2
c
2
_
.
Trong :
Cc nh: A
1
(a; 0), A
2
(a; 0), B
1
(0; b), B
2
(0; b).
Cc tiu im: F
1
(c; 0), F
2
(c; 0).
Trc ln: A
1
A
2
= 2a.
Trc nh: B
1
B
2
= 2b.
Tiu c: F
1
F
2
= 2c.
Tm sai: e =
c
a
.
Bn knh qua tiu: MF
1
= a +
cx
a
, MF
2
= a
cx
a
.
B. Bi Tp
3.54. Tm ta cc tiu im, cc nh, di trc ln, di trc b ca mi elip c phng trnh sau
a)
x
2
25
+
y
2
4
= 1. b)
x
2
9
+
y
2
4
= 1.
c) x
2
+ 4y
2
= 4.
3.55. Vit phng trnh chnh tc ca cc ng elip (E) trong mi trng hp sau
a) (E) c di trc ln bng 8 v tm sai e =
3
2
.
b) (E) c di trc b bng 8 v tiu c bng 4.
c) (E) c mt tiu im l F
_
3; 0
_
v i qua im M
_
1;
3
2
_
.
3.56. (A-08) Trong mt phng Oxy, lp phng trnh chnh tc ca elip c tm sai bng
5
3
v hnh ch nht c
s c chu vi 20.
3.57. (D-05) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho im C(2; 0) v elip (E) :
x
2
4
+
y
2
1
= 1. Tm A, B thuc (E) bit A, B i
xng nhau qua trc honh v tam gic ABC u.
3.58. (B-2010) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho im A
_
2;
3
_
v elip (E) :
x
2
3
+
y
2
2
= 1. Gi F
1
v F
2
l cc tiu im
ca (E) (F
1
c honh m); M l giao im c tung dng ca ng thng AF
1
vi (T); N l im i xng
ca F
2
qua M. Vit phng trnh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ANF
2
.
3.59. (B-2012) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho hnh thoi ABCD c AC = 2BD v ng trn tip xc vi cc cnh
ca hnh thoi c phng trnh x
2
+y
2
= 4. Vit phng trnh chnh tc ca elip (E) i qua cc nh A, B, C, D ca
hnh thoi. Bit A thuc Ox.
3.60. (A-2011) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho (E) :
x
2
4
+
y
2
1
= 1. Tm ta cc im A v B thuc (E), c honh
dng sao cho tam gic OAB cn ti O v c din tch ln nht.
3.61. (A-2012) Trong mt phng Oxy, cho ng trn (C) : x
2
+y
2
= 8. Vit phng trnh chnh tc ca elip (E),
bit rng (E) c di trc ln bng 8 v (E) ct (C) ti bn im to thnh bn nh ca mt hnh vung.
21

Nguyn Minh Hiu
22

Chuyn 4
Cc Bi Ton Lin Quan n Kho St
Hm S
1. Cc Tr Ca Hm S
A. Kin Thc B Sung
Cch tnh tung cc tr:
Nu y = f
(x).g(x) +r(x) th y
0
= r(x
0
).
Nu y =
u(x)
v(x)
th y
0
=
u
(x
0
)
v
(x
0
)
.
B. Bi Tp
3
3 (m+ 1) x
2
+ 9x m t cc tr ti x
1
, x
2
tha |x
1
x
2
| 2.
3
+2 (m1) x
2
+
_
m
2
4m+ 1
_
x+1 t cc tr ti x
1
, x
2
tha
1
x
1
+
1
x
2
=
1
2
(x
1
+x
2
).
4.3. (D-2012) Tm m hm s y =
2
3
x
3
mx
2
2
_
3m
2
1
_
x +
2
3
c hai im cc tr x
1
v x
2
sao cho x
1
x
2
+
2 (x
1
+x
2
) = 1.
3
+ (2m+ 1) x
2
_
m
2
3m+ 2
_
x 4 c hai cc tr nm v hai pha trc tung.
4.5. (DB-05) Tm m hm s y =
x
2
+ 2mx + 1 3m
2
x m
c hai cc tr nm v hai pha trc tung.
4.6. (DB-04) Tm m hm s y = x
3
3 (m+ 1) x
2
+3m(m+ 2) x+1 t cc i, cc tiu ti cc im c honh
dng.
4.7. Tm m hm s y =
mx
2
+ 3mx + 2m+ 1
x 1
c cc i, cc tiu nm v hai pha ca trc Ox.
4.8. (A-02) Cho hm s y = x
3
+3mx
2
+3
_
1 m
2
_
x+m
3
m
2
. Vit phng trnh ng thng i qua hai im
cc tr ca hm s.
3
3
2
mx
2
+
1
2
m
3
c cc i, cc tiu i xng nhau qua ng thng y = x.
4.10. (B-07) Tm m hm s y = x
3
+3x
2
+3
_
m
2
1
_
x3m
2
1 c cc i, cc tiu v cc im cc tr cch
u gc to .
4.11. Tm m hm s y = x
3
3mx 3m+ 1 c cc tr ng thi chng cch u ng thng d : x y = 0.
4.12. (D-2011) Tm m hm s y = x
4
2 (m+ 1) x
2
+m c ba cc tr A, B, C sao cho OA = BC, trong O l
gc ta v A thuc trc tung.
4.13. Tm m hm s y = x
4
2mx
2
+ 2m+m
4
c cc i, cc tiu lp thnh tam gic u.
4.14. (A-2012) Tm m hm s y = x
4
2 (m+ 1) x
2
+ m
2
c ba im cc tr to thnh ba nh ca mt tam
gic vung.
4.15. (A-07) Tm m hm s y =
x
2
+ 2 (m+ 1) x +m
2
+ 4m
x + 2
c cc i cc tiu ng thi cc im cc tr cng
vi gc to to thnh mt tam gic vung.
23

Nguyn Minh Hiu
4.16. (B-2012) Tm m hm s y = x
3
3mx
2
+ 3m
3
c hai im cc tr A v B sao cho tam gic OAB c din
tch bng 48.
4.17. (A-05) Tm m hm s y = mx +
1
x
c cc i cc tiu ng thi khong cch t im cc tiu n tim
cn xin bng
1
2
.
4.18. (B-05) Chng minh rng vi mi m bt k, hm s y =
x
2
+ (m+ 1) x +m+ 1
x + 1
lun c im cc i, im
cc tiu v khong cch gia hai im bng

20.
4.19. Tm m hm s y =
1
3
x
3
mx
2
x +m+ 1 c khong cch gia cc i, cc tiu l nh nht.
2. Tng Giao Gia Hai Th
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Giao im ca hai th.
Honh giao im ca (C
1
) : y = f(x) v (C
2
) : y = g(x) l nghim ca phng trnh f(x) = g(x).
S giao im ca (C
1
) v (C
2
) bng s nghim ca phng trnh f(x) = g(x).
Lu . Phng trnh f(x) = g(x) gi l phng trnh honh giao im.
2. S tip xc gia hai th.
th hai hm s y = f(x) v y = g(x) tip xc nhau ti M (x
0
; y
0
)
_
f(x
0
) = g(x
0
)
f
(x
0
) = g
(x
0
)
.
B. Bi Tp
4.20. Tm giao im ca th hm s y = x
3
+ 3x
2
3x 2 v parabol y = x
2
4x + 2.
4.21. Tm m th hm s y = mx
3
x
2
2x + 8m ct trc honh ti ba im phn bit.
4.22. Tm m th hm s y = x
3
3mx
2
1 ct trc Ox ti ba im phn bit.
4.23. Tm a th hm s y = x
3
+ax + 3 ct ng thng y = 1 ti ng mt im.
4.24. (D-06) Gi d l ng thng i qua A(3; 20) v c h s gc m. Tm m d ct th hm s y = x
3
3x+2
ti ba im phn bit.
4.25. (A-2010) Tm m hm s y = x
3
2x
2
+ (1 m) x +m c th ct trc honh ti ba im phn bit c
honh x
1
, x
2
, x
3
tho mn iu kin x
2
1
+x
2
2
+x
2
3
< 4.
3
mx
2
+ 4x + 4m16 ct Ox ti ba im phn bit c honh ln hn 1.
4.27. Chng minh rng th hm s y =
x 1
x + 1
lun ct ng thng y = mx vi mi gi tr ca m.
4.28. Tm m ng thng qua A(2; 2) v c h s gc m ct th hm s y =
2x 1
x + 1
ti hai im thuc hai
nhnh phn bit.
4.29. (D-2011) Tm k ng thng y = kx + 2k + 1 ct th hm s y =
2x + 1
x + 1
ti hai im phn bit A, B
sao cho khong cch t A v B n trc honh bng nhau.
4.30. Chng minh vi mi gi tr ca m th ng thng y = 2x+m lun ct th hm s y =
x + 3
x + 1
ti hai im
phn bit M, N. Xc nh m sao cho di MN l nh nht.
4.31. (B-09) Tm m ng thng y = x +m ct th hm s y =
x
2
1
x
ti hai im phn bit A, B sao cho
AB = 4.
4.32. Tm m ng thng y = x +m ct th hm s y =
x
2
2x + 2
x 1
ti hai im A, B i xng nhau qua
ng thng y = x + 3.
4
+ 2mx
2
2m+ 1 ct trc honh ti hai im phn bit.
24

Chuyn 4. Cc Bi Ton Lin Quan n Kho St Hm S
4
(3m+ 4) x
2
+ m
2
ct trc honh ti bn im phn bit c honh lp
thnh cp s cng.
4.35. (D-09) Tm m ng thng y = 1 ct th hm s x
4
(3m+ 2) x
2
+ 3m ti bn im phn bit c
honh nh hn 2.
4.36. (DB-08) Tm m th hm s y = x
4
8x
2
+ 7 tip xc vi ng thng y = mx 9.
4.37. (D-02) Tm m th hm s y =
(2m1) x m
2
x 1
tip xc vi ng thng y = x.
4
2mx
2
+m
3
m
2
tip xc vi trc honh ti hai im phn bit.
3. Tip Tuyn Ca Th Hm S
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
H s gc ca tip tuyn ti M (x
0
; y
0
) l k = y
(x
0
).
Phng trnh tip tuyn ti M (x
0
; y
0
) l y = y
(x
0
) (x x
0
) +y
0
.
B. Bi Tp
4.39. (B-04) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s y =
1
3
x
3
2x
2
+3x (C) ti tm i xng v chng
minh rng l tip tuyn ca (C) c h s gc nh nht.
4.40. (DB-08) Cho hm s y = x
3
+ 3mx
2
+ (m+ 1) x + 1. Tm m tip tuyn ti im c honh x = 1 i
qua im A(1; 2).
4.41. (TN-08) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s y =
3x 2
x + 1
ti im c tung bng 2.
4.42. (DB-06) Cho hm s y =
x + 3
x + 1
. Tip tuyn ti im (S) bt k ca (C) ct hai tim cn ca (C) ti P v
Q. Chng minh S l trung im PQ.
4.43. Cho hm s (Cm) : y = x
3
+ 1 m(x + 1). Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th (Cm) ti giao im ca
(Cm) vi Oy. Tm m tip tuyn ni trn chn hai trc to to thnh tam gic c din tch bng 8.
4.44. (TN-09) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s y =
2x + 1
x 2
, bit h s gc ca tip tuyn bng 5.
4.45. Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s y =
x + 3
2x 1
bit tip tuyn song song vi ng phn gic
gc phn t th hai ca mt phng to .
4.46. (C-2012) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn d ca th hm s y =
2x + 3
x + 1
, bit d vung gc vi ng thng
y = x + 2.
4.47. (D-05) Cho hm s y =
1
3
x
3
m
2
x
2
+
1
3
c th (Cm). Gi M l im thuc (Cm) c honh bng 1.
Tm m tip tuyn ca (Cm) ti im M song song vi ng thng 5x y = 0.
4.48. (B-06) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s y =
x
2
+x 1
x + 2
(C). Bit rng tip tuyn vung
gc vi tim cn xin ca (C).
4.49. (DB-07) Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s y =
x
x 1
sao cho tip tuyn v hai tim cn ct
nhau to thnh mt tam gic cn.
4.50. Tm m (Cm) : y = x
3
+ 3x
2
+mx + 1 ct ng thng y = 1 ti ba im phn bit C (0; 1) , D, E sao cho
cc tip tuyn vi (Cm) ti D v E vung gc vi nhau.
4.51. (A-2011) Cho hm s (C) : y =
x + 1
2x 1
. Chng minh rng vi mi m ng thng y = x +m lun ct th
(C) ti hai im phn bit A v B. Gi k
1
, k
2
ln lt l h s gc ca cc tip tuyn vi (C) ti A v B. Tm m
tng k
1
+k
2
t gi tr ln nht.
4.52. (B-08) Vit phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s y = 4x
3
6x
2
+ 1, bit tip tuyn qua M (1; 9).
25

Nguyn Minh Hiu
4.53. (DB-07) Lp phng trnh tip tuyn ca th hm s y =
x + 1
2x + 1
, bit tip tuyn qua giao im ca tim
cn ng v trc Ox.
4.54. (DB-05) Cho hm s y =
x
2
+ 2x + 2
x + 1
c th (C). Gi I l giao hai tim cn. Chng minh rng khng c
tip tuyn no ca (C) i qua I.
4.55. Tm trn ng thng y = 4 cc im k c ba tip tuyn n (C) : y = x
3
12x + 12.
4. Bin Lun S Nghim Phng Trnh Bng Th
A. K Nng C Bn
1. V th hm s y = f (|x|).
V th hm s y = f(x) v b phn th bn tri Oy.
i xng phn th bn phi Oy qua Oy.
2. V th hm s y = |f(x)|.
V th hm s y = f(x).
i xng phn th di Ox qua Ox v b phn th di Ox.
3. Da vo th bin lun s nghim ca phng trnh f(x) = k(m).
V th hm s y = f(x) v ng thng y = k(m) song song vi Ox.
S nghim phng trnh f(x) = k(m) l s giao im ca th y = f(x) vi ng thng y = k(m).
Da vo mi tng quan trong hnh v bin lun.
B. Bi Tp
4.56. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s y = x
3
3x
2
1. Bin lun theo k s nghim ca phng trnh
x
3
3x
2
k = 0.
4.57. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s y = 2x
3
3x
2
+ 1. Bin lun theo m s nghim phng trnh
4x
3
6x
2
m = 0.
4
+2x
2
+3. Bin lun theo m s nghim ca phng trnh
x
4
2x
2
+m1 = 0.
4
4x
2
+ 3. Tm m phng trnh
1
2
x
4
2x
2
+m = 0 c
bn nghim phn bit.
4.60. (DB-06) Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s y =
x
2
+ 2x + 5
x + 1
. Tm m phng trnh sau c hai
nghim dng phn bit x
2
+ 2x + 5 =
_
m
2
+ 2m+ 5
_
(x + 1).
4.61. (A-06) Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s y = 2x
3
9x
2
+ 12x 4. Tm m phng trnh sau c
su nghim phn bit 2|x|
3
9x
2
+ 12 |x| = m.
4.62. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s y = 2x
3
+3x
2
2. Tm m phng trnh 2|x|
3
3x
2
+2 (m+ 1) = 0
c ng bn nghim.
4.63. (DB-03) Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s y =
2x
2
4x 3
2 (x 1)
. Tm m phng trnh 2x
2
4x
3 + 2m|x 1| = 0 c hai nghim phn bit.
4.64. Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s y =
x
2
+ 3x + 3
x + 1
. Tm m phng trnh
x
2
+3x+3
|x+1|
= m c bn
nghim phn bit.
3
3x
2
+4. Tm m phng trnh sau c bn nghim phn
bit |x 1|
3
3 |x 1| m = 0.
3
3x+1. Tm m phng trnh

x
3
3x + 1

2m
2
+m = 0
c ba nghim phn bit.
4.67. (B-09) Kho st s bin thin v v th hm s y = 2x
4
4x
2
. Vi cc gi tr no ca m, phng trnh
x
2

x
2
2

= m c ng su nghim thc phn bit.
4
4x
2
+ 3. Tm m phng trnh

x
4
4x
3
+ 3

= m c
ng tm nghim.
26

Chuyn 4. Cc Bi Ton Lin Quan n Kho St Hm S
5. i Xng - Khong Cch & Cc Bi Ton Khc
4.69. Tm m hm s y =
m
2
x 2
x 1
qua im A(2; 6).
4.70. Tm cc h s m, n sao cho hm s y = x
3
+mx +n t cc tiu ti im x = 1 v th ca n i qua
im M (1; 4).
4.71. Chng minh rng im un ca th hm s (C) : y = x
3
6x
2
+ 9x l tm i xng ca n.
4.72. Chng minh rng th hm s (C) : y =
2x + 1
x + 1
nhn giao im I ca hai tim cn lm tm i xng.
4.73. (D-04) Tm m tm i xng ca th hm s y = x
3
3mx
2
+ 9x + 1 thuc ng thng y = x + 1.
x
3
m
+ 3x
2
2 nhn I (1; 0) lm im un.
4.75. Tm cc im trn th hm s y =
2x 1
x 1
c ta l cc s nguyn.
4.76. Tm trn th hm s y =
x
2
+ 3x 1
x 1
cc im c to nguyn.
4.77. Tm im c nh ca h ng cong (Cm) : y = x
3
+ 2 (m1) x
2
+
_
m
2
4m+ 1
_
x 2
_
m
2
+ 1
_
.
4.78. Chng minh rng vi mi m = 1, h ng cong (Cm) : y =
mx 1
x m
lun i qua hai im c nh. Gi M
l giao im ca hai tim cn ca (Cm), tm tp hp im M khi m thay i.
4.79. Cho h ng cong (Cm) : y = mx
3
+ (1 m) x. Tm cc im trn mt phng ta sao cho khng c
ng no ca (Cm) i qua.
4.80. (DB-06) Tm trn th hm s y =
1
3
x
3
+x
2
+ 3x
11
3
hai im phn bit M, N i xng nhau qua Oy.
4.81. Tm trn th hm s y = x
3
+ 3x 2 hai im i xng nhau qua M (2; 18).
4.82. Tm trn th hm s y =
3x + 1
x 2
hai im i xng nhau qua M (2; 1).
4.83. Cho hm s y =
x + 1
x 1
c th (C). Tm trn (C) hai im phn bit A, B i xng nhau qua ng thng
d : x + 2y 3 = 0.
4.84. (B-03) Tm m th hm s y = x
3
3x
2
+m c hai im phn bit i xng nhau qua gc to .
4.85. (DB-04) Tm trn th hm s y =
x
x + 1
nhng im M sao cho khong cch t M n ng thng
d : 3x + 4y = 0 bng 1.
4.86. Cho hm s y =
4x + 1
x + 1
c th (C). Tm trn (C) cc im cch u hai trc ta .
4.87. Cho hm s y =
x
2
x + 1
x 1
. Tm im M trn th hm s sao cho khong cch t M n giao im I ca
hai tim cn l nh nht.
4.88. Cho hm s y =
3x 5
x 2
c th (C). Tm im M trn (C) tng khong cch t M n hai tim cn l
nh nht.
4.89. Cho hm s y =
x 1
x + 1
c th (C). Tm im M trn (C) tng khong cch t M n hai trc to
l nh nht.
4.90. Tm hai im trn hai nhnh th hm s y =
x 2
x 1
c khong cch b nht.
27

Nguyn Minh Hiu
28

Chuyn 5
Hm S Ly Tha. Hm S M & Hm
S Lgarit
1. Ly Tha
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Cc nh ngha.
Ly tha vi s m nguyn dng: a
n
= a.a...a
. .
n tha s
(a R, n N
).
Ly tha vi s m 0: a
0
= 1 (a = 0).
Ly tha vi s m nguyn m: a
n
=
1
a
n
(a = 0, n N
).
Cn bc n: b l cn bc n ca a b
n
= a.
Lu : Khi n l th a c ng mt cn bc n l
n
a.
Khi n chn th a < 0 khng c cn bc n.
a = 0 c mt cn bc n l 0.
a > 0 c hai cn bc n l
n
a.
Ly tha vi s m hu t: a
m
n
=
n
a
m
(a > 0; m, n Z; n 2).
Ly tha vi s m thc: a
= lim
n+
a
r
n
_
a > 0; (r
n
) Q; lim
n+
r
n
=
_
.
2. Cc tnh cht ca ly tha vi s m thc.
Cho hai s a, b > 0 v , l nhng s thc tu . Ta c
a
.a
= a
+
.
a
= a
.
(a
= a
.
(ab)
= a
.b
.
_
a
b
_
=
a
.
Nu a > 1 th a
> a
> . Nu 0 < a < 1 th a
> a
< .
Nu > 0 th 0 < a < b a
< b
. Nu < 0 th 0 < a < b a
> b
.
B. Bi Tp
5.1. Tnh gi tr cc lu tha sau
a) (0, 04)
1,5
(0, 125)
2
3
. b)
_
1
16
_
0,75
+
_
1
8
_
4
3
.
c) 27
2
3
+
_
1
16
_
0,75
25
0,5
. d) (0, 5)
4
625
0,25
_
2
1
4
_
1
1
2
.
e) 81
0,75
+
_
1
125
_
1
3
_
1
32
_
3
5
. f)
10
2+
7
2
2+
7
.5
1+
7
.
g)
_
4
2
3
4
31
_
.2
2
3
. h)
_
6
_
25 + 4
6
3
_
1 + 2
6
_
3
_
1 2
6.
5.2. Rt gn cc biu thc sau
a)
x
5
4
y +xy
5
4
4
x +
4
y
. b)
a
1
3
b +b
1
3
a
6
a +
6
b
.
29

Nguyn Minh Hiu
c)
b
4
a
4
a
4
ab
4
a +
4
b
.
d)
a b
3
a
3
a +b
3
a +
3
b
.
e)
_
a
2
3
1
__
a
2
3
+a
3
+a
3
3
_
a
4
3
a
3
.
f)
_
a +b
3
a +
3
ab
_
:
_
3
a
3
b
_
2
.
g)
a 1
a
3
4
+a
1
2
.
a +
4
a + 1
.a
1
4
+ 1.
h) a +
b
3
2
a
1
2
__
a
1
2
b
1
2
a
1
2
+
b
1
2
a
1
2
b
1
2
_
2
3
.
5.3. Hy so snh cc cp s sau
a)
3
10 v
5
20. b)
4
13 v
5
23.
c) 3
600
v 5
400
. d)
3
7 +
15 v

10 +
3
28.
5.4. Tnh A =
_
a +b +c + 2
ab +bc +
_
a +b +c 2
ab +bc, (a, b, c > 0, a +c > b)

2. Lgarit
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. nh ngha. = log
a
b a
= b (a, b > 0; a = 1).

2. Tnh cht.
log
a
1 = 0. log
a
a = 1.
a
log
a
b
= b.
log
a
(a
) = .
Khi a > 1 th log
a
b > log
a
c b > c. Khi 0 < a < 1 th log
a
b > log
a
c b < c.
3. Quy tc tnh.
log
a
(bc) = log
a
b + log
a
c. log
a
b
c
= log
a
b log
a
c.
log
a
1
b
= log
a
b. log
a
b
= log
a
b.
log
a
n
b =
1
n
log
a
b. log
a
b = log
a
c.log
c
b.
log
a
b =
1
log
b
a
. log
a
b =
1
log
a
b.
4. Lgarit thp phn v lgarit t nhin.
Lgarit thp phn: L lgarit c c s a = 10. K hiu: log x hoc lg x.
Lgarit t nhin: L lgarit c c s a = e. K hiu: ln x.
B. Bi Tp
5.5. Tnh
a) log
3
4
3. b) 2log
27
log 1000. c) log
25
8.log
8
5.
d) log 45 2 log 3.
e) 3log
2
log
4
16 + log1
2
2.
f) log
2
48
1
3
log
2
27.
g) 5 ln e
1
+ 4 ln
_
e
2
e
_
. h) log 72 2 log
27
256
+ log
108. i) log 0, 375 2 log
0, 5625.
5.6. n gin biu thc
a)
log
2
4 + log
2
10
log
2
20 + log
2
8
. b)
log
2
24
1
2
log
2
72
log
3
18
1
3
log
3
72
. c)
_
log
7
2 +
1
log
5
7
_
log 7.
d) log
a
a
2
.
3
a.
5
a
4
4
a
_
.
e) log
5
log
5
5
_
5
_
...
5
5
. .
n du cn
.
f) 9
2log
3
4+4log
81
2
.
g) 16
1+log
4
5
+ 4
1
2
log
2
3+3log
5
5
.
h)
_
81
1
4
1
2
log
9
4
+ 25
log
125
8
_
49
log
7
2
. i) 72
_
49
1
2
log
7
9log
7
6
+ 5
log
5
4
_
.
5.7. So snh cc cp s sau:
a) log
3
6
5
v log
3
5
6
. b) log1
2
e v log1
2
.
c) log
2
10 v log
5
30.
d) log
5
3 v log
0,3
2. e) log
3
5 v log
7
4. f) log
3
10 v log
8
57.
5.8. Tnh log
4
1250 theo a, bit a = log
2
5.
5.9. Tnh log
54
168 theo a, b, bit a = log
7
12, b = log
12
24.
5.10. Tnh log
140
63 theo a, b, c, bit a = log
2
3, b = log
3
5, c = log
7
2.
5.11. Tnh log 3
25
135 theo a, b, bit a = log
4
75, b = log
8
45.
5.12. Chng minh rng ab + 5 (a b) = 1, bit a = log
12
18, b = log
24
54.
5.13. Cho y = 10
1
1log x
, z = 10
1
1log y
. Chng minh rng x = 10
1
1log z
.
5.14. Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh rng (abc)
a+b+c
3
a
a
b
b
c
c
.
30

Chuyn 5. Hm S Ly Tha. Hm S M & Hm S Lgarit
3. Hm S Ly Tha. Hm S M & Hm S Lgarit
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Hm s lu tha.
Dng: y = x
( R).
Tp xc nh:
Nu nguyn dng th D = R.
Nu = 0 hoc nguyn m th D = R\ {0}.
Nu khng nguyn th D = (0; +).
o hm: y
= x
1
.
Tnh cht: (Xt trn (0; +))
> 0: Hm s lun ng bin.
< 0: Hm s lun nghch bin.
O O
y y
x x
> 0 < 0
2. Hm s m.
Dng: y = a
x
(0 < a = 1).
Tp xc nh: D = R.
o hm: y
= a
x
ln a.
Tnh cht:
a > 1: Hm s lun ng bin.
a < 1: Hm s lun nghch bin.
O O
y y
x x
a > 1 0 < a < 1
1 1
3. Hm s lgarit.
Dng: y = log
a
x (0 < a = 1).
Tp xc nh: D = (0; +).
o hm: y
=
1
x ln a
.
Tnh cht:
a > 1: Hm s lun ng bin.
a < 1: Hm s lun nghch bin.
O O
y y
x x
a > 1 0 < a < 1
1 1
4. o hm ca hm s ly tha, m v lgarit.
(x
= x
1
. (u
= u
1
.u
. (e
x
)
= e
x
. (e
u
)
= u
e
u
. (a
x
)
= a
x
ln a.
(a
u
)
= u
a
u
ln a. (ln x)
=
1
x
. (ln u)
=
u
u
. (log
a
x)
=
1
xln a
. (log
a
u)
=
u
uln a
.
B. Bi Tp
5.15. Tm tp xc nh ca cc hm s sau
a) y =
_
x
2
2
_
2
. b) y =
_
2 x
2
_2
7
. c) y =
_
x
2
x 2
_
2
.
d) y = log
2
(5 2x). e) y = log
3
_
x
2
2x
_
. f) y = log
0,4
3x+2
1x
.
5.16. Tnh o hm ca cc hm s sau
a) y =
_
3x
2
4x + 1
_
2
.
b) y = 3x
2
ln x + 4 sin x. c) y = 2xe
x
+ 3 sin 2x.
d) y = log
_
x
2
+x + 1
_
. e) y = ln
e
x
1+e
x
. f) y =
_
x
2

1
4
_
e
2x
.
g) y =
_
e
4x
+ 1 ln x
_
. h) y =
2 ln x+1
4 ln x5
. i) y = ln
_
2e
x
+ ln
_
x
2
+ 3x + 5
__
.
5.17. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca cc hm s sau
a) y = x e
2x
trn [0; 1]. b) y = e
2x
2e
x
trn [1; 2]. c) y = (x + 1) e
x
trn [1; 2].
d) y = ln
_
3 + 2x x
2
_
trn [0; 2]. e) y = ln
_
4 3x
2
x
4
_
. f) y = x
2
ln (1 2x) trn [2; 0].
g) y = x
2
e
x
trn [0; ln 8]. h) y = x
2
ln x trn [1; e]. i) y = 5
x
+ 5
1x
trn [0; log
5
8].
4. Phng Trnh & Bt Phng Trnh M
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Phng trnh m c bn.
Dng: a
x
= b (0 < a = 1).
Cch gii:
b 0: Phng trnh v nghim.
b > 0: a
x
= b x = log
a
b.
2. Bt phng trnh m c bn.
Dng: a
x
> b (0 < a = 1).
Cch gii:
b 0: S = R.
b > 0, a > 1: a
x
> b x > log
a
b.
0 < a < 1: a
x
> b x < log
a
b.
Lu . Cc dng a
x
b; a
x
< b; a
x
b da vo du c cch gii tng ng.
31

Nguyn Minh Hiu
B. Phng Phng Gii C Bn
a v cng c s. t n ph.
Ly lgarit hai v. S dng tnh n iu ca hm s m.
C. Bi Tp
a) 2
2x1
= 3. b) 2
x
2
x
= 4.
c) 2
x
2
x+8
= 4
13x
. d) 3
x
.2
x+1
= 72.
e) 3
2x1
+ 3
2x
= 108. f) 2
x
+ 2
x+1
+ 2
x+2
= 3
x
+ 3
x1
+ 3
x2
.
g)
_
3 + 2
2
_
x+1
=
_
3 2
2
_
2x+8
.
h)
_
5 2
6
_
x
2
3x+2
_
5 + 2
6
_
1x
2
2
= 0.
a) 2
x
2
+3x
< 4. b) 3
x+2
+ 3
x1
28.
c) 2
x+2
2
x+3
2
x+4
> 5
x+1
5
x+2
. d) 2
x
+ 2
x+1
+ 2
x+2
< 3
x
+ 3
x1
+ 3
x2
.
e) x
2x1
< x
x
2
.
f)
_
5 + 2
_
x1
_
5 2
_
x1
x+1
.
g) 32
x+5
x1
> 0, 25.128
x+17
x3
. h) 2
x
2
.7
x
2
+1
< 7.14
2x
2
4x+3
.
a) 64
x
8
x
56 = 0. b) (TN-08) 3
2x+1
9.3
x
+ 6 = 0.
c) 2
2+x
2
2x
= 15. d) (TN-07) 7
x
+ 2.7
1x
9 = 0.
e) (D-03) 2
x
2
x
2
2+xx
2
= 3. f) 3
2x+1
= 3
x+2
+
1 6.3
x
+ 3
2(x+1)
.
a) 4
x
3.2
x
+ 2 > 0. b) 32.4
x
+ 1 < 18.2
x
.
c) 5
x
+ 5
1x
> 6. d)
_
2 +
3
_
x
+
_
2
3
_
x
> 4.
a)
_
5 2
6
_
x
+
_
5 + 2
6
_
x
= 10. b) (B-07)
_
2 1
_
x
+
_
2 + 1
_
x
2
2 = 0.
c)
_
7 + 3
5
_
x
+ 5.
_
7 3
5
_
x
= 6.2
x
. d)
_
_
5 + 2
6
_
x
+
_
_
5 2
6
_
x
= 10.
e)
_
7 + 4
3
_
x
3
_
2
3
_
x
+ 2 = 0. f)
_
26 + 15
3
_
x
+ 2
_
7 + 4
3
_
x
2
_
2
3
_
x
= 1.
a) 3.4
x
2.6
x
= 9
x
. b) 2.16
x+1
+ 3.81
x+1
= 5.36
x+1
.
c) 4
x+
x
2
2
5.2
x1+
x
2
2
6 = 0. d) 5.2
x
= 7
10
x
2.5
x
.
e) 27
x
+ 12
x
= 2.8
x
. f) (A-06) 3.8
x
+ 4.12
x
18
x
2.27
x
= 0.
a) 27
x
+ 12
x
< 2.8
x
.
b) 25
2xx
2
+1
+ 9
2xx
2
+1
34.15
2xx
2
.
c) 9
1
x
13.6
1
x
1
+ 4
1
x
< 0. d)

9
x
3
x+1
+ 2 > 3
x
9.
e)
45
x
5
2x
5
x+1
+6
1. f)
47.5
x
5
2x+1
12.5
x
+4

2
3
.
a) 12 + 6
x
= 4.3
x
+ 3.2
x
. b) 5
2x+1
+ 7
x+1
175
x
35 = 0.
c) 2
x
2
5x+6
+ 2
1x
2
= 2.2
65x
+ 1. d) (D-06) 2
x
2
+x
4.2
x
2
x
2
2x
+ 4 = 0.
e) 4
x
2
+x
+ 2
1x
2
= 2
(x+1)
2
+ 1. f) x
2
.2
x1
+ 2
|x3|+6
= x
2
.2
|x3|+4
+ 2
x+1
.
a) 12 + 6
x
> 4.3
x
+ 3.2
x
.
b) 4
x
2
+x
+ 2
1x
2
2
(x+1)
2
+ 1.
c) 5
2x+1
+ 6
x+1
> 30 + 5
x
.30
x
. d) 5
2x103
x2
4.5
x5
< 5
1+3
x2
.
a) 3
x
= 11 x. b) 2
x
= x + 1.
c) 3
x
+ 4
x
= 5
x
. d) 1 + 8
x
2
= 3
x
.
e) 5
x
2
2x+2
+ 4
x
2
2x+3
+ 3
x
2
2x+4
= 48. f) 2
3 x = x
2
+ 8x 14.
a) 4
x
+ (2x 17) .2
x
+x
2
17x + 66 = 0. b) 9
x
+ 2 (x 2) .3
x
+ 2x 5 = 0.
c) 9
x
2
+
_
x
2
3
_
.3
x
2
2x
2
+ 2 = 0. d) 3
2x
(2
x
+ 9) .3
x
+ 9.2
x
= 0.
32

Chuyn 5. Hm S Ly Tha. Hm S M & Hm S Lgarit
a) 2
2x
2
x
+ 6 = 6. b) 3
2x
+
3
x
+ 7 = 7.
c) 27
x
+ 2 = 3
3
3
x+1
2. d) 7
x1
= 6log
7
(6x 5) + 1.
a) 2
x
2
= 3
x
. b) 2
x
2
4
= 3
x2
.
c) 5
x
.8
x1
x
= 500. d) 8
x
x+2
= 4.3
4x
.
a) 3
x
2
= cos 2x. b) 2
|x|
= sin x.
c) 2
x1
+ 2
x
2
x.2
x1
2
x
2
x
= (x 1)
2
.
d) 2
2x+1
+ 2
32x
=
8
log
3
(4x
2
4x+4)
.
5. Phng Trnh & Bt Phng Trnh Lgarit
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Phng trnh lgarit c bn.
Dng: log
a
x = b (0 < a = 1).
Cch gii: log
a
x = b x = a
b
.
2. Bt phng trnh lgarit c bn.
Dng: log
a
x > b (0 < a = 1).
Cch gii: a > 1: log
a
x > b x > a
b
.
0 < a < 1: log
a
x > b 0 < x < a
b
.
Lu . Cc dng log
a
x b; log
a
x < b; log
a
x b da vo du c cch gii tng ng.
B. Phng Phng Gii C Bn
a v cng c s. t n ph.
S dng tnh n iu ca hm s lgarit.
C. Bi Tp
a) log
3
(x 2) = 2. b) log
3
(5x + 3) = log
3
(7x + 5).
c) log
2
_
x
2
1
_
= log1
2
(x 1). d) log
2
x + log
2
(x 2) = 3.
e) log
2
_
x
2
+ 8
_
= log
2
x + log
2
6. f) log
3
(x + 2) + log
3
(x 2) = log
3
5.
g) log
3
x + log
4
x = log
5
x. h) log
2
x + log
3
x + log
4
x = log
20
x.
a) log
8
(4 2x) 2. b) log
3
_
x
2
+ 2
_
+ log1
3
(x + 2) < 0.
c) log1
5
(3x 5) > log1
5
(x + 1).
d) log
2
(x + 3) < log
4
(2x + 9).
a) log
2
_
x
2
+ 3x + 2
_
+ log
2
_
x
2
+ 7x + 12
_
= log
2
24. b) log
_
x
3
+ 8
_
= log (x + 58) +
1
2
log
_
x
2
+ 4x + 4
_
.
c)
1
2
log
2
(x + 3) +
1
4
log
4
(x 1)
8
= log
2
4x. d)
3
2
log1
4
(x + 2)
2
3 = log1
4
(4 x)
3
+ log1
4
(x + 6)
3
.
e) log
x + 1 log1
2
(3 x) log
8
(x 1)
3
= 0.
f) log1
2
(x 1) + log1
2
(x + 1) log 1
2
(7 x) = 1.
g) log
2
_
8 x
2
_
+ log1
2
_
1 +x +
1 x
_
2 = 0. h) log
2
(4
x
+ 15.2
x
+ 27) + 2log
2
1
4.2
x
3
= 0.
a) log
2
_
x
x
2
1
_
+ 3log
2
_
x +
x
2
1
_
= 2. b) (A-08) log
2x1
_
2x
2
+x 1
_
+log
x+1
(2x 1)
2
= 4.
c) log
2
_
x
x
2
1
_
.log
3
_
x +
x
2
1
_
= log
6
_
x
x
2
1
_
.
a) (A-07) 2log
3
(4x 3) + log1
3
(2x + 3) 2. b) log1
2
x + 2log1
4
(x 1) + log
2
6 0.
c) (D-08) log1
2
x
2
3x+2
x
0. d) log
0,5
x+1
2x1
> 1.
e)
log
2
_
3.2
x1
1
_
x
1.
f)
log
2
(1 3log
27
x) 1
log
2
x
< 0.
g) (B-02) log
x
[log
3
(9
x
72)] 1. h)
x 1
log
3
(9 3
x
) 3
1.
a) (B-08) log
0,7
_
log
6
x
2
+x
x+4
_
< 0. b) log1
2
log
3
x+1
x1
0.
c) log
3
log
4
3x1
x+1
log1
3
log1
4
x+1
3x1
. d) log1
3
log
5
_
x
2
+ 1 +x
_
> log
3
log1
5
_
x
2
+ 1 x
_
.
33

Nguyn Minh Hiu
a) log
2
2
x 3log
2
x + 2 = 0.
b) log1
2
x + log
2
2
x = 2.
c) 2log
2
x log
3
x = 2 log x. d) log
2
x
3
20 log
x + 1 = 0.
e)
_
log
3
x +
_
4 log
3
x = 2. f) log
2
(2
x
+ 1) .log
2
_
2
x+1
+ 2
_
= 2.
g) log
3
(3
x
+ 1) .log
3
_
3
x+2
+ 9
_
= 3. h) log
2
(5
x
1) .log
4
(2.5
x
2) = 1.
a) log
2
2
(2x + 1) 3 log (2x + 1) + 2 > 0. b) log
2
9
(x 1) 3log
3
(x 1) + 1 0.
c) log
x1
4 1 + log
2
(x 1). d) log
2
(2
x
1) log1
2
_
2
x+1
2
_
> 2.
e) log
4
(19 2
x
) log
2
192
x
8
1. f) log
5
(4
x
+ 144) 4log
5
2 < 1 + log
5
_
2
x2
+ 1
_
.
a) log
2
x +
_ _
log
x
2
4
3
. b)
3
_
log1
2
x + log
4
x
2
2 > 0.
c)
_
log
2
2
x + log1
2
x
2
3 >
5
_
log
4
x
2
2
_
. d)
_
log
2
2
x + log
2
x
4
8 > log
2
x
2
4
.
a) log
2x
64 + log
x
216 3. b) log
x
(125x) .log
25
x >
3
2
+ log
2
5
x.
c) (C-2012) log
2
(2x). log
3
(3x) > 1. d) log1
3
x +
_
1 4 log
2
1
2
x < 1.
a) x + 2.3
log
2
x
= 3. b) x
2
+ 3
log
2
x
= x
log
2
5
.
c) x
log
2
9
= x
2
.3
log
2
x
x
log
2
3
. d) log
2
_
x + 3
log
6
x
_
= log
6
x.
a) log
2
2
x + (x 4) log
2
x x + 3 = 0. b) log
2
2
(x + 1) + (x 5) log
2
(x + 1) 2x + 6 = 0.
c) log
2
_
x
2
+ 1
_
+
_
x
2
5
_
log
_
x
2
+ 1
_
5x
2
= 0. d) (x + 2) log
2
3
(x + 1) +4 (x + 1) log
3
(x + 1) 16 = 0.
a) log
2
(1 +
x) = log
3
x. b) log
7
x = log
3
(2 +
x).
c) 3log
3
(1 +
x +
3
x) = 2log
2
x. d) log1
2
(3 +|x|) = 2
|x|
4.
e) log
2
_
x
2
4
_
+x = log
2
[8 (x + 2)]. f) 4 (x 2) [log
2
(x 3) + log
3
(x 2)] = 15 (x + 1).
a) 3
x
> 11 x. b) 1 +
15
x
4
x
.
c) 1 + 2
x+1
+ 3
x+1
< 6
x
. d) 4
log x+1
6
log x
> 2.3
log x
2
+2
.
e) log
7
x < log
3
(
x + 2). f) log
2
(2
x
+ 1) + log
3
(4
x
+ 2) 2.
6. H Phng Trnh M & Lgarit
a)
_
3
y+1
2
x
= 5
4
x
6.3
y
+ 2 = 0
. b) (D-02)
_
2
3x
= 5y
2
4y
4
x
+2
x+1
2
x
+2
= y
.
c) (A-09)
_
log
2
_
x
2
+y
2
_
= 1 + log
2
(xy)
3
x
2
xy+y
2
= 81
. d) (B-2010)
_
log
2
(3y 1) = x
4
x
+ 2
x
= 3y
2
.
a)
_
log
3
(x + 2) < 3
log1
2
_
x
2
+ 2x 8
_
log1
2
16
. b) (A-04)
_
log1
4
(y x) log
4
1
y
= 1
x
2
+y
2
= 25
.
c) (D-2010)
_
x
2
4x +y + 2 = 0
2log
2
(x 2) log
2
y = 0
. d) (B-05)
_
x 1 +
2 y = 1
3log
9
9x
2
log
3
y
3
= 3
.
a)
_
3
x
3
y
= y x
x
2
+xy +y
2
= 12
. b)
_
x
3
y
3
= 2
y
2
x
_
x
4
+ 1
_ _
y
2
+y 1
_
+x(y 2) = 1
.
c)
_
x +
x
2
2x + 2 = 3
y1
+ 1
y +
_
y
2
2y + 2 = 3
x1
+ 1
. d)
_
ln (1 +x) ln (1 +y) = x y
x
2
12xy + 20y
2
= 0
.
5.49. (D-06) Chng minh vi mi a > 0, h phng trnh
_
e
x
e
y
= ln (1 +x) ln (1 +y)
y x = a
c nghim duy nht.
34

Chuyn 6
Phng Php Ta Trong Khng Gian
1. Ta Trong Khng Gian
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Ta trong khng gian.
Hai vect bng nhau:

a =

b
_
_
_
a
1
= b
1
a
2
= b
2
a
3
= b
3
.
Cc php ton vect:

a

b = (a
1
b
1
; a
2
b
2
; a
3
b
3
); k

a = (ka
1
; ka
2
; ka
3
).
Tch v hng ca hai vect:

a .

b = a
1
b
1
+a
2
b
2
+a
3
b
3
.
Hai vect vung gc:

a

b

a .

b = 0.
di vect: |

a | =
_
a
2
1
+a
2
2
+a
2
3
.
Gc gia hai vect: cos
_

a ;

b
_
=

a .

b
|

a | .

.
Ta vect:

AB = (x
B
x
A
; y
B
y
A
; z
B
z
A
).
Khong cch gia hai im: AB =

AB

=
_
(x
B
x
A
)
2
+ (y
B
y
A
)
2
+ (z
B
z
A
)
2
.
Tnh cht trung im: I l trung im ca AB I
_
x
A
+x
B
2
;
y
A
+y
B
2
;
z
A
+z
B
2
_
.
Tnh cht trng tm: G l trng tm ABC G
_
x
A
+x
B
+x
C
3
;
y
A
+y
B
+y
C
3
;
z
A
+z
B
+z
C
3
_
.
2. Tch c hng ca hai vct.
nh ngha.
_

a ,

b
_
=
_

a
2
a
3
b
2
b
3

;

a
3
a
1
b
3
b
1

;

a
1
a
2
b
1
b
2

_
.
Tnh cht.
_

a ,

b
_

a ;
_

a ,

b
_

b .

_

a ,

b
_
= |

a | .

b

. sin
_

a ,

b
_
.
_

a ,

b
_
=

0

a ,

b cng phng.
_

a ,

b
_
.

c = 0

a ,

b ,

c ng phng.
ng dng.
Din tch tam gic: S
ABC
=
1
2

AB,
AC
_
. Th tch t din: V
ABCD
=
1
6

AB,
AC
_
.
AD

.
Th tch hnh hp: V
ABCD.A
D
=

AB,
AD
_
.
AA

.
3. Phng trnh mt cu.
Dng 1: (x a)
2
+ (y b)
2
+ (z c)
2
= R
2
(R > 0).
C tm I (a; b; c) v bn knh R =
R
2
.
Dng 2: x
2
+y
2
+z
2
2ax 2by 2cz +d = 0
_
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
> d
_
.
C tm I (a; b; c) v bn knh R =
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
d.
Lu . im M thuc mt cu R = IM.
B. Bi Tp
6.1. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho ba vect

a (5; 7; 2) ,

b (3; 0; 4) v

c (6; 1; 1).
a) Hy tm cc vect sau:

m = 3

a 2

b +

c ;

n = 5

a + 6

b + 4

c ;

p =
1
2

a
1
3

b +
1
6

c .
35

Nguyn Minh Hiu
b) Tnh: |

a | ;

b

;

a

b

;

a .

b ;
_

a ,

b
_
.
c) Tm

x sao cho

a + 3

b 2

x =

0 .
d) Tm u, v vect

y (1; u; v) cng phng vi vect

a + 2

b .
6.2. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho ba vect

a (1; 0; 2) ,

b (1; 2; 1) v

c (0; 3; 2).
a) Tm vect

u bit 2

a +

b 3

c 2

u =

0 .
b) Tnh

a +

b +

c

.
c) Tm

a
_

b 2

c
_
;
_

a ,

b
_
.
d) Tm vect

u bit

u

a ;

u

b v |

u | =
21.
6.3. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho ba im A(1; 0; 2) , B(2; 1; 1) , C (1; 2; 2).
a) Chng minh A, B, C khng thng hng. b) Tnh chu vi tam gic ABC.
c) Tm ta D ABCD l hnh bnh hnh. d) Tm ta trng tm tam gic ABC.
a) Tnh

AB.
AC. b) Tnh cos
BAC.
c) Tnh
_
AB,
AC
_
.
a) Chng minh tam gic ABC vung ti A.
b) Tm tm v bn knh ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
c) Tnh din tch tam gic ABC.
6.6. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho tam gic ABC c A(1; 1; 3) , B(1; 3; 2) , C (1; 2; 3). Tnh din tch tam gic
ABC v th tch t din OABC.
6.7. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai im A(3; 2; 6) , B(2; 4; 4). Hy tnh di ng cao OH ca tam gic
OAB.
6.8. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho tam gic ABC c A(0; 4; 1) , B(1; 0; 1) , C (3; 1; 2) .. Tm to trc tm tam
gic ABC.
6.9. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho ba im A(1; 1; 1) , B(1; 1; 0) , C (3; 1; 1). Tm im M thuc mt phng (Oxz)
sao cho M cch u A, B, C.
6.10. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai im A(1; 6; 6) , B(3; 6; 2). Tm im M thuc mt phng (Oxy) sao
cho AM +BM l ngn nht.
6.11. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho ba im A(2; 5; 3) , B(3; 7; 4) , C (x, y, 6). Tm x, y A, B, C thng hng.
6.12. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho bn im A(1; 1; 1) , B(2; 3; 4) , C (6; 5; 2) , D(7, 7, 5). Chng minh rng A, B, C, D
l bn nh ca hnh bnh hnh. Tnh din tch hnh bnh hnh .
6.13. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho t din ABCD c A(2; 1; 1) , B(3; 0; 1) , C (2; 1; 3) v D thuc trc Oy. Tm
ta nh D, bit th tch t din ABCD bng 5.
6.14. Tm tm v bn knh ca cc mt cu sau
a) (x 3)
2
+ (y + 2)
2
+ (z + 1)
2
= 9. b) x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+ 2x + 4y 6z + 9 = 0.
c) x
2
+y
2
+z
2
+y 5z + 1 = 0. d) 3x
2
+ 3y
2
+ 3z
2
6x + 8y + 15z 3 = 0.
6.15. Lp phng trnh mt cu trong cc trng hp sau
a) C tm I (1; 2; 3) v qua M (2; 0; 1).
b) C ng knh AB bit A(3; 2; 1) v B(1; 1; 2).
c) Ngoi tip t din OABC bit A(2; 0; 0) , B(0; 1; 0) v C (0; 0; 3).
d) Ngoi tip t din ABCD bit A(1; 2; 1) , B(3; 1; 2) , C (2; 1; 2) v D(1; 1; 3).
e) C tm nm trn mt phng (Oyz) v qua ba im A(0; 8; 0) , B(4; 6; 2) , C (0; 12; 4).
2. Phng Trnh Mt Phng
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Vect php tuyn ca mt phng.
nh ngha: Vect

n =

0 c gi vung gc vi () gi l vect php tuyn ca mt phng ().
Lu .
Mt mt phng c v s vect php tuyn cng phng.
Nu hai vect

a ,

b khng cng phng v c gi song song hoc cha trong () th

n
=
_

a ,

b
_
.
36

Chuyn 6. Phng Php Ta Trong Khng Gian
2. Phng trnh tng qut ca mt phng.
Dng: () : Ax +By +Cz +D = 0 (A, B, C khng ng thi bng 0).
Nhn xt.
Mt phng Ax +By +Cz +D = 0 c vect php tuyn

n (A; B; C).
Ly x
0
; y
0
tu z
0
ta c im M (x
0
; y
0
; z
0
) ().
Mt phng qua M (x
0
; y
0
; z
0
) v c vect php tuyn

n (A; B; C) c PT: A(x x
0
)+B(y y
0
)+C (z z
0
) = 0.
Mt phng qua A(a; 0; 0) , B(0; b; 0) v C (0; 0; c) c phng trnh
x
a
+
y
b
+
z
c
= 1 gi l PT on chn.
Mt phng (Oxy) , (Oxz) , (Oyz) ln lt c phng trnh z = 0, y = 0, x = 0.
Mt phng () tip xc vi mt cu (S) d (I; ()) = R.
3. V tr tng i ca hai mt phng.
Cho hai mt phng (
1
) : A
1
x +B
1
y +C
1
z +D
1
= 0 v (
2
) : A
2
x +B
2
y +C
2
z +D
2
= 0. Ta c:
(
1
) // (
2
)
_

n
1
= k
n
2
D
1
= kD
2
. (
1
) (
2
)
_

n
1
= k
n
2
D
1
= kD
2
.
(
1
) ct (
2
)

n
1
= k
n
2
. (
1
) (
2
)

n
1
.
n
2
= 0.
4 . Khong cch.
T mt im n mt mt phng: d (M; ()) =
|Ax
M
+By
M
+Cz
M
+D|
A
2
+B
2
+C
2
.
Gia hai mt phng song song: d (() ; ()) = d (M; ()) (M ()).
B. Bi Tp
6.16. Lp phng trnh mt phng (P) trong cc trng hp sau
a) i qua ba im A(1; 0; 0) , B(0; 2; 0) , C (0; 0; 3).
b) i qua ba im A(2; 1; 3) , B(4; 2; 1) , C (1; 2; 3).
c) i qua im M (2; 1; 2) v song song vi mt phng () : 2x y + 3z + 4 = 0.
d) i qua M (1; 2; 3) v vung gc AB. Bit A(1; 0; 2) , B(3; 2; 1).
e) i qua hai im A(3; 1; 1) , B(2; 1; 4) v vung gc vi mt phng () : 2x y + 3z + 1 = 0.
f) i qua M (2; 3; 1) v vung gc vi hai mt phng () : x + 2y + 2z + 1 = 0; () : 2x + 3y +z = 0.
g) i qua hai im M (1; 2; 3) , N (2; 2; 4) v song song vi trc Oy.
h) Trung trc ca Ab, bit A(4; 1; 5) , B(2; 3; 1).
i) Song song vi () : 4x + 3y 12z + 1 = 0 v tip xc vi (S) : x
2
+y
2
+z
2
2x 4y 6z 2 = 0.
6.17. Xt v tr tng i ca cc cp mt phng sau
a) () : x 2y + 3z 3 = 0; () : 2x y +z 1 = 0.
b) () : 2x y + 2z + 1 = 0; () : 4x + 2y 4z 1 = 0.
c) () : 3x y + 2z + 1 = 0; () : 6x 2y + 4z + 2 = 0.
6.18. Tnh cc khong cch sau
a) Gia M (2; 3; 1) v () : 2x + 2y +z + 3 = 0.
b) Gia A(4; 1; 5) v () : x + 7y 2z + 1 = 0.
c) Gia () : 2x y + 2z + 1 = 0 v () : 4x 2y + 4z 3 = 0.
6.19. (TN-06) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho ba im A(2; 0; 0) , B(0; 3; 0) , C (0; 0; 6).
a) Vit phng trnh mt phng qua ba im A, B, C.
b) Gi G l trng tm tam gic ABC. Vit phng trnh mt cu ng knh OG.
6.20. (TN-07) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho im E (1; 4; 5) , F (3; 2; 7).
a) Vit phng trnh mt cu qua F v c tm E.
b) Vit phng trnh mt phng trung trc ca EF.
6.21. (C-09) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho (P
1
) : x + 2y + 3z + 4 = 0 v (P
2
) : 3x + 2y z + 1 = 0. Vit phng
trnh mt phng (P) i qua A(1; 1; 1) v vung gc vi hai mt phng (P
1
) , (P
2
).
6.22. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho t din ABCD c A(5; 1; 3) , B(1; 6; 2) , C (5; 0; 4) , D(4; 0; 6).
a) Vit phng trnh cc mt phng (ACD) v (BCD).
b) Vit phng trnh mt phng () cha cnh AB v song song vi cnh CD.
6.23. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho bn im A(2; 6; 3) , B(1; 0; 6) , C (0; 2; 1) , D(1; 4; 0).
a) Vit phng trnh mt phng (BCD). Suy ra ABCD l mt t din.
b) Tnh chiu cao AH ca t din ABCD.
c) Vit phng trnh mt phng () cha AB v song song vi CD.
37

Nguyn Minh Hiu
6.24. (C-2011) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai imA(1; 2; 3) , B(1; 0; 5) v mt phng (P) : 2x+y3z4 = 0.
Tm im M thuc (P) sao cho ba im A, B, M thng hng.
6.25. Trong khng gian Oxyz, vit phng trnh mt phng () song song vi mt phng () : 4x+3y 12z +1 = 0
v tip xc vi mt cu (S) : x
2
+y
2
+z
2
2x 4y 6z 2 = 0.
6.26. (D-04) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho ba im A(2; 0; 1) , B(1; 0; 0) , C (1; 1; 1) v (P) : x +y +z 2 = 0. Vit
phng trnh mt cu i qua ba im A, B, C v c tm thuc (P).
6.27. (B-2012) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho A(0; 0; 3), M(1; 2; 0). Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua A v ct
cc trc Ox, Oy ln lt ti B, C sao cho tam gic ABC c trng tm thuc ng thng AM.
6.28. (A-2011) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho mt cu (S) : x
2
+y
2
+z
2
4x 4y 4z = 0 v im A(4; 4; 0). Vit
phng trnh mt phng (OAB), bit im B thuc (S) v tam gic OAB u.
6.29. (A-2011) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai im A(2; 0; 1) , B(0; 2; 3) v mt phng (P) : 2x y z +4 = 0.
Tm ta im M thuc (P) sao cho MA = MB = 3.
6.30. (B-08) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho ba im A(0; 1; 2) , B(2; 2; 1) , C (2; 0; 1).
a) Vit phng trnh mt phng qua ba im A, B, C.
b) Tm to im M thuc (P) : 2x + 2y +z 3 = 0 sao cho MA = MB = MC.
6.31. (D-2010) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho (P) : x + y + z 3 = 0 v (Q) : x y + z 1 = 0. Vit phng trnh
mt phng (R) vung gc vi (P) v (Q) sao cho khong cch t O n (R) bng 2.
6.32. (B-09) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho t din ABCD c cc nh A(1; 2; 1) , B(2; 1; 3) , C (2; 1; 1) , D(0; 3; 1).
Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) i qua A, B sao cho khong cch t C n (P) bng khong cch t D n (P).
6.33. (B-07) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho mt cu (S) : x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
2x + 4y + 2z 3 = 0 v mt phng
(P) : 2x y + 2z 14 = 0.
a) Vit phng trnh (Q) cha trc Ox v ct (S) theo ng trn c bn knh bng 3.
b) Tm im M thuc mt cu (S) sao cho khong cch t M n (P) l ln nht.
6.34. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho ba im A(0; 1; 1) , B(2; 1; 1) , C (4; 1; 1) v mt phng (P) : x +y +z 6 = 0.
Tm im M trn (P) sao cho

MA+ 2
MB +
MC

t gi tr nh nht.
6.35. (A-03) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hnh hp ch nht ABCD.A
c A trng gc to O, B(a; 0; 0),

D(0; a; 0) , A
(0; 0; b) , (a > 0, b > 0). Gi M l trung im cnh CC
.
a) Tnh th tch khi t din BDA
M.
b) Xc nh t s
a
b
(A
BD) vung gc vi (MBD).

3. Phng Trnh ng Thng
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Vect ch phng ca ng thng.
nh ngha: Vect

u =

0 c gi song song hoc trng vi gi l vect ch phng ca .
Lu . ng thng c v s vect ch phng cng phng vi nhau.
2. Phung trnh tham s ca ng thng.
ng thng qua M (x
0
; y
0
; z
0
) v nhn

u (a
1
; a
2
; a
3
) lm vect ch phng c PTTS:
_
_
_
x = x
0
+a
1
t
y = y
0
+a
2
t
z = z
0
+a
3
t
().
Nhn xt.
ng thng qua M (x
0
; y
0
; z
0
) v c vect ch phng

u (a
1
; a
2
; a
3
).
Nu a
1
a
2
a
3
= 0 th cn vit di dng
x x
0
a
1
=
y y
0
a
2
=
z z
0
a
3
gi l dng chnh tc.
Nu song song vi () v M th d (; ()) = d (M; ()).
3. V tr tng i gia hai ng thng.
d d

_

u ,

u
_
=
_

u ,
M
0
M
0
_
=

0 . d v d
ct nhau
_
_
_
_

u ,

u
_
=

0
_

u ,

u
_
.
M
0
M
0
= 0
.
38

d//d

_
_
_
_

u ,

u
_
=

0
_

u ,
M
0
M
0
_
=

0
. d v d
cho nhau
_

u ,

u
_
.
M
0
M
0
= 0.
4. V tr tng i gia ng thng v mt phng.
Cho ng thng :
_
_
_
x = x
0
+at
x = y
0
+bt
z = z
0
+ct
v mt phng () :Ax +By +Cz +D = 0.
S giao im ca v () l s nghim phng trnh A(x
0
+at) +B(y
0
+bt) +C (z
0
+ct) +D = 0 (1).
//() (1) v nghim. () (1) c v s nghim.
ct () (1) c mt nghim. ()

u = k

n .
B. Bi Tp
6.36. Lp phng trnh ng thng d trong cc trng hp sau
a) i qua A(2; 1; 1) v c vect ch phng

u = (2; 3; 2).
b) i qua hai im A(1; 2; 3) , B(5; 4; 4).
c) i qua A(3; 1; 2) v vung gc vi () : x 2y + 3z + 1 = 0.
d) i qua M (2; 1; 3) v song song vi ng thng :
x 1
2
=
y + 3
3
=
z
4
.
e) i qua M (3; 1; 4) v song song vi giao tuyn ca () : 3x + 2y 5z + 1 = 0; () : x 4y + 3z + 2 = 0.
f) Giao tuyn ca () : x +z 1 = 0; () : 2x 2y + 3z + 1 = 0.
6.37. (C-09) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho tam gic ABC c A(1; 1; 0) , B(0; 2; 1) v trng tm G(0; 2; 1). Vit
phng trnh ng thng i qua C v vung gc vi (ABC).
6.38. (TN-08) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho im A(2; 1; 3) v (P) : x 2y 2z 10 = 0. Tnh khong cch t A
n (P). Vit phng trnh ng thng qua A v vung gc vi (P).
6.39. (D-2011) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho :
x 1
2
=
y 3
4
=
z
1
v (P) : 2x y + 2z = 0. Vit phng trnh
mt cu c tm thuc ng thng , bn knh bng 1 v tip xc vi mt phng (P).
6.40. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho cc im A(4; 6; 3) , B(5; 7; 3). Gi d l ng thng qua A v vung gc vi
mt phng (P) : 8x + 11y + 2z 3 = 0. Tm im C thuc d sao cho ABC vung ti B.
6.41. (A-2012) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho ng thng d :
x + 1
2
=
y
1
=
z 2
1
, mt phng (P) : x+y 2z +5 = 0
v im A(1; 1; 2). Vit phng trnh ng thng ct d v (P) ln lt ti M v N sao cho A l trung im
ca on thng MN.
6.42. (D-2012) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho ng thng d :
x 1
2
=
y + 1
1
=
z
1
v hai imA(1; 1; 2) , B(2; 1; 0).
Xc nh ta im M thuc d sao cho tam gic AMB vung ti M.
6.43. (A-2012) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho ng thng d :
x + 1
1
=
y
2
=
z 2
1
v im I(0; 0; 3). Vit phng
trnh mt cu (S) c tm I v ct d ti hai im A, B sao cho tam gic IAB vung ti I.
6.44. Xt v tr tng i ca ng thng v mt phng sau
a) d :
x 12
4
=
y 9
3
=
z 1
1
v () : 3x + 5y z 2 = 0.
b) d :
x 1
1
=
y 1
2
=
z 2
3
v () : x +y +z 4 = 0.
6.45. Xt v tr tng i ca cc cp ng thng sau
a) d :
x 1
1
=
y
2
=
z 3
1
v d
:
x 2
2
=
y 3
4
=
z 5
2
.
b) d :
x 3
1
=
y 4
1
=
z 5
2
v d
:
x 2
3
=
y 5
3
=
z 3
6
.
c) d :
x 1
1
=
y 2
3
=
z 3
1
v d
:
x 2
2
=
y + 2
1
=
z 1
3
.
d) d :
x 1
2
=
y + 1
3
=
z 5
1
v d
:
x 1
3
=
y + 2
2
=
z + 1
2
.
6.46. (TN-09) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho mt cu (S) : (x 1)
2
+ (y 2)
2
+ (z 2)
2
= 36 v mt phng
(P) : x + 2y + 2z + 18 = 0.
a) Xc nh to tm T v bn knh ca (S). Tnh khong cch t T n (P).
b) Vit phng trnh tham s ca ng thng d qua T v vung gc (P). Tm to giao im ca d v (P).
39

Nguyn Minh Hiu
6.47. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho mt phng () : 3x+5y z 2 = 0 v ng thng d :
x 12
4
=
y 9
3
=
z 1
1
.
a) Tm giao im M ca d v ().
b) Vit phng trnh mt phng () cha M v vung gc vi d.
6.48. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai ng thng d :
x 1
1
=
y
1
=
z
1
v d
:
x
2
=
y + 1
1
=
z
1
.
a) Chng minh d v d
cho nhau.
b) Vit phng trnh mt phng () cha d v song song vi d
.
6.49. (C-2012) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai ng thng d
1
:
_
_
_
x = t
y = 2t
z = 1 t
, d
2
:
_
_
_
x = 1 + 2s
y = 2 + 2s
z = s
. Chng minh
d
1
v d
2
ct nhau. Vit phng trnh mt phng cha hai ng thng d
1
, d
2
.
6.50. (B-06) Trong khng gian Oxyz cho im A(0; 1; 2) v d
1
:
x
2
=
y 1
1
=
z + 1
1
, d
2
:
x 1
1
=
y + 1
2
=
z 2
1
.
a) Vit phng trnh mt phng (P) qua A v song song vi d
1
, d
2
.
b) Tm M thuc d
1
, N thuc d
2
sao cho A, M, N thng hng.
6.51. (D-03) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho d l giao tuyn ca hai mt phng (P) : x + 3ky z + 2 = 0 v
(Q) : kx y +z + 1 = 0. Tm k d vung gc vi () : x y 2z + 5 = 0.
6.52. (D-02) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho (P) : 2x y + 2 = 0 v d l giao tuyn hai mt phng () : (2m+ 1) x +
(1 m) y +m1 = 0 v () : mx + (2m+ 1) z + 4m+ 2 = 0. Xc nh m d song song vi (P).
6.53. (D-09) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho A(2; 1; 0) , B(1; 2; 2) , C (1; 1; 0) v mt phng (P) : x + y + z 20 = 0.
Xc nh to im D thuc ng thng AB sao cho ng thng CD song song vi mt phng (P).
6.54. Lp phng trnh ng vung gc chung ca d
1
:
x 7
1
=
y 3
2
=
z 9
1
v d
2
:
x 3
7
=
y 1
2
=
z 1
3
.
6.55. Vit phng trnh ng thng qua A(1; 1; 1) v ct d :
x 1
2
=
y
1
=
z 3
1
, d
:
x
1
=
y+1
2
=
z2
1
.
6.56. Vit phng trnh ng thng vung gc vi (Oxz) v ct d :
_
_
_
x = t
y = 4 +t
z = 3 t
, d
:
_
_
_
x = 1 2t
y = 3 +t
z = 4 5t
.
6.57. (B-04) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho A(4; 2; 4) v d :
x + 3
2
=
y 1
1
=
z + 1
4
. Vit phng trnh ng
thng qua A, ct v vung gc vi d.
6.58. (D-09) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho :
x + 2
1
=
y 2
1
=
z
1
v (P) : x +2y 3z +4 = 0. Vit phng trnh
ng thng d nm trong (P) sao cho d ct v vung gc vi .
6.59. (A-07) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai ng thng d
1
:
x
2
=
y 1
1
=
z + 2
1
v d
2
:
_
_
_
x = 2 + 2t
y = 1 +t
z = 3
.
a) Chng minh d
1
v d
2
cho nhau.
b) Vit phng trnh d vung gc vi (P) : 7x +y 4z = 0 v ct hai ng thng d
1
, d
2
.
6.60. (C-2012) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho ng thng d :
x 2
1
=
y + 1
1
=
z + 1
1
v mt phng (P) :
2x + y 2z = 0. ng thng nm trong (P) vung gc vi d ti giao im ca d v (P). Vit phng trnh
ng thng .
4. Hnh Chiu
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Hnh chiu ca im M trn mt phng ().
Vit phng trnh ng thng qua M v vung gc vi ().
Hnh chiu H l giao im ca v ().
Lu . Mt phng () ct mt cu (S) theo giao tuyn l ng trn c tm l hnh chiu ca I trn ().
40

2. Hnh chiu ca im M trn ng thng d.
Ly H d. Tnh

MH.
H l hnh chiu ca M trn d

MH.
u
d
= 0.
3. Hnh chiu ca ng thng d trn mt phng ().
TH1: d ct ().
Tm giao im a ca d v ().
Ly M c th trn d. Tm hnh chiu M
ca M trn d.
Hnh chiu d
l ng thng AM
.
TH2: d song song ().
Ly M c th trn d. Tm hnh chiu M
ca M trn d.
Hnh chiu d
qua M
v song song vi d.
B. Bi Tp
6.61. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho im A(1; 4; 2) v mt phng () : x+y +z 1 = 0. Tm to im H l hnh
chiu vung gc ca A ln (). Tm to im A
i xng vi A qua ().

6.62. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho A(1; 0; 0) v :
x 2
1
=
y 1
2
=
z
1
. Tm to im H l hnh chiu vung
gc ca A ln . Tm to im A
i xng vi A qua .
6.63. (D-06) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho im A(1; 2; 3); d
1
:
x 2
2
=
y + 2
1
=
z 3
1
v d
2
:
x 1
1
=
y 1
2
=
z + 1
1
. Tm A
i xng vi A qua d
1
. Vit phng trnh ng thng qua A, vung gc d
1
v ct d
2
.
6.64. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho d :
x
2
=
y 1
1
=
z 3
1
v (P) : x +y +z 10 = 0. Vit phng trnh hnh chiu
d
ca d ln (P).
6.65. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho d :
x 1
2
=
y + 1
1
=
z 2
2
v (P) : x + 2y 2z 1 = 0.Vit phng trnh hnh
chiu d
ca d ln (P).
6.66. Trong khng gian Oxyz, lp phng trnh d
i xng ca d :
x 4
3
=
y 1
1
=
z 1
5
qua (P) : xy+2z3 = 0.
6.67. (A-08) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho im A(2; 5; 3) v ng thng d :
x 1
2
=
y
1
=
z 2
2
. Tm to hnh
chiu vung gc ca A trn d. Vit phng trnh mt phng () cha d sao cho khong cch t A n () ln nht.
6.68. (C-2010) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho A(1; 2; 3) , B(1; 0; 1) v (P) : x +y +z + 4 = 0. Tm ta hnh
chiu vung gc ca A trn (P). Vit phng trnh mt cu (S) c bn knh bng
AB
6
, c tm thuc ng thng
AB v (S) tip xc vi (P).
6.69. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho (P) : x + 2y 2z 3 = 0 v (S) : x
2
+y
2
+z
2
4x + 2y 2z 10 = 0. Chng
minh (P) ct (S) theo mt ng trn. Tm tm v bn knh ca ng trn .
6.70. (A-09) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho (P) : 2x 2y z 4 = 0 v (S) : x
2
+y
2
+z
2
2x 4y 6z 11 = 0.
Chng minh (P) ct (S) theo mt ng trn. Tm tm v bn knh ca ng trn .
6.71. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho bn im A(3; 3; 0) , B(3; 0; 3) , C (0; 3; 3) , D(3; 3; 3). Vit phng trnh mt cu
qua bn im A, B, C, D. Tm to tm ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC.
6.72. (D-2012) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho mt phng (P) : 2x +y 2z + 10 = 0 v im I (2; 1; 3). Vit phng
trnh mt cu tm I v ct (P) theo mt ng trn c bn knh bng 4.
5. Gc V Khong Cch
1. Gc.
Gi , , l gc gia hai mt phng, gia hai ng thng v gia ng thng vi mt phng. Ta c
cos =
|
|
|
| |
|
. cos = |cos (
u
1
;
u
2
)|. sin = |cos (

u ;

n )|.
2. Khong cch.
T mt im n mt ng thng: d (M, ) =

_

u ,
M
0
M
_
|

u |
, d (M, AB) =

AB,
AM

AB

.
41

Nguyn Minh Hiu
Gia hai ng thng cho nhau: d (,
) =

_

u ,

u
_
.
M
0
M
_

u ,

u
, d (AB, CD) =

AB,
CD
_
.
AC

AB,
CD
_
.
B. Bi Tp
6.73. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho t din ABCD. Tnh gc v khong cch gia hai cnh AB v CD bit
A(3; 1; 0) , B(0; 7; 3) , C (2; 1; 1) , D(3; 2; 6).
6.74. (TN-09) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho A(1; 2; 3) v ng thng d :
x + 1
2
=
y 2
1
=
z + 3
1
.
a) Vit phng trnh tng qut ca mt phng qua A v vung gc vi d.
b) Tnh khong cch t A n d. Vit phng trnh mt cu tm A v tip xc vi d.
6.75. (A-05) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho d :
x 1
1
=
y + 3
2
=
z 3
1
v (P) : 2x +y 2z + 9 = 0.
a) Tm im I thuc d sao cho khong cch t I n (P) bng 2.
b) Tm giao im A ca d v (P). Lp phng trnh nm trong (P), qua A v vung vi d.
6.76. (TN-08) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho im A(3; 2; 2) v (P) : 2x 2y +z 1 = 0.
a) Vit phng trnh ng thng qua A v vung gc vi (P).
b) Tnh d (A, (P)).Vit phng trnh (Q) sao cho (Q) song song (P) v d ((P) , (Q)) = d (A, (P)).
6.77. (C-2010) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho d :
x
2
=
y 1
1
=
z
1
v (P) : 2x y + 2z 2 = 0.
a) Vit phng trnh mt phng cha d v vung gc vi (P).
b) Tm ta im M thuc d sao cho M cch u gc ta O v (P).
6.78. (C-2011) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho ng thng d :
x 1
4
=
y + 1
3
=
z 1
1
. Vit phng trnh mt cu
c tm I (1; 2; 3) v ct ng thng d ti hai im A, B sao cho AB =
26.
6.79. (A-2010) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho A(0; 0; 2) v :
x + 2
2
=
y 2
3
=
z + 3
2
. Tnh khong cch t A n
. Vit phng trnh mt cu tm A, ct ti hai im B, C sao cho BC = 8.
6.80. (B-03) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho A(2; 0; 0) , B(0; 0; 8) v im C sao cho

AC = (0; 6; 0). Tnh khong cch
t trung im I ca BC n ng thng OA.
6.81. (D-2010) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho
1
:
_
_
_
x = 3 +t
y = t
z = t
v
2
:
x 2
2
=
y 1
1
=
z
2
. Xc nh ta im
M thuc
1
sao cho khong cch t M n
2
bng 1.
6.82. (A-2010) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho :
x 1
2
=
y
1
=
z + 2
1
v (P) : x 2y + z = 0. Gi C l giao im
ca v (P), M l im thuc . Tnh khong cch t M n (P), bit MC =
6.
6.83. (B-2010) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho :
x
2
=
y 1
1
=
z
2
. Xc nh ta im M trn trc honh sao cho
khong cch t M n bng OM.
6.84. (B-2010) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho A(1; 0; 0) , B(0; b; 0) , C (0; 0; c), (b, c > 0) v (P) : y z + 1 = 0. Xc
nh b, c bit mt phng (ABC) vung gc vi mt phng (P) v khong cch t O n (ABC) bng
1
3
.
6.85. (B-2012) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho ng thng d :
x 1
2
=
y
1
=
z
2
v hai im A(2; 1; 0), B(2; 3; 2).
Vit phng trnh mt cu i qua A, B v c tm thuc ng thng d.
6.86. (A-09) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho (P) : x 2y + 2z 1 = 0 v hai ng thng
1
:
x + 1
1
=
y
1
=
z + 9
6
,
2
:
x1
2
=
y3
1
=
z+1
2
. Xc nh im M thuc
1
sao cho khong cch t M n
2
bng khong cch t M n
(P).
6.87. (B-2011) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho ng thng :
x 2
1
=
y + 1
2
=
z
1
v mt phng (P) : x+y+z3 =
0. Gi I l giao im ca v (P). Tm ta im M thuc (P) sao cho MI vung gc vi v MI = 4
14.
42

6.88. (B-2011) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho ng thng :
x + 2
1
=
y 1
3
=
z + 5
2
v hai im A(2; 1; 1),
B(3; 1; 2). Tm ta im M thuc ng thng sao cho tam gic MAB c din tch bng 3
5.
6.89. (A-04) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thoi, AC ct BD ti gc ta
O. Bit A(2; 0; 0) , B(0; 1; 0) , S
_
0; 0; 2
2
_
. Gi M l trung im ca cnh SC.
a) Tnh gc v khong cch gia hai ng thng SA v BM.
b) Gi N l giao im ca SD v (ABM), tnh th tch khi chp S.ABMN.
6.90. (A-04) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho lng tr ng ABC.A
. Bit A(a; 0; 0) , B(a; 0; 0) , C (0; 1; 0),

B
(a; 0; b) , (a > 0, b > 0).

a) Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng B
C v AC
.
b) Cho a, b thay i sao cho a +b = 4. Tm a, b khong cch gia hai ng thng B
C v AC
l ln nht.
6.91. (A-06) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hnh lp phng ABCD.A
vi A(0; 0; 0) , B(1; 0; 0), D(0; 1; 0) , A
(0; 0; 1).
Gi M, N l trung im AB v CD.
a) Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng A
C v MN.
b) Vit phng trnh mt phng cha A
C v to vi (Oxy) mt gc sao cho cos =

1
6
.
6.92. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho A(1; 0; 0) , B(0; 1; 2). Tm C Oz (ABC) hp vi () : 2x 2y z + 5 = 0
mt gc 60
0
.
6.93. (D-07) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho hai im A(1; 4; 2) , B(1; 2; 4) v :
x 1
1
=
y + 2
1
=
z
2
.
a) Vit phng trnh ng thng d i qua trng tm ca tam gic OAB v vung gc vi (OAB).
b) Tm im M thuc sao cho MA
2
+MB
2
nh nht.
6.94. (B-09) Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho (P) : x 2y +2z 5 = 0 v hai im A(3; 0; 1) , B(1; 1; 3). Trong cc
ng thng i qua A v song song vi (P), hy vit ng thng m khong cch t B n ng thng l nh
nht.
6.95. Trong khng gian Oxyz, cho ng thng d :
x 3
2
=
y + 2
1
=
z + 1
1
v mt phng (P) : x + y + z + 2 = 0.
Gi M l giao im ca d v (P). Vit phng trnh ng thng nm trong mt phng (P), vung gc vi d
ng thi tho mn khong cch t M ti bng

42.
43

Nguyn Minh Hiu
44

Chuyn 7
Phng Trnh Lng Gic
1. Phng Trnh Lng Gic C Bn
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Phng trnh sin x = a.
Nu |a| > 1: Phng trnh v nghim.
Nu |a| 1: Phng trnh c nghim.
sin x = a sin x = sin
_
x = +k2
x = +k2
. sin x = a
_
x = arcsin a +k2
x = arcsin a +k2
.
c bit:
sin x = 0 x = k.
sin x = 1 x =
2
+k2.
2. Phng trnh cos x = a.
Nu |a| > 1: Phng trnh v nghim.
Nu |a| 1: Phng trnh c nghim.
cos x = a cos x = cos x = +k2. cos x = a x = arccos a +k2.
c bit:
cos x = 0 x =

2
+k.
cos x = 1 x = k2. cos x = 1 x = +k2.
3. Phng trnh tan x = a.
tan x = a tan x = tan x = +k. tan x = a x = arctan a +k.
4. Phng trnh cot x = a.
cot x = a cot x = cot x = +k. cot x = a x = arc cot a +k.
B. Bi Tp
a) sin x =
4
3
. b) sin x =
1
4
. c) sin
_
2x

4
_
= 1.
d) sin
_
x

3
_
=
2
2
. e) sin
_
30
0
x
_
=
1
2
. f) sin
_
3
x
_
= sin
_
3x +

6
_
.
a) cos x =
2011
2010
.
b) cos x =
2
2
.
c) cos
_
6
x
_
= 1.
d) cos
_
5x +

4
_
= cos 2x. e) cos
_
x +

3
_
+ sin 5x = 0.
f)
cos 2x
sin x + cos x
= cos x
3
2
.
a) tan x =
3
3
.
b) cot x = 2. c) tan
_
45
0
3x
_
=
3.
d) tan
_
5x +

4
_
= tan2x. e) cot
_
3x

4
_
= tan x. f) tan
_
x +

6
_
. tan
_
x +

3
_
= 1.
a) 3 sin 4x + 4 = 0. b) 3 cos 3x 1 = 0. c) 2 sin (5x 2) =
3.
d) 2 tan (3 2x) + 3 = 0. e) 3 cot
_
x 60
0
_
3 = 0. f)

3 tan
_
4
2x
_
+ 3 = 0.
a) sin
2
x 3 sin x + 2 = 0. b) 3cos
2
x + 4 cos x + 1 = 0. c) 2sin
2
3x sin 3x 1 = 0.
d) tan
2
x 5 tan x + 6 = 0. e) cot
2
x + 3 cot x 4 = 0. f) 2cos
2
2x 3 cos 2x + 1 = 0.
a) cos
2
x + 3 sin x 3 = 0. b) cos
2
x 5 sin x + 5 = 0. c) sin
2
x + 7 cos x 7 = 0.
d) cos
2
2x 6 sin xcos x 3 = 0. e) cos 2x + 5 sin x + 2 = 0. f) 3 cos 2x + 4 cos x 7 = 0.
45

Nguyn Minh Hiu
a) cos 4x 3 cos 2x + 2 = 0.
b) cos
2
2x + 2(sin x + cos x)
2
3 sin 2x 3 = 0.
c) 4 tan 2x cot 2x + 3 = 0. d) 5 tan x + 2 cot x = 7. e) 2 tan x + 2 cot x = 3.
2. Phng Trnh Lng Gic Thng Gp
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Phng trnh bc nht i vi sin x v cos x.
Dng: a sin x +b cos x = c (a
2
+b
2
= 0).
Cch gii:
Phng trnh tng ng vi
a
a
2
+b
2
sin x +
b
a
2
+b
2
cos x =
c
a
2
+b
2
.
t
a
a
2
+b
2
= cos ;
b
a
2
+b
2
= sin .
Phng trnh tr thnh sin (x +) =
c
a
2
+b
2
.
Lu : Phng trnh c nghim khi v ch khi a
2
+b
2
c
2
.
2. Phng trnh ng cp bc hai i vi sin x v cos x.
Dng: asin
2
x +b sin xcos x +ccos
2
x = d.
Cch gii:
Vi cos x = 0, thay vo phng trnh gii.
Vi cos x = 0, chia hai v phng trnh cho cos
2
x, ta c: atan
2
x +b tan x +c = d
_
1 + tan
2
x
_
.
Lu : Phng trnh sau c cch gii tng t
a sin
3
x +b sin
2
xcos x +c sin xcos
2
x +d cos
3
x = msin x +ncos x
3. Phng trnh i xng i vi sin x v cos x.
Dng: a (sin x cos x) +b sin xcos x +c = 0.
Cch gii:
t sin x cos x = t, |t|
2.
Rt sin xcos x theo t ri thay vo phng trnh gii.
Lu : t = sin x cos x =
2 sin
_
x

4
_
.
B. Bi Tp
7.8. Tm gi tr ln nht v nh nht ca cc hm s sau
a) y = 2 sin x + 3 cos x. b) y = cos 2x + 4 sin xcos x.
c) y = 4 sin 3x +
3 cos 3x 1. d) y =
sin x + 2 cos x + 1
sin x + cos x + 2
.
a) 2 sin x + cos x =
5. b) 3 sin 2x 4 cos 2x 5 = 0.
c) 2 sin x cos x = 3. d) sin 3x
3 cos 3x = 2.
e)

2 (sin 3x + cos 3x) = 2. f) cos x +
3 sin x = 1.
a) 2 sin x 3 cos x = 2. b)

3 sin x + cos x = 2 sin 4x.
c) cos 2x 2
3 sin xcos x = 2 sin x. d)

2 (sin 4x + cos 4x) = 2 cos
_
x +

2
_
.
e)

3 sin x + cos x + 2 cos
_
x

3
_
= 2. f) 3 cos x + 4 sin x +
6
3 cos x + 4 sin x + 1
= 6.
a) (D-07)
_
sin
x
2
+ cos
x
2
_
2
+
3 cos x = 2. b) 4
_
sin
4 x
2
+ cos
4 x
2
_
+
3 sin 2x = 2.
c) cos
2
x
3 sin 2x = 1 + sin
2
x. d) 3 sin 3x
3 cos 9x = 1 + 4sin
3
3x.
e) (D-09)

3 cos 5x 2 sin 3xcos 2x sin x = 0. f) 2
2 (sin x + cos x) cos x = 3 + cos 2x.

a) 2 sin 4x + 3 cos 2x + 16sin
3
xcos x 5 = 0. b) (B-2012) 2
_
cos x +
3 sin x
_
cos x = cos x
3 sin x+1.
c) 1 + 2 (cos 2xtan x sin 2x) cos
2
x = cos 2x. d) (B-09) sin x + cos xsin 2x +
3 cos 3x = 2
_
cos 4x + sin
3
x
_
.
e) 4sin
3
xcos 3x + 4cos
3
xsin 3x + 3
3 cos 4x = 3. f) cos x+sin

_
2x +

6
_
sin
_
2x

6
_
+1 =
3 (1 + 2 cos x).
46

Chuyn 7. Phng Trnh Lng Gic
a) 3sin
2
x 4 sin xcos x + cos
2
x = 0. b) 2sin
2
x 3cos
2
x + 5 sin xcos x 2 = 0.
c) 3sin
2
x + 2 sin 2x 5cos
2
x = 1. d) sin 2x 2sin
2
x 2 cos 2x = 0.
e) sin
2
x 2 sin xcos x = 3cos
2
x. f) 2 cos x + 4 sin x =
3
cos x
.
a) 2cos
3
x = sin3x. b) 2sin
3
x + 4cos
3
x = 3 sin x.
c) sin xcos 2x = 6 cos x(1 + 2 cos 2x). d) sin xsin 2x + sin 3x = 6cos
3
x.
e) sin
3
_
x +

4
_
=
2 sin x. f) 4sin
3
x + 3cos
3
x 3 sin x sin
2
xcos x = 0.
g) (B-08) sin
3
x
3cos
3
x = sin xcos
2
x
3sin
2
xcos x.
h) 2 sin x + 2
3 cos x =
3
cos x
+
1
sin x
.
a) 1 + 3 sin 2x = 2 tan x. b) sin
2
x(tan x + 1) = 3 sin x(cos x sin x) + 3.
c)
sin
3
x + cos
3
x
2 cos x sin x
= cos 2x. d)
2
_
cos
3
x + 2sin
3
x
_
2 sin x + 3 cos x
= sin2x.
e)
tan x + cot x
cot x tan x
= 6 cos 2x + 4 sin 2x. f) sin
2
2xcos
_
3
2
2x
_
+ 3 sin2xsin
2
_
3
2
+ 2x
_
+ 2cos
3
2x = 0.
a) 3 (sin x + cos x) + 2 sin xcos x + 3 = 0. b) sin x cos x + 7 sin 2x = 1.
c) 2 sin x + sin 2x 2 cos x + 2 = 0. d) 3 cos 2x + sin 4x + 6 sin xcos x = 3.
e) sin 2x +
2 sin
_
x

4
_
= 1. f) |sin x cos x| + 4 sin 2x = 1.
g) 1 + sin
3
x + cos
3
x =
3
2
sin 2x. h) sin
3
2x + cos
3
2x +
1
2
sin 4x = 1.
a) 1 + tan x = 2
2 sin x. b) (sin x cos x)

2
+ tan x = 2sin
2
x.
c) cot x tan x = sin x + cos x. d) 3 + sin 2x = tan x + cot x.
e) 4
_
sin xcos
2
x + cos xsin
2
x
_
+ sin
3
2x = 1. f) cos x +
1
cos x
+ sin x +
1
sin x
=
10
3
.
g) tan
2
x + cot
2
x + cot x tan x 2 = 0. h) 2tan
2
x 3 tan x + 2cot
2
x + 3 cot x 3 = 0.
3. Phng Trnh Lng Gic a V Phng Trnh Tch
a) sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x = 0. b) cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x + cos 4x = 0.
c) sin 3x + sin x 2cos
2
x = 0. d) sin 3x + sin 2x = 5 sin x.
a) (B-07) 2sin
2
2x + sin 7x 1 = sin x. b) sin 5x + sin 9x + 2sin
2
x 1 = 0.
c) sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x = 1 + cos x + cos 2x. d) sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x = cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x.
e) (C-2012) 2 cos 2x + sin x = sin 3x. f) (D-2012) sin 3x +cos 3x sin x +cos x =
2 cos 2x.
a) cos 5xcos x = cos 4x. b) sin xsin 7x = sin 3xsin 5x.
c) cos xcos 3x sin 2xsin 6x sin 4xsin 6x = 0. d) (D-09)

3 cos 5x 2 sin 3xcos 2x sin x = 0.
e) 4 cos
5x
2
cos
3x
2
+ 2 (8 sin x 1) cos x = 5. f) cos xcos
x
2
cos
3x
2
sin xsin
x
2
sin
3x
2
=
1
2
.
a) sin
2
x + sin
2
3x = 2sin
2
2x. b) (B-02) sin
2
3x cos
2
4x = sin
2
5x cos
2
6x.
c) sin
2
2x sin
2
8x = sin
_
17
2
+ 10x
_
. d) 1 + sin
x
2
sin x cos
x
2
sin
2
x = 2cos
2
_
4

x
2
_
.
e) cos
2
x = cos
4x
3
. f) 1 + 2cos
2 3x
5
= 3 cos
4x
5
.
a) sin
4
x + cos
4
x = cos 2x. b) sin
4 x
2
+ cos
4 x
2
= 1 2 sin x.
c) 16
_
sin
6
x + cos
6
x 1
_
+ 3 sin 6x = 0. d)
1
cos
2
3x

1
sin
2
3x
=
8
3
.
a) (C-09) (1 + 2 sin x)
2
cos x = 1 + sin x + cos x. b) sin x(2 cos x) = (1 cos x)
2
(1 + cos x).
c) (D-04) (2 cos x 1) (2 sin x + cos x) = sin 2xsin x.d) cos 2x + (1 + 2 cos x) (sin x cos x) = 0.
e) (B-05) 1 + sin x + cos x + sin 2x + cos 2x = 0. f) (D-08) 2 sin x(1 + cos 2x) + sin 2x = 1 + 2 cos x.
g) cos 2x + 5 = 2 (2 cos x) (sin x cos x). h) 4 sin 2x 3 cos 2x = 3 (4 sin x 1).
47

Nguyn Minh Hiu
a) (A-2012)

3 sin 2x + cos 2x = 2 cos x 1. b) 2cos
3
x + cos 2x + sin x = 0.
c) (B-2010) (sin 2x + cos 2x) cos x+2 cos 2xsin x = 0.d) (A-07)
_
1 + sin
2
x
_
cos x +
_
1 + cos
2
x
_
sin x = 1 +sin 2x.
e) 2 cos x(1 cos 2x) + sin 2x = 1 + 2 sin x. f) sin 4x cos 4x = 1 + 4 (sin x cos x).
g) (D-06) cos 3x + cos 2x cos x 1 = 0. h) (A-05) cos
2
3xcos 2x cos
2
x = 0.
a) 4 cos x 2 cos 2x cos 4x = 1. b) 9 sin x + 6 cos x 3 sin 2x + cos 2x = 8.
c) (D-2010) sin 2x cos 2x + 3 sin x cos x 1 = 0. d) sin 2xcos x + sin xcos x = cos 2x + sin x + cos x.
e) 32cos
6
x cos 6x = 1. f) 4cos
2
x cos 3x = 6 cos x + 2 (1 + cos 2x).
a) 2 sin x + cot x = 2 sin 2x + 1. b) 3 sin x + 2 cos x = 2 + 3 tan x.
c) (1 tan x) (1 + sin 2x) = 1 + tan x. d) (B-04) 5 sin x 2 = 3 (1 sin x) tan
2
x.
e) 4sin
2
x + 3tan
2
x = 1. f) 1 + 3 sin 2x = 2 tan x.
a) 2 + cos x + 2 tan
x
2
= 0.
b) tan xsin
2
x 2sin
2
x = 3 (cos 2x + sin xcos x).
c) 1 + 3 tan x = 2 sin 2x. d) cot x = tan x + 2 tan2x.
a) 2 (tan x sin x) + 3 (cot x cos x) + 5 = 0. b) 3 (cot x cos x) 5 (tan x sin x) = 2.
c) 4 cot x 2 =
3 + cos 2x
sin x
. d)
5 + cos 2x
3 + 2 tan x
= 2 cos x.
e) 8cos
3
x sin
2
3x 6 sin x + sin
2
x 2 = 0. f)
_
1 +
1 x
2
= x
_
1 + 2
1 x
2
_
.
a) |sin x| +|cos 2x| = 2. b) |tan x| +|cot x| = 2.
c) 4 cos x + 2 cos 2x + cos 4x = 7. d) sin
2010
x + cos
2012
x = 1.
a) sin
2
x + sin 2x +
2 sin x +
3
2
= 0. b) (cos 4x cos x)
2
= 4 + cos
2
2x.
c) sin x + cos x =
_
2 + sin
10
_
x
9
4
_
. d) sin 4x cos 4x = 1 + 4
2 sin
_
x

4
_
.
4. Phng Trnh Lng Gic Cha n Mu
a)
sin x + sin 2x + sin 3x
cos x + cos 2x + cos 3x
=
3.
b)
3 (sin 2x sin x)
cos x 1
= 2 cos x + 1.
c)
cos x 2 sin xcos x
2cos
2
x + sin x 1
=
3.
d)
2
_
cos
3
x + 2sin
3
x
_
2 sin x + 3 cos x
= sin 2x.
e)
2sin
2
x + cos 4x cos 2x
(sin x cos x) sin 2x
= 0.
f)
cos x
_
2 sin x + 3
2
_
2cos
2
x 1
1 + sin 2x
= 1.
a) tan
2
x =
1 + cos x
1 sin x
. b)
3 (sin x + tan x)
tan x sin x
2 cos x = 2.
c)
1
cos x
+
1
sin 2x
=
2
sin 4x
. d)
1 cos 4x
2 sin 2x
=
sin 4x
1 + cos 4x
.
e) (B-03) cot x tan x + 4 sin 2x =
2
sin 2x
. f)
3sin
2
2x + 8sin
2
x 11 3 cos 2x
1 + cos 4x
= 0.
a) (A-06)
2
_
cos
6
x + sin
6
x
_
sin xcos x
2 2 sin x
= 0.
b) (D-2011)
sin 2x + 2 cos x sin x 1
tan x +
3
= 0.
c) (B-06) cot x + sin x
_
1 + tan xtan
x
2
_
= 4. d) (A-08)
1
sin x
+
1
sin
_
x
3
2
_ = 4 sin
_
7
4
x
_
.
e) (D-03) sin
2
_
x
2

4
_
tan
2
x cos
2 x
2
= 0. f) (D-05) cos
4
x + sin
4
x + cos
_
x

4
_
sin
_
3x

4
_
3
2
= 0.
a) (A-2011)
1 + sin 2x + cos 2x
1 + cot
2
x
=
2 sin xsin 2x. b) (A-03) cot x 1 =

cos 2x
1 + tan x
+ sin
2
x
1
2
sin 2x.
c) (A-09)
(1 2 sin x) cos x
(1 + 2 sin x) (1 sin x)
=
3. d) (A-2010)
(1 + sin x + cos 2x) sin
_
x +

4
_
1 + tan x
=
1
2
cos x.
48

Chuyn 7. Phng Trnh Lng Gic
5. Nghim Thuc Khong Cho Trc
7.35. Tm nghim ca cc phng trnh sau trn khong cho trc
a) sin 2x = 0 trn [0; 2]. b)

3 tan x 3 = 0 trn (0; 3).
c) 2 cos x +
3 trn
_
0;
3
2
_
. d) sin
2
x + 6 sin x 7 = 0 trn
_
2
; 4
.
e) cot x + tan x = 2 trn (0; 3). f) sin x = cos 2x trn [0; 10].
7.36. (D-02) Tm nghim thuc [0; 14] ca phng trnh cos 3x 4 cos 2x + 3 cos x 4 = 0.
7.37. Tm nghim thuc
_
2
; 3
_
ca phng trnh sin
_
2x +
5
2
_
3 cos
_
x
7
2
_
= 1 + 2 sin x.
7.38. Tm nghim thuc
_
0;
3
2
ca phng trnh 3 sin 2x 4sin

3
2x + 2
3cos
2
3x = 2 +
3.
7.39. Tm nghim thuc
_
0;
3
2
ca phng trnh 3 sin 2x 4sin

3
2x + 2
3cos
2
3x = 2 +
3.
7.40. (A-02) Tm nghim thuc khong (0; 2) ca phng trnh 5
_
sin x +
cos 3x + sin 3x
1 + 2 sin 2x
_
= cos 2x + 3.
7.41. Tm tng tt c cc nghim thuc on [2; 40] ca phng trnh sin x cos 2x = 0.
7.42. Tm tng tt c cc nghim thuc on [1; 70] ca phng trnh cos 2x tan
2
x =
cos
2
x cos
3
x 1
cos
2
x
.
7.43. Tm tng tt c cc nghim thuc on [2; 40] ca phng trnh 2cos
2
x + cot
2
x =
sin
3
x + 1
sin
2
x
.
49

Nguyn Minh Hiu
50

Chuyn 8
Nguyn Hm - Tch Phn
1. Nguyn Hm
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Khi nim nguyn hm.
nh ngha 8.1. Cho hm s f xc nh trn K. Hm s F c gi l nguyn hm ca f trn K nu F
(x) = f(x),
vi mi x thuc K.
Nhn xt. Nu F l mt nguyn hm ca f trn K th mi nguyn hm ca f trn K u c dng F(x) +C vi
C R, gi l h tt c cc nguyn hm ca f trn K, k hiu l
_
f(x)dx. Vy
_
f(x)dx = F(x) +C.
2. Nguyn hm ca mt s hm s thng gp.
1.
_
0dx = C. 6.
_
a
x
du =
a
x
ln a
+C (a > 0, a = 1).
2.
_
dx = x +C. 7.
_
cos xdx = sin x +C.
3.
_
x
dx =
x
+1
+ 1
+C ( = 1). 8.
_
sin xdx = cos x +C.
4.
_
1
x
dx = ln |x| +C. 9.
_
1
cos
2
x
dx = tan x +C.
5.
_
e
x
dx = e
x
+C. 10.
_
1
sin
2
x
dx = cot x +C.
3. Tnh cht ca nguyn hm.
_
[f(x) g(x)]dx =
_
f(x)dx
_
g(x)dx.
_
kf(x)dx = k
_
f(x)dx (k = 0).
B. Bi Tp
8.1. Tm cc h nguyn hm sau
a)
_
_
x
7
+ 4x
3
x
_
dx. b)
_ _
3
x + 1
1
x
_
dx. c)
_
_
3x
2
+ 1
_
(2x 3) dx.
d)
_

x
_
x 2x
_
(x + 1) dx. e)
_ _
3 sin x +
2
x
_
dx. f)
_
_
3 cos x 3
x1
_
dx.
a)
_
x +
x + 1
3
x
dx b)
_
x
3
+ 5x
2
3x +
x
x
x
dx. c)
_
4
x
+ 1
2
x
dx.
d)
_
2
x
1
e
x
dx. e)
_
tan
2
xdx. f)
_
1
sin
2
xcos
2
x
dx.
8.3. Tm mt nguyn hm F(x) ca cc hm s sau
a) f(x) = 2 x
2
, bit F(2) =
7
3
. b) f(x) = x
1
x
2
+ 2, bit F(1) = 2.
c) f(x) = (x + 1)(x 1) + 1, bit F(0) = 1. d) f(x) =
3
x +x
3
+ 1, bit F(1) = 2.
e) f(x) = ax +
b
x
2
, bit F(1) = 2, F(1) = 4 v F(2) = 5.
8.4. Gi F(x) l mt nguyn hm ca f(x) =
1
x
tha F(1) = 1. Tm x 2F(x) =
1
F(x) + 1
1.
51

Nguyn Minh Hiu
2. Mt S Phng Php Tm Nguyn Hm
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Phng php i bin s.
nh l 8.2. Cho hm s u = u(x) c o hm lin tc trn K v hm s y = f(u) lin tc sao cho f [u(x)] xc
nh trn K. Khi nu F l mt nguyn hm ca f th
_
f [u(x)] u
(x)dx = F [u(x)] +C.

Nhn xt.
_
f (Ax +B) dx =
1
A
F (Ax +B) +C
2. Phng php nguyn hm tng phn.
nh l 8.3. Nu u, v l hai hm s c o hm lin tc trn K th
_
u(x)v
(x)dx = u(x)v(x)
_
v(x)u
(x)dx.
B. Bi Tp
a) I =
_
(3x + 3)
9
dx. b) I =
_
7
2 9x
dx. c) I =
_
_
e
3x+1
+ cos 5x
_
dx.
d) I =
_
4x 1
2x + 1
dx. e) I =
_
sin
2
xdx. f) I =
_
sin 5xsin xdx.
a) I =
_
x(x
2
+ 1)
2012
dx. b) I =
_
tan xdx. c) I =
_
e
x
e
x
+ 1
dx.
d) I =
_

1 + ln x
x
dx.
e) I =
_
cos
5
xdx. f) I =
_
x
x
2
+ 1
dx.
a) I =
_
x(x 1)
2012
dx. b) I =
_
x
3
x
2
+ 1
dx. c) I =
_
x
5
_
x
3
+ 1dx.
d) I =
_
e
2x
e
x
+ 1
dx. e) I =
_
2 ln x 1
xln x
dx. f) I =
_
sin
3
x
1 + cos xdx.
a) I =
_
(x 1) e
x
dx. b) I =
_
xcos xdx. c) I =
_
x
2
ln xdx.
d) I =
_
ln (2x + 1) dx. e) I =
_
x
2
e
2x1
dx. f) I =
_
e
x
sin xdx.
3. Tch Phn
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Khi nim tch phn.
nh ngha 8.4. Cho hm s f lin tc trn K v a, b l hai s bt k thuc K. Nu F l mt nguyn hm ca f
trn K th hiu s F(b) F(a) c gi l tch phn ca f t a n b v k hiu l
b
_
a
f(x)dx.
Nhn xt.
a) Hiu s F(b) F(a) cn c k hiu l F(x)|
b
a
. Khi
b
_
a
f(x)dx = F(x)|
b
a
= F(b) F(a).
b) Tch phn khng ph thuc bin s, tc l
b
_
a
f(x)dx =
b
_
a
f(t)dt =
b
_
a
f(u)du = ... = F(b) F(a).
2. Tnh cht ca tch phn.
nh l 8.5. Gi s cc hm s f, g lin tc trn K v a, b, c l ba s bt k thuc K. Khi ta c
1)
a
_
a
f(x)dx = 0. 2)
b
_
a
f(x)dx =
a
_
b
f(x)dx.
3)
b
_
a
f(x)dx +
c
_
b
f(x)dx =
c
_
a
f(x)dx.
4)
b
_
a
[f(x) g(x)]dx =
b
_
a
f(x)dx
b
_
a
g(x)dx. 5)
b
_
a
kf(x)dx = k
b
_
a
f(x)dx (k R).
52

Chuyn 8. Nguyn Hm - Tch Phn
3. Tch phn ca hm s cha du gi tr tuyt i.
Bi ton 8.1. Tnh tch phn I =
b
_
a
|f(x)| dx.
Phng php.
Cho f(x) = 0 x = x
i
(ch ly nhng x
i
thuc khong (a; b)).
Khi I =
x
i
_
a
|f(x)| dx +
b
_
x
i
|f(x)| dx.
Xt du f(x) trn cc khong (a; x
i
) v (x
i
; b) ph gi tr tuyt i.
Lu . xt du f(x) trn (a; x
i
) ta ly x
0
(a; x
i
) thay vo f(x) xc nh du.
B. Bi Tp
8.9. Tnh cc tch phn sau
a) I =
1
_
0
5x
4
dx. b) I =
e
_
1
dx
x
.
c) I =
6
_
0
cos 3xdx.
d) I =
ln 2
_
0
e
x
dx.
e) I =
1
_
1
2
(2x 1)
2012
dx.
f) I =
1
_
1
5 4xdx.
a) I =
1
_
0
e
25x
dx. b) I =
6
_
0
sin
_
2x +

6
_
dx. c) I =
6
_
0
1
cos
2
2x
dx.
d) I =
1
_
0
(2x + 1)
7
dx. e) I =
2
_
1
3
3x + 2dx. f) I =
0
_
1
4
(3 5x)
3
dx.
a) I =
2
_
1
_
6x
2
4x + 1
_
dx. b) I =
ln 2
_
0
(e
x
+ 2x) dx. c) (C-2010) I =
1
_
0
2x 1
x + 1
dx.
d) I =
8
_
0
cos
2
2xdx. e) I =
4
_
0
2cos
2
x + 1
1 sin
2
x
dx. f) I =
3
_
2
1
x + 1
x 1
dx.
a) I =
4
_
1
_
2x +
x
_
dx. b) I =
4
_
2
_
x +
1
x
_
2
dx. c) I =
2
_
0
_
1 + sin
x
2
_
cos
x
2
dx.
d) I =
2
_
0
cos 3xcos xdx. e) I =
1
_
0
x
2
3x + 3
x 2
dx. f) I =
1
_
0
x(x 1)
2009
dx.
a) I =
2
_
2
|x 1| dx. b) I =
4
_
0
|3 x| dx. c) (D-03) I =
2
_
0

x
2
x

dx.
d) I =
2
_
0

x
2
3x + 2

dx. e) I =
2
_
2
|2x |x + 1|| dx. f) I =
3
_
2
(|x + 1| +|x 2|) dx.
g) I =
3
_
0

_
x
2
4x + 4 1

dx. h) I =
2
_
0
1 cos 2xdx. i) (BT-103) I =

2
_
0
1 + sin xdx.
53

Nguyn Minh Hiu
4. Mt S Phng Php Tnh Tch Phn
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Phng php h s bt nh.
b
_
a
f(x)
g(x)
dx, trong bc f(x) < bc g(x).
Phng php. Phn tch tch phn cn tnh thnh tng hoc hiu ca cc tch phn c mu l cc nh thc bc
nht hoc tam thc bc hai c bit thc < 0 hoc cc ly tha ca chng.
Lu .
a) Nu bc f(x) bc g(x) th chia f(x) cho g(x).
b) Trong thc hnh ta thng gp cc trng hp sau
ax +b
(x x
1
) (x x
2
)
=
A
x x
1
+
B
x x
2
.
ax +b
(x x
0
)
2
=
A
x x
0
+
B
(x x
0
)
2
.
ax
2
+bx +c
(a
1
x +b
1
)(a
2
x
2
+b
2
x +c
2
)
=
A
a
1
x +b
1
+
B
a
2
x
2
+b
2
x +c
2
+
C (2a
2
x +b
2
)
a
2
x
2
+b
2
x +c
2
(tam thc v nghim).
Sau khi phn tch nh trn ta dng phng php ng nht h s hoc phng php tr s ring tm A, B, C, ...
2. Phng php i bin dng 1.
b
_
a
f(x)dx.
Phng php.
t x = (t) dx =
(t)dt.
i cn: x = a t = ; x = b t = (trong () = a, () = b).
Khi I =
f ((t))
(t)dt.
Lu .
a
2
+x
2
: x = |a| tan t, t
_
2
;

2
_
.
_
a
2
x
2
: x = |a| sin t t
_
2
;

2
_
.
_
x
2
a
2
: x =
|a|
sin t
t
_
2
;

2
_
\ {0}.
3. Phng php i bin dng 2.
b
_
a
f [u(x)] u
(x)dx.
Phng php.
t u = u(x) du = u
(x)dx.
i cn: x = a u = u(a); x = b u = u(b).
Khi I =
b
_
a
f (u) du.
Lu . u(x) thng nm trong du ly tha, lng gic, trn s m, di mu hay c du cn, du lgarit.
4. Phng php tch phn tng phn.
b
_
a
u(x).v
(x)dx.
Phng php.
t
_
u = u(x)
dv = v
(x)dx

_
du = u
(x)dx
v =
_
v
(x)dx (chn C = 0)
.
Khi I = uv|
b
a

b
_
a
vdu.
Lu . Trong tch phn tng phn ta thng gp cc trng hp sau
I =
_
{P(x); e
x
} dx u = P(x)
I =
_ _
P(x); sin x, cos x,
1
cos
2
x
,
1
sin
2
x
_
dx u = P(x)
I =
_
{P(x); ln x} dx u = ln x
I =
_
{e
x
; sin x, cos x} dx u = e
x
_
hoc u = sin x, cos x
_
54

B. Bi Tp
a) I =
5
_
3
1
(x 2) (x + 1)
dx. b) I =
1
_
0
5x 13
x
2
5x + 6
dx. c) I =
1
_
0
x
4
x
2
1
dx.
d) (DB-07) I =
1
_
0
x(x 1)
x
2
4
dx. e) I =
1
_
0
3x 1
x
2
+ 6x + 9
dx. f) (B-2012) I =
1
_
0
x
3
x
4
+ 3x
2
+ 2
dx.
a) I =
0
_
1
3x
2
+ 3x + 3
x
3
3x + 2
dx. b) I =
2
_
1
x
2
3x + 2
x(x
2
+ 2x + 1)
dx. c) I =
1
_
0
4x 2
(x + 2)(x
2
+ 1)
dx.
d) I =
3
_
1
1
x +x
3
dx.
e) I =
2
_
1
1 x
4
x +x
5
dx. f) I =
1
_
0
1
(x
2
3x + 2)
2
dx.
a) I =
1
_
0
1
1 +x
2
dx. b) I =
1
_
0
1
3 +x
2
dx. c) I =
1
_
0
x
3
x
8
+ 1
dx.
d) I =
1
_
0
_
1 x
2
dx.
e) I =
2
2
_
0
x
2
1 x
2
dx.
f) I =
2
_
2
3
1
x
x
2
1
dx.
a) I =
1
_
0
1
x
2
+x + 1
dx. b) I =
1
_
0
_
2x x
2
dx.
c) I =
2
_
0
_
2 +x
2 x
dx.
d) I =
1
_
0
x
2
+x + 2
x
3
+x
2
+x + 1
dx. e) I =
2
_
1
1
x
2
1 +x
2
dx.
f) I =
sin
2
x
3
x
+ 1
dx.
a) I =
1
_
0
x
3
_
1 +x
4
_
3
dx. b) I =
1
_
0
x + 2
x
2
+ 4x + 7
dx. c) (DB-02) I =
1
_
0
x
3
x
2
+ 1
dx.
d) (BT-18) I =
1
_
0
x
(x + 1)
3
dx. e) I =
1
_
0
x
5
_
x
2
+ 1
_
2011
dx. f) I =
2
_
1
(2x 1)
10
(x + 1)
12
dx.
a) (DB-03) I =
1
_
0
x
3
_
1 x
2
dx. b) (D-2011) I =
4
_
0
4x 1
2x + 1 + 2
dx. c) I =
6
_
2
1
2x + 1 +
4x + 1
dx.
d) (A-03) I =
2
3
_
5
1
x
x
2
+ 4
dx. e) I =
64
_
1
1
x +
3
x
dx. f) I =
1
_
0
1
_
(x + 1) (x + 8)
dx.
a) (D-09) I =
3
_
1
1
e
x
1
dx. b) I =
ln 2
_
0
1
1 +e
x
dx. c) (A-2010) I =
1
_
0
x
2
+e
x
+ 2x
2
e
x
1 + 2e
x
dx.
d) (DB-03) I =
ln 5
_
ln 2
e
2x
e
x
1
dx. e) I =
ln 5
_
ln 2
e
x
(10 e
x
)
e
x
1
dx. f) (B-2010) I =
e
_
1
ln x
x(2 + ln x)
2
dx.
g) I =
e
_
1
1 + ln
3
x
x
dx.
h) I =
e
_
1
1
x
_
ln
2
x 3 ln x + 2
_dx.
i) (B-04) I =
e
_
1
1 + 3 ln x. ln x
x
dx.
55

Nguyn Minh Hiu
a) (D-06) I =
1
_
0
(x 2) e
2x
dx. b) (C-09) I =
1
_
0
_
e
2x
+x
_
e
x
dx. d) (D-2012) I =
4
_
0
x(1 + sin 2x) dx.
d) (D-08) I =
2
_
1
ln x
x
3
dx. e) (D-04) I =
3
_
2
ln
_
x
2
x
_
dx. f) (A-2012) I =
3
_
1
1 + ln(x + 1)
x
2
dx.
a) I =
4
_
0
x
1 + cos 2x
dx.
d) (D-2010) I =
e
_
1
_
2x
3
x
_
ln xdx. c) I =
0
_
1
x
_
e
2x
+
3
x + 1
_
dx.
d) (B-09) I =
3
_
1
3 + ln x
(1 +x)
2
dx. e) I =
ln 3
_
0
xe
x
e
x
+ 1
dx. f) (B-2011) I =
3
_
0
1 +xsin x
cos
2
x
dx.
a) I =
ln 2
_
0
x
2
e
x
dx. b) (DB-07) I =
2
_
0
x
2
cos xdx.
c) (D-07) I =
e
_
1
x
3
ln
2
xdx.
d) I =
2
_
0
e
x
cos xdx.
e) (BT-37) I =
_
0
e
2x
sin
2
xdx.
f) I =
e
_
1
cos (ln x) dx.
g) (DB-03) I =
1
_
0
x
3
e
x
2
dx. h) (DB-04) I =
2
_
0
xsin
xdx. i) I =
e
5
_
e
2
ln x. ln (ln x)
x
dx.
5. Tch Phn Ca Hm S Lng Gic
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Dng
b
_
a
sin
m
xcos
n
xdx.
Nu m l th t u = cos x. Nu n l th t u = sin x.
Nu m, n dng chn th h bc.
Nu m = 0 v n m chn th t u = tan x. Nu n = 0 v m m chn th t u = cot x.
2. Dng
b
_
a
{f(sin x); cos x} dx hoc
b
_
a
{f(cos x); sin x} dx. t u = sin x hoc u = cos x.
3. Dng
b
_
a
_
f(tan x);
1
cos
2
x
_
dx hoc
b
_
a
_
f(cot x);
1
sin
2
x
_
dx. t u = tan x hoc u = cot x.
B. Bi Tp
a) I =
4
_
0
sin
2
xdx. b) I =
4
_
0
tan xdx. c) I =
2
_
0
cos
5
xdx.
d) I =
4
_
0
1
cos
4
x
dx.
e) I =
2
_
3
1
sin x
dx.
f) I =
4
_
0
1
cos
3
x
dx.
g) I =
3
_
0
sin
2
xtan xdx. h) I =
4
_
0
sin
2
x
cos
4
x
dx.
i) I =
3
_
6
1
cos xsin
2
x
dx.
a) (B-03) I =
4
_
0
1 2sin
2
x
1 + sin 2x
dx. b) (B-05) I =
2
_
0
sin 2xcos x
1 + cos x
dx. c) (D-05) I =
2
_
0
_
e
sin x
+ cos x
_
cos xdx.
56

d) (A-06) I =
2
_
0
sin 2x
_
cos
2
x + 4sin
2
x
dx.e) I =
2
_
0
cos x
7 + cos 2x
dx. f) (A-11) I =
4
_
0
xsin x + (x + 1) cos x
xsin x + cos x
dx.
a) I =
4
_
0
1
cos
2
x
_
1
cos
2
x
+ 2 tan x
_dx. b) (A-08) I =
6
_
0
tan
4
x
cos 2x
dx. c) I =
2
_
0
1
3sin
2
x + cos
2
x
dx.
d) I =
2
_
0
1
1 + sin x
dx. e) I =
2
_
0
1
1 + sin x + cos x
dx. f) (BT-57) I =
6
_
0
1
cos xcos
_
x +

4
_dx.
6. ng Dng Ca Tch Phn
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Tnh din tch hnh phng.
Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi th y = f(x), trc Ox v 2 ng thng x = a, x = b l S =
b
_
a
|f(x)| dx.
Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi th y = f(x), y = g(x) v 2 ng thng x = a, x = b l S =
b
_
a
|f(x) g(x)| dx.
Din tch hnh phng gii hn bi th x = f(y), x = g(y) v 2 ng thng y = a, y = b l S =
b
_
a
|f(y) g(y)| dy.
2. Tnh th tch khi trn xoay.
Th tch khi trn xoay to thnh khi quay hnh phng gii hn bi th hm s y = f(x), trc honh v hai
ng thng x = a, x = b quanh trc Ox l V
x
=
b
_
a
f
2
(x)dx.
Th tch khi trn xoay to thnh khi quay hnh phng gii hn bi th hm s y = f(x), y = g(x) (trong
f(x) v g(x) cng du) v hai ng thng x = a, x = b quanh trc Ox l V
x
=
b
_
a

f
2
(x) g
2
(x)

dx.
Th tch khi trn xoay to thnh khi quay hnh phng gii hn bi th hm s x = g(y), trc honh v hai
ng thng y = a, y = b quanh trc Oy l V
y
=
b
_
a
g
2
(y)dy.
B. Bi Tp
8.27. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng sau
a) y = x
2
2x; Ox; x = 1 v x = 2. b) y =
3x 1
x 1
v hai trc ta .
c) y = x
3
3x
2
v trc honh. d) y = x
2
2x v y = x
2
+ 4x.
a) (A-07) y = (e + 1) x, y = (1 +e
x
) x.
b) (B-02) y =
_
4
x
2
4
v y =
x
2
4
2
.
8.28. Tnh din tch hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng sau
a) (A-02) y =

x
2
4x + 3

v y = x + 3. b) (BT-96) y
2
= 2x v 27y
2
= 8(x 1)
3
.
c) y = x
3
; x +y = 2 v trc honh. d) y =
27
x
; y =
x
2
27
v y = x
2
.
8.29. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay sinh ra bi hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng cong sau khi quay quanh Ox
a) y =
1
3
x
3
x
2
, y = 0, x = 0 v x = 3. b) (BT-42) y = xe
x
, x = 1 v trc honh.
c) (B-07) y = xln x; y = 0 v x = e. d) y = 4 x
2
v y = x
2
+ 2.
8.30. Tnh th tch vt th trn xoay sinh ra bi hnh phng gii hn bi cc ng cong sau khi quay quanh Oy
a) (BT-63) y = 2x x
2
v y = 0. b) y = x
2
, y =
27
x
v y =
x
2
27
.
c) y
2
= (x 1)
3
v x = 2. d) 4y = x
2
v y = x.
57

Nguyn Minh Hiu
58

Chuyn 9
S Phc
1. Dng i S Ca S Phc
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Khi nim s phc.
nh ngha: z = a +bi
_
a, b R, i
2
= 1
_
.
a gi l phn thc, b gi l phn o.
b = 0 z = a gi l s thc, a = 0 z = bi gi l s thun o.
Biu din hnh hc: S phc z = a +bi c biu din bi im M (a; b) trn mt phng Oxy.
Hai s phc bng nhau: z
1
= z
2

_
a
1
= a
2
b
1
= b
2
.
S phc lin hp: z = a bi.
2. Php ton s phc.
Cng, tr, nhn hai s phc: Xem nh nhn hai a thc.
Chia hai s phc:
z
1
z
2
=
z
1
z
2
z
2
z
2
.
3. M un ca s phc.
nh ngha: |z| =
a
2
+b
2
.
Tnh cht: |z
1
.z
2
| = |z
1
| . |z
2
|,

z
1
z
2

=
|z
1
|
|z
2
|
, |z
1
+z
2
| |z
1
| +|z
2
|.
K Nng C Bn
1. Tm s phc.
Nu trong biu thc ch cha z th bin i rt z.
Nu trong biu thc cha z, z, |z| th gi z = a +bi, (a, b R) thay vo biu thc tm a, b.
2. Tm tp hp im biu din s phc.
Gi z = x +yi, (x, y R), thay vo biu thc tm mi lin h gia x, y.
Lu . Mt s tp hp im thng gp:
x = x
0
: ng thng song song trc Oy. y = y
0
: ng thng song song trc Ox.
ax +by +c = 0: ng thng. y = ax
2
+bx +c: Parabol.
y =
a
x
: Hypebol.

_
(x a)
2
+y
2
+
_
(x +a)
2
+y
2
= b: Elip.
(x a)
2
+ (y b)
2
= R
2
: ng trn. x
2
+y
2
2ax 2by +c = 0: ng trn.
C. Bi Tp
9.1. Thc hin cc php tnh sau
a)
(2 3i) (1 +i)
4 +i
. b) 4 3i +
5 + 4i
3 + 6i
. c)
2 i
1 + 4i
+
3 + 2i
1 2i
.
d)
(1 +i)
2
(2i)
3
2 +i
. e)
2i(2 + 3i)
2
3 + 4i
.
f)
1
(1 +i) (4 3i)
.
9.2. Tm phn thc v phn o ca cc s phc sau
a) z = (1 +i)
2
(1 i)
2
. b) z = i
2011
. c) z = (1 +i)
2012
.
d) z =
_
1 +i
1 i
_
33
. e) z =
_
2
1 i
_
99
.
f) z =
1
2i
_
i
7
1
i
7
_
.
59

Nguyn Minh Hiu
9.3. Cho s phc z = x +iy. Tm phn thc v phn o ca cc s phc sau
a) u = z
2
2z + 4i. b) v = z
2
+|z| 2i. c) w =
z +i
iz 1
.
9.4. Tm phn thc, phn o ca cc s phc z tha mn cc iu kin sau
a) (C-09) (1 +i)
2
(2 i) z = 8 +i + (1 + 2i) z. b) (C-2010) (2 3i) z + (4 +i) z = (1 + 3i)
2
.
c) (A-2010) z =
_
2 +i
_
2
_
1 i
2
_
. d) (B-2011) z =
1 +i
3
1 +i
_
3
.
9.5. Tm s phc z tha mn cc iu kin sau
a) (D-2011) z (2 + 3i) z = 1 9i.
b) (B-2011) z
5 +i
3
z
1 = 0.
c) (A-2011) z
2
= |z|
2
+z. d) (D-2010) |z| =
2 v z
2
l s thun o.
e)
_
z +i
z i
_
4
= 1. f) (B-09) |z (2 +i)| =
10 v z.z = 25.
9.6. Tm mun ca s phc z tha mn cc iu kin sau
a) (C-2011) (1 + 2i)
2
z +z = 4i 20.
b) (A-2011) (2z 1) (1 +i) + (z + 1) (1 i) = 2 2i.
a)
2 +i
1 i
z =
1 + 3i
2 +i
. b) ((2 +i) z + 3 +i)
_
iz +
1
2i
_
= 0.
c) z + 2z = 2 4i. d) z
2
+z = 0.
e) z
2
+|z| = 0. f) z + 2z = (1 + 5i)
2
.
9.8. (A-2010) Cho s phc z tho z =
_
1 +i
3
_
3
1 i
. Tm mun ca s phc z +iz.
9.9. Cho s phc z tha mn iu kin z + (1 i) z = 1 2i. Tm mun ca s phc
z
1 +z
.
9.10. (D-2012) Cho s phc z tha mn (2 +i) z +
2 (1 + 2i)
1 +i
= 7 + 8i. Tm mun ca s phc w = z + 1 +i.
z +i)
9.11. (A-2012) Cho s phc z tha mn
5 (
z + 1
= 2 i. Tnh mun ca s phc w = 1 +z +z
2
.
9.12. Tm s phc z tho mn ng thi

z 1
z i

= 1,

z 2i
z +i

= 1.
9.13. Tm s phc z tha mn |z| = |z 2 2i| v
z 2i
z 2
l s thun o.
9.14. Tm s phc z c mun nh nht tha mn iu kin |iz 3| = |z 2 i|.
9.15. Cho s phc z =
i m
1 m(m2i)
a) Tm m z.z =
1
2
. b) Tm m |z i|
1
4
. c) Tm m z c mun ln nht.
9.16. Tm tp hp cc im biu din s phc z tho mn iu kin
a) |z +z + 3| = 4. b) |z z + 1 i| = 2. c) 2 |z i| = |z z + 2i|.
d)

z
2
(z)
2

= 4. e) (D-09) |z (3 4i)| = 2. f) |z i| = |(1 +i) z|.
9.17. Tm tp hp cc im biu din s phc z tho mn iu kin
a) |z 1 +i| = 2. b) |2 +z| = |i z|. c) |2 +z| > |z 2|.
d) 1 |z + 1 i| 2. e) |z 4i| +|z + 4i| = 10. f)

z
zi

= 3.
9.18. (C-2012) Cho s phc z tha mn (1 2i) z
2 i
1 +i
= (3 i) z. Tm ta im biu din ca z trong mt
phng ta Oxy.
9.19. Tm tp hp cc im biu din s phc w = (1 +i) z 2, bit |z 3| = 2.
9.20. Cho cc im A, B, C v A
, B
, C
trong mt phng phc biu din theo th t cc s phc 1 i, 2 +3i, 3 +i

v 3i, 3 2i, 3 + 2i. Chng minh rng ABC v A
l hai tam gic c cng trng tm.

9.21. Gi M, M
theo th t l cc im ca mt phng phc biu din s phc z khc 0 v z
=
1+i
2
z. Chng minh
tam gic OMM
vung cn.
9.22. Cho A, B l hai im trong mt phng phc biu din theo th t cc s phc z
0
, z
1
khc 0 tho mn ng
thc z
2
0
+z
2
1
= z
0
z
1
. Chng minh tam gic OAB u.
60

Chuyn 9. S Phc
2. Phng Trnh Bc Hai Nghim Phc
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Cn bc hai ca s phc.
nh ngha: S phc w gi l cn bc hai ca s phc z nu w
2
= z.
Ch : S thc a > 0 c hai cn bc hai l w =
a.
S thc a < 0 c hai cn bc hai l w = i
_
|a|.
Mi s phc z = 0 lun c hai cn bc hai.
Cch tm cn bc hai: Gi w = x +yi, (x, y R) ta c z = w
2
= x
2
y
2
+ 2xyi
_
x
2
y
2
= a
2xy = b
.
2. Phng trnh bc hai nghim phc.
Tnh = b
2
4ac (hoc
= (b
)
2
ac).
Trng hp l s thc: Nu > 0 th phng trnh c hai nghim z =
b
2a
.
Nu = 0 th phng trnh c nghim kp z =
b
2a
.
Nu < 0 th phng trnh c hai nghim z =
b i
_
||
2a
.
Trng hp l s phc: Ta tm cn bc hai w ca . Khi phng trnh c hai nghim z =
b w
2a
.
B. Bi Tp
9.23. Tm cc cn bc hai ca cc s phc sau
a) z = 13 12i. b) z = 24 + 10i.
c) z = 1 + 4i
3. d) z = 17 + 20i
2.
e) z = 4 + 6i
5. f) z = 1 2i
6.
9.24. Gii cc phng trnh sau trn tp hp cc s phc
a) z
2
2z + 2 = 0. b) z
2
+ 3z 9 = 0.
c) 2z
2
5z + 4 = 0. d) 3z
2
+ 2z 1 = 0.
e) z
4
+z
2
6 = 0. f) z
4
+ 7z + 12 = 0.
9.25. K hiu z
1
, z
2
l hai nghim phc ca phng trnh 2z
2
2z + 1 = 0. Tnh gi tr biu phc A =
1
z
2
1
+
1
z
2
2
.
9.26. (A-09) Gi z
1
, z
2
l hai nghim phc ca phng trnh z
2
+ 2z + 10 = 0. Tnh A = |z
1
|
2
+|z
2
|
2
.
9.27. (C-2012) Gi z
1
, z
2
2
2z + 1 +i = 0. Tnh |z
1
| +|z
2
|.
9.28. Cho z
1
, z
2
2
(i + 2) z +i = 0. Tnh

z
1
z
2
+
z
2
z
1

.
a) iz
2
2 (1 i) z 4 = 0. b) z
2
(5 i) z + 8 i = 0.
c) (D-2012) z
2
+ 2 (1 +i) z + 5i = 0. d)
_
iz + 3
z 2i
_
2
3
_
iz + 3
z 2i
_
4 = 0.
e) 3z
3
24 = 0. f) 8z
4
+ 8z
3
= z + 1.
a) z
2
2 (2 +i) z + 7 + 4i = 0. b) (z 1)
2
(z + 1)
2
+ 9z
2
= 0.
c) (z i)
_
z
2
+ 1
_ _
z
3
+i
_
= 0.
d) 3
_
z
2
z + 1
_
2
+ 7
_
z
2
z
_
+ 1 = 0.
e)
_
z
2
+z
_
2
+ 4
_
z
2
+z
_
12 = 0. f)
_
z
2
+ 3z + 6
_
2
+ 2z
_
z
2
+ 3z + 6
_
3z
2
= 0.
a) z
3
2 (1 +i) z
2
+ 3iz + 1 i = 0. b) z
4
4z
3
+ 7z
2
16z + 12 = 0.
c) z
4
z
3
+
z
2
2
+z + 1 = 0. d) z
4
+ 6z
3
+ 9z
2
+ 101 = i
3000
.
61

Nguyn Minh Hiu
3. Dng Lng Gic Ca S Phc
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. nh ngha. z = r (cos +i sin ) (r > 0).
Trong : r = |z| =
_
a
2
+b
2
, cos =
a
r
, sin =
b
r
( gi l mt acgumen).
2. Hai s phc bng nhau. z
1
= z
2

_
r
1
= r
2
1
=
2
+k2
hoc z
1
= z
2

_
r
1
= r
2
1
=
2
+ +k2
.
3. Nhn chia hai s phc. z
1
z
2
= r
1
r
2
(cos (
1
+
2
) +i sin (
1
+
2
)).
z
1
z
2
=
r
1
r
2
(cos (
1

2
) +i sin (
1

2
)).
Ch : z
2
= r
2
(cos 2 +i sin 2).
z = r (cos () +i sin ()).
1
z
=
1
r
(cos () +i sin ()).
4. Cn bc hai dng lng gic. w =
r
_
cos

2
+i sin

2
_
.
5. Cng thc Moa-vr. z
n
= r
n
(cos n +i sin n) (n 1).
H qu: (cos +i sin )
n
= cos n +i sin n.
B. Bi Tp
9.32. Tm acgumen ca s phc z = 2 +
3 +i.
9.33. Vit di dng lng gic v tm cn bc hai ca s phc z = 2 + 2i
3.
9.34. (B-2012) Gi z
1
vz
2
2
2
3iz 4 = 0 = 0. Vit dng lng gic ca

z
1
v z
2
.
9.35. Vit cc s phc sau di dng lng gic
a) z = 1 +i.
b) z =
1 i
3
1 +i
.
c) z =
_
1 i
3
_
(1 +i).
d) z = (1 i)
4
_
3 +i
_
6
.
e) z =
(1 +i)
10
_
3 +i
_
9
.
f) w = z
2000
+
1
z
2000
, bit z +
1
z
= 1.
9.36. Tnh
a) z =
_
i
1 +i
_
2004
. b) z =
_
1 +i
2
_
365
. c) z =
5 + 3i
3
1 2i
3
_
21
.
9.37. Vit cc s phc sau di dng lng gic
a) z = cos

4
i sin

4
. b) z = sin

8
i cos

8
. c) z = cos i sin .
d) z = sin + 2isin
2
2
. e) z = cos +i (1 + sin ).
f) z =
_
cos

3
i sin

3
_
i
5
_
1 +i
3
_
7
.
9.38. Tm s phc z sao cho |z| = |z 2| v mt acgumen ca z 2 bng mt acgumen ca z + 2 cng vi

2
.
9.39. Tm tp hp cc im biu din s phc z tha mn
z 2
z + 2
c mt acgumen bng

3
.
9.40. Cho s phc z c mun bng 1. Bit mt acgumen ca z l , tm mt acgumen ca mi s phc sau
a) w = 2z
2
. b) w =
1
2z
. c) w = z
2
z.
d) w = z +z. e) w = z
2
+z. f) w = z
2
+z.
9.41. Tnh tng S
n
= (1 +i)
n
+ (1 i)
n
. T suy ra S
2012
.
62

Chuyn 10
Hnh Hc Khng Gian
1. Quan H Song Song
A. K Nng C Bn
1. Tm giao tuyn ca hai mt phng.
Tm hai im chung ca hai mt phng. ng thng qua hai im chung l giao tuyn.
2. Tm giao im ca ng thng v mt phng.
TH1: Nu trong () cha b ct a ti I th giao im ca a vi () l I.
TH2: Nu cha c b th tm () cha a v ct () theo b. Giao im ca a v () l giao ca a v b.
3. Chng minh hai ng thng song song.
C1: Ch ra hai ng thng cng thuc mt mt phng v s dng cc tnh cht ca hnh hc phng.
C2: S dng L v giao tuyn ca ba mt phng.
4. Chng minh ng thng song song vi mt phng.
Ch ra ng thng song song vi mt ng thng cha trong mt phng.
5. Chng minh hai mt phng song song.
Ch ra mt phng ny song song vi hai ng thng ct nhau cha trong mt phng kia.
B. Bi Tp
10.1. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c AB v CD khng song song v M l im thuc min trong ca tam gic SCD.
Xc nh giao tuyn ca cc cp mt phng
a) (SAC) v (SBD). b) (SAB) v (SCD). c) (SBM) v (SCD).
d) (ABM) v (SCD). e) (ABM) v (SAC).
10.2. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh bnh hnh. Gi M l trung im ca SC.
a) Tm giao im I ca AM vi (SBD). Chng minh IA = 2IM.
b) Tm giao im F ca SD v (ABM). Chng minh F l trung im ca SD.
c) Gi N l im ty trn cnh AB. Tm giao im ca MN vi (SBD).
10.3. Cho t din u ABCD c cnh bng a. Ko di BC mt on CE = a. Ko di BD mt on DF = a. Gi
M l trung im ca AB. Tm thit din ca t din vi mt phng (MEF). Tnh din tch thit din.
10.4. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh bnh hnh. Gi M l trung im SB; G l trng tm tam gic SAD.
a) Tm giao im I ca GM v mt phng (ABCD). Chng minh (CGM) cha CD.
b) Chng minh (CGM) qua trung im ca SA. Tm thit din ca hnh chp ct bi (CGM).
c) Tm thit din ca hnh chp ct bi (AGM).
10.5. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c ABCD l l hnh thang y ln AB. Gi M, N l trung im SA, SB.
a) Chng minh MN song song vi CD.
b) Gi P l giao im ca SC v (ADN). Ko di AN v DP ct nhau ti I. Chng minh SI, AB, CD i mt
song song. T gic SABI l hnh g.
10.6. Cho t din u ABCD cnh a. Gi I, J ln lt l trung im AC, BC; K l im trn cnh BD sao cho
KB = 2KD.
a) Xc nh thit din ca t din ct bi mt phng (IJK). Chng minh thit din l hnh thang cn.
b) Tnh din tch thit din theo a.
10.7. Cho t din ABCD c G l trng tm tam gic ABD v M l im trn cnh BC sao cho MB = 2MC.
Chng minh MG song song vi (ACD).
63

Nguyn Minh Hiu
10.8. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c ABCD l hnh bnh hnh. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im AB, CD.
a) Chng minh MN song song vi cc mt phng (SBC) v (SAD).
b) Gi P l trung im SA. Chng minh SB, SC u song song vi mt phng (MNP).
c) Gi G
1
, G
2
l trng tm cc tam gic ABC v SBC. Chng minh G
1
G
2
song song vi (SAB).
10.9. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh bnh hnh tm O. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im SA, CD.
a) Chng minh hai mt phng OMN v (SBC) song song vi nhau.
b) Gi I l trung im SC; J nm trn (ABCD) v cch u AB, CD. Chng minh ng thng IJ song song
vi (SAB).
2. Quan H Vung Gc
A. K Nng C Bn
1. Chng minh ng thng vung gc vi mt phng.
Ch ra ng thng vung gc vi hai ng thng ct nhau nm trong mt phng.
2. Chng minh hai ng thng vung gc.
C1: Ch ra mt mt phng cha ng ny v vung vi ng kia.
C2: Ch ra hnh chiu ca ng ny trn mt phng cha ng kia vung gc vi ng kia.
3. Chng minh hai mt phng vung gc.
Ch ra mt ng thng cha trong mt ny v vung vi mt kia.
4. Tm gc gia hai ng thng.
Tm b
song song b v ct a. Gc gia a v b bng gc gia a v b
.
5. Tm gc gia ng thng v mt phng.
Xc nh hnh chiu ca ng thng ln mt phng. Gc gia ng thng v hnh chiu l gc cn tm.
6. Tm gc gia hai mt phng.
Tm a, b nm trong hai mt phng cng vung gc vi giao tuyn v ct giao tuyn ti mt im.
7. Tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng cho nhau.
C1: Tm on vung gc chung.
C2: Xc nh () cha b v song song vi a. Khong cch gia a v b l khong cch t M a n ().
B. Bi Tp
10.10. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c ABCD l hnh vung tm O cnh a, SA vung gc vi (ABCD), SA = 2a.
a) Chng minh cc mt ca hnh chp l cc tam gic vung.
b) Gi H l hnh chiu ca A ln SB. Chng minh AHSC v (SAC)(SBD).
c) Gi K l hnh chiu ca O ln SC. Chng minh OKBD. T tnh khong cch gia BD v SC.
10.11. Cho hnh chp tam gic u S.ABC c SA = a
2 v AB = a, O l tm y.
a) Chng minh SA vung gc vi BC. b) Tnh gc gia SA v (ABC).
c) Tnh gc gia (SBC) v (ABC). d) Tnh khong cch gia BC v SA.
10.12. Cho hnh chp tam gic S.ABC c ABC l tam gic vung ti B; SA = AB = BC = a v SA vung gc
vi (ABC). Gi I l trung im AB; H, K ln lt l hnh chiu ca A, I ln SB.
a) Chng minh BC vung gc vi (SAB) v AH vung gc vi SC. Tnh gc gia AC v (SBC).
b) Chng minh tam gic IKC vung. T tnh din tch tam gic IKC theo a.
10.13. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh thoi tm O, cnh a,

BAD = 60
0
, SO = a v SO vung gc vi
(ABCD). Tnh khong cch t O n (SBC) v khong cch gia hai ng thng AD v SB.
10.14. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c ABCD l hnh thoi cnh a v c gc

BAD = 60
0
. Gi O l giao ca AC v
BD. ng thng SO vung gc vi (ABCD) v SO =
3a
4
. Gi E l trung im ca BC, F l trung im ca BE.
Chng minh (SOF) (SBC) . Tnh khong cch t O v A n (SBC).
10.15. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c ABCD l hnh thoi cnh a, SA = SB = SC = a, SD = x. Chng minh AC
vung gc vi (SBD) v tam gic SBD vung. Tm x SD hp vi (ABCD) mt gc bng 30
0
.
10.16. (A-02) Cho hnh chp tam gic u S.ABC cnh y bng a. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh
SB v SC. Tnh theo a din tch tam gic AMN, bit rng (AMN)(SBC).
10.17. (D-07) Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c ABCD l hnh thang,

ABC =

BAD = 90
0
, BA = BC = a, AD = 2a.
Cnh bn SA vung gc vi y v SA = a
2. Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca A ln SB. Chng minh tam gic

SCD vung v tnh khong cch t H n (SCD).
64

Chuyn 10. Hnh Hc Khng Gian
10.18. (B-07) Cho hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD c y l hnh vung cnh a. Gi E l im i xng ca D qua
trung im SA, M trung im AE, N trung im BC. Chng minh MNBD v tnh khong cch gia hai ng
thng MN v AC.
10.19. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c SA = SB = SC = a;

ASB = 90
0
,

BSC = 60
0
,

CSA = 120
0
. Gi I l trung im
ca cnh AC. Chng minh SI vung gc vi (ABC) v tnh khong cch t S n (ABC).
10.20. (B-02) Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.A
c cnh a. Tnh theo a khong cch gia A
B v B
D. Gi
M, N, P ln lt l trung im ca BB
, CD, A
. Tnh gc gia hai ng thng MP v C
N.
10.21. Cho lp phng ABCD.A
c cnh a. Gi K trung im DD
. Tnh gc v khong cch gia CK

v A
D. Tnh di on vung gc chung gia A
v B
C.
3. Th Tch Khi a Din
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Cng thc tnh th tch ca mt s khi a din.
Khi chp: V =
1
3
Bh. Khi lng tr: V = Bh.
Khi hp ch nht: V = abc. Khi lp phng: V = a
3
.
2. H thc lng trong tam gic vung.
nh l Pitago: a
2
= b
2
+c
2
.
ng cao:
1
h
2
=
1
b
2
+
1
c
2
; h =
bc
a
.
Gc: sin B = cos C =
b
a
; tan B = cot C =
b
c
.
Din tch: S =
1
2
bc =
1
2
ah.
A
B C H M
c b
a
h
Tnh cht trung tuyn: ABC vung ti A AM =
1
2
BC.
3. T s th tch.
Cho hnh chp S.ABC c A
, B
, C
ln lt nm trn SA, SB, SC. Ta c:

V
S.A
V
S.ABC
=
SA
SA
.
SB
SB
.
SC
SC
.
B. Phng Php Tnh Th Tch
PP1: S dng cng thc.
PP2: S dng t s th tch.
PP3: S dng phng php ta .
C. Bi Tp
10.22. (TN-08) Cho hnh chp tam gic u S.ABC c cnh y bng a, cnh bn bng 2a. Gi I l trung im
ca cnh BC. Chng minh SA vung gc vi BC. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABI theo a.
10.23. Cho chp tam gic u S.ABC cnh y bng a. Tnh th tch khi chp bit gc gia cnh bn v y
bng 60
0
.
10.24. Cho chp t gic u S.ABCD y a. Tnh th tch khi chp bit gc gia mt bn v y bng 60
0
.
10.25. (C-09) Cho hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD c AB = a, SA = a
2. Gi M, N v P ln lt l trung im
ca cc cnh SA, SB v CD. Chng minh rng ng thng MN vung gc vi ng thng SP. Tnh theo a th
tch ca khi t din AMNP.
10.26. (B-04) Cho hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD c y a, gc gia cnh bn v mt y bng ,
_
0 < < 90
0
_
.
Tnh tan gc gia (SAB) v (ABCD) theo . Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD theo a v .
10.27. (B-2012) Cho hnh chp tam gic u S.ABC vi SA = 2a, AB = a. Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca A
trn cnh SC. Chng minh SC vung gc vi mt phng (ABH). Tnh th tch ca khi chp S.ABH theo a.
10.28. (TN-07) Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, cnh bn SA vung gc vi y v
SA = AC. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD.
10.29. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y l tam vung ti B; AB = a, AC = a
3; SA vung gc vi (ABC); cnh bn

SB lp vi (ABC) mt gc 60
0
. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABC.
65

Nguyn Minh Hiu
10.30. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y l tam gic u cnh a; SA vung gc vi (ABC). Bit gc gia (SBC) v
(ABC) bng 45
0
. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABC.
10.31. (TN-09) Cho hnh chp S.ABC c mt bn SBC l tam gic u cnh a, cnh bn SA vung gc vi y.
Bit

BAC = 120
0
, tnh th tch ca khi chp S.ABC theo a.
10.32. (TN-2011) Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang vung ti A v D vi AD = CD = a,
AB = 3a. Cnh bn SA vung gc vi mt y v cnh bn SC to vi y mt gc 45
0
. Tnh th tch khi chp
S.ABCD theo a.
10.33. Cho hnh chp S.ABC. y ABC l tam gic vung ti B, cnh SA vung gc vi y,

ACB = 60
0
,
BC = a, SA = a
3. Gi M l trung im cnh SB. Chng minh (SAB) vung gc vi (SBC) v tnh th tch khi
t din MABC.
10.34. (C-2011) Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti B, AB = a; SA vung gc vi
mt phng (ABC), gc gia hai mt phng (SBC) v (ABC) bng 30
0
. Gi M l trung im ca cnh SC. Tnh
th tch khi chp S.ABM theo a.
10.35. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh vung cnh a. ng cao SA = a. Trn hai cnh AB, AD ln lt
ly hai im M, N sao cho AM = DN = x, (0 < x < a). Tnh th tch khi chp S.AMCN theo a v x. Tm x
MN nh nht.
10.36. (B-06) Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht vi AB = a, AD = a
2, SA = a v SA
vung gc vi (ABCD). Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca AD v SC; I l giao im ca BM v AC. Chng
minh (SAC) vung gc vi mt phng (SMB). Tnh th tch ca khi t din ANIB.
10.37. (D-06) Cho hnh chp tam gic S.ABC c y l tam gic u cnh a; SA = 2a v SA vung gc vi mt
phng (ABC). Gi M, N ln lt l hnh chiu vung gc ca A trn SB v SC. Tnh th tch khi chp A.BCNM.
10.38. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht vi AB = a, AD = 2a, cnh SA vung gc vi y,
cnh SB to vi mt phng y mt gc 60
0
. Trn cnh SA ly im M sao cho AM =
a
3
3
. Mt phng (BCM)
ct cnh SD ti N. Tnh th tch khi chp S.BCNM.
10.39. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y A.BCD l hnh thoi cnh a,

BAD = 60
0
, SA vung gc vi mt phng
(ABCD), SA = a. Gi C
l trung im ca SC. Mt phng (P) i qua AC
v song song vi BD, ct cc cnh

SB, SD ca hnh chp ln lt ti B
, D
. Tnh th tch ca khi chp S.AB
.
10.40. (A-2011) Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti B, AB = BC = 2a; hai mt phng
(SAB) v (SAC) cng vung gc vi mt phng (ABC). Gi M l trung im AB; mt phng qua SM v song
song vi BC, ct AC ti N. Bit gc gia hai mt phng (SBC) v (ABC) bng 60
0
. Tnh th tch khi chp
S.BCNM v khong cch gia hai ng thng AB v SN theo a.
10.41. (C-2010) Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, mt phng (SAB) vung gc vi
mt phng y, SA = SB, gc gia ng thng SC v mt phng y bng 45
0
. Tnh theo a th tch ca khi
chp S.ABCD.
10.42. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh ch nht, AB = 2a. Tam gic SAB u v nm trong mt
phng vung gc vi y. Bit SD = a
13, tnh theo a th tch ca khi chp S.ABCD v khong cch gia hai
ng thng SC v BD.
10.43. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh vung cnh a, mt bn SAD l tam gic u v nm trong mt
phng vung gc vi y. Gi M, N, P ln lt trung im cc cnh SB, BC, CD. Chng minh AM vung gc vi
BP v tnh th tch t din CMNP.
10.44. (D-2011) Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung ti B, BA = 3a, BC = 4a; mt phng
(SBC) vung gc vi mt phng (ABC). Bit SB = 2a
3 v

SBC = 30
0
. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABC v
khong cch t im B n mt phng (SAC) theo a.
10.45. (B-08) Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y l hnh vung cnh 2a, SA = a, SB = a
3 v mt phng (SAB)
vung gc vi y. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im cc cnh AB, BC. Tnh theo a th tch khi chp S.BMDN v
tnh gc gia hai ng thng SM v DN.
10.46. (A-2012) Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y l tam gic u cnh a. Hnh chiu vung gc ca S trn mt phng
(ABC) l im H thuc cnh AB sao choHA = 2HB. Gc gia ng thng SC v mt phng (ABC) bng 60
0
.
Tnh th tch ca khi chp S.ABC v tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng SA v BC theo a.
10.47. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c hai tam gic ABC v SBC u cnh a; gc gia SA v ABC bng 60
0
. Tnh th
tch ca khi chp S.ABC.
66

Chuyn 10. Hnh Hc Khng Gian
10.48. Cho t din ABCD c AB = BC = CA = AD = DB = a
2, CD = 2a. Chng minh AB vung gc vi

CD. Xc nh ng vung gc chung ca AB v CD. Tnh th tch ca t din ABCD.
10.49. (D-2010) Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a, cnh bn SA = a; hnh chiu vung
gc ca nh S trn (ABCD) l im H thuc on AC, AH =
AC
4
. Gi CM l ng cao ca tam gic SAC.
Chng minh M l trung im SA v tnh th tch khi t din SMBC theo a.
10.50. (A-2010) Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh vung cnh a. Gi M, N ln lt l trung im ca
cc cnh AB v AD; H l giao im ca CN vi DM. Bit SH vung gc vi mt phng (ABCD) v SH = a
3.
Tnh th tch khi chp S.CDNM v tnh khong cch gia hai ng thng DM v SC.
10.51. (A-09) Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang vung ti A v D; AB = AD = 2a, CD = a;
gc gia hai mt phng (SBC) v (ABCD) bng 60
0
. Gi I l trung im cnh AD. Bit mt phng (SBI) v
(SCI) cng vung gc vi mt phng (ABCD), tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD theo a.
10.52. Tnh th tch hnh chp S.ABC, bit SA = SB = SC = a,

ASB = 60
0
,

BSC = 90
0
,

CSA = 120
0
.
10.53. Tnh th tch ca khi hp ch nht ABCD.A
c y l hnh vung cnh a v AA
= AC.
10.54. Cho lng tr ng ABC.A
c y ABC l tam gic vung ti A, AB = a, BC = a
3, AC
= 2a. Tnh
th tch ca khi lng tr ABC.A
.
10.55. Cho hnh hp ch nht ABCD.A
c AB = a, AD = 2a, AA
= a. Tnh khong cch gia hai ng

thng AD
v B
C. Gi M l im thuc cnh AD sao cho AM = 3MD, tnh khong cch t M n (AB
C) v
tnh th tch t din AB
C.
10.56. Cho hnh hp ng ABCD.A
c cc cnh AB = AD = a, AA
=
a
3
2
v gc

BAD = 60
0
. Gi M
v N ln lt l trung im ca cc cnh A
v A
. Chng minh AC
vung gc vi BDMN v tnh th tch

khi chp A.BDMN.
10.57. (D-2012) Cho hnh hp ng ABCD.A
c y l hnh vung, tam gic A
AC vung cn, A
C = a.
Tnh th tch ca khi t din ABB
v khong cch t im A n mt phng (BCD
) theo a.
10.58. (D-09) Cho hnh lng tr ng ABC.A
c y ABC l tam gic vung ti B, AB = a, AA
= 2a, A
C =
3a. Gi M l trung im ca on thng A
, I l giao im ca AM v A
C. Tnh theo a th tch khi t din

IABC v khong cch t A n (IBC).
10.59. (D-08) Cho lng tr ng ABC.A
c y ABC l tam gic vung, AB = AC = a, cnh bn AA
= a
2.
Gi M l trung im ca cnh BC. Tnh theo a th tch ca khi lng tr ABC.A
v khong cch gia hai

ng thng AM v B
C.
10.60. Cho lng tr tam gic ABC.A
c y l tam gic u cnh a. Gc gia A
A vi (ABC) bng 60
0
. Tnh
th tch khi lng tr, bit hnh chiu ca A
trn (ABC) trng vi tm ca tam gic ABC.

c ABC l tam gic vung ti A, AB = a, AC = a
2, hnh chiu ca
A
trn (ABC) trng trung im BC. Tnh th tch khi lng tr, bit CC
= 2a.
10.62. Cho hnh hp ABCD.A
c mt bn AA
D l hnh thoi cnh 2a, nm trong mt phng vung gc

vi (ABCD) v cch BC mt khong bng a. Bit cnh bn AA
hp vi (ABCD) mt gc bng 60
0
. Tnh th tch
khi hp ABCD.A
.
c y ABC l mt tam gic u cnh a v im A
cch u cc im
A, B, C. Cnh bn AA
to vi mt phng y mt gc 60
0
. Tnh th tch ca khi lng tr.
10.64. (A-08) Cho lng tr ABC.A
c di cnh bn bng 2a, y ABC l tam gic vung ti A, AB =

a, AC = a
3 v hnh chiu vung gc ca nh A
trn mt phng (ABC) l trung im ca cnh BC. Tnh theo

a th tch khi chp A
.ABC. Tnh cosin gc gia hai ng thng AA
v B
.
c y l tam gic u. Mt phng (A
BC) to vi y mt gc 30
0
v
tam gic A
BC c din tch bng 8. Tnh th tch khi lng tr ABC.A
.
10.66. (B-09) Cho hnh lng tr tam gic ABC.A
c BB
= a, gc gia ng thng BB
v mt phng
(ABC) bng 60
0
; tam gic ABC vung ti C v gc

BAC = 60
0
. Hnh chiu vung gc ca im B
ln mt phng
(ABC) trng vi trng tm tam gic ABC. Tnh th tch t din A
ABC theo a.
10.67. (B-2011) Cho lng tr ABCD.A
c y ABCD l hnh ch nht, AB = a, AD = a
3. Hnh chiu
vung gc ca im A
trn (ABCD) trng vi giao im ca AC v BD. Gc gia hai mt phng (ADD
) v
(ABCD) bng 60
0
. Tnh th tch khi lng tr cho v khong cch t im B
n mt phng (A
BD) theo a.
67

Nguyn Minh Hiu
4. Mt Nn - Mt Tr - Mt Cu
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Din tch v th tch.
Khi nn: S
xq
= rl; S
tp
= S
xq
+S
; V =
1
3
Bh =
1
3
r
2
h.
Khi tr: S
xq
= 2rl; S
tp
= S
xq
+ 2S
; V = Bh = r
2
h.
Khi cu: S = 4R
2
; V =
4
3
R
3
.
2. V tr tng i ca mt phng v mt cu.
d > R: Mt phng khng ct mt cu.
d = R: Mt phng tip xc vi mt cu ti mt im.
d < R: Mt phng ct mt cu theo giao tuyn l mt ng trn c bn knh .
B. Bi Tp
10.68. Cho hnh chp u S.ABCD c cnh y bng a,

SAB = 60
0
. Tnh th tch ca khi chp S.ABCD. Tnh
din tch xung quanh v th tch ca khi nn nh S, y l ng trn ngoi tip t gic ABCD.
10.69. Cho hnh lp phng ABCD.A
cnh a. Tnh din tch xung quanh v th tch ca khi nn c nh

O l tm hnh vung ABCD v y ni tip hnh vung A
.
10.70. Ct hnh nn nh S bi mt phng qua trc c tam gic vung cn cnh huyn a
2. Tnh din tch xung

quanh, din tch y v th tch ca khi nn. Cho dy cung BC ca ng trn y sao cho (SBC) to vi y
mt gc 60
0
. Tnh din tch tam gic SBC.
10.71. Cho hnh nn nh S, ng cao SO. Gi A, B l hai im thuc ng trn y sao cho khong cch t O
n AB bng a v

SAO = 30
0
,

SAB = 60
0
. Tnh din tch xung quanh v th tch hnh nn.
10.72. Ct hnh tr trn xoay bi mt phng () c thit din ABCD l hnh vung cnh a. Bit () to vi
y mt gc 45
0
, tnh din tch xung quanh v th tch khi tr.
10.73. Cho hnh tr c bn knh y bng 2a v khong cch gia hai y bng a. Ct khi tr bi mt phng
song song vi trc v cch trc mt khong a. Tnh din tch thit din to thnh.
10.74. (A-06) Cho hnh tr c y l hai hnh trn tm O v O
, bn knh y bng chiu cao v bng a. Trn

ng trn y tm O ly im A, trn ng trn tm O
ly im B sao cho AB = 2a. Tnh th tch t din

OO
AB.
10.75. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung ti B, AB = a, BC = a
2, SB = 2a. Bit SA vung

gc vi y. Xc nh tm v bn knh mt cu ngoi tip khi chp S.ABC.
10.76. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh thang vung ti A v B. Hai mt phng (SAB) v (SAD)
cng vung gc vi mt y. Bit AB = 2a, SA = BC = a, CD = 2a
5. Tnh th tch ca khi chp S.ABCD. Xc

nh tm v bn knh mt cu ngoi tip t din SACD.
10.77. Cho hnh chp t gic u S.ABCD c AB = a, SA = a
2. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABCD. Tm tm v

bn knh mt cu ngoi tip hnh chp. Tnh din tch v th tch ca khi cu ngoi tip hnh chp.
10.78. (C-2012) Cho khi chp S.ABC c y ABC l tam gic vung cn ti A, AB = a
2, SA = SB = SC.
Gc gia ng thng SA v mt phng (ABC) bng 60
0
. Tnh th tch khi chp S.ABC v bn knh mt cu
ngoi tip hnh chp S.ABC theo a.
10.79. Cho hnh chp S.ABCD c y ABCD l hnh bnh hnh, AB = a
2, BC = a
6 v di cc cnh bn
bng a
5. Gi giao im ca AC v BD l H. Tnh th tch khi cu ngoi tip t din SHAB.

10.80. Cho hnh chp S.ABC c y l tam gic cn, AB = AC = a, (SBC) (ABC) v SA = SB = a. Chng
minh SBC l tam gic vung. Bit SC = x, xc nh tm v bn knh mt cu ngoi tip hnh chp.
10.81. (D-03) Cho (P) v (Q) vung gc vi nhau ct nhau theo giao tuyn . Trn ly A, B vi AB = a. Trong
(P) ly im C, trong (Q) ly im D sao cho AC, BD cng vung gc vi v AC = BD. Tnh bn knh mt cu
ngoi tip t din ABCD v tnh khong cch t A n (BCD) theo a.
10.82. Cho lng tr ng tam gic ABC.A
bit AA
= AB = a; AC = 2a v

BAC = 60
0
. Gi M l giao im
ca A
C v AC
. Tnh th tch t din MBB
C v tnh bn knh mt cu ngoi tip lng tr.

10.83. (B-2010) Cho hnh lng tr tam gic u ABC.A
c AB = a, gc gia hai mt phng (A
BC) v
(ABC) bng 60
0
. Gi G l trng tm tam gic A
BC. Tnh th tch khi lng tr cho v tnh bn knh mt cu

ngoi tip t din GABC theo a.
68

Chuyn 11
T Hp - Xc Sut
1. Hon V - Chnh Hp - T Hp
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Quy tc m.
Quy tc cng: Gi s cng vic c thc hin theo mt trong hai phng n A hoc B. Phng n A c th
thc hin theo n cch, phng n B c th thc hin theo m cch. Khi cng vic c th thc hin theo n + m
cch.
Quy tc nhn: Gi s mt cng vic bao gm hai cng on A v B. Cng on A c th thc hin theo n
cch, cng on B c th thc hin theo m cch. Khi cng vic c th thc hin theo n.m cch.
2. Hon v - Chnh hp - T hp.
Hon v: Cho tp hp A c n (n 1) phn t. Khi sp xp n phn t ny theo mt th t, ta c mt hon
v cc phn t ca A. S cc hon v ca mt tp hp c n phn t l P
n
= n! = n(n 1) (n 2) ...2.1 (Quy uc
0! = 1).
Chnh hp: Cho tp hp A gm n phn t v s nguyn k vi 1 k n. Khi ly ra k phn t ca A v xp
chng theo mt th t, ta c mt chnh hp chp k ca n phn t ca A. S cc chnh hp chp k (1 k n)
ca mt tp hp c n phn t l A
k
n
= n(n 1) (n 2) ... (n k + 1). (Quy uc A
0
n
= 1).
T hp: Cho tp hp A gm n phn t v s nguyn k vi 1 k n. Mi tp con ca A c k phn t c
gi l mt t hp chp k ca n phn t ca A. S cc t hp chp k (1 k n) ca mt tp hp c n phn t l
C
k
n
=
A
k
n
n!
=
n(n 1) (n 2) ... (n k + 1)
k!
(Quy c C
0
n
= 1).
Mt s cng thc v t hp: C
k
n
= C
nk
n
(0 k n), C
k
n+1
= C
k
n
+C
k1
n
(1 k n).
Lu . Hon v v chnh hp c phn bit th th cn t hp khng bit th t.
B. Bi Tp
11.1. (B-05) Mt i thanh nin tnh nguyn c 15 ngi, gm 12 nam v 3 n. Hi c bao nhiu cch phn cng
i v gip ba tnh min ni sao cho mi tnh c 4 nam v 1 n.
11.2. (D-06) i thanh nin xung kch ca trng ph thng c 12 hc sinh, gm 5 hc sinh lp A, 4 hc sinh lp
B v 3 hc sinh lp C. Cn chn bn hc sinh i lm nhim v sao cho bn hc sinh ny thuc khng qu hai lp.
Hi c bao nhiu cch chn.
11.3. (B-04) Trong mt mn hc, thy gio c 30 cu hi khc nhau gm 5 cu hi kh, 10 cu hi trung bnh v
15 cu hi d. T 30 cu hi c th lp c bao nhiu kim tra, mi gm 5 cu hi khc nhau, sao cho
trong mi phi c 3 loi cu hi (kh, trung bnh v d) v s cu hi d khng t hn 2.
11.4. Mt hp ng 4 bi , 5 bi trng v 6 bi vng. Ngi ta chn ra 4 vin bi t hp . Hi c bao nhiu cch
chn s bi ly ra khng ba mu.
11.5. Chng minh cc h thc sau
a) A
n+2
n+k
+A
n+1
n+k
= k
2
A
n
n+k
. b) k (k 1) C
k
n
= n(n 1) C
k2
n2
.
c) P
k
A
2
n+1
A
2
n+3
A
2
n+5
= nk!A
5
n+5
. d) (B-08)
n + 1
n + 2
1
C
k
n+1
+
1
C
k+1
n+1
_
=
1
C
k
n
.
11.6. Gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh v h phng trnh
a) P
x
A
2
x
+ 72 = 6
_
A
2
x
+ 2P
x
_
. b)
1
2
A
2
2x
A
2
x

6
x
C
3
x
+ 10.
69

Nguyn Minh Hiu
c)
_
2A
y
x
+ 5C
y
x
= 90
5A
y
x
2C
y
x
= 80
. d) C
2
x
+C
4
x
+... +C
2n
x
2
2003
1.
e) A
3
n
+ 2C
n2
n
9n. f) C
1
x
+ 6C
2
x
+ 6C
3
x
= 9x
2
14x.
11.7. (D-05) Tnh gi tr ca M =
A
4
n+1
+ 3A
3
n
(n + 1)!
bit C
2
n+1
+ 2C
2
n+2
+ 2C
2
n+3
+C
2
n+4
= 149.
11.8. (B-06) Cho tp A gm 2n phn t (n 4). Bit rng s tp con 4 phn t bng 20 ln s tp con gm 2
phn t. Tm k {1, 2, ..., n} sao cho s tp con gm k phn t ca A l ln nht.
11.9. (B-02) Cho a gic u A
1
A
2
...A
2n
ni tip ng trn (O). Bit rng s tam gic c cc nh l 3 trong 2n
nh nhiu gp 20 ln s hnh ch nht c cc nh l 4 trong 2n nh. Tm n.
2. Xc Sut
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Khng gian mu.
Tp tt c cc kt qu c th xy ra ca php th gi l khng gian mu ca php th . K hiu l .
2. Bin c.
Mt bin c A lin quan ti php th T c m t bi mt tp con
A
no ca khng gian mu. Bin c
A xy ra khi kt qu ca T thuc
A
. Mi phn t ca
A
gi l mt kt qu thun li cho A.
Bin c s cp: L bin c ch c mt phn t.
Bin c chc chn: L khng gian mu . Bin c khng th: L bin c rng .
Bin c s cp ng kh nng: L bin c c kh nng xut hin mi kt qu l nh nhau.
Bin c i: L bin c A khng xy ra. K hiu l A (
A
= \
A
).
Bin c xung khc: L hai bin c A v B m nu A xy ra th B khng xy ra v ngc li (
A

A
= ).
Bin c c lp: L hai bin c A v B m vic xy ra bin c ny khng nh hng ti bin c kia.
3. Xc sut ca mt bin c.
Tnh cht: 0 P (A) 1, P () = 0, P () = 1, P
_
A
_
= 1 P (A).
Quy tc cng xc sut: Nu A, B xung khc th P (A B) = P (A) +P (B).
Quy tc nhn xc sut: Nu A, B c lp th P (A B) = P (AB) = P (A) .P (B).
4. Bin ngu nhin ri rc. L gi tr c lp X = {x
1
, x
2
, ..., x
n
} nhn kt qu bng s, hu hn v khng d
on trc c.
Xc sut ti x
k
: P (X = x
k
) = p
k
, (k = 1..n). Khi p
1
+p
2
+... +p
n
= 1.
Bng phn b xc sut:
X x
1
x
2
... x
n
P p
1
p
2
... p
n
K vng: E (X) =
n
i=1
x
i
p
i
.
Phng sai: V (X) =
n
i=1
x
2
i
p
i
E
2
(X).
lch chun: (X) =
_
V (X).
B. Bi Tp
11.10. (B-2012) Trong mt lp hc gm c 15 hc sinh nam v 10 hc sinh n. Gio vin gi ngu nhin 4 hc sinh
ln bng gii bi tp. Tnh xc sut 4 hc sinh c gi c c nam v n.
11.11. Mt hp ng 4 vin bi , 5 vin bi trng v 6 vin bi vng. Ngi ta chn ra 4 vin bi t hp . Tnh
xc sut trong s bi ly ra khng c ba mu.
11.12. Mt t c 9 nam v 3 n. Chia t thnh 3 nhm mi nhm gm 4 ngi. Tnh xc sut khi chia ngu
nhin nhm no cng c n.
11.13. Mt t c 13 hc sinh, trong c 4 n. Cn chia t thnh ba nhm, nhm th nht c 4 hc sinh, nhm
th hai c 4 hc sinh, nhm th ba c 5 hc sinh. Tnh xc sut mi nhm c t nht mt hc sinh n.
11.14. C hai hp ng bi. Hp mt c 7 bi xanh v 3 bi , hp hai c 6 bi xanh v 4 bi . Ly ngu nhin mi
hp mt bi. Tm xc sut c t nht mt bi .
70

Chuyn 11. T Hp - Xc Sut
11.15. C hai hp cha cc vin bi ch khc nhau v mu. Hp th nht cha ba bi xanh, hai bi vng v mt bi
. Hp th hai cha hai bi xanh, mt bi vng v ba bi . Ly ngu nhin t mi hp mt vin bi. Tnh xc sut
ly c hai bi xanh.
11.16. Mt ngi gi in thoi, qun hai ch s cui v ch nh rng hai ch s phn bit. Tnh xc sut
ngi gi mt ln ng s cn gi.
11.17. Ngi ta s dng 5 cun sch Ton, 6 cun sch L, 7 cun sch Ho (cc cun sch cng loi ging nhau),
lm gii thng cho 9 hc sinh, mi hc sinh c hai cun sch khc loi. Trong s hc sinh c hai bn Ngc v
Tho. Tm xc sut hai bn Ngc v Tho c gii thng ging nhau.
11.18. Mt nhm hc tp gm 7 nam v 5 n, trong c bn nam A v bn n B. Chn ngu nhin 5 bn lp
mt i tuyn thi hc sinh gii. Tnh xc sut i tuyn c 3 nam v 3 n, trong phi c hoc bn nam A,
hoc bn n B nhng khng c c hai.
11.19. C hai ti. Ti th nht cha 3 tm th nh s 1, 2, 3 v ti th hai cha 4 tm th nh s 4, 5, 6, 8.
Rt ngu nhin t mi ti mt tm th ri cng hai s ghi trn hai tm th vi nhau. Gi X l s thu c. Lp
bng phn b xc sut ca X v tnh E(X).
3. Nh Thc Newton
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
Cng thc: (a +b)
n
=
n
k=0
C
k
n
a
nk
b
k
= C
0
n
a
n
+C
1
n
a
n1
b +C
2
n
a
n2
b
2
+... +C
n
n
b
n
.
S hng tng qut th k + 1: T
k+1
= C
k
n
a
nk
b
k
.
Mt s khai trin thng dng:
(1 +x)
n
= C
0
n
+C
1
n
x +C
2
n
x
2
+C
3
n
x
3
+... +C
n
n
x
n
.
(1 x)
n
= C
0
n
C
1
n
x +C
2
n
x
2
C
3
n
x
3
+... + (1)
n
C
n
n
x
n
.
(x + 1)
n
= C
0
n
x
n
+C
1
n
x
n1
+C
2
n
x
n2
+... +C
n1
n
x +C
n
n
.
B. Bi Tp
11.20. (D-04) Tm s hng khng cha x trong khai trin thnh a thc ca biu thc
_
3
x +
1
4
x
_
7
, x > 0.
11.21. (D-07) Tm h s ca x
5
trong khai trin thnh a thc ca biu thc x(1 2x)
5
+x
2
(1 + 3x)
10
.
11.22. (A-04) Tm h s ca x
8
trong khai trin thnh a thc ca biu thc
_
1 +x
2
(1 x)
_
8
.
11.23. Tm h s ca x
4
trong khai trin a thc P(x) =
_
1 + 2x + 3x
2
_
10
.
11.24. t
_
1 x +x
2
x
3
_
4
= a
0
+a
1
x +a
2
x
2
+... +a
12
x
12
. Tnh h s a
7
.
11.25. (D-02) Tm s nguyn dng n tho mn h thc C
0
n
+ 2.C
1
n
+ 2
2
.C
2
n
+... + 2
n
.C
n
n
.
11.26. (D-08) Tm s nguyn dng n tho mn h thc C
1
2n
+C
3
2n
+... +C
2n1
2n
= 2048.
11.27. Tm s t nhin n sao cho 1.C
1
n
+ 2.C
2
n
+... +nC
n
n
= n.2
2009
.
11.28. (A-2012) Cho n l s nguyn dng tha mn 5C
n1
n
= C
3
n
. Tm s hng cha x
5
trong khai trin nh thc
Newton ca
_
nx
2
14

1
x
_
n
, x = 0.
11.29. (B-07) Tm h s ca x
10
trong khai trin (2 +x)
n
, bit 3
n
C
0
n
3
n1
C
1
n
+ 3
n2
C
2
n
+... + (1)
n
C
n
n
= 2048.
11.30. (A-03) Tm h s ca s hng cha x
8
trong khai trin
_
1
x
3
+
x
5
_
n
, bit C
n+1
n+4
C
n
n+3
= 7 (n + 3).
11.31. (A-06) Tm h s ca x
26
trong khai trin
_
1
x
4
+x
7
_
n
, bit C
1
2n+1
+C
2
2n+1
+... +C
n
2n+1
= 2
20
1.
11.32. (D-03) Vi n l s nguyn dng, gi a
3n3
l h s ca x
3n3
trong khai trin thnh a thc ca
_
x
2
+ 1
_
n
(x + 2)
n
. Tm n a
3n3
= 26n.
11.33. (A-02) Cho khai trin biu thc
_
2
x1
2
+ 2
x
3
_
n
= C
0
n
_
2
x1
2
_
n
+C
1
n
_
2
x1
2
_
n1 _
2
x
3
_
+... +C
n
n
_
2
x
3
_
n
. Bit
rng trong khai trin C
3
n
= 5C
1
n
v s hng th t bng 20n. Tm n v x.
71

Nguyn Minh Hiu
11.34. (A-05) Tm s nguyn dng n tha C
1
2n+1
2.2C
2
2n+1
+ 3.2
2
C
3
2n+1
+... + (1)
n
2
2n
C
2n+1
2n+1
= 2005.
11.35. (A-07) Chng minh rng
1
2
C
1
2n
+
1
4
C
3
2n
+... +
1
2n
C
2n1
2n
=
2
2n
1
2n+1
.
11.36. (B-03) Cho n l s nguyn dng. Tnh tng C
0
n
+
2
2
1
2
C
1
n
+
2
3
1
3
C
2
n
+... +
2
n+1
1
n + 1
C
n
n
.
11.37. Chng minh rng 2.1.C
2
n
+ 3.2.C
3
n
+ 4.3.C
4
n
+... +n(n 1) C
n
n
= n(n 1) 2
n2
.
11.38. Tnh tng
a) S = C
0
2009
+C
2
2009
+C
4
2009
+... +C
2008
2009
. b) S = C
0
2009
+ 3
2
C
2
2009
+ 3
3
C
4
2009
+... + 3
2008
C
2008
2009
.
c) S = 2C
0
n
+ 5C
1
n
+ 8C
2
n
+... + (3n + 2) C
n
n
. d)
_
C
0
2010
_
2
+
_
C
1
2010
_
2
+
_
C
2
2010
_
2
+... +
_
C
2010
2010
_
2
.
11.39. Tnh tng S = 1
2
C
1
2011
2
2010
+ 2
2
C
2
2011
2
2009
+... + 2011
2
C
2011
2011
2
0
.
11.40. Trong khai trin nh thc (a +b)
50
, tm s hng c gi tr tuyt i ln nht, cho bit |a| = |b|
3.
11.41. (A-08) Cho khai trin (1 + 2x)
n
= a
0
+a
1
x +... +a
n
x
n
, (n N
) v cc h s a
0
, a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
tho mn h
thc a
0
+
a
1
2
+
a
2
4
+... +
a
n
2
n
= 4096. Tm s ln nht trong cc s a
0
, a
1
, a
2
, ..., a
n
.
72

Chuyn 12
Bt ng Thc & Gi Tr Ln Nht -
Gi Tr Nh Nht
1. Bt ng Thc
A. Kin Thc Cn Nh
1. Tnh cht c bn ca bt ng thc.
a > b v b > c a > c.
a > b a +c > b +c.
Nu c > 0 th a > b ac > bc.
Nu c < 0 th a > b ac < bc.
2. Bt ng thc Cauchy.
i vi hai s:
a +b
2

ab, a, b 0. Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = b.

Dng khc: a +b 2
ab; a
2
+b
2
2ab;
ab
a +b
2
; ab
_
a +b
2
_
2
.
i vi ba s:
a +b +c
3

3
abc, a, b, c 0. Du bng xy ra khi v ch khi a = b = c.

Dng khc: a +b +c 3
3
abc; a
3
+b
3
+c
3
3abc;
3
abc
a +b +c
3
; abc
_
a +b +c
3
_
3
.
B. Phng Php C Bn
PP1: S dng php bin i tng ng.
PP2: S dng bt ng thc Cauchy.
PP3: Phng php hm s.
Lu . K thut chn im ri: D on du bng xy ra ri suy ngc kt qu.
C. Bi Tp
12.1. Cho a, b, c R. Chng minh bt ng thc 2a
2
+b
2
+c
2
2a (b +c).
12.2. Cho a, b, c R. Chng minh bt ng thc a
2
b
2
+b
2
c
2
+c
2
a
2
abc (a +b +c).
12.3. Cho a, b > 0. Chng minh bt ng thc a
3
+b
3
a
2
b +ab
2
.
12.4. Cho a, b 0. Chng minh bt ng thc
a +b
1 +a +b

a
1 +a
+
b
1 +b
.
12.5. Cho a, b, c > 0. Chng minh bt ng thc
a
a +b
+
b
b +c
+
c
c +a
> 1.
12.6. Cho a, b, c, d > 0. Chng minh bt ng thc 1 <
a
b +c +d
+
b
c +d +a
+
c
d +a +b
+
d
a +b +c
< 2.
a +b
c
+
b +c
a
+
c +a
b
6.
73

Nguyn Minh Hiu
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c

9
a +b +c
.
12.9. Cho a, b, c, d > 0. Chng minh bt ng thc
1
a
+
1
b
+
1
c
+
1
d

16
a +b +c +d
.
_
a +b +c +d
4
_
4
abcd.
a
b +c
+
b
c +a
+
c
a +b

3
2
.
ab
a +b
+
bc
b +c
+
ca
c +a

a +b +c
2
.
12.13. Cho x, y, z > 0. Chng minh bt ng thc
2
x
x
3
+y
2
+
2
y
y
3
+z
2
+
2
z
z
3
+x
2

1
x
2
+
1
y
2
+
1
z
2
.
12.14. Cho a, b, c > 0 v a +b +c = 1. Chng minh bt ng thc (a +b) (b +c) (c +a) abc
8
729
.
12.15. Cho a, b, c > 0 v abc = 1. Chng minh bt ng thc
1
a
3
(b +c)
+
1
b
3
(c +a)
+
1
c
3
(a +b)

3
2
.
12.16. Cho a, b, c > 0 v abc = 1. Chng minh bt ng thc
a
8c
3
+ 1
+
b
8a
3
+ 1
+
c
8b
3
+ 1
1.
12.17. (B-05) Chng minh bt ng thc
_
12
5
_
x
+
_
15
4
_
x
+
_
20
3
_
x
3
x
+ 4
x
+ 5
x
.
12.18. Cho x, y, z > 0 tha mn x +y +z = 0. Chng minh bt ng thc

3 + 4
x
+
3 + 4
y
+
3 + 4
z
6.
12.19. Cho x, y, z tha mn 3
x
+3
y
+3
z
= 1. Chng minh
9
x
3
x
+ 3
y+z
+
9
y
3
y
+ 3
z+x
+
9
z
3
z
+ 3
x+y

3
x
+ 3
y
+ 3
z
4
.
a
3
a +b
+
b
3
b +c
+
c
3
c +a

1
2
_
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
_
.
12.21. Cho x, y > 0. Chng minh bt ng thc (1 +x)
_
1 +
y
x
_
_
1 +
9
y
_
2
256.
a
b +c
+
_
a
b +c
+
b
c +a
+
_
b
c +a
+
c
a +b
+
_
c
a +b
> 3.
_
a +b
c
+
_
b +c
a
+
_
c +a
b
2
_
c
a +b
+
_
a
b +c
+
_
b
a +c
_
.
12.24. Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn a
2
+b
2
+c
2
= 1. Chng minh bt ng thc
a
b
2
+c
2
+
b
c
2
+a
2
+
c
a
2
+b
2

3
3
2
.
12.25. Chng minh bt ng thc
e
x
2
1 +x
1 x +
x
4
2 (1 +x)
, x [0; 1].
12.26. (C-09) Cho a, b tha mn 0 < a < b < 1. Chng minh bt ng thc a
2
ln b b
2
ln a > ln a ln b.
12.27. (D-07) Cho a b > 0. Chng minh bt ng thc
_
2
a
+
1
2
a
_
b
_
2
b
+
1
2
b
_
a
.
12.28. (A-03) Cho x, y, z > 0 tha mn x +y +z 1. Chng minh
_
x
2
+
1
x
2
+
_
y
2
+
1
y
2
+
_
z
2
+
1
z
2

82.
12.29. (A-05) Cho x, y, z > 0 tha mn
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
= 4. Chng minh
1
2x +y +z
+
1
2y +z +x
+
1
2z +x +y
1.
12.30. (D-05) Cho x, y, z > 0 tha mn xyz = 1. Chng minh
_
1 +x
3
+y
3
xy
+
_
1 +y
3
+z
3
yz
+
1 +z
3
+x
3
zx
3
3.
a
2a + 5 (b +c)
+
b
2b + 5 (c +a)
+
c
2c + 5 (a +b)

1
4
.
74

Chuyn 12. Bt ng Thc & Gi Tr Ln Nht - Gi Tr Nh Nht
1
a (a +b)
+
1
b (b +c)
+
1
c (c +a)

27
2(a +b +c)
2
.
12.33. (A-09) Cho x, y, z > 0 v x(x +y +z) = 3yz. Chng minh bt ng thc
(x +y)
3
+ (x +z)
3
+ 3 (x +y) (x +z) (y +z) 5(y +z)
3
_
x
y
+
z
3
xyz
_
2
+
_
y
z
+
x
3
xyz
_
2
+
_
z
x
+
y
3
xyz
_
2
12.
_
a
b +c +d
+
_
b
c +d +a
+
_
c
d +a +b
+
_
d
a +b +c
> 2.
_
1 +
x
y
_
_
1 +
y
z
__
1 +
z
x
_
2
_
1 +
x +y +z
3
xyz
_
.
2. Gi Tr Ln Nht - Gi Tr Nh Nht
A. Phng Php C Bn
PP1: S dng bt ng thc.
Nu A(x) = f(x).g(x) m f(x) +g(x) = const th A(x) t gi tr ln nht khi f(x) = g(x).
Nu A(x) = f(x) +g(x) m f(x).g(x) = const th A(x) t gi tr nh nht khi f(x) = g(x).
PP2: S dng phng php hm s.
B. Bi Tp
12.37. Cho a, b > 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc S =
a +b
ab
+
ab
a +b
.
12.38. Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn a+b+c = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P =
a
3
(1 a)
2
+
b
3
(1 b)
2
+
c
3
(1 c)
2
.
12.39. Cho a, b, c > 0 v a
2
+b
2
+c
2
= 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc T = a +b +c +
1
abc
.
12.40. Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn a +b +c
3
2
. Tm gi tr nh nht ca S =
_
a
2
+
1
b
2
+
_
b
2
+
1
c
2
+
_
c
2
+
1
a
2
.
12.41. (B-07) Cho x, y, z > 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P = x
_
x
2
+
1
yz
_
+y
_
y
2
+
1
zx
_
+z
_
z
2
+
1
xy
_
.
12.42. (D-08) Cho x, y > 0. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P =
(x y) (1 xy)
(1 +x)
2
(1 +y)
2
.
12.43. (B-08) Cho x, y tho mn x
2
+y
2
= 1. Tm gi tr ln nht, gi tr nh nht ca P =
2
_
x
2
+ 6xy
_
1 + 2xy + 2y
2
.
12.44. (A-06) Cho x, y = 0 tha mn (x +y) xy = x
2
+y
2
xy. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc A =
1
x
3
+
1
y
3
.
12.45. (B-06) Cho hai s x, y thay i. Tm gi tr nh nht ca A =
_
(x 1)
2
+y
2
+
_
(x + 1)
2
+y
2
+|y + 2|.
12.46. (A-07) Cho x, y, z > 0 tha mn xyz = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P =
x
2
(y +z)
y
y + 2z
z
+
y
2
(z +x)
z
z + 2x
x
+
z
2
(x +y)
x
x + 2y
y
12.47. (B-03) Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s y = x +
4 x
2
.
12.48. (D-03) Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca hm s y =
x+1
x
2
+1
trn on [1; 2].
12.49. (D-2010) Tm gi tr nh nht ca hm s y =
_
x
2
+ 4x + 21 +
_
x
2
+ 3x + 10.
75

Nguyn Minh Hiu
12.50. (B-2010) Cho a, b, c > 0 tha mn a +b +c = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
M = 3
_
a
2
b
2
+b
2
c
2
+c
2
a
2
_
+ 3 (ab +bc +ca) + 2 a
2
+b
2
+c
2
_
12.51. (C-2010) Cho x, y > 0 thay i tho mn 3x +y 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc A =
1
x
+
1
xy
.
12.52. (D-09) Cho x, y 0 tha mn x +y = 1. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
S =
_
4x
2
+ 3y
_ _
4y
2
+ 3x
_
+ 25xy
12.53. (B-09) Cho x, y tha (x +y)
3
+4xy 2. Tm gi tr nh nht ca A = 3
_
x
4
+y
4
+x
2
+y
2
_
2
_
x
2
+y
2
_
+1.
12.54. (C-08) Cho x, y tho mn x
2
+y
2
= 2. Tm gi tr ln nht v gi tr nh nht ca P = 2
_
x
3
+y
3
_
3xy.
12.55. Cho x, y, z > 0 tha mn x +y +z = 1. Tm gi tr nh nht ca P =
x
2
(y +z)
yz
+
y
2
(z +x)
zx
+
z
2
(x +y)
xy
.
12.56. Cho x, y, z > 1 tho mn
1
x
+
1
y
+
1
z
2. Tm gi tr ln nht ca biu thc A = (x 1) (y 1) (z 1).
12.57. Cho x, y, z l cc s thc tho mn cc iu kin x + y + z > 0, x + 1 > 0, y + 1 > 0, z + 1 > 0. Tm gi tr
ln nht ca biu thc P =
x
x + 1
+
y
y + 1
+
z
z + 1
.
12.58. (B-2011) Cho a, b l cc s thc dng tha mn 2
_
a
2
+b
2
_
+ ab = (a +b) (ab + 2). Tm gi tr nh nht
ca biu thc P = 4
_
a
3
b
3
+
b
3
a
3
_
9
_
a
2
b
2
+
b
2
a
2
_
.
12.59. (A-2011) Cho x, y, z [1; 4] v x y, x z. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc P =
x
2x + 3y
+
y
y +z
+
z
z +x
.
12.60. (D-2012) Cho cc s thc x, y tha mn (x 4)
2
+ (y 4)
2
+ 2xy 32. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
A = x
3
+y
3
+ 3 (xy 1) (x +y 2)
12.61. (B-2012) Cho cc s thc x, y, z tha mn cc iu kin x + y + z = 0 v x
2
+ y
2
+ z
2
= 1. Tm gi tr ln
nht ca biu thc P = x
5
+y
5
+z
5
.
12.62. (A-2012) Cho cc s thc x, y, z tha mn iu kin x +y +z = 0. Tm gi tr nh nht ca biu thc
P = 3
|xy|
+ 3
|yz|
+ 3
|zx|

_
6x
2
+ 6y
2
+ 6z
2
76

PH LC 1
PH LC 1
1. Cc quy tc tnh o hm.
1. (u v)
= u
. 4.
_
u
v
_
=
u
vuv
v
2
.
2. (uv)
= u
v +uv
. 5.
_
1
v
_
=
v
v
2
.
3. (ku)
= ku
. 6. y
x
= y
u
.u
x
.
2. Bng o hm ca cc hm s thng gp.
o hm ca hm s y = f(x) o hm ca hm s y = f[u(x)]
1. c
= 0 (c = const)
2. x
= 1
3. (x
= x
1
(u
= u
1
.u
4.
_
1
x
_
=
1
x
2
(x = 0)
_
1
u
_
=
u
u
2
(u = 0)
5. (
x)
=
1
2
x
(x > 0) (
u)
=
u
u
(u > 0)
6. (sin x)
= cos x (sin u)
= u
cos u
7. (cos x)
= sin x (cos u)
= u
sin u
8. (tan x)
=
1
cos
2
x
(cos x = 0) (tan u)
=
u
cos
2
u
(cos u = 0)
9. (cot x)
=
1
sin
2
x
(sin x = 0) (cot u)
=
u
sin
2
u
(sin u = 0)
10. (e
x
)
= e
x
(e
u
)
= e
u
11. (a
x
)
= a
x
ln a (0 < a = 1) (a
u
)
= u
a
u
ln a (0 < a = 1)
12. (ln x)
=
1
x
(x > 0) (ln u)
=
u
u
(u > 0)
13. (log
a
x)
=
1
x ln a
(0 < a = 1, x > 0) (log
a
u)
=
u
uln a
(0 < a = 1, u > 0)
3. Bng nguyn hm m rng.
1.
_
1
a
2
+x
2
dx =
1
a
arctan
x
a
+C
2.
_
1
a
2
x
2
dx =
1
2a
ln

a+x
ax

+C
3.
_
1
x
2
+a
2
dx = ln
_
x +
x
2
+a
2
_
+C
4.
_
1
a
2
x
2
dx = arcsin
x
|a|
+C
5.
_
1
x
x
2
a
2
dx =
1
a
arccos
x
|a|
+C
6.
_
1
x
x
2
+a
2
dx =
1
a
ln

a+
x
2
+a
2
x

+C
7.
_
a
2
+x
2
dx =
x
2
a
2
+x
2
+
a
2
2
ln
_
x +
x
2
+a
2
_
+C
8.
_
a
2
x
2
dx =
x
2
a
2
x
2
+
a
2
2
arcsin
x
a
+C
9.
_
e
ax
sin bxdx =
e
ax
a
2
+b
2
(a sin bx b cos bx) +C
10.
_
e
ax
cos bxdx =
e
ax
a
2
+b
2
(a cos bx +b sin bx) +C
Lu . Bng ny ch dng tra cu khng c s dng trong chng trnh ph thng.
77

Nguyn Minh Hiu
PH LC 2
1. Bng gi tr lng gic ca cc cung c bit.
0

6
2

0
0
30
0
45
0
60
0
90
0
180
0
sin 0
1
2
2
2
3
2
1 0
cos 1
3
2
2
2
1
2
0 1
tan 0
3
3
1
3 || 0
cot ||
3 1
3
3
0 ||
2. ng thc lng gic c bn.
1. sin
2
+ cos
2
= 1. 4. tan . cot = 1.
2. 1 + tan
2
=
1
cos
2
. 5. tan =
sin
cos
.
3. 1 + cot
2
=
1
sin
2
. 6. cot =
cos
sin
3. Cng thc lng gic.
Cng thc cng. Cng thc bin i tch thnh tng.
1. cos (a b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin b. 10. cos a cos b =
1
2
[cos (a b) + cos (a +b)].
2. cos (a +b) = cos a cos b sin a sin b. 11. sin a sin b =
1
2
[cos (a b) cos (a +b)].
3. sin (a b) = sin a cos b cos a sin b. 12. sin a cos b =
1
2
[sin (a b) + sin (a +b)].
4. sin (a +b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b. Cng thc bin i tng thnh tch.
5. tan (a b) =
tan a tan b
1 + tan a tan b
. 13. cos u + cos v = 2 cos
u +v
2
cos
u v
2
.
6. tan (a +b) =
tan a + tan b
1 tan a tan b
. 14. cos u cos v = 2 sin
u +v
2
sin
u v
2
.
Cng thc nhn i. 15. sin u + sin v = 2 sin
u +v
2
cos
u v
2
.
7. sin 2a = 2 sin a cos a. 16. sin u sin v = 2 cos
u +v
2
sin
u v
2
.
8. cos 2a = cos
2
a sin
2
a. Cng thc nhn ba.
8a. cos 2a = 2cos
2
a 1. 17. sin 3a = 3 sin a 4sin
3
a.
8b. cos 2a = 1 2sin
2
a. 18. cos 3a = 4cos
3
a 3 cos a.
9. tan 2a =
2 tan a
1 tan
2
a
. Cng thc khc.
Cng thc h bc. 19. sin x + cos x =
2 sin
_
x +

4
_
.
8c. cos
2
a =
1 + cos 2a
2
. 20. sin x cos x =
2 sin
_
x

4
_
.
8d. sin
2
a =
1 cos 2a
2
. 21. sin
4
x + cos
4
x = 1
1
2
sin
2
2x.
8e. tan
2
a =
1 cos 2a
1 + cos 2a
. 22. sin
6
x + cos
6
x = 1
3
4
sin
2
2x.
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Cc chuyn

(x) > 0, x I th y = f(x) ng bin trn I.

(x) < 0, x I th y = f(x) nghch bin trn I.

(x) = 0, x I th y = f(x) khng i trn I.

(x) = 0 ti hu hn im ca I th y = f(x) ng bin trn I.

bng 0 hoc khng xc nh.

(x) < 0, x (a; x

(x) > 0, x (a; x

bng 0 hoc khng xc nh.

= 0 hoc khng xc nh.

6 x = m c hai nghim phn bit.

tng ng l chn cc ng cao k t B, C ca tam gic

> . Nu 0 < a < 1 th a

. Nu < 0 th 0 < a < b a

ab +bc, (a, b, c > 0, a +c > b)

= b (a, b > 0; a = 1).

108. i) log 0, 375 2 log

AC. b) Tnh cos

c A trng gc to O, B(a; 0; 0),

(0; 0; b) , (a > 0, b > 0). Gi M l trung im cnh CC

BD) vung gc vi (MBD).

a) i qua A(2; 1; 1) v c vect ch phng

i xng vi A qua ().

. Bit A(a; 0; 0) , B(a; 0; 0) , C (0; 1; 0),

(a; 0; b) , (a > 0, b > 0).

vi A(0; 0; 0) , B(1; 0; 0), D(0; 1; 0) , A

C v to vi (Oxy) mt gc sao cho cos =

3 sin xcos x = 2 sin x. d)

2 (sin x + cos x) cos x = 3 + cos 2x.

3 cos 4x = 3. f) cos x+sin

2 sin x. b) (sin x cos x)

2 sin xsin 2x. b) (A-03) cot x 1 =

ca phng trnh 3 sin 2x 4sin

ca phng trnh 3 sin 2x 4sin

(x)dx = F [u(x)] +C.

1 cos 2xdx. i) (BT-103) I =

trong mt phng phc biu din theo th t cc s phc 1 i, 2 +3i, 3 +i

l hai tam gic c cng trng tm.

theo th t l cc im ca mt phng phc biu din s phc z khc 0 v z

3iz 4 = 0 = 0. Vit dng lng gic ca

song song b v ct a. Gc gia a v b bng gc gia a v b

2. Gi H l hnh chiu vung gc ca A ln SB. Chng minh tam gic

c cnh a. Tnh theo a khong cch gia A

. Tnh gc gia hai ng thng MP v C

. Tnh gc v khong cch gia CK

D. Tnh di on vung gc chung gia A

ln lt nm trn SA, SB, SC. Ta c:

3; SA vung gc vi (ABC); cnh bn

l trung im ca SC. Mt phng (P) i qua AC

v song song vi BD, ct cc cnh

. Tnh th tch ca khi chp S.AB

2, CD = 2a. Chng minh AB vung gc vi

c y l hnh vung cnh a v AA

c y ABC l tam gic vung ti A, AB = a, BC = a

= a. Tnh khong cch gia hai ng

C. Gi M l im thuc cnh AD sao cho AM = 3MD, tnh khong cch t M n (AB

vung gc vi BDMN v tnh th tch

c y l hnh vung, tam gic A

v khong cch t im A n mt phng (BCD

c y ABC l tam gic vung ti B, AB = a, AA

C. Tnh theo a th tch khi t din

c y ABC l tam gic vung, AB = AC = a, cnh bn AA

v khong cch gia hai

c y l tam gic u cnh a. Gc gia A

trn (ABC) trng vi tm ca tam gic ABC.

c ABC l tam gic vung ti A, AB = a, AC = a