i iu v ch Nm v ging Qung Nam (phn 1)

Nguyn Cung Thng* (Melbourne, c), Vn Hc** (H Ni, Vit Nam) Va nghe li cc bi ca Ma Chiu K Nim, Ni Bun Hoa Phng, Tnh B V ... bng ging Qung (Nam), xem trang YouTube ny [www.youtube.com] hay http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IM6dzrmTx8w ... cng nghe cng thy thm tha, nhn y cng ghi li vi nhn xt v cc d kin lin h.

1. Ti sao c l Nm thay v Nam

Nhc n ging Qung (Nam) chng ti li ngh n (cch c) ch Nm - ti sao li c l Nm t Nam ra Bc, t Tha Thin n Rch Gi .... y cng l ging Qung khi pht m lm thnh lm, Nam thnh Nm ... Khng nhng th, thi vua Trn Nhn Tn (khi ch Nm khi sc nh qua C Trn Lc o ph ...) c Ch Mn nhng cho Chu v Chu R thuc a bn Qung Nam: cng l khi ngi Vit nh c cc khu ny (trong tin trnh Nam Tin). Do , cch c ch Nm (thay v ch Nam) l mt du n thi-khng-gian (time-space impression) ca ngn ng: thi gian l khi ch Nm khi sc v cho ra cc tc phm gi tr (cn thit cho vn hc c lp cng nh truyn thng bin gii pha Nam) hay l vo khong th k XII, XIII ; khng gian l a bn tnh Qung Nam ni m phng ng vn cn c Nam l Nm. Xem bn Nam Tin ca dn tc Vit (trch t trang [vi.wikipedia.org] )

Khi cn nh, ln ln trong mt gia nh di c t Bc vo Si Gn chng ti nghe ging Qung (Nam) thy rt l v thng nhi theo ... Nhng sau ny, hc hi v tm ti thm, mnh mi nhn ra cc ging 'qu ma y' li bo qun mt s m c (Vit) v c nhiu d kin rt qu bu cho s hiu v qu trnh hnh thnh ting Vit1 . Cng ng nhc y l Nm (gi Nm) ch Nm u dng ch Nam hay ch Nam hp vi b v (t in Taberd) . Ci nm (m2 bt c) ch Nm cng dng ch Nam hp vi b trc . Nom (chm nom, nom di) c mt dng ngc cng ha (palatalised) l nhm (ng nhm, ng dm) v mt dng ch Nm l ...v.v... bc nm thuyn nm (Ng Thin T - trang 80, 82, 90) ... thuyn nm (Tam Thin T - trang 16)

Th th chn chn t li nom G mc d chm ti nom

(Hng c quc m thi tp) (Hng c quc m thi tp)

Phn sau s i su hn vo vn t Hn c cho thy cc dng nm/nm v nm/nm tng c cc ti liu Trung Quc xa ghi nhn.

2. Nm/ nm v nm/nm 2.1 Nm, c ni ghi l nm3 , l dng c bt c t phng Nam, Nm cn c th vit bng b
vng hp vi ch Nam hin din trong vn t Hn c t thi Ngc Thin (nm 543 SCN) c l n cm thit/ni cm thit/n cm thit hay *nm/nam; cho n thi Qung Vn li c l l cm thit (lm, ln ln n/l khi c *nam thnh *lam) v tr thnh cch c chun!

Ngc Thin (543 SCN) v.v

Qung Vn (1008)

Tp Vn (1037/1067)

Hnh nh xa i nm ng Kinh (Tonkin) - trch t chm nh xa v cc ngh mu sinh ng Dng http://www.indochine-souvenir.com/metiers/

< Xch nm qua on nc su. - hin nay Qung Nam vn cn i nm; "Ngh" nm khng phn bit gi tr, nam n. - trch t bi bo (22/8/2012) http://dulich.blognhanh.com/2012/08/nom-ca-mua-he.html hay bi bo (11/12/2012) vit v c lng i nm c Qung Nam http://www.qdnd.vn/qdndsite/viVN/61/43/7/24/24/219860/Default.aspx ...v.v...

2.2 Nm/nm/num: cng t cch dng ch nam k m nh trn m ta c th thy

cu trc ch him *nm/nm - hin din t nht vo thi Ngc Thin vi cc d kin sau (xem hnh chp bn di)

n cm thit nch d Ch c l *nm/nm ngha l nm ly (ting Vit cn dng dng c hn l nm ly) - mt dng ngc cng ha l nhm (Vit B La/1651). Cc dng nm nm num - lm (m lm ng tin) v nhm (nhm), tm (tm) so vi chm (chm, xm - chm cn l mt n v mng nh), lm (lm) cho thy kh nng ngun gc phng Nam (ting Vit c) ca nm/nm. Do ch c th l k m ca *nm (nm)/nm ca ting Vit nhp vo v lm vn t Hn (c) tr nn rt phong ph, cng vi ch *nm

Ngc Thin (543 SCN) v.v

Qung Vn (1008)

Tp Vn (1037/1067)

Cc d kin trn khin ta phi suy ngh li v giai on hnh thnh ch Nm4 (hay ng gp ca Quc m vo vn t Hn): c th trc i ng (618-907) ph hp vi ngh ca Phm Huy H (ch Nm c t thi Hng Vng) hay Vn a C S Nguyn Vn San (ch Nm c t thi S Nhip). y l mt ti rt th v nhng khng nm trong phm vi bi ny.

*Nguyn Cung Thng: Cng Ty C Vn Gio Dc (Education Consultant) - email address nguyencungthong@yahoo.com **Vn Hc: nh vn, tc gi - email address vanhac.yenbai@gmail.com

3. Ph ch v ph bnh thm 3.1 Ph ch

Phn ny khng hon ton theo cch ghi ti liu (Bibliography) tham kho APA hay MLA v bao gm cc ph bnh thm v ti, ti liu v tc gi ngi c c th tra cu thm chi tit v chnh xc. 1) ngoi tng quan Nm Nam nh trn, mt s bin m (a phng) thnh chun nh con *hm (ch Nm : b khuyn + ch hm ) by gi ai cng c l hm (hm - thi t in Vit B La/1651). Tng t ta c cch c hm so vi hm Mt ch trong truyn Kiu m chng ti rt thch c v tm hiu thm l Mt vng c y bng t (cu 97) - y vit (ch Nm) l i (t Hn Vit l yu, mn ...) - theo thin nn c l a (mt c tnh ca ging Qung - qu chua/choa ...) .

n ch Nm l vi thanh ph l an , tuy nhin cn c th c l yn (so vi ging Qung Nam en); yn (nga) vi cch c yn tr thnh chun (khng nghe ai c l *an nga).
Khuynh hng chuyn nguyn m v pha trc (a thnh e, front vowel) l mt c tnh khc
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ca ging Qung Nam m yn l mt dng gn vi m en hn so vi m an; cc trng hp tng t l t Hn Vit yn (yn) n, yu eo ...v.v... Khng nn xem cc ging a phng nh ging Qung Nam, Ngh An ... l sai chnh t - nh hm ca mt bi bo mi y ca i VOV trang ny http://vov.vn/Van-hoa/Ngo-ngangnghe-Anh-Tuyet-hat-giong-Quang-Nam/225996.vov ... Nhng ging a phng (qu ma) nhiu khi cn mang 'nhiu cht Vit' hn ni no ht! Xem thm chi tit v album mi ra ca nh Tuyt http://www.thanhnien.com.vn/pages/20130114/anh-tuyet-ra-mat-album-banggiong-quang-nam.aspx 2) *nm ting Hn l nhc trc (tre non) , khng lin h g n nm (dng c bt c lm bng tre) ting Vit; thnh ra ch Nm nm c kh nng rt ln l loi ch t to:

Ngc Thin

Qung Vn

Tp Vn

Chnh T Thng

3) nm ghi l nm nh trong bi vit v cc nng c Vit Nam vang bng mt thi - xem trang ny http://www.phatgiaodaichung.com/Bai2011_04/NPTnongcuvn.pdf 4) cn phn bit cc giai on hnh thnh ch Nm so vi giai on ch Nm cc thnh (phn nh qua cc tc phm vn chng v thi ph).

3.2 Ph bnh thm

3.2.1 T nm 1932, hc gi Phan Khi (gc Qung Nam) ngh tng quan Nm v nam
cng nh (gi) Nm - trch trang ny http://lainguyenan.free.fr/pk1932/TenGio.html

TN GI BN HNG Gn y ti c c th mt v c gi hi mt iu hi cc c m cng c v. Vy sau khi tr li bng th ring cho ngi hi, ti ng lun c cuc vn p ln bo, v tng l khng n ni v ch vy.

Bc th hi nh vy: Bc Liu, le 8 Novembre 1932 ng Phan Khi, Knh ng, T ngy bo Ph n tn vn thm mc Hn vn c tu, th mi tun ti u c k. Nh vy hc thm nhiu ting, phn bit c nhiu ngha r rng, nn ti cm bi v cng. By lu nay cha c nghe ai ct ngha chuyn ny, tuy l khng n nhp vo nhng bi dy ca ng, nhng nh ng l ngi a vn qung kin, xin ch gim cu chuyn sau y, m ti em hi ng, v c thy trong bo Ph n s 175 ngy 3.11.1932, bn ch ng, ty, nam, bc. Ti sao gi hng ty thi n, ngi ta li gi l gi nam? Cn gi hng nam li gi l gi nm? Gi chng bn pha ng thi qua l ting thng nghe. Duy c hai tn gi ni trn y khng trng vi tn hng, bi vy mi khi ngh n m ct ngha khng xui th tr chng toi cht no. Mun hiu ngha cho cng, vy xin ng vui lng gii gim minh bch, ng gip kin vn cho ngi t hc... Trn Vn Ta Conseiller provincial Canton de Thnh Hng Bc Liu"

Bc th tr li: Saigon, le 11 Novembre 1932 ng Trn Vn Ta, Tip c th ng hi ti v my iu, vy ti xin tr li cho ng nh sau y. iu ti ni y chng do sch v no ht, ch on phng m ni. Vy xin ng coi nh l mt li ging gii cha nh, ch kh tin trn m c khi sai chng. ng hi ti sao gi hng ty thi n li gi l gi nam, cn gi hng nam li gi l gi nm? X ta (nht l Trung k) ku bng gi nam khng phi l gi hng ty nh ng ni u, m tht ra l gi ty nam. T ty nam sang cho nn n em hi nng sang, thnh ra gi nam x ta th nng. Pha ty nam ca x ta l mt gii lc a ln (un grand continent), trong c my ci sa mc (dsert), cho nn gi em kh nng sang l phi; sch a d cng ni gi lc a l gi nng. Ty nam m tc ta li quen ku l gi nam, c l l ti lc u ngi mnh khng bin bit phng hng cho tht r, tng l gi chnh nam cho nn ni nam m b ty i thi. Cn gi nm l t ng nam thi sang ch khng phi chnh nam nh ng ni. ng nam ca x ta l bin. Gi bin cho nn h nm th mt. Ku bng "nm", c l ch "nm" y do ch "nam" m ra. Gi nm tc l gi nam vy. Ch "nm" do ch "nam" ra, ti ly chng c y, c iu ci chng c ny hi mong manh mt cht: "Ting Nam" hay l "ch Nam", ngha l ting hoc ch ca nc Nam, th tc ta quen ku bng "ting nm" hay "ch nm". Do ch "nm" y m chuyn ra "nm". Gi hng nam th gi l "gi nm". Ai hiu ci lut "chuyn m" trong ting ta th c th tin ci thuyt y ca ti c mt vi phn. Ting ta c nhiu ting chuyn nh vy. Nh "ming" (A) l ci ming th chuyn ra "ming", ngha l vt g va mt ming b v ming. Li nh "mang" vt g l verbe neutre, chuyn ra "mng" l verbe actif, ngha l bt ci g mang vt g, nh mng ch cho b, mng o trn mc, v.v... Cn nhiu ch nh vy khng k ht. Vy th "nam" chuyn ra "nm", chuyn mt ln na ra "nm", cng c l lm, m u ngha l ci g thuc v phng nam c. Gi "chng" tc l gi ng, song ti sao li ku bng "chng"? L v mi khi gi y thi ti (gi ny t Trung Bc k nhm vo ma ma lt), lm cho nc cc sng b cn li, b chng tc (ngha l ngn lp) li, m lu rt ra bin (tc gi l hn ca bin), nn gi l gi chng.

Li gi bc th gi l gi bc, gi ty th gi l gi may, cng c gi l gi ty may. Bc hn bi ch "bc" m ra. Cn ty sao gi l may th ti cha hiu. Trong Truyn Kiu c cu "ma vy gi may" tc l gi ty. Ti nh nh c ngi dng ch "gi vng" ch gi ty. y l dch ch (kim phong) ra. Theo thuyt ng hnh, phng ty thuc "kim", cho nn gi (ty phong) l (kim phong). Ch (kim) ny l mtal ch khng phi or, th m ngi ta cng ni bng l "vng" i cho p li. C my iu sau ng khng hi, song ti cng ni lun th. PHAN KHI Ph n tn vn, Si Gn, s. 178 (24. 11. 1932) ht trch. (A) li ch thm (Nguyn Cung Thng): ming v ming u c mt dng ch Nm l mnh , mnh l m Hn Vit ( mu ngnh thit, m mnh - Tp Vn) so vi m Hn c l *ming ( v vnh thit - ng Vn). Ting Mng (Bi) cn dng c mnh (nc ming, c l nc/nc, mnh l ming) so vi cc ngn ng khc nh Nyah Kur (Chao Bon, lin h n Mn) ta thy cch dng dak pang (nc ming, dak l nc, pang l ming); ting Khme c tc mt (nc ming, tc l nc, mt l ming); ting Chm cn dng ia pabah (nc ming, ia l nc pabah l ming) ...v.v... Cc d kin ny cho ta c s vng chc lin h ming v ming.

3.2.2 Mt bi vit quan trng v lin h trc tip n ti bi vit ny l "Mt gi thuyt v t
nguyn ca t 'Nm' " ca Trn Xun Ngc Lan/TXNL ng trong Tp Ch Hn Nm s 1 trang 95-98 (1988). Cho rng Nm l m Nam khng thuyt phc, TXNL ngh (m) Nm c ngun gc t m/dom (ngha l ni) gn nh chung cho cc ngn ng Mn Khmer v M Lai a o lc a. Tng quan m-nm c th gii thch khi so snh cc ting Mng v Vit nh ak-nc (nc) Da vo giai on xut hin ca ph m mi u li tc n trong ting Vit (v da theo H. Maspro/1912), TXNL ngh t Nm phi xut hin t giai on Tin Vit sang giai on Vit C hay vo th k X.

3.2.3 Vn tr nn th v khi ta ngm ngh thm v ngun gc ging Qung Nam. Trch t
Chng Dn Nhp ca cun "C 500 nm nh th" tc gi H Trung T/HTT (Nh Sch Phng Nam, 2011) '... Nhiu ngi khng hiu ci ging ni ca ngi Qung Nam n xut pht t u trong khi tt c cc gia ph ca cc dng h u ghi r rng thy t ca h l ngi Ngh An, Thanh Ha, Hi Dng... vo y. Gio S Trn Quc Vng bo: Th cc c vo y u c em v con i c nn ly v Chm ri sinh con ci l ci chuyn ht sc bnh thng. Vn l cc b m Chm ni ting Vit y truyn li cho con ci mnh ci ging ca ngi Chm ni ting Vit. Ci ging chnh l ging Qung Nm nh cu ...' (ht trch). Tc gi HTT cn ngh l '... ngi Qung Nam ni ting Vit bng ging Chm ...'. y khng nm trong phm vi
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bi vit nh ny nhng cn c khai trin trong tng lai, cho thy nhng ng gp khng nh ca phng ng trong qu trnh hnh thnh ting Vit.

3.2.4 Thm vi chi tit v m Hn c ca Nam l nm. Nam ging Bc Kinh (theo
pinyin) by gi c l nn, so vi nam4 (ging Qung ng) hay nam2 hay lam2 (ging Triu Chu). Phc nguyn m thng c ca ch Nam theo: Karlgren: nu m L Phng Qu: nm Vng Lc: nium Baxter: nom Trnh Trng Thng Phng: nuum Phan Ng Vn: noom m c ca nam theo Axel Schuessler l *nm (chng ti ghi gn ng theo cch c ting Vit thay v theo IPA) trang 396, trong cun "ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese" NXB University of Hawai'i Press (Honolulu, 2007). Hc gi L Ngc Tr cng lin h Nm, Nm n Nam - trang 356 trong cun "Tm Nguyn T in Vit Nam" (NXB Thnh Ph HCM, 1993). Hc gi Paul Schneider cng ghi Nm l m c ca Nam trong cun Dictionnaire Historique Des Idogrammes Vietnamiens / (licenci en droit Nice, France : Universit de NiceSophia Antipolis, R.I.A.S.E.M.) - trang 553; Hc gi Bernhard Karlgren trong cun "Grammata serica recensa" (s th t l GSR 650a, 1957, Stockholm) cng ghi qu trnh bin m ca l nm > nm > nn (theo pinyin, nn l m Bc Kinh hin i, ph m cui -m tr thnh -n). Hc gi E. G. Pulleyblank cng ghi nhn dng nm l m c ca nam trong cun "Lexicon of reconstructed pronunciation in Early Middle Chinese, Late MC and Early Mandarin" (1991, Vancouver B. C.) trang 221. y l vi d kin t mt t in trn mng Trung Quc v m c ca - xem trang ny [ytenx.org] Li mt mng t in Trung Quc cng cho thy dng m c ca Nam l nm - trch li t trang ny [tool.httpcn.com] [ ],n?m [ ],22,nn, [ ] [ ]*nom [ ]nn,n [ ]naam4 [ ]lam5
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