Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
Ethylbenzene, also known as phenyl ethane and ethylbenzol, C6H5CH2CH3, is a single ring, alkyl aromatic compound. It is almost exclusively (> 90%) used as an intermediate for the manufacture of styrene monomer, C6H5CH=CH2, one of the most important large-volume chemicals. Styrene production, which uses Ethylbenzene as a starting raw material, consumes ca. 50% of the worlds benzene production. Less than 1% of the Ethylbenzene produced is used as paint solvent or as an intermediate for the production of Diethylbenzene and acetophenone.[9] 1.1 HISTORY OF DEVLOPMENT: Currently, almost all Ethylbenzene is produced commercially by alkylating benzene with ethylene, primarily via two routes: in the liquid phase with aluminium chloride catalyst, the vapour phase with a synthetic Zeolite catalyst developed by Mobil Corporation. The alkylation of aromatic hydrocarbons with olefins in the presence of aluminumchloride catalyst was first practiced by M .BALSHON in 1879. However, CHARLESFRIEDEL and JAMES M. CRAFTS pioneered much of the early research on alkylation and aluminium chloride catalysis. Over a century later, processes that employ the classic Friedel- Crafts reactions chemistry remain a dominant source of Ethylbenzene. In 1965 ca. 10% of the United States Ethylbenzene production was from the super fractionation of the mixed xylens stream produced by the catalytic reforming of naphtha. In 1986, the amount of Ethylbenzene derived from this source was insignificant because of the escalating cost of energy. Ethylbenzene was first produced on a commercial scale in the 1930s by Dow Chemical in the United States and by BASF in the Federal Republic of Germany. The Ethylbenzene-styrene industry remained relatively insignificant until World War II. The tremendous demand for synthetic butadiene rubber (SBR) during the war prompted accelerated technology improvements and tremendous capacity expansion. This enormous war time effort led to the construction of several large scale factories, turning styrene production quickly into a giant industry. In 1986 the world annual production capacity of Ethylbenzene exceeded 14x106 tonnes, of which ca. 40% was produced in North America.[9]
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1.2 PROPERTIES:
1.2.1 Physical Properties: Under ordinary conditions, Ethylbenzene is a clear, colourless liquid with a characteristic aromatic odour. Ethylbenzene is an irritant to the skin and eyes and is moderately toxic by ingestion, inhalation, and skin adsorption. The physical properties of Ethylbenzene are as follows [9] Table 1.1: Physical properties of Ethylbenzene[9] Sr. No. Properties At 150C 1 Density At 200C At 250C 2 3 4 Melting Point Boiling Point Refractive Index At 101.3 KPa At 200C At 250C 5 6 7 8 9 Critical Pressure Critical Temperature Flash Point Auto Ignition Temperature Flammability Limit lower upper 10 Latent Heat fusion vapour ization 11 Heating Value gross net 12 Kinematic viscosity At 37.8 C At98.90C 13 14 Surface tension Specific Heat Capacity Ideal gas,250C Liquid,250C
0
0.87139 g/cm3 0.8669 g/cm3 0.86262 g/cm3 -94.9490C 136.1860C 1.49588 1.49320 3609 KPa 344.020C 150C 4600C 1.0% 86.3 J/gm 335 J/gm 429999 J/gm 40928 J/gm 0.6428x10-6 m2/s 0.390x10-6 m2/s 28.48 mN/m 1169 J kg-1 K-1 1752 J kg-1 K-1
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1.2.2 Chemical Properties: The most important commercial reaction of Ethylbenzene is its dehydrogenation to styrene. The reaction is carried out at high temperature (600-6600C). Usually over an iron oxide catalyst. Steam is used as diluents. Commercially, selectivitys to styrene range from 89 to 96% with per-pass conversions of 65-70%. Side reactions involve mainly the dealkylation of Ethylbenzene to benzene and toluene. Another reaction of commercial importance is the oxidation of Ethylbenzene by air to the hydro peroxide, C6H5CH(OOH)CH3 . The reaction takes place in the liquid phase, with no catalyst required. However, because hydro peroxides are unstable compounds, exposure to high temperature must be minimized to reduce the rate of decomposition. The production by products is reduced if the temperature is gradually lowered during the course of the reaction. The hydro peroxide is subsequently reacted with propene in a process that yields styrene and propylene oxide as co products. With suitable catalyst, Ethylbenzene can be converted to xylenes. Commercially processes for isomerising xylenes usually involve the catalytic isomerisation or dealkylkylation of Ethylbenzene. Like toluene, Ethylbenzene may be dealkylated catalytically or thermally to benzene. Ehtylbenzene also undergoes other reaction typical of alkyl aromatic compounds. [9] 1.3 USES: Essentially all commercial Ethylbenzene production is captively consumed for the manufacture of styrene monomer. Styrene is used in the production of polystyrene and a wide variety of other plastics (Styrene). Of the minor uses, the most significant is in the paint industry as a solvent, which accounts for <1% of production capacity. Even smaller volumes go toward the production of acetophenone, Diethylbenzene, and ethylanthraquinone.[9]
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PROCESS:[2,9]
2.1.1 Introduction: Liquid phase aluminum chloride processes have been the dominant source of Ethylbenzene since the 1930s to about 1980. Several companies have developed variations of this technology. Processes currently in use include those of Dow chemical, BASF, Shell chemical, Monsanto and union carbide/ badger. The Monsanto/Lummus technology is currently the most modern commercially licensed aluminium chloride alkylation technology. 2.1.2 Description: Alkylation of benzene with in the presence of an aluminum chloride catalyst complex is exothermic (H=-114 kJ/mol). In the conventional AlCl3 process three phases are present in the reactor. Aromatic liquid, ethylene gas, and a liquid catalyst complex phase (a reddish brown material called red oil). A mixture of catalyst complex, dry benzene, and recycled polyalkylbenzenes is continuously fed to the reactor and agitated to disperse the catalyst complex phase in the aromatic phase. Ethylene and the catalyst promoter are injected into the reaction mixture through spargers, and essentially 100% of the ethylene is converted. Low ethylene: Benzene ratios are used to give optimum overall yield of Ethylbenzene. Commercial plants typically operate at ethylene: because molar ratios of ca.0.3-0.35. As the ratio is increased, more side reactions, such as transalkylation and isomeric rearrangement, occur. Further alkylation of Ethylbenzene leads to the reversible formation of lower
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molecular mass polyalkylbenzenes. The loss in net yield due to residue is minimized by recycling this material to the alkylation reactor. In addition, because the reaction occurs close to thermodynamic equilibrium, the traditional processes use a single reactor to alkylate benzene and transalkylate polyalkylbenzenes. The liquid reactor effluent is cooled and discharged into a settler, where the heavy catalyst phase is decanted from the organic liquid phase and recycled. The organic phase is washed with water and caustic to remove dissolved AlCl3 and promoter. The aqueous phase from these treatment steps in first neutralized and then recovered as a saturated aluminum chloride solution and wet aluminum hydroxide sludge. The unreacted benzene is recovered by the first columns as an overhead distillate. The second column separates the ethylbenzene product from the heavier polyalkylated components. The bottoms product of the second column is fed to a final column, where the recyclable polyalkylbenzenes are stripped from non recyclable high molecular mass residue compounds. The residue or flux oil, consisting primarily of polycyclic aromatics, is burned as fuel.
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2.1.3
Flow Sheet:
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[2,3,9]
Vapour-phase alkylation has been practiced since the early 1940s, but at that time processes were unable to compete with liquid-phase aluminum chloride based technology. The alkar process developed by UOP, based on boron trifluoride catalyst, had modest success in the 1960s, but fell from favour because of high maintenance costs resulting from the severe corrosion caused by small quantities of water. Nevertheless, some Ethylbenzene units continue to use this process. The Mobil badger Ethylbenzene process represents the latest and most successful vapour phase technology to be introduced. The process was developed in the 1970s around. 2.2.2 Description: The reactor typically operates at 400-4500C and 2-3 MPa (20-30 bars). At this temperature >99% of the net process heat input and exothermic heat of reaction can be recovered as steam. The reaction section includes two parallel multibed reactors, a fired heater, and heat recovery equipment. The high-activity catalyst allows transalkylation and alkylation to occur simultaneously in a single reactor. Because the catalyst slowly deactivates as a result of coke formation and requires periodic regeneration, two reactors are included to allow uninterrupted production: one is on stream while the other is regenerated. Regeneration takes 36 hrs and is necessary after 6-8 weeks of operation. The catalyst is less sensitive to water, sulphur, and other poisons than the Lewis acid catalysts. The reactor effluent passes to the purification section as a hot vapour. This steam is used as the heat source for the first distillation column, which recovers the bulk of the unreacted benzene for recycle to the reactor. The remaining benzene is recovered from a second distillation column. The Ethylbenzene product is taken as the overhead product from the third column. The bottoms product from this column is sent to the last column, where the recyclable alkylbenzenes and polyalkylbenzenes are separated from heavy no recyclable residue.
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2.2.3
Flow Sheet :
a : Alkylation Reactor
b : Secondary Reactor
c : Benzene Recovery
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2.3.3
Flow Sheet :
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c : Transalkylator
d : Benzene Column
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3.1ADVANTAGES:
3.1.1 i. Liquid Phase Aluminum Chloride Catalyst Process: The aluminium chloride present in alkylation reactor effluent catalyst transalkylation reaction. ii. Reaction is very fast in presence of Aluminum chloride &produces almost stoichiometric yields of Ethylbenzene. iii. Essentially 100% of ethylene is converted
3.1.2 i.
Vapour Phase Zeolite Catalyst Process: Use of zeolite catalyst that eliminated issues associated with corrosion and waste disposal of aluminium chloride
ii.
The original vapour phase design accomplished the alkylation and transalkylation reactions in single reactor
iii.
The third generation technology is capable of achieving EB yield greater than 99%
iv.
The third generation technology offered significant benefits in purity ,capital cost
3.1.3 i.
Liquid Phase Zeolite Catalyst Process: The liquid phase zeolite catalyst process operates at substantially lower temperature decreased side reactions dramatically resulting in ultra high purity EB product
ii.
The plant achieve high on stream efficiency often greater than 99% which results in low turnaround & maintenance cost
iii.
EBZ-500 catalyst has operating length of more than 8year without catalyst regeneration
iv. v.
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3.1.4 i. ii.
Mixed Liquid Vapour Phase Zeolite Catalyst Process: Combines catalyst reaction with distillation into single operation The exothermic heat of reaction creates vapour isation necessary to effect distillation
iii.
Capable of using dilute ethylene feed e.g. Off gas from a fluid catalytic cracking plant or dilute ethylene from steam cracker
iv.
In general ethylene feed streams containing significant amounts of hydrogen, methane or ethane do not require some pre-treatment.
3.2 DISADVANTAGES:
3.2.1 Liquid Phase Aluminum Chloride Catalyst Process: i. Handling and disposal of aluminium chloride catalyst and waste has become increasingly more costly and complicated because of
environmental considerations ii. Equipment and piping corrosion and fouling along with related environmental issues led to development of EB process based on solid acid heterogeneous catalysts iii. Major equipment pieces needed to replaced on regular schedule because of corrosion which results in extensive turnarounds poor plant on-stream efficiency and thus are primary contributors to the high operating costs associated with aluminium chloride 3.2.2 i. Vapour Phase Zeolite Catalyst Process: The significant extent of isomerisation reactions and catalyst deactivation by deposition of carbonaceous material are most important problems associated with high temperature ii. The length of time between regeneration can vary from as little as 2 months to slightly more than 1 year depending on specific plant design and operating conditions iii. Because the reactors must be taken off line for regeneration ,on-stream efficiency can be low resulting in high operating costs for vapour phase plant
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iv.
Additional equipment may be required for regeneration procedure depending on specific plant design which adds capital cost to plant
Liquid phase zeolite catalyst process (EB-MAX) & Liquid-Vapour phase zeolite catalyst process (CDTech EB) both dont have disadvantages. From above advantages & disadvantages for different processes we select Mixed Liquid-Vapour Phase Zeolite Catalyst process (CDTech EB). Since it has more advantages over other existing manufacturing process for Ethylbenzene. Also it requires less pure benzene & ethylene. Less harm full to environment also.
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4.1 MANUFACTURE:[9]
Raw materials for the production of Ethylbenzene by Mixed Liquid-Vapour Phase Zeolite Catalyst process are: 1. Ethylene 2. Benzene
4.1.1
Ethylene: Ethylene is manufactured by following processes: 1. Pyrolysis of hydrocarbons (paraffins, preferably ethane). 2. Pyrolysis of naphtha & liquid feed stock 3. Ethanol dehydration 4. From coal
4.1.2
Benzene: Benzene is manufactured by following processes: 1. From coal 2. Form petroleum 3. Hydrodealkylation 4. Disproportionation
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A schematic flow diagram of mixed liquid-vapour phase zeolite catalyst process is shown in figure. The process can be conveniently split into 3 major sections 4.2.1 Alkylation section 4.2.2 Transalkylation section 4.2.3 Stripping and rectification section
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The main reaction is the alkylation of benzene to give ethylbenzene (Rx.-1). The above reaction is carried out at 1900 C in the presence of Zeolite Catalyst.
S0 (J/mol.K)
269.20 219.45 360.45
Hf0 (KJ/mol)
82.93 52.30 29.79
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dT - v (Benzene).......[Ref.7]
Where, HR(463K) Hf0 (EB) = Heat of reaction at T= 463 K = Heat of Formation of Ethylbenzene at T=298 K
Hf0 (Benzene) = Heat of Formation of Benzene at T=298 K Hf0 (Ethylene) = Heat of Formation of Ethylene at T=298 K
463 Cp(Product) 298 353 298 CP(Benzene)
v (Benzene) = Latent heat of vapour isation of Benzene HR(463K) = (29.66 82.83 52.29) x103 +298463 (- 43.0868 + 0.7067xT 4.8103x10-4xT2 + 1.3011x10-7xT3 ) dT + 6.7508x10-4xT2 ) - 32.75x103 HR(463K) = - 105.46x103 +26.8260x103 7650.1807 32.75x103 HR(463K) = -119.0342x103 J/mol
353 298 (155.6259
0.27105xT
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5.2.4 Gibbs Free Energy: Gibbs Free Energy is calculated as, G (463) = HR (463) - T S (463) = -119.0342x103 - 463x46.4389 G (463) = - 140.5354x103 J/mol Since G (463) 0, from thermodynamics considerations this reaction is more feasible.
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Fig. 6.1 Material Balance on Alkylator Ethylene is limiting reactant & Ethylene conversion is 100% Therefore, Ethylene fed to alkylation = 9433.962 Kmol/day Excess reactant is Benzene, the ratio of Ethylene to Benzene be 1:4.682 Benzene fed to reactor = 9433.962*4.682=44169.81 Kmol/day Benzene evapour ated=44169.81-9433.962=34735.848 Kmol/day Assume 95% conversion in alkylator i.e. Reactor Heat evolved in reactor =0.95*9433.962*119.0342=1066815.914 J Benzene evapour ated=1066815.914/30.71= 34738.388 Kmol/day Total Production of Ethylbenzen is 9433.962 Kmol/day
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1 Kmol DEB = 1Kmol benzene = 2 Kmol EB y Kmol DEB= y Kmol benzene = 2y Kmol EB
83 =
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x = 83 y 83y +2y=9433.962 85y = 9433.962 y = 110.987 Kmol/day Kmol of DEB formed = 110.987 Kmol/day Kmols of EB formed from DEB = 2*110.987 = 221.97 Kmol/day Benzene consumed in transalkylator = 110.987 Kmol/day Ethylbenzene formed from alkylator = 9433.962 221.97 = 9211.992 Kmol/day In reactor 95% of Ethylbenzene is achieved EB formed in reactor =.95*9211.992=8751.3924 Kmol/day Benzene consumed in reactor = 8751.3924 Kmol/day In finishing reactor 5% of EB is achieved EB formed in reactor (b) = 0.5*9211.992 = 460.5996 Kmol/day Benzene consumed in reactor (b) = 460.5996 Kmol/day Benzene evapour ated = 44169.81 751.3924 60.5996 110.987 = 34846.891 Kmol/day
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(a + bT +cT2 + dT3) dT
= ni (a (463 - 298) + b/2 (4632 2982 ) + c/3 ( 4633 2983 )+d/4 (4634 2984))
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Fig 7.1 Energy Balance On Alkylator HE = ni (165*a + 62782.5*b + 24.2630*106*c + 9.5169*109*d) = 9433.962*103 (165*3.7977 + 62782.5*0.15649 24.2630*106*8.3466*10-5 + 9.5169*109* 1.7551*10-8 ) = 81.070*106 KJ HB, IN = ni (165*a + 62782.5*b + 24.2630*106*c + 9.5169*109*d ) = 44169.81*103* (165*155.6259 62782.5* 0.27105 + 6.7508*10-4*24.2630*106) = 1.1060*109 KJ HB, OUT = ni (165*a + 62782.5*b + 24.2630*106*c + 9.5169*109*d) = 34735.848*103*25.0405*103 = 8.6980*108 KJ
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HEB = ni (165*a + 62782.5*b + 24.2630*106*c + 9.5169*109*d) = 9211.992*103*33390.98087 = 3.0759*108 KJ HDEB = ni (165*a + 62782.5*b + 24.2630*106*c + 9.5169*109*d) = 110.987*103*43691.1745 = 4.8491*106 KJ FOR ENTERING REACTANTS: HR = HE + HB,IN = 81.070*106 + 1.1060*109 = 1.18707*109 KJ FOR EFFLUENT: HP = HB, OUT + HEB + HDEB = 8.6980*108 + 3.0759*108 + 4.8491*106 = 1.1822*109 KJ HR = -119.0342 KJ Therefore Q = HP HR + HR = 1.1822*109 - 1.18707*109 - 119.0342 = - 4.8701*106 KJ Therefore, Heat to be removed from the reactor by excess benzene.
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Fig. 7.2 Energy Balance on Transalkylator FOR REACTANTS: HDEB = 6.3763*106 KJ HB= 1.1636*109 KJ HR = 1.16997*109 KJ FOR EFFLUENT: HEB =9.7662*106 KJ HB = 1.1599*109 KJ HP = 1.16966*109 KJ
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dT - v (Benzene)......(Ref.7)
= (29.66 + 22.41 82.83)*103 + 43.99*103 7.6501*103 - 30.75*103 = -25.1701 KJ/mol Q = HP HR + Hr = 1.16966*109 - 1.16997*109 - 25.1701 = -310.025*103 KJ Therefore heat to be removed from transalkylator by using excess benzene.
Manufacturing of Ethylbenzene
(ASSUMPTION) L = 1.5*D L= 1.5* 34846.83 = 52270.245 Kmol V=L+D = 52270.245 + 34846.83 = 87117.075 Kmol The energy balance across distillation column is given by following equation: Fhf + Qr = Qc + Whw + Dhd Fhf = 966.707*106 KJ Whw= 135.442*106 KJ Dhd = 220.311*106 KJ Qc = V*B = 87117.075* 30.75*103 = 2.6786*109 KJ Qr = Qc + Whw + Dhd - Fhf ....( Ref. 7 ) = 2.6786*109 + 135.442*106 + 220.311*106 - 966.707*106 = 2.0676*109 KJ
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Fig 7.4 Energy Balance on EB Column (ASSUMPTION) L = 1.5*D L= 1.5* 9433.962 = 14.1509*103 Kmol V=L+D = 14.1509*103 + 9433.962 = 23.584*103 Kmol The energy balance across distillation column is given by following equation: Fhf + Qr = Qc + Whw + Dhd ....(Ref. 7) Fhf = 316.957*106 KJ Whw= 4.8818*106 KJ
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Dhd = 219.285*106 KJ Qc = V*EB = 23.584*106* 35.56 = 8.3864*108 KJ Qr = Qc + Whw + Dhd - Fhf = 8.3864*108 + 4.8818*106 + 219.285*106 - 316.957*106 = 7.4584*108 KJ
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Plot equilibrium curve using x-y data, use y= x y 0 0 0.1 0.276 0.2 0.462 0.3 0.595 0.4 0.696 0.5 0.774 0.6 0.837 0.7 0.889 0.8 0.932 0.9 0.968 1 1
Assume two third of feed is vapour & one third liquid Minimum Reflux Ratio (Rm): Here q= 0.33
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Slope of feed line = tan = - 0.5 = - 26.56 Intercept on Y-axis = From graph; x = 0.65 , y = 0.86
= -0.5
Minimum reflux ratio for feed partially vapour ised is given by, Rm =
= 0.6428
Operating reflux ratio = 1.5*0.6428 = 0.9642 Operating line of rectification section: It is pass from (0.995, 0.995) on the diagonal & intercept on Y-axis = = = 0.51 Operating line of striping section: It is pass from (0.005, 0.005) on the diagonal & the point of intersection of feed line & operating line of rectification section i.e. (0.68, 0.84) No. Of theoretical plates including reboiler = 11 (From Graph) No. Of theoretical plates required in the column = 10 Assume overall efficiency of trays = 60% Therefore actual no. of plates =
= 17
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Line 1 : Rectifying Section Operating Line Line 2: Stripping Section Operating Line Line 3: Feed Line For Partially Vaporised Feed
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vfl =
0.5
....(Ref. 10)
Where Vfl = flooding velocity of gas (vapour) K = constant l , v = density of liquid & vapour respectively Here, = 42.55 Kg/ m3 , K=1
= 58 Kg/ m3
....(Ref. 10)
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Manufacturing of Ethylbenzene
Downcomer Area, Ad = 0.25*1.7671 = 0.4417 m2 Net Area An= At - Ad = 1.7671 0.4417 =1.3254 m2 Active Area Aa= At 2*Ad = 0.8837 m2 Assume hole area = 10% of Active Area Hole area = 0.10 * Active area = 0.10*0.8837 = 0.08837 m2 Weir length, lw = 0.77*Dt = 0.77*1.5 = 1.155m Weir Height: Since column operating at pressure above atmospheric pressure, hw = 50 mm Plate thickness = 5 mm 8.4.1 Cross Check (For Plate Dimension):
Maximum Liquid rate = 11.301 m3/s Assuming turndown ratio at 70% of maximum liquid flow rate, so that minimum liquid flow rate = *11.301 =7.9107 m3/s
(how)max = 0.75 (
)(2/3)
= 38 mm of clear liquid
(how)min = 0.75 (
)(2/3)
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Fig. 8.3 Weep Point Correlation from fig 8.3 , Kw = 30.75 Therefore minimum vapour velocity, vmin =
( (
) )
vmin =
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Thus the minimum operating velocity (7.3982 m/s) lies well above the weep point (i.e. when vapour velocity = 6.3326 m/s) Therefore our design is safe from operating point of view 8.4.2 Plate Pressure Drop:( Ref. 10) The total plate pressure drop is given by, ht = hd + hl + hr Dry plate drop hd = K1+ K2 (Vgh)2 ( ) For sieve plate, K1=0, K2= (58.85*10-3) / Cv2 Discharge coefficient Cv is determined as follows,
Fig. 8.4 Discharge coefficient for gas flow through sieve plates
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From fig. 8.4, Cv= 0.849 Velocity through holes Vgh = hd = 50.85*10-3 ( ) ( )
= 34.73 mm of clear liquid Pressure drop due to static liquid head, hl = hw + (how)max = 50+38 = 88 mm of clear liquid Residual head, hr = = = 14.41 mm of clear liquid
The total pressure drop ht = hd + hl + hr = 34.73 + 88 + 14.41 = 137.74 mm of clear liquid 8.4.3 DOWNCOMER LIQUID BACKUP: (Ref. 10) Backup in downcomer is given by, hd c= ht + hw + how + hda + hhg Head loss in the downcomer due to liquid flow under the downcomer apron : hda = 0.166*( Now, Aap = hap*lw
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hap= height of lower edge of the apron above the tray = hw 10 = 50 10 =40 mm lw = 1.1 m Aap = Area under the downcomer apron = 0.04 * 1.1 = 0.044 m2 Since Aap < Ad we take Ad as Am hda = 0.166 (
)2
= 15 mm of clear liquid hdc = 137.14 + 50 +38 + 15 = 240.15 mm of clear liquid Check: To avoid flooding: hdc < Now,
Since hdc < 0.275 m, so there will be no flooding at specified operating condition that means tray spacing is acceptable Residence Time:
r =
= = 7 sec
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8.7HEIGHT OF COLUMN:
Total height = 16*500 + 2*500 + 1509 = 10.51 m
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Therefore, fixed Capital Cost = FCC= Rs.1,75,10,13,780 Therefore, Total Capital Investment= TCI=Rs.2,18,87,67,225 9.1.1 Direct Costs:a) Purchase Equipment = 15% of FCC = 0.15*1751013780 = Rs.2,62,65,267 b) Installation = 25% of Purchase Equipment =Rs 65,66,317 c) Instrumentation(Installed) =8% of Purchase Equipment =Rs.21,01,222 d) Piping(Installed) =10% of Purchase Equipment =Rs.26,26,527 e) Electrical= 10% of Purchase Equipment = Rs.26,26,527 f) Building= 11% of Purchase Equipment = Rs.28,89,180 g) Service facilities & yard improvement = 40% of Purchase Equipment = Rs.1,05,06,107 h) Land = 2% of Fixed Capital Cost = Rs.3,50,20,276 Total Direct Cost = Rs.8,86,01,423
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9.1.2 Indirect Costs:a) Engineering & Supervision = 5% of Direct Cost = Rs.44,30,071 b) Legal Expenses = 1% of FCC = Rs.17,510,138 c) Construction Expenses & Contractors Fee = 10% of FCC = Rs.17,51,01,378 d) Contingency = 5% of FCC = Rs.8,75,50,689 Total Indirect Cost = Rs. 28,45,92,276
9.2.2 General Expense : a. Administrative cost = 3% of TPC = 0.03x b. Distribution & Marketing Cost = 3% of TPC = 0.03x c. Research And Development Cost: 5% of TPC = 0.05x Let Fixed charge = 5.61% of TPC 112064882 + 0.05x = 0.0561x x= Rs. 1.8371*1010
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3. Safety Showers and Eyebaths: Safety showers and eyebaths should be provided. They should be located in the immediate work area and readily accessible to personnel. Both should be tested routinely and frequently to ensure proper operation
Manufacturing of Ethylbenzene
2. Composition and Information on Ingredients : Composition: Name Ethylbenzene CAS# 100-414 % by Weight 100
3. Hazard Identification : Potential Acute Health Effects: Hazardous in case of eye contact (irritant), of ingestion, of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, permeator) Potential Chronic Health Effects : Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact (irritant, sensitizer). CARCINOGENIC EFFECTS: Classified 2B (Possible for human) by IARC. MUTAGENIC EFFECTS: Mutagenic for mammalian somatic cells. Mutagenic for bacteria and/or yeast. TERATOGENIC EFFECTS: Not available. DEVLOPMENTAL TOXICITY: Not available. The substance may be toxic to central nervous system (CNS) Repeated or prolonged exposure to the substance can produce target organs damage. Other Toxic Effects on Humans : Hazard in case of ingestion of inhalation. Slightly hazardous in case of skin contact ( irritant ) Special Remarks on Toxicity to Animals : Lethal Dose/Conc.50% Kill : LD50[Rabbit]- Route: Skin: Dose : 17800ui/Kg Lowest Published Lethal Dose/Conc.: LDL[Rat]-Rout : Inhalation ( vapour ); Dose: 4000ppm/4H Special Remarks on Chronic Effects on Humans : May cause adverse reproductive effects and birth defects (teratogenic) based on animal test data.
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May cause cancer based on animals data. IARC evidence for carcinogenetic in animals is sufficient. IARC evidence of carcinogenicity in humans inadequate. May affect genetic material (mutagenic). Special Remarks on other Toxic Effects on Humans: Acute Potential Health Effects : Skin: Can cause mild skin irritation. It can be absorbed through intact skin. Eyes: Contact with vapour or liquid can cause severs eye irritation depending on concentration. It may also cause conjunctivitis. At a vapour exposure level of 85 200 ppm, it is mildly and transiently irritating to the eyes; 1000 ppm cause further irritation and tearing; 2000 ppm results in immediate and severe irritation and tearing; 5000 ppm is intolerable (ACGIH, 1991; Clayton and Clayton, 1994). Standardize test for eye irritation using 500 mg resulted in severe irritation ( RTECS ) Inhalation: Exposure to high concentrations can cause nasal, mucous membrane and respiratory tract irritation and can also result in chest constriction and trouble breathing, respiratory failure and even death. It can also affect behaviour/Central Nervous System. The effective dose for CNS depression in experimental animals was 10,000 ppm (ACGIH, 1991). Symptoms of CNS depression include headache, nausea, weakness, dizziness, vertigo, irritability, fatigue, light headedness, sleepiness, tremor, loss of coordination, judgement and consciousness, coma and death. It can also cause pulmonary enema. Inhalation of 85 ppm can produce fatigue, insomnia, headache and mild irritation of the respiratory tract (Haley & Bemdt, 1987). Ingestion: Do not drink, pipette or siphon by mouth. May cause gastrointestinal/digestive tract irritation with Abdominal pain, nausea, omitting. Ethylbenzene is a pulmonary aspiration hazard. Pulmonary aspiration of even small amounts of the liquid may cause fatal pneumonities.
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4. First Aid Measures : Eye Contact: Check for and remove any contact lenses. In case of contact immediately flush eyes with water for at least 15 minute. Cold water may be used. Warm water must be used. Get medical attention. Skin contact: Wash with soap and water. Cover the irritated skin with an arridient. Get medical attention if irritation develops. Serious Skin Contact: Not available. Inhalation: If inhaled remove to fresh air. If not breathing, give artificial respiration. If breathing is difficult, give oxygen. Get medical attention. Serious inhalation: Evacuated the victim to a safe area as soon as possible. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waist band. If breathing is difficult, administer oxygen. If the victim is not breathing, perform mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. Warning: it may be hazardous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation when the inhaled material is toxic, infectious or corrosive. Seek medical attention. Ingestion: Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. Never give anything to an unconscious person. Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, lie, belt or waistband. Get medical attention. If symptoms appear. Serious Ingestion: Not available.
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5. Fire and Explosion Data : Flammability of the Product: Flammable Auto-ignition temperature: 4320C Flash Points: CLOSED CUP: 150C (Tagliabue), Open Cup: 26.6670C (Cleveland) (CHRIS, 2001) CLOSED CUP: 210C (NFPA) Flammable Limits: LOWER: 0.8% -1.6%, UPPER: 6.7-7% Products of Combustion: These products are carbon Oxides (CO, CO2) Fire Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Highly flammable in presence of open flames and spark, of heat Explosion Hazards in Presence of Various Substances: Risks of explosion of the product in presence of mechanical impact: Not available Risks of explosion of the product in presence of static discharge: Not available Slightly explosive in presence of heat. Fire Fighting Media and Instructions: Flammable liquid, soluble or dispersed in water. SMALL FIRE: Use DRY Chemical powder. LARGE FIRE: Use Alcohol foam, water spray or fog. Special Remarks on Fire Hazards: Vapour may travel considerable distance to source of ignition and flash back.Vapours may form Explosive mixture with air. When Heated to Decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes. Special Remarks on Explosion on Hazards: Vapours may form explosive mixture in air.
6. Accidental Release Measures Small Spill: Absorb with an inert material and put the spilled material in an appropriate waste disposal. Flammable liquid Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Stop leak if without risk. Absorb with Dry earth, Sand or other non-combustible material. Do not touch spilled material. Prevent entry into sewers, basements or confined areas. Be careful that the product is not present at a concentration level above TLV.
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7. Handling & Storage Precaution: Keep away from heat. Keep away from sources of ignition. Ground all equipment containing material. Do not ingest. Do not breath gas// fumes / vapour s/ spray. Avoid contact with eyes. Wear suitable protective clothing. In case of insufficient ventilation. Wear suitable respiratory equipment. if ingested seek medical advice immediately and show the container or the label. Keep away from incompatibles such as oxidizing agencies. Storage: Store in a segregated and approved area. Keep container in cool, well ventilated area. Keep container tightly closed and sealed until ready for use. Avoid all possible sources of ignition (spark or flame). Sensitive to light store in light resistant containers
8. Transport information DOT classification: CLASS 3: Flammable liquid Identification: Ethylbenzene UNNA: 1175 PG: II Special Provisions for transport: Not available.
9. Stability & Reactivity Data : Stability: The product is Stable. In Stability Temperature: Not available. Conditions of Instability: Heat, ignition sources (flame, spark, static), incompatible materials, light Incompatibility with various substances: Reactive with oxidizing agents Corrosivity: Not considered to be corrosive for metals and glass. Special Remarks on Reactivity: Can react vigorously with oxidizing materials. Sensitive to light. Special Remarks on Corrosivity: Not available. Polymerization: will not occur.
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Expansion : In-line plant layouts are made in various arrangements which often are referred to by letter designation. Various configurations are formed based on the main artery of the process unit i.e. the pipe rack, which contains long process and the utility lines that connect distant equipment and product piping entering and leaving the plant. Space for instrument and electrical feeders is allocated in the pipe rack such that they are connected to the related equipment. This area is kept free of piping and its related supports. Generally an I shaped plot is used for small process and an H-shape plot for larger units. In developing the plant layout for a chemical plant, it is essential that the firm decisions are made early as to equipments arrangement. This eliminates changes, which cost man-hours as the job progresses through engineering and design. The distillation sections are based on a grade-level process plant layout configuration. The steam generation and power facilities are housed in a building. The basic arrangement follows the equipment spacing charts and clearance tables
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Sr. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22
NAME Security Office Time Keeping Office Parking Administration Building Canteen Security Office Record Office for trucks Weigh Bridge Main Plant Future Expansion Medical Facilities Storage Tanks Workshop Rest Rooms Fire Station D.G. Plant L.T. Supply Cooling Towers Boilers ETP Control Room Green Trees
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CHAPTER 12 CONCLUSION
The selection of process for the manufacturing of Ethylbenzene by Mixed liquid vapour phase zeolite catalyst process is studied and concluded that is economic one. It is a simple Process. Though the process is very simple care should be taken to avoid formation of polyethylbenzene.
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CHAPTER 13 REFERENCES
1. Navid Naderpour, Petrochemical Production Process SBS Publisher & Distributors Pvt.Ltd. 2. Petroleum Technology - Wiley Critical Content, Vol.-2, pp 974-990. 3. Sun G Gyu Lee, Encyclopaedia of Chemical Processing- Taylor & Francis Publisher,Vol.-1 4. David Netzer, 1138 Hacienda Ct. , Los Angels, Calif. 90069. Mixed Phase Ethylene Process for Manufacturing Ethylbenzene- U.S. Patent, Patent no.-5,977,423, Date of patent: Nov, 2, 1999. 5. Shenglin Liu, Fucun Chen, Sujuan Xie, Peng Zeng, Xiyan Du and Longya Xu. Highly selective ethylbenzene production through alkylation of dilute ethylene with gas phase-liquid phase benzene and transalkylation feed - Journal of Natural Gas Chemistry Volume 18, Issue 1, March 2009, Pages 21-24 6. Y V C Rao, Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics- Universities Press (India) private Limited 7. David M. Himmelblau, Basic Principles and Calculations in Chemical EngineeringPEARSON Education ,Sixth edition 8. PERRY & CHILTON, Chemical Engineers Handbook 9. Ullmmans Encyclopaedia of Industrial Chemistry (1985), vol.12, pp-519-530. 10. P. Chattopadhyay, UNIT OPERATIONS OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERINGKhanna Publishers, Vol.-2. 11. V V Mahajani & S B Umarji, Joshis Process Equipment Design ,MACMILLAN PUBLISHERS INDIA LTD., Fourth Edition. 12. Peters, M.S. and Timmerhaus, K. D., Plant Design and economics for chemical engineers, fourth edition, McGraw Hill, New York, 1995 13. Crowl D.Y, Louvar J.F. Chemical Process Safety Fundamentals with Applications, Prentice Hall, Englewood, 1990. Websites : 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. www.sciencedirect.com www.patentstorm.us www.encyclopedia.com www.uspatent.com
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