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I H C CNG NGH

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PHA CH HA CH T
I. Cc cng th c v n ng 1. N ng thay : mol

mol ( mol/l, M): i theo nhi t . s mol ch t tan (n) CM = ( n v mol/l, mmol/l ) th tch dung d ch (v)

L s mol ch t tan c trong m t n v th tch dung d ch. N ng

2. -

N ng

molan (m): i theo nhi t .

L s mol ch t tan c trong 1 kg dung mi, khng thay s mol ch t tan (g) Cm = s kg dung mi (kg)

I H C CNG NGH

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3. N ng a. N ng -

ph n trm: ph n trm v kh i l ng:

L kh i l ng ch t tan (g) c trong 100g dung d ch s g ch t tan (m) C% = s gam dung d ch (m) 100

b. N ng -

ph n trm v th tch:

L th tch ch t tan (ml, l) c trong 100 (ml, l) dung d ch. s (ml,l)ch t tan C% = s (ml,l ) dung d ch
x

100%

c. N ng

ppm, ppt: ppm (ph n tri u kh i l ng ):

N ng -

Dung d ch: 1ppm = 1 g/ml = mg/ l (cho dung d ch long D 1) Ch t r n: 1ppm = 1 g/g = mg/kg
M nhnchai

m = C N ng -

ppm

x
M ch txc nh

100 .Vml .10 6 ( g ) P

ppb (ph n t kh i l ng):

ppb = 10-3 ppm = 1 g/l ppb = 10-3 ppm = 1 g/kg

Lu : 1kg = 103 g = 109 g = 106 mg N ng 4. N ng ppt (ph n ngn t kh i l ng ) 1 ppt = 10-3 ppb = 10-6 ppm = 10-6 mg/l

ph n mol:

H n h p hai c u t A v B , ph n mol XA l s mol c a A (nA) trn t ng s mol c a h n h p. s mol ch t A (nA) t ng s mol ch t (n)
2

XA =

I H C CNG NGH

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5. N ng N ng

ng l ng gam hay n ng ng l ng s

ng l ng:

ng l ng gam ch t tan c trong 1 lt dung d ch. s ng l ng gam ch t tan (n) s (l) dung d ch (v)
: L s ng l ng gam v
+

CN = Trong : - n = M ,v
i

=
-

M Z

- Z: S electron trao ng trung ho. 6. M i lin h :


C M = C% 10d M

i trong 1 mol, s H (OH ) hay ion tham gia ph n

C N = C%

10d

CN = CM / Z

II.

Cch pha ha ch t. mol/l ( CM): pha Vml dung d ch c a. i v i ch t r n: L ng cn ch t r n c n l y n ng CM


m= C M .M .V .100 1000 .p

1. Pha dung d ch n ng

V i:

m CM M V P

: kh i l ng cn ch t r n (g) : n ng mol/l (M) : Kh i l ng phn t : th tch c n pha (ml) : CM.


V = m= C M .M .V .100 1000.C % C M .M.V.100 1000.d.C%

tinh khi t c a ho ch t m c c n dng pha (ml) dung d ch

b.

i v i ch t l ng: Th tch l ng c n ng

V i:

V : th tch dung d ch m: kh i l ng cn (g)

c (ml)

V : th tch dung d ch c n pha (ml)


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I H C CNG NGH

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: t tr ng (g/ml) ph n trm c a dung d ch ng l ng (CN) pha Vml dung d ch c

C% : n ng 2. Pha dung d ch c n ng a. n ng CN

i v i ch t r n: L ng cn ch t r n c n l y
C N ..V.100 1000.p

m cn =

V i:

m : kh i l ng cn ch t r n (g) CN : n ng p : ng l ng dung d ch c n pha V : th tch c n pha (ml) tinh khi t ch t r n m c c n dng pha V(ml) CN
Vdam dac = C N . .V.100 1000.d.C%

b.

i v i ch t l ng: th tch ch t l ng dung d ch c n ng

V i:

: th tch dung d ch

c (ml)

V : th tch dung d ch c n pha (ml) d : kh i l ng ring (t tr ng) c a dung d ch (g/ml) C% : n ng 3. N ng ph n trm c a dung d ch m c pha mdd (g) dung ph n trm kh i l ng: C%
mct = C %.mdd 100. p

a. Ch t r n khng ng m n c: L ng ch t r n c n l y d ch c n ng

V i:

m : kh i l ng cn (g) mdd : kh i l ng dung d ch c n pha (g)

b. Ch t r n ng m n c: L ng ch t r n c n l y pha mdd (g) c n ng


mct = C %.mdd M 1 x 100. p M2

C%.

V i: 4. N ng

M1 : kh i l ng phn t ng m n c M2 : Kh i l ng phn t khng ng m n c ph n trm kh i l ng - th tch:


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I H C CNG NGH

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Cn s g ch t r n b ng C% mu n pha 5. Ph n trm th tch - th tch:

pha thnh 100ml dd.

C1 %.V1 = C2 %.V2

V i:

V1 V2

: th tch dung d ch c n l y : th tch dung d ch c n pha

pha pha

C1% : n ng C2% : n ng

ph n trm dung d ch l y

ph n trm dung d ch c n pha

III.

Pha dung d ch c n ng

nh s n C1% t 1 dung d ch c n ng

Cch 1: Pha 1 th tch V1 dung d ch c n ng

C2% v i C2% > C1% c dung d ch 1 v dung d ch 2 tra b ng. C1.V1.d1 = C2.V2.d2 th tch dung d ch C2% c n l y l:
V2 = C1 .V1 .d 1 hay C 2 .d 2 C1 d 2 .V2 = C 2 d 1 .V1

Cch 2: Quy t c ng cho. N ng C%: u C2 % C1 %


V C1 % H2O0 = VH 2 0 C 2 % C1 %

Dung d ch

C1% H2O 0 C2 C1

N ng

mol hay ng l ng: u C2 C1


V C1 = VH 2 0 C 2 C1

Dung d ch

C1

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H2O IV.

C2 C1

Cch pha m t s ch th thng d ng.

1. Ch th h tinh b t : Starch Soluble (C6H10O5)n Pha ch th h tinh b t 1%: Ha tan 5 g trong 100 ml n c c t , khu y vo becher c ch a 400ml n c c t ang si. tr l i, ngu i nh vi gi t HCHO 40% 2. Ch th Phenoltalein ( C20H14O4)n pha ch th pp 0,1% : Ha tan 0,1 g ch th pp b ng 100ml etanol 96% Pha ch th MO 0,04% : Ha tan 0,04g ch th MO b ng 100 ml Etanol 20% ho c 100ml n c c t. 4. Ch th Methyl red ( C15H15N3O2) Pha ch th MR 0,1% : Ha tan 0,1g ch th MR trong 100ml ethanol 96% Pha ch th Murexide c th b ng n c c t, Nacl ho c ng Saccharose. Nhng b o qu n ch th trong th i gian lu hn ta dng Nacl. ngu i. b o qu n Nghi n 1g ch th Murexide v i 100 g Nacl c s y kh 5. Ch th Murexide ( C8H8N6O6) 3. Ch th Methyl orange ( C14H14N3NaO3S) un ti p u, n khi dung d ch si

b o qu n h tin b t c lu hn.

6. Ch th Xylenol Orange (C31H28N2Na4O13S) Pha ch th XO c th b ng etanol 50% (0,1%) ho c b ng KNO3. ch th trong th i gian lu hn ta dng KNO3. Nghi n k 1 g ch th XO v i 100g KNO3 tinh khi t. Pha ch th ETOO c th b ng etanol 96% ( 0,05% 0,5%) , KCl ho c b ng saccharose. Ta ch n KCl pha ch th ETOO v n b o qu n c lu hn. Nghi n k 1 g ngu i. ch th ETOO v i 100g KCl tinh khi t s y kh 8. Ch th IndigoCarmine ( C16H8N2Na2O8S2) Pha ch th Indigocarmine 0,25% : Ha tan 0,25g Indigocarmine trong 100ml Etanol 50% 9. Ch th Alizarin yellow ( C13H8N3NaO5)
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7. Ch th Erochrome black. T ( C20H12N3NaO7S)

I H C CNG NGH

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Pha ch th Alizarin yellow 0,1% : Ha tan 0,1g ch th Alizarin vng trong 100 ml n c c t . Kho ng i mu c a ch th : pH = 10,2 pH 12,1

10. Bromthymol blue ( C27H28Br2O5S) Pha ch th Bromthymol xanh 0,1% : Ho tan 0,1g ch th Bromthymol xanh trong 100ml etanol 20% Kho ng i mu c a ch th : pH 5,8 pH 7,6 11. Hydroxylammonium Chloride ( NH2OH.HCl) Tan trong n c c t. 12. Hydroxylammonium Sulfate ( NH2OH)2.H2SO4 Tan trong n c c t 13. Ch th 1 -10 Phenanthroline ( C12H8N2.H2O ) Pha ch th 1-10 phenanthroline 0,1%: Cn 0,1 g ch th ,ha tan trong 100ml n c c t, khu y v gia nhi t t i 800C. Khng c un si, trong tr ng h p khng gia nhi t th thm 2 gi t HCl ( 1- 10 phenanthrolin m c khu y u n khi tan h t tan c a n rt th p 3,3g/l). u cho tan hon ton . u cho tan hon ton.

14. Acid Fusinsulforo: Pha ch th acid Fusinsulfuro 1%: Cn 1g ch th cho vo c c ch a 100ml ethanol, khu y 15. Fluorescein (C20H12O5): Pha ch th Fluorescein 0,5%: Cn 0,5g ch th cho vo c c ch a 100ml ethanol, khu y 16. Dimetylglyoxin (C4H8N2O2) Pha ch th 1% trm trong 100ml c n. 17. Ch th Ferroin Ha tan 1,485g 1-10phenaltrolin v 0,695g FeSO4. 7H2O trong n c, thm n c c t thnh 100 ml 18. Ch th Diphenylamin ( C12H11N) Pha ch th C12H11N 1%, cn 1 g ch th + 100 ml H2SO4 19. Ch th Tashiro. Dung d ch A: Ha tan 0,1g MR trong 100m ethanol tinh khi t trn n i cch thu Dung d ch B: Ho tan 0,5 g Metylen xanh trong 100ml Ethanol 50% Khi dng pha dung d ch A v i dung d ch B theo t l 1:1
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I H C CNG NGH

NG NAI

I H C CNG NGH

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THU C TH

C BI T DNG TRONG PTN

1. Aluminon : 1g 1l H20 c t l c m nh tan h t . 2. Thu c th Schiff : 2 g NaHSO3 + 0,2g fucsin Clohidrat v 2ml HCl 100ml nc c t. B o qu n trong trai mu c nt y kn. m c vo

3. Thu c th Lucas: Ha tan 136g ZnCl2 khan trong 90ml dung d ch HCl c c n thi t ph i lm l nh bn ngoi bnh khi pha. 4. Thu c th Nessler : Ha tan 50g KI trong 1 l ng n c l nh t trong 350ml H20) cho hi n. Sau ph n n c l c trong. 5. Montequi A ((NH 4 )2 [Hg(SCN )4 ])

n mc c th

(kho ng 50ml). Thm vo dung d ch HgCl bo ha (kho ng 22g HgCl2 n khi d, i u ny c nh n bi t do c k t t a xu t n 1l . yn ch dng thm 200m NaOH 5N v pha long

Ho tan 20g NH4SCN trong 200ml n c c t. Tr n c n th n dung d ch ny v i 200ml dung d ch ch a 27g HgCl2 r i pha long 2 ngy m r i l c, b o qu n trong chai mu, 6. Axit Cromic : 20g K2Cr2O7 + 100 ml H2SO4 7. Thu c th -Napthylamin ( C10H9N) Cn 0,5 g C10H9N + 1ml HCl (pha dng ngay ho c gi 9. Thu c th Kaufman Cho 0,5l metanol v 75 g NaBr vo becher l n khu y n khi bo ha. L c, thm vo 2,75ml brom l ng. B o qu n trong chai mu t i. nhi t m c, sau nh p. nh m c n 100 ml n c c t m n 1l. yn dung d ch ny y kn. c + 400 ml H2O

8. Thu c th Orcinal : Ho tan 2g orcinal trong 100ml H2SO4 30%

CCH PHA DUNG D CH


1. Pha dung d ch m pH = 7

B OV

I NC C

Dung d ch 1: Na2HPO4 cn 11,866g sau

nh m c thnh 1lt.

c C = 1/15M
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I H C CNG NGH

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Dung d ch 2 : KH2PO4 cn 9,073g sau c C = 1/15M L y 61,2 ml dung d ch 1 2. Pha dung d ch Cch 1: Dung d ch 1: dung d ch HCl 0,1N m pH = 4

nh m c thnh 1 lt

nh m c thnh 100ml b ng dung d ch 2 c

100ml dung d ch b o qu n i n c c pH= 7

Dung d ch 2: cn 21,014g H3C6H5O7.H2O + 200 ml NaOH 1N, sau nh m c b ng n c c t n 1lt. nh m c thnh 100ml dung d ch b ng dung d ch

(dng H3C6H5O7.H2O ho c NaH2C6H5O7 ) Ht 56 ml dung d ch 2 r i 1 c 100 ml dung d ch b o qu n i n c c pH = 4 Cch 2: Dung d ch 1: Dung d ch NaOH 0,1N Dung d ch 2: 40,846 g KHC8H4O4. Sau nh m c thnh 1 lt nh m c thnh 200ml

Ht 0,8 ml dung d ch 1 + 50 ml dung d ch 2. Sau

b ng n c c t. Ta c 100ml dung d ch b o qu n i n c c pH = 4

M TS

DUNG D CH

C BI T

1. Dung d ch Amonicitrat 50%:Ho tan 500g acid citric trong 600ml NH4OH 25% thm n c c t n 1l, sau 24h l c. 2. H n h p c ng thu : T l 1/3, tr n 1 th tch HNO3 v i 3 th tch HCl. 3. H2SO4 tc nhn: Ho tan 5,5g Ag2SO4 trong 1kg H2SO4 1-2 ngy cho ho tan hon ton Ag2SO4. m c(1l=1,84kg),

4. H n h p xc tc CuSO4+K2SO4: Theo t l 1:10, cn 10g CuSO4+ 100g K2SO4. Cho vo c i s tr n u, cho vo chai thu tinh s d ng d n. 5. Dung d ch ki m Azua: Ho tan 160g NaOH trong 150ml n c c t, lm l nh. Ho tan 5g NaN3 trong 50ml n c c t.
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I H C CNG NGH

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Ho tan 300g NaI (ho c KI) trong 200ml n c c t

Tr n 3 dung d ch ny v thm n c c t t i 500ml. N u c k t t a nu th ph i l cb . 6. Dung d ch Kaliantimon tartrat: Ho tan 1,3715g K(SbO)C4H6O.1/2 H2O trong 400ml n c c t, nh m c 500ml, b o qu n trong chai nu. 7. Dung d ch Garola A:B 8. 9. Dung d ch Garola A: 28.5g Co(NO)2+ CH3COOH m c 500ml + n c c t, nh

Dung d ch Garola B: 180g NaNO2 + n c c t thnh 500ml. chai mu t i, khi dng tr n theo t l 1:1.

ng trong

m pH=5: Cn 68g CH3COONa ho tan trong 500ml n c c t v ht 72ml CH3COOH 99,5%. nh m c 1lt b ng n c c t. m pH=10: Cn 9,14g NH4Cl ho tan trong 500ml n c c t v ht 80ml NH4OH 25%, nh m c b ng n c c t n 1l.

M TS

HO CH T KHI PHA C N T M ACID

T t c cc mu i Fe khi pha lu c n ph i t m ACID, tu thu c vo g c Clhay g c SO42ta l a ch n ACID t m cho ng v s ml ACID c n cho vo tu thu c l ng cn nhi u hay t.

CuSO4, MnSO4, Bi(NO3)3, K2Cr2O7: T m H2SO4 96%. SnCl2 t m HCl 36%, un cch thu . Hydroquinon (C6H6O2), tan trong HCl 35%. I t tan trong KI.

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T TR NG CC DUNG D CH AXT TRONG N C

200C

T tr ng 1,050 1,075 1,085 1,005 1,100 1,175 1,180 1.185 1,190

HCl % 10,5 15,5 17,5 19,4 20,4 35,2 36,2 37,2 38,3

T C2H4O2 T tr ng % tr ng 1.0125 1,0195 1,0263 1,0326 1,0384 1,0438 1,0575 1,0524 1,0498 10 15 20 25 30 35 50 99 100 1,035 1,070 1,105 1,140 1,180 1,395 1,5 1,8355 1,8342

H2SO4 % 5 10 15 20 25 50 60 96 99

T tr ng 1,055 1,115 1,180 1,310 1,370 1,395 1,405 1,485 1,413

HNO3 % 10 20 30 50 60 65,8 68,1 91,1 100

T tr ng 1,055 1,115 1,150 1,185 1,335 1,425 1,685 1,745 1,870

H3PO4 % 10,32 20,25 25,57 30,65 50,07 60,29 85,11 90,13 100,0

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I H C CNG NGH

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KH I L NG C A M T S

HO CH T THNG D NG

TRONG PTN

H2SO4 M = 98.08 C% = 96 d = 1.84 EDTA.2H2O M = 372.24 P = 98% Pb(NO3)2 M=331.21 P=99% CdCl2.H2O M= 228.35 P= 99% KCl M=74.55 P=99.5%

CH3COOH M= 60.05 C% = 99.5 d = 1.05 CaCl2.2H2O M= 147.02 P= 98% Na2SiO3 M=284.20 P=20% CoCl2.6H2O M=237.93 P=99% KMnO4 M= 158.03 P=99.5%

HCl M= 36.46 C%= 36 d= 1.18 FeCl3.6H2O M=270.3 P=99% K2CrO4 M=194.19 P=95.5% NiCl2.6H2O M=237.70 P=98% CuSO4.5H2O M=249.68 P=99%

HNO3 M= 63.01 C% = 68 d = 1.4 SnCl2 M=225.63 P = 98% K2Cr2O7 M=294.18 P=99.8% MnSO4.H2O M=169.02 P=99% MgCl2.6H2O M=203.3 P=98%

H2 O2 M = 34.01 C% = 30 d = 1.11 NH4Cl M = 53.49 P = 99.5% Ba(NO3)2 M=261.34 P=99.5% FeSO4.7H2O M=278.02 P=99% BaCl2 M=244.28 P=99%

NH4OH M= 17.03 C% = 25 d= 0.88 NaOH M= 40 P = 96% NaNO2 M=69.00 P=99% Na2SO4 M=142.4 P=99% NaBr M=102.9 P=99%

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I H C CNG NGH

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Iod M=253.81 P=99.5% KSCN M = 97.18 p = 98.5% NH4SCN M = 76.12 P = 98.5%

HgCl2 M=271.5 P=99.5% NH4SCN M = 76.12 P = 98.5% AgNO3 M=169.87 P = 99.8%

Na2CO3 M=105.99 p=99% Na2HPO4 M= 358.14 p = 99% MgSO4.7H2O M= 246.47 P=99%

CH3COONa M = 16.08 p =99% (NH4)2C2O4 M= 142.11 p = 99.8% KH2PO4 M=136.09 P=99.5%

ZnCl2 M=163.3 p=98%

KI M = 166 p = 99%

K4[Fe(CN)6] K3[Fe(CN)6] M = 422.59 p = 99% NH4NO3 M=80.04 P= 99% M=383.49 p = 99% FeCl2.4H2O M= 198.81 P= 99.5%

KNO3 (M = 101,1, p = 98,5)


C6H8O7.H2O M= 210.14 P= 99.5% Na2B4O7. 10H2O M= 381.37 P=99.5 Ca(NO3)2. 4H2O M= 236.15 P= 99% KOH M=56.11 P=82% NaCl M=58.44 P=99.5% KCN M = 65.15 p = 96% H3PO4 M=97.994 C% = 85 d=1.69 Al(NO3)3. 9H2O M= 375.13 P= 99% Ca(OH)2 M= 74.09 P= 90% H2C2O4. 2H2O AlCl3.6H2O M=126.07 P= 99.5 Na2S2O3. 5H2O M=248.18 P=99% M= 241.43 P= 97% Cr2(SO4)3. 6H2O M= 500.26 P=50% Mu i Morh.6H2O M=392.14 P=99.5%

NH4Fe(SO4)2. (NH4)6Mo7O24. 12H2O M= 482.2 P= 99% K2HPO4. 3H2O M= 228.22 P= 99% H2 O M=1235.86 p = 99% Cu(NO3)2. 3H2O M= 241.60 P= 99.5%

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I H C CNG NGH

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M TS
-

I U C N LU KHI PHA CH HO CH T

i v i acid Nitric: Acid nitric gy ph ng n ng. Kh nu NO2 thot ra t acid lm t n thng ng h h p v m t. Acid ny cn c th gy n khi ti p xc v i cc ch t kh nh H2S, r u. Khi ti p xc v i nh ng chy c th c th b c chy sinh ra kh NO2. V v y khi ch a chy ph i c n eo m t n ch ng c. trong tr ng h p b ng c khi ht ph i kh NO2 th ta ph i cho n n nhn th b ng kh oxy v n m yn.

i v i acid H2SO4: Gy ph ng n ng khi ti p xc v i da. Trong tr ng h p acid ri vo ng i th ta ph i nhanh chng r a b ng dung d ch ki m nh nh NaHCO3 2%...sau r a l i b ng n c.

i v i acid HF: Acid v hi

u v cng

c, lm t n thng da, m t v d p t t. N u trong khng cch ly.

ng h h p. Acid ny c th ph hu thu tinh v nhi u ch t khc. N u trong tr ng h p b chy ta c th dng n c kh c HF th ta ph i eo m t n ch ng c

i v i acid Acetic: lm ph ng n ng da, hi acid lm t n thng n ng nim m c. Nguy hi m khi ti p xc v i Ahydric cromic, Natri peroxyt v acid nitric v c th b c chy. D p t t b ng n c.

i v i acid HCl: Lm ph ng da. Hi acid lm t n thng m nh

n mng

nim m c m t v mi. Khi ti p xc v i nhi u kim lo i lm thot kh H2 t o nn h n h p n v i khng kh. Trong tr ng h p b chy th ph i d p t t b ng n c, Na2CO3, vi. Khi lm vi c, chng ta ph i mang kh u trang ho t tnh , vi c pha ch ph i tuy t i c ti n hnh trong t ht.

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I H C CNG NGH

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CCH PHA M T S
NaOH bo ha 1090g/l NaCl bo ha 358g/l Ca(OH)2 bo ha 1.7g/l Na2SO4 bo ha 160g/l I2 bo ha 0.29g/l NaHSO3 bo ha Na2CO3 bo ha 220g/l Ca(NO3)2. 4H2O bo ho 1470g/l CaO bo ho 1.65g/l

CH T C N NG

BO HA

KMnO4 bo ho 64g/l Ag2SO4 bo ho 8g/l AgNO3 bo ho 2160g/l CH3COONa. 3H2O bo ho 613g/l NaBr bo ho 905g/l EDTA bo ho 100g/l NaF bo ho 42g/l Na2SO3 bo ho 220g/l Na2B4O7 bo ho 25.6g/l (NH4)Fe(SO4)2.12H2O bo ho 1240g/l (NH4)2Fe(SO4)2.6H2O bo ho 269g/l NH4NO3 bo ho 1920g/l NH4NO3 bo ho 1920g/l (NH4)6Mo7O24.4H2O bo ha 400g/l

CaSO4. 4H2O bo ho 2g/l K2CO3 bo ho 1120g/l KCl bo ho 330g/l K2HPO4 bo ho 1600g/l KOH bo ho 1130g/l KIO3 bo ho 47g/l KI bo ho 1430g/l KIO4 bo ho 7g/l

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