Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi

May o OTDR

Bai 3:

MAY O QUANG DOI OTDR (OPTICAL TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETER)

3.1. Gii Thieu May o Quang Doi FTB-7000 OTDR (EXFO)

3.1.1. Chc nang tong quat cua mot may o OTDR: May o quang doi OTDR (Optical Time Domain Reflectometer) la may o c s dung pho bien trong qua trnh lap at, o th va bao dng cac tuyen thong tin quang. Nguyen ly hoat ong cua may o OTDR: da tren hien tng tan xa ngc (Back Scattering) va phan xa (Reflection). Chi tiet ve nguyen ly hoat ong cua OTDR co the xem them trong cac tai lieu [1], [2]. S dung may o OTDR cho phep ngi s dung xac nh c: Chieu dai cua tuyen quang Suy hao cua toan tuyen quang Suy hao trung bnh cua si quang Cac s kien (event) xay ra tren toan tuyen quang nh: moi han nong chay (splice), khp noi (connector), cac v tr suy hao, iem cuoi sua si quang Suy hao cua cac s kien C ly, khoang cach gia cac s kien tren tuyen quang Vi tr iem t tren tuyen quang 3.1.2. May o OTDR FBT-7323B-B 1310-1550 (SM) OTDR FBT-7323B-B 1310-1550 (SM) la mot trong cac loai may o quang doi OTDR do hang EXFO san xuat (FTB-7000 OTDR). Ngoai cac tnh nang chung cua mot may o OTDR, FTB-7323B-B 1310-1550 (SM) co mot so tnh nang va ac iem sau: S dung cho si quang n mode SMF (single mode fiber) hai bc song 1310nm va 1550nm. c che tao di dang module, hoat ong tren nen cua he thong FTB-400 Universal Test System (UTS), co the thao rap c. Giao dien cua FBT400 va module OTDR FTB-7323B-B 1310-1550 (SM) c trnh bay nh tren hnh 3.1 va hnh 3.2. Cac thao tac khai bao, van hanh n gian, quen thuoc cho ngi s dung v co giao dien nh mot may tnh cac nhan PC. Viec lu tr ket qua o co the c thc hien thong qua hai cong USB va o mem. Ngoai ra, tren nen FTB-400 UTS con co cac cong COM va LPT e ket noi vi may in va cac thiet b ngoai vi khac (xem hnh 3.1). Thc Hanh Thong Tin Quang 1

Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi

May o OTDR

Viec s ly ket qua o th co the c thc hien trc tiep online khi ang ket noi vi si quang tren nen UTS hoac thc hien sau khi o tren PC bang phan mem offline. Dai ong: 37.5 dB/ 35.5 dB vi o phan giai cao. Dead zone: 3m Toi a co the thc hien 52000 iem o tren mot trace

Hnh 3.1: Giao dien FTB-400 Universal Test System (UTS) Hnh 3.1 trnh bay giao dien mat trc va hai ben cua FBT-400. Y ngha cua cac en LED va chc nang cua cac nut ieu khien trc mat cua FBT-400 c trnh bay trong bang 3.1 va 3.2. Thc Hanh Thong Tin Quang 2

Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi Bang 3.1: Y ngha cua cac en LED LED Tat Y ngha

May o OTDR

Sang : He thong FBT-400 Universal Test System ang hoat ong : He thong FBT-400 Universal Test System ang tat

Sang : Nguon pin con t hn 10% nang lng Tat : Nguon pin con nhieu hn 10% nang lng

Sang : He thong FBT-400 Universal Test System c cap nguon bi bo bien oi AC/DC; nguon pin khong can thiet Chp : Nguon pin ang c sac Tat : He thong FBT-400 Universal Test System khong c cap nguon bi bo bien oi AC/DC Chp : O cng ang hoat ong

Sang : Cac module o th ang phat tn hieu quang Tat : Cac module o th khong phat tn hieu quang

Bang 3.2: Chc nang cua cac nut ieu khien Nut Chc nang Bat/Tat : Bat/tat he thong FBT-400 Universal Test System

Backlight : Hieu chnh o sang cua man hnh Program switcher : Chuyen oi ca so lam viec sang cac chng trnh ng dung khac trong he thong. Nut nay tng ng vi viec nhan Alt-Tab tren ban phm. Enter : La chon phan a c to am (highlighted) tren man hnh. Nut nay tng ng vi nut Enter tren ban phm

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Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi

May o OTDR

Hnh 3.2: Giao dien module OTDR Hnh 3.2 la giao dien cua module OTDR, c gan ben hong phai cua FTB-400 UTS. Tren module nay co cac bo phan chc nang va canh bao nh sau: Visual fault locator (VFL) port (optional): cong ket noi nguon quang phat ra anh sang mau o va si quang. Chc nang tuy chon nay cho phep xac nh v tr t tren si quang bang mat thng. Source emission indicator LED (optional): en LED ch th nguon quang ang hoat ong. ay cung la kha nang tuy chon cua thiet b (co the co hoac khong). Module handle: v tr nam module khi tien hanh thao rap module. ODTR port: cong ket noi si quang va may o OTDR. Loai connector cua Module OTDR c s dung tai phong th nghiem la loai FC. : canh bao an toan cho biet thiet b ang s dung phat ra nguon quang laser. Cac lu y ve an toan khi lam viec vi thiet b c trnh bay trong phan 3.2.

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Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi 3.2. Mot So Lu Y Ve An Toan Khi S Dung May o OTDR:

May o OTDR

3.2.1. An toan cho ngi s dung: May o OTDR s dung nguon quang laser co cong suat phat quang cao va phat ra anh sang khong thay c (1310 nm va 1550nm) cho nen co the nguy hiem cho mat cua ngi s dung. Do vay, khi s dung may o OTDR can lu ly: Khong ket noi hoac thao g cac si quang trong khi nguon quang laser ang hoat ong Khong c nhn trc tiep vao si quang khi khong chac chan rang hien tai si quang o khong c s dung e truyen anh sang Bao am rang mat cua ban a c bao ve bi cac dung cu bao ho trong trng hp tiep xuc vi anh sang laser 3.2.2. An Toan Cho Thiet B: Khong ket noi si quang ang mang bat ky dang mot tn hieu anh sang nao vao cong ket noi cua may o OTDR v co the gay hai cho may. Bat ky mot tn hieu quang nao co cong suat ln hn 30dBm co the anh hng en acquisition cua may o va lam hong module OTDR. Cac canh bao tren may o thng c thong bao bang bang canh bao hoac bieu tng canh bao co dang nh sau:

Hnh 3.3: Mot so bang canh bao tren thiet b o quang Thc Hanh Thong Tin Quang 5

Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi 3.3. S Dung May o FTB-7000 OTDR

May o OTDR

Cac thao tac van hanh, khai bao thong so, x ly ket qua o cua may o FTB-7000 OTDR c thc hien da tren phan mem ng dung Toolbox 6. cua EXFO. ng dung Toolbox nay c s dung khong ch cho may o OTDR ma con co the c s dung cho cac loai may o khac cua EXFO nh Optical Spectrum Analyzer (OSA), MultiWavelength Meter, PMD Analyzer, Chromatic Dispersion, Multitest Chi tiet ve Toolbox co the xem trong phan gii thieu FTB-400 UTS. Thiet lap ng dung cho may o FTB-7000 OTDR: 1. Tren man hnh cua FTB-400 UTS, chon phm chc nang (function tab) Current Modules e man hnh hien th tat ca cac module hien tai co the s dung c (xem hnh 3.4)

Hnh 3.4: Man hnh chnh cho phep chon module s dung 2. Chon module OTDR. Neu module OTDR a san sang e c s dung th tren bang trang thai Status se hien th Ready. 3. Click vao nut tng ng trong phan Online Application e bat au cac ng dung cua OTDR. Mot ca so chnh cho ng dung OTDR c hien ra nh tren hnh 3.5 Bang cach thay oi cac nut chc nang va hieu chnh cac thong so, cac thong so hoat ong cua may o co the c thiet lap. Cac hng dan s dung cung c hien th tren man hnh.

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Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi

May o OTDR

Hnh 3.5: ca so ng dung cua may o OTDR

3.3.1. Cai at thong so cho may o: May o FTB-7000 OTDR cho phep ngi s dung tien hanh o theo 3 che o (mode) lam viec: Auto mode: viec c lng chieu dai si quang, cai at cac thong so acquisition, hien th ng bieu dien (trace) va bang s kien (Event Table) c thc hien mot cach t ong theo cau hnh a c cai at trc o. Advanced mode: cho phep ngi s dung co the hieu chnh tat ca thong so o va hieu chnh cach thc hien th ket qua o. S dung Advanced mode con cho phep cai at cac thong so o cho che o Auto mode. Creat Ref./Template mode: cho phep ngi s dung kiem tra cac si quang va so sanh chung vi mot trace so sanh (reference trace) a c anh gia trc ay. Trong khi hoat ong che o Ref./Template mode, trace so sanh (reference trace) cung co the c cap nhat bang cach them cac s kien c phat hien t trace mi thu c. Cac che o hoat ong nay co the c la chon t Mode tab trong ca so Setup.

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Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi

May o OTDR

3.3.2. Cai at cac thong so hien th ac tuyen suy hao (Trace Display Parameters): Bang cach la chon General tab trong phan Setup (hoac sau khi nhan F5), mot so thong so co the c la chon va thay oi nh sau: Distance unit (n v khoang cach): Kilometers (km), Miles (mi) hoac Kilofeets (kf) Grid: Co (On) hoac Khong (Off) hien th li (grid) tren ca so hien th Zoom Window: Co (On) hoac Khong (Off) hien th ca so Zoom (nam tren goc phai-tren cua man hnh hien th) Trace Name in Graph: Co (On) hoac Khong (Off) hien th ten file tren man hnh hien th Trace Display Mode: cho phep la chon kieu hien th trace: Auto mode, Advanced mode va Creat Ref./Template mode Complete Trace: hien th toan bo trace va khoang cach o c Marker: hien th trace t Span Start en Span End Optimum: hien th trace vi nhieu t nhat thu c cuoi si quang Pulse Width: hien th o rong xung (pulse width) theo n v thi gian (Time) hoac khoang cach (Distance) 3.3.3. Cai at cac thong so ghi nhan ket qua o (Acquisition Parameters): Autorange acquisition time: co 6 gia tr co the c chon cho thi gian ghi nhan ket qua o: 15seconds (gia tr mac nh), 30 seconds, 1 minute, 1.5 minutes, 2 minutes va 3 minutes. First connector check: kiem tra connector au tien nham xac nh tuyen quang a dc ket noi vi may o OTDR hay cha. Neu mot suy hao ln bat thng xay ra tai connector au tien, mot bang canh bao se xuat hien.

Hnh 3.6: Bang canh bao suy hao ln bat thng xay ra tai connector au tien Use same pulse and time for all wavelength: s dung cung xung va thi gian cho tat ca cac buc song IOR, Helix factor and RBS values: thay oi cac gia tr IOR, Helix and RBS cua si quang Thc Hanh Thong Tin Quang 8

Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi 3.3.4 nh ngha va ky hieu cac loai s kien (Event) Span Start

May o OTDR

Span Start cua mot trace la s kien anh dau iem bat au cua mot oan si quang (fiber span). Theo mac nh, Span Start c at s kien au tien cua si quang c kiem tra. Tuy nhien, ngi s dung cung co the chon mot s kien khac lam v tr Span Start cua mot oan si quang muon phan tch. Khi o, bang s kien (Event Table) se c bat au tai v tr Span Start nay. Span End Span End cua mot trace la s kien anh dau iem ket thuc cua mot oan si quang (fiber span). Theo mac nh, Span End c at s kien cuoi cung cua si quang c kiem tra va c goi la s kien cuoi si quang (end-of-fiber event). Tuy nhien, ngi s dung cung co the chon mot s kien khac lam v tr Span End cua mot oan si quang muon phan tch. Khi o, bang s kien (Event Table) se c ket thuc tai Span End nay. Continuous Fiber

Hnh 3.7: Continuous Fiber S kien nay cho biet rang chieu dai cua tuyen quang c ghi nhan bi may o th ngan hn chieu dai cua tuyen quang o. iem ket thuc cua si quang khong c nhan biet bi v qua trnh phan tch ket thuc trc khi ti c iem cuoi cua si quang. Do o, khoang cach ghi nhan (acquisition distance) can c tang len e co the o c chieu dai ln hn cua si quang. Khong co bieu hien suy hao hay phan xa tai v tr Continuous Fiber nay.

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Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi End of Analysis

May o OTDR

Hnh 3.8: End of Analysis o rong xung c s dung khong cung cap u dai ong e at ti c cuoi si quang. Qua trnh phan tch ket thuc trc khi ti c cuoi si quang bi v ty so tn hieu tren nhieu SNR qua thap. Do o, o rong xung can c tang len e tn hieu at ti c cuoi si quang vi ty so SNR u ln. Khong co bieu hien suy hao hay phan xa tai v tr End of Analysis nay. Non-Reflective Fault

Hnh 3.9: Non-Reflective Fault Non-Reflective Fault (s kien gay nen khong phai do hien tng phan xaanh sang) nay gay ra mot s giam ot ngot cua mc tn hieu tan xa Rayleigh. S kien nay c bieu dien bang s khong lien tuc tren ng doc xuong cua trace tn hieu. Thc Hanh Thong Tin Quang 10

Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi

May o OTDR

Loi nay thng gay ra do moi han nong chay (splice), uon cong hay vi uon cong tren si quang. Gia tr suy hao cua s kien nay se c xac nh. Khong co phan xa xay ra cho loai s kien nay. Reflective Fault

Hnh 3.10: Reflective Fault Reflective Fault (s kien gay nen do hien tng phan xa anh sang) c bieu dien nh cac xung gai xay ra tren trace. Chung gay ra bi s khong lien tuc cua chiet suat cua moi trng truyen. Cac loi phan xa xay ra lam cho mot phan ang ke nang lng anh sang truyen trong si quang b phan xa ngc ve pha nguon quang. Reflective fault co the cho biet s ton tai cua cac khp noi, moi han c kh hoac ngay ca cac moi han nong chay chat lng kem. Gia tr suy hao va phan xa thong thng se c xac nh tai v tr co loai s kien nay. Khi cac xung phan xa at mc ngng, nh cua xung se b cat do s bao hoa cua linh kien thu quang. Ket qua la, vung chet (dead zone) - la khoang cach ngan nhat co the phan biet hai s kien ke nhau - co the tang len.

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Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi Positive Fault

May o OTDR

Hnh 3.11: Positive Fault Loai s kien nay cho biet mot moi han nong chay (splice) co o li, xay ra do vung ket noi gia hai oan si quang co he so tan xa ngc Rayleigh khac nhau. Mot gia tri suy hao se c xac nh cho loai s kien nay. Lu y rang: gia tr suy hao nay khong the hien suy hao thc s cua s kien. Gia tr suy hao thc s co the c o bang cach phan tch ket qua o hai chieu. Launch Level

Hnh 3.12: Launch Level Launch Level cho biet mc cong suat tn hieu c a vao si quang. Hnh tren cho thay mc cong suat ghep c o nh the nao. Mot ng thang c ve s dung phng phap xap x bnh phng toi thieu (leastsquare approximation) e ket noi tat ca cac iem tren vung tuyen tnh gia hai s kien th nhat va th hai c phat hien.

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Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi ng thang nay c keo dai cho ti khi cat truc tung (dB) iem cat ngang cho biet mc cong suat ghep vao au si quang.

May o OTDR

Ky hieu <<<< tren bang s kien (Event Table) cho biet rang mc cong suat ghep qua thap. Fiber Section

Hnh 3.13: Fiber Section Ky hieu nay bieu dien mot oan si quang khong co s kien. Tong cua tat ca cac oan si quang trong toan bo fiber trace th bang vi chieu dai tong cong cua si quang. Cac loi c phat hien la cac s kien ac biet- ngay ca khi chung bao phu nhieu hn mot iem tren trace. Gia tr suy hao cua oan si quang nay c xac nh. Suy hao trung bnh cua oan si quang nay (dB/km) c xac nh bang cach lay gia tr suy hao chia cho chieu dai cua oan si quang. Merged Reflective Fault

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Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi Hnh 3.14: Merged Reflective Fault

May o OTDR

Ky hieu nay bieu hien cho loai s kien bao gom nhieu s kien phan xa (reflective events) ke nhau. Gia tri suy hao c xac nh la suy hao tong cua cac s kien phan xa thanh phan. S kien Merged Reflective Fault c ket hp bi nhieu s kien phan xa. Tren bang s kien, ch co Merged Reflective Fault c neu ra, cac s kien phan xa thanh khong c the hien.

Hnh 3.15: Merged Reflective Fault tren Event Table Trong hnh tren, hai reflective fault a c ket hp. Cac s kien phan xa nay co the la do cac khp noi, moi han c kh hoac ngay ca cac moihan nong chay chat lng kem. Mot gia tr phan xa c xac nh cho tat ca cac s kien a c ket hp va c the hien bang gia tr phan xa ln nhat. Mot gia tr phan xa cung c bieu dien cho tng s kien thanh phan c ket hp. Suy hao tong cong ( dB) c xac nh bang cach ve hai ng thang: ng th nhat c ve bang cach ket noi , least-square approximation, cac iem -trace trong vung tuyen tnh trc s kien th nhat. ng th hai c ve bang cach ket noi , least-square approximation, cac iem trace trong vung tuyen tnh theo sau s kien th hai. Neu co nhieu hn hai s kien c ket hp, ng nay se c ve trong vung tuyen tnh theo sau s co c ket hp cuoi cung. ng nay sau o c keo dai hng ve pha s kien ket hp th nhat. Suy hao tong bang s chenh lech ve cong suat gia iem ma s kien th nhat bat au (iem A) va iem nam ngay di s kien th nhat tren ng thang noi dai (iem B). Suy hao cua tng s kien thanh phan khong c xac nh.

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Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi

May o OTDR

Echo

Hnh 3.16: Echo Ky hieu nay cho biet rang s kien phan xa c phat hien sau iem cuoi cua si quang. Mot xung anh sang turyen ti connector cuoi cung va c phan xa ve hng may o OTDR. Sau o no gap connector th hai va lai phan xa ve hng connector cuoi cung. Tiep o, xung anh sang nay lai phan xa ngc ve pha OTDR. Chuong trnh x ly Toolbox mo ta s phan xa mi nay nh la echo bi v khoang cach cua no dai hn chieu dai tong cong cua si quang. Khoang cach gia connector th hai va connector th nhat bang vi khoang cach gia connector cuoi cung va echo. Suy hao cua echo khong c xac nh. Reflective Fault (Possible Echo)

Hnh 3.17: Reflective Fault (Possible Echo) Thc Hanh Thong Tin Quang 15

Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi

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Ky hieu nay cho biet mot s kien phan xa co the la phan xa that s hay la echo tao ra bi mot phan xa manh khac nam ngan ve pha nguon. Xung anh sang i ti connector th ba, b phan xa ngc ve pha OTDR va tiep o lai phan xa ngc vao si quang. Sau o xung anh sang nay lai cham connector th ba lan th hai va phan xa ngc mot lan na ve pha OTDR. Do o, phan mem x ly Tooolbox, se phat hien s co phan xa xay ra tai v tr bang hai lan khoang cach cua connector th ba. Do s kien nay hau nh vo ngha (khong co suy hao) va do khoang cach cua no bang boi so khoang cach cua connecotr th ba, Toolbox se xem s kien nay nh la possible echo. Gia tr phan xa cua Reflective Fault (Possible Echo) c xac nh.

3.3.5. Phan tch trace va event: Trace va Event Table co the c phan tch tai hai thi iem khac nhau: Ngay khi o (online) tren may o OTDR. Sau khi o (offline) tren may o OTDR hoac tren may vi tnh PC khi truy xuat vao phan Work on Results trong chng trnh ng dung Toolbox. Cac file d lieu c lu trong qua trnh o di dang format cua EXFO (*.trc) hoac format cua Telcordia (Bellcore) (*.sor). Tuy nhien, cac file c lu bang cac thiet b khong phai cua EXFO ch co the xem (read-only) ma khong the thay oi.

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Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi

May o OTDR

Hnh 3.18: Trace va vent Table cua mot tuyen quang c o Hnh 3.18 the hien Trace va Event Table cua mot tuyen quang c o. Tren Trace nay, cac Event c anh so. Da vao o, ta co the thay c s phan bo cua cac s kien doc tren tuyen quang. Chieu dai cua tuyen quang va khoang cach cua cac s kien c xac nh theo truc hoanh (truc X) cua Trace. Truc Y bieu dien mc cong suat truyen doc theo tuyen quang. Mc cong suat nay tuy thuoc vao mc cong suat a vao au si quang mac nh (default injection level) va dai ong cua may o. Cac gia tr nay do nha san xuat quy nh. Viec xac nh loai s kien, suy hao va khoang cach cua cac s kien nay co the c thc hien bi ngi s dung da tren trace. Tuy nhien, cong viec nay co the c thc hien mot cach n gian hn bang cach phan tch cac d lieu c trnh bay tren Event Table, trong phan Event cua so lam viec. Tren Event Table co cac phan sau: Type: cho biet loai s kien thong qua cac bieu tng. Xem phan e biet chi tiet. No.: cho biet so th t (1,2,3) cua s kien doc theo tuyen quang hoac chieu dai cua oan si quang gia hai s kien. Loc: khoang cach gia may o OTDR (au si quang) va event Loss: suy hao cua s kien, n v dB Refl.: cho biet o phan xa (reflectance) tai moi s kien phan xa xay ra doc tuyen quang. Att.: suy hao trung bnh (Attenuation) cua oan si quang Cumul.: suy hao tch luy (Cumulative loss) tnh t trace Span Start (mac nh la au si quang) cho en sau s kien ang xet V du: tren hnh 3.18 cho biet: oan si quang gia s kien th 5 va 6 dai 1,343 km, suy hao 0,399 dB, suy hao trung bnh cua si quang 0,340 dB/km, suy hao tch luy tnh ti cuoi oan si quang nay la 2,785 dB. S kien th 6 la moi han nong chay tai v tr 6,684 km tnh t au si quang, suy hao -0,082 dB, suy hao tch luy tnh tnh ti sau moi han nay la 2,703.

Khi la chon mot event tren Event Table, th marker A (hoac marker A va B tren graph) se c dch chuyen en v tr cua s kien o tren Trace. Ta co the dch chuyen cac marker nay doc tren Trace e quan sat suy hao doc tren toan tuyen quang. 3.3.6. S dung Marker: Marker c s dung cho viec xac nh v tr, khoang cach va cong suat tai mot iem nao o tren tuyen quang. Co 4 marker co the s dung: A,a,B va b. Tng ng vi 4

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Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi

May o OTDR

marker A,a,B va b nay ta se co cac iem A,a,B va b. Cac iem nay co the di chuyen doc theo tuyen quang bang cach di chuyen cac marker. Cach di chuyen mot marker: T ca so chnh chon Measure, mot ca so Marker se xuat hien nh hnh 3.19. Nhan nut Marker cho en khi marker mong muon xuat hien. S dung nut mui ten trai va phai e dch chuyen maker doc theo trace.

Hnh 3.19: Ca so Marker Neu mot marker c dch chuyen gan vi marker khac, ca hai se dch chuyen cung vi nhau. ieu nay am bao rang mot khoang cach toi thieu c duy tr gia hai marker. Mot marker co the bien mat khoi trace sau khi trace c Zoom in (phong to). V du: Tren hnh 3.19, co hai marker c s dung la marker A va B bieu dien cho hai iem A va B tren tuyen quang. Cac so lieu tren ca so Marker cho biet: Khoang cach gia A va Span Start la 3,567 km Cong suat quang tai A la 21,515 dB Khoang cach gia B va Span Start la 3,626 km Cong suat quang tai A la 21,333 dB Khoang cach gia A va B la: 58,71 m o chenh lech cong suat gia A va B la 0,182 dB Cac Marker cung c xuat hien tren trace khi lam viec vi Event Table. Khi chon mot event trong Event Table th marker A se xuat tren trace tai v tr cua event o tren tuyen quang. Trong trng hp event c chon la mot oan si quang th hai marker A va B se xuat hien tai iem au va cuoi cua oan si quang nay. Mot v du cu the co the Thc Hanh Thong Tin Quang

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Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi

May o OTDR

c thay tren hnh 3.18 khi Marker A xuat hien tai s kien 6 tren trace ong thi vi viec c chon trong Event Table. 3.3.7. S dung Zoom: Zoom c s dung e phong to hoac thu nho trace tren man hnh. S dung Zoom cho phep ngi s dung co the xem tong quan ac tuyen suy hao doc theo tuyen quang (trace) hay xem chi tiet tng event tren trace. Zoom co the c s dung trong phan Measure va Span cung nh trong ca so Change va Insert cua phan Event. Khi o, chc nang Zoom c the hien bang bieu tng knh lup (magnifying glass) Cach s dung chc nang Zoom: Di chuyen bieu tng ti v tr can c phong to hay thu nho. S dung cac nut ieu khien e phong to hay thu nho vung c la chon. Cac nut chc nang co the s dung c liet ke trong bang 3.3. Bang 3.3: Cac nut ieu khien Zoom Zoom out: thu nho trace tren man hnh (xem toan cuc) Full trace: bieu dien toan bo trace tren man hnh Zoom in: phong to trace tren man hnh (xem chi tiet) Horizontal Axis Zoom Mode: chon chc nang phong to hoac thu nho trace ch theo truc hoanh (truc X) Vertical Axis Zoom Mode: chon chc nang phong to hoac thu nho trace ch theo truc tung (truc Y) Regular Axis Zoom Mode: chon chc nang phong to hoac thu nho trace theo ca truc hoanh va truc tung cung luc Trace Follow-Up Function: cho phep ngi s dung co the dch chuyen doc theo trace bang cach di chuyen bieu tng zoom tren man hnh.

3.3.7. Thay oi gia tr suy hao va phan xa cua mot event: Gia tr suy hao va phan xa cua mot so cac s kien ang ton tai tren Event Table co the c thay oi. Cac event nay bao gom:

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Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi Non-reflective fault Reflective fault Positive Fault

May o OTDR

Cac bc thc hien e thay oi gia tr suy hao va phan xa cua mot event: 1. Xac nh s kien can thay oi tren trace 2. Trong phan Event, chon Change. Mot ca so Change/Insert se xuat hien vi bieu tng va 4 marker A,a,B va b tren trace, nh tren hnh 3.20. 3. at marker A gan vi event va marker a ( ben trai cua A) xa marker A nhat co the nhng khong bao gom event ke trc o. Vung gia A va a phai khong co bat ky s thay oi ang ke nao. 4. at marker B sau iem cuoi cua event ni trace bat au co suy hao giong nh suy hao trung bnh cua si quang, va marker b ( ben phai cua B) xa marker B nhat co the nhng khong bao gom event ke sau o. Vung gia B va b phai khong co bat ky s thay oi ang ke nao. 5. Gia tr suy hao va phan xa cua event c hien th trong hop Loss va Reflectance. Nhap cac gia tr suy hao va phan xa muon thay oi vao trong cac hop tng ng nay. 6. Nhan OK e lu cac gia tr va c thay oi hoac nhan Cancel e quay tr lai Event Table ma khong lu cac gia tr thay oi.

Hnh 3.20: Thay oi Gia Tr Suy Hao Va Phan Xa Cua Mot Event 3.3.8. Them cac event:

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Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi

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Cac event co the c them vao trong Event Table. Cong viec nay c thc hien trong trng hp biet chnh xac co mot event tai mot v tr nao o tren tuyen quang nhng qua trnh phan tch khong phat hien c do gia tr suy hao hay phan xa thap hn mc ngng nhan biet hoac do b an trong nhieu. Khi them vao mot event, mot ch so se them vao tren trace nhng trace khong b thay oi. Cac bc thc hien: 1. Trong phan Event, chon Insert. Mot ca so Change/Insert se xuat hien vi bieu tng knh lup va 4 marker A,a,B va b tren trace, nh tren hnh . Trong o marker A se xac nh v tr cua event c them vao. 2. Chon v tr them vao event bang cac cach sau: Nhap v tr cua event mi vao trong o Location S dung mui ten marker e di chuyen marker A tren trace. 3. Sau khi v tr cua event mi c xac nh, chon Event Type e la chon loai event se them vao nh tren hnh 4. 4. Chon loai event mong muon: Positive, Reflective hay Non-Reflective. Cac gia tr suy hao va phan xa c tnh mot cach t ong da vao v tr cua cac marker hoac c nhap vao cac o tng ng. 5. Nhan OK e lu cac gia tr va c thay oi hoac nhan Cancel e quay tr lai Event Table ma khong lu cac gia tr thay oi. 3.3.9. Loai bo cac Event: Hau het cac event co the c loai bo khoi Event Table tr cac event sau: End of analysis, fiber section, launch level, echo, end of fiber, span start, Span End Lu y: Khi thao tac Delete Event c thc hien th khong the Undo c. Do o neu sau khi xoa bo mot event, ban nhan ra rang khong can phai lam viec o th ban phai phan tch lai trace nh khi thc hien vi mot trace mi. e co the tai tao lai Event Table ban au can thc hien Phan tch va Tai phan tch Trace c trnh bay trong phan Cac bc thc hien: 1. Xac nh event muon loai bo. 2. Trong phan Event, chon Delete Event. Mot bang thong bao nh hnh 3.21 xuat hien nham xac nhan viec loai bo. 3. Nhan OK e xac nhan viec loai bo event hoac Cancel e gi nguyen ket qua phan tch ban au.

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Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi

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Hnh 3.21: Thong bao xac nhan loai bo mot event 3.3.10. Phan tch va tai phan tch trace: Mot trace co the c phan tch vao bat ky luc nao bang cach nhan Analysis trong phan Event. Thao tac nay se chay qua trnh phan tch ma c thc hien trong suot qua trnh ghi nhan ket qua (acquisition). Viec phan tch va tai phan tch se: Tao ra mot Event Table cho mot trace neu Event Table cha c tao ra trc o. Phan tch lai mot trace va nang cap Event Table cua mot trace a c ghi nhan vi cac version trc o cua chng trnh ng dung Toolbox. Tai tao lai Event Table ban au neu a b thay oi. Reset Span Start tr ve zero va Span End ti cuoi si quang tr khi hai thong so nay a c lu vao mo nh. Hien th Pass/Fail test neu co nh tren hnh 3.22. Nhan OK e ong bang thong bao Pass/Fail Automatic Link Evaluation.

Hnh 3.22: Thong bao Pass/Fail Automatic Link Evaluation. 3.3.11. Phan tch si quang tren mot oan si quang xac nh: e co the phan tch si quang tren mot oan si quang xac nh nao o, ta can phai xac nh lai hai thong so Span Start va Span End cua trace tng ng vi iem bat au va ket thuc cua oan si quang can phan tch. Khi o, noi dung cua Event Table se thay oi. Span Start tr thanh event au tien (event 1) va v tr cua no c chon la xem nh iem bat au 0. Ch nhng event nam gia Span Start va Span End c anh so tren trace va Event Table. Suy hao tch luy ch c tnh trong oan si quang nay thoi. Thc Hanh Thong Tin Quang 22

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Lu y: e gi nguyen oan si quang nay trong khi phan tch lai trace, can lu lai hai thong so Span Start va Span End trong bo nh.

3.3.12. Ghi chu vao Event Table: Cac event trong Event Table co the c ghi chu bang cach s dung chc nang Comments trong qua trnh phan tch. Cac ghi chu nay se c hien ra di cua Event Table khi event tng ng c chon. Chung cung co the c xoa bo hoac thay oi. Cac ghi chu nay rat can thiet cho viec bao dng tuyen quang sau khi lap at. Cac bc thc hien: 1. Chon event can c ghi chu 2. Nhan nut Comments di cua Event Table. Nhap cac ghi chu can thiet vao ca so Comments nh tren hnh 3.23. 3. Chon OK e lu lai phan ghi chu hoac chon Cancel e bo qua.

Hnh 3.23: Ca so Comments 5.3.13. Xem va thay oi cac thong so cua trace:

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Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi Hnh 3.24: Cac thong so cua trace

May o OTDR

Chon Trace Info trong ca so lam viec chnh. Cac thong so sau co the c xem va thay oi nh tren hnh 3.24: Filename: ten file Date: ngay thc hien o Wavelength: bc song o va loai si quang c s dung (SM hay MM) Pulse/Time: o rong xung vathi gian o Length: chieu dai o c cua toan si quang gia hai iem Span Start va Span End Total/Avg. Loss: suy hao tong cong (va suy hao trung bnh) cua toan si quang gia hai iem Span Start va Span End Avg. Splice Loss: suy hao trung bnh cua tat ca cac s kien non-reflective tren toan si quang gia hai iem Span Start va Span End IOR: chiet suat (Index of Refraction) cua si quang. Neu thay oi gia tr nay, khoang cach va c ly o c tren trace se thay oi. RBS: he so tan xa Rayleight (Rayleight Backscatter) cua si quang. Neu thay oi gia tr nay, khoang cach va c ly o c tren trace se thay oi. Helix Factor: he so Helix cua si quang. Neu thay oi gia tr nay, khoang cach va c ly o c tren trace se thay oi. Splice Loss Threshold: gia tr ngng e xac nh mot s kien loai nonreflective (ch nhng s kien non-reflective co suy hao ln hn hoac bang gia tr ngng nay mi c bieu dien tren trace). Neu thay oi gia tr nay, so lng cac s kien non-reflective tren trace co the thay oi. Reflectance Threshold: gia tr ngng e xac nh s kien reflective (ch nhng s kien reflective co suy hao ln hn hoac bang gia tr ngng nay mi c bieu dien tren trace). Neu thay oi gia tr nay, so lng cac s kien reflective tren trace co the thay oi. End of Fiber Threshold: gia tr ngng e xac nh iem cuoi cua si quang. .

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Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi

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Hnh 3.25: Thay oi thong so cua si quang va ngng o Trong cac thong so tren, co hai nhom thong so co the thay oi c khi chon chc nang Edit Current Trace Settings. o la thong so cua si quang (IOR, RSB va Helix Factor) va cac mc ngng phan tch (Splice Loss Threshold, Reflectance Threshold va End of Fiber Threshold), nh tren hnh 3.25. Viec thay oi cac thong so nay ch anh hng en ket qua hien th tren trace va Event Table cua tuyen quang ang c phan tch. e co the ap dung cac thong so nay cho viec o va phan tch khac trong tng lai can phai vao phan Acquisition trong ca so OTDR Setup. Lu y: Cac thong so cua si quang do nha san xuat si quang quy nh. Neu khong biet chnh xac cac gia tr nay, ta co the s dung gia tr mac nh trong may o va thay oi sau khi o (neu can thiet) e thu c ket qua chnh xac nhat. 3.3.14. Hien th hay khong hien th trace: Trong mot so trng hp nh o tai nhieu bc song khac nhau, phan tch che o Reference (main trace va reference trace) hay o hai chieu (Bidirectional traces), nhieu trace co the c hien th khi phan tch mot tuyen quang. Cac trace nay co the c hien th ong thi hoac oc lap. Co hai cach co the thc hien e hien th mot trace tren man hnh: Chon Next Trace Chon Storage hay F3 1. Chon Storage: ca so Storage c hien ra nh tren hnh 3.26. 2. Chon trace muon hien th bang cach anh dau trace o hoac ngc lai. Ch nhng trace nao c anh dau mi c hien th khi nhan nut Next Trace.

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Bai 3: o Suy Hao Theo Phng Quang Doi

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Trong cac trace nay, mot trace co the c chon nh la trace tch cc (Active Trace) bang cach nhan vao Set as Active Trace sau khi a chon trace (khi o, trace nay se c to en nh tren hnh 3.24). Active Trace luon c hien th ngay khi bat au phan tch.

Hnh 3.26: Ca so Storage

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