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Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th
MC LC
Tr ang
Li gii thiu Phn 1: Gii thiu cc chuyn ha hu c 11

Chuyn 1 : i cng ha hu c Chuyn 2 : Hirocacbon no Chuyn 3 : Hirocacbon khng no Chuyn 4 : Hirocacbon thm Chuyn 5 : Dn xut halogen Phenol Ancol Chuyn 6 : Anehit Xeton Axit cacboxylic
2 9 9 49 87 147 173 239
Phn 2 : p n
315
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Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing
Li gii thiu
T gii thiu
H v tn : Nguyn Minh Tun Gii tnh : Nam Ngy, thng, nm sinh : 31 05 1980 Trnh vn ha : 12/12 Trnh chuyn mn : C nhn Sinh Ha Tt nghip HSP H Ni 2 thng 06 2002 Hin l gio vin ging dy b mn ha hc Ngy vo ngnh : 31 12 2002 Ngy vo ng : 29 12 2009 Ngy vo ng chnh thc : 29 12 2010 i ch nh ring : S nh 16 T 9A Khu 5 Phng Gia Cm Vit Tr Ph Th S in thoi : 01689 186 513 a ch email : n gu yen m in h tu an ch v@yah oo.com .vn a ch facebook: nguyn minh tun (Vit Tr) h t t p : //www.fa ceb ook .com /n gu yen .m in h t u a n .1650? sk =wa ll Cc trng tng cng tc : Trng THPT Phng X (t thng 09 2002 n 04 2003) Trng THPT Xun ng (t thng 04 2003 n 08 2007) Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng (t thng 09 2007 n nay)
B ti liu n thi i hc, cao ng mn ha hc

B ti liu trc nghim n thi i hc, cao ng mn ha hc do thy bin son gm 12 quyn :
Quyn 1 : Gii thiu 7 chuyn ha hc 10 Quyn 2 : Gii thiu 3 chuyn ha hc i cng v v c 11 Quyn 3 : Gii thiu 6 chuyn ha hc hu c 11 Quyn 4 : Gii thiu 4 chuyn ha hc hu c 12 Quyn 5 : Gii thiu 4 chuyn ha hc i cng v v c 12 Quyn 6 : Gii thiu cc chuyn phng php gii nhanh bi tp ha hc Quyn 7 : Gii thiu 40 luyn thi trc nghim mn ha hc Quyn 8 : Hng dn gii 7 chuyn ha hc 10 Quyn 9 : Hng dn gii 3 chuyn ha hc i cng v v c 11 Quyn 10 : Hng dn gii 6 chuyn ha hc hu c 11 Quyn 11 : Hng dn gii 4 chuyn ha hc hu c 12 Quyn 12 : Hng dn gii 4 chuyn ha hc i cng v v c 12
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Nhng iu thy mun ni :

iu th nht thy mun ni vi cc em rng : la tui ca cc em, khng c vic g l quan trng hn vic hc tp. Hy c gng ln cc em nh, tng lai ca cc em ph thuc vo cc em y. iu th hai thy mun ni rng : Nu cc em c mt c m trong sng th ng v nhng kh khn trc mt m t b n. Thy tng cc em cu chuyn di y (do thy su tm), hi vng cc em s hiu c gi tr ca c m.
i bng v G
Ngy xa, c mt ngn ni ln, bn sn ni c mt t chim i bng. Trong t c bn qu trng ln. Mt trn ng t xy ra lm rung chuyn ngn ni, mt qu trng i bng ln xung v ri vo mt tri g di chn ni. Mt con g mi tnh nguyn p qu trng ln y. Mt ngy kia, trng n ra mt ch i bng con xinh p, nhng bun thay ch chim nh c nui ln nh mt con g. Chng bao lu sau, i bng cng tin n ch l mt con g khng hn khng km. i bng yu gia nh v ngi nh ang sng, nhng tm hn n vn khao kht mt iu g cao xa hn. Cho n mt ngy, trong khi ang chi a trong sn, i bng nhn ln tri v thy nhng ch chim i bng ang si cnh bay cao gia bu tri. " - i bng ku ln - c g ti c th bay nh nhng con chim ". By g ci m ln: "Anh khng th bay vi nhng con chim c. Anh l mt con g v g khng bit bay cao". i bng tip tc ngc nhn gia nh tht s ca n, m c c th bay cao cng h. Mi ln i bng ni ra m c ca mnh, by g li bo n iu khng th xy ra. l iu i bng cui cng tin l tht. Ri i bng khng m c na v tip tc sng nh mt con g. Cui cng, sau mt thi gian di sng lm g, i bng cht. Trong cuc sng cng vy: Nu bn tin rng bn l mt ngi tm thng, bn s sng mt cuc sng tm thng v v, ng nh nhng g mnh tin. Vy th, nu bn tng m c tr thnh i bng, bn hy eo ui c m ... v ng sng nh mt con g!
Chng tr nh n thi i hc cao ng mn ha hc Mn ha hc lp 10

Chuyn s 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 Tn chuyn n tp ha hc 9 Nguyn t Bng tun hon cc nguyn t ha hc v nh lut tun hon Lin kt ha hc Phn ng ha hc Nhm halogen Nhm oxi Tc phn ng ha hc v cn bng ha hc S bui hc 05 06 05 05 10 07 07 05 50 bui
Mn ha hc lp 11
Chuyn s 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 Tn chuyn S in li Nhm nit Nhm cacbon i cng ha hu c Hirocacbon no Hirocacbon khng no Hirocacbon thm Dn xut halogen. Ancol Phenol Anehit Xeton Axit cacboxylic S bui hc 06 06 03 06 05 10 04 10 10 60 bui
Mn ha hc lp 12
Chuyn s 1 2 3 axit Protein 4 polime 5 loi 6 Kim loi kim th Nhm 7 v mt s kim loi khc 8 Phn bit mt s cht v c. Ha hc v vn pht trin kinh t, x hi v mi trng Tn chuyn S bui hc Este Lipit 07 Cacbohirat 03 Amin Amino 07 Polime Vt liu 03 i cng v kim 07 Kim loi kim 10 Crom, st, ng 10 05 52 bui
Phng php gii nhanh bi tp ha hc

Chuyn s Tn chuyn 1 ng cho 2 chn lng cht 3 ton nguyn t 4 ton khi lng 5 gim khi lng, s mol, th tch kh 6 ton electron 7 i 8 dng phng trnh ion rt gn 9 ton in tch 10 dng cc gi tr trung bnh 6
S bui hc Phng php 02 Phng php t 02 Phng php bo 02 Phng php bo 02 Phng php tng 02 Phng php bo 02 Phng php quy 02 Phng php s 02 Phng php bo 02 Phng php s 02 20 bui
luyn thi tr c nghim mn ha hc

Mi bui hc cha 02 , 40 cha trong 20 bui.
Hnh thc hc tp
Hc theo tng chuyn , mi chuyn ng vi mt chng trong sch gio khoa, quy trnh hc tp nh sau : + Tm tt l thuyt c bn ; ch trng, khc su kin thc trng tm m thi thng hay khai thc. + Phn dng bi tp c trng, c cc v d minh ha.
+ Cung cp h thng bi tp trc nghim theo cu trc : L thuyt trc, bi tp sau. Cc bi tp tnh ton c chia theo tng dng hc sinh d dng nhn dng bi tp v p dng phng php gii cc v d mu vo cc bi tp ny nhm rn luyn v nng cao k nng gii bi tp. + Cung cp h thng p n chnh xc hc sinh kim tra, nh gi kt qu hc tp ca mnh. + i vi nhng bi tp kh, hc sinh khng lm c, thy s hng dn gii bng nhiu cch sau cht li cch ngn gn nht (khong t 1 n 10 dng). + Sau mi chuyn s c mt bi kim tra trn lp, thng qua kt qu ca bi kim tra nh gi, xp loi, pht hin ra nhng im mnh v im yu ca tng hc sinh. Trn c s , s pht huy nhng im mnh v khc phc nhng im yu ca cc em nhm mc ch quan trng nht l nng cao thnh tch hc tp cho cc em.
Lu : i vi mt s em sinh d thi khi A, B v nhng l do no , n ht hc k 1 ca lp 12 m kin thc ha hc cn yu, khng p ng yu cu thi i hc, cao ng th c th n thy xin theo hc ly li kin thc. i vi cc em hc sinh nh vy thy s c mt chng trnh ring km cp cc em trong khong 40 bui : Ha i cng v v c hc 20 bui. Ha hu c hc 20 bui. Sau 40 bui hc cc em s ly li c nhng kin thc c bn nht v kt qu im thi i hc mn ha hc ca cc em s t c khong t 5 n 6 im hoc c th hn mt cht, tt nhin t c iu th cc em phi hc tp tht s nghim tc theo ng nhng hng dn ca thy. V tnh cht c bit nn nhng lp hc ny ch khong 1 n 5 hc sinh. T chc lp hc
- a ch t chc lp hc : Tng 2 S nh 16 T 9A Khu 5 Phng Gia Cm Vit Tr (pha trong khu th Trm So). Phng hc sch s, c y nh sng, my iu ha, h thng cch m vi bn ngoi.
Cc em hc sinh khu vc Vit Tr, Lm Thao, Phong Chu, Ph Ninh c nhu cu hc thm nng cao kin thc v mua sch tham kho mn ha hc hy lin h vi thy gio Nguyn Minh Tun Gio vin trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng theo s in thoi 01689186513 hoc email n gu yen m inh tu an ch v@yah oo.com .vn Cc em hc sinh tnh ngoi nu cn mua sch th ng k vi thy, thy s gi sch qua ng bu in cho cc em.
Cu chuyn ca hai v nhn
C mt cu hc sinh 18 tui ang gp kh khn trong vic tr tin hc. Cu ta l mt a tr m ci, v cu ta khng bit i ni u kim ra tin. Th l anh chng ny bn ny ra mt sng kin. Cu ta cng mt ngi bn khc quyt nh t chc mt bui nhc hi ngay trong khun vin trng gy qu cho vic hc. H tm n ngi ngh s dng cm i ti Ignacy J Paderewski. Ngi qun l ca Paderewski yu cu mt khon ph bo m $2000 cho ng y c biu din. Sau khi h tha thun xong, hai ngi sinh vin y bt tay ngay vo cng vic chun b cho bui trnh din c thnh cng. Ngy trng i y cui cng n. Paderewski cui cng cng biu din ti Stanford. Th nhng khng may l v vn cha c bn ht. Sau khi tng kt s tin bn v li, h ch c c $1600. Qu tht vng, h n ch ca ca Paderewski trnh by hon cnh ca mnh. Hai ngi sinh vin y a Paderewski ton b s tin bn v, cng vi 1 check n $400, v ha rng h s tr s n y sm nht c th. KHNG, Paderewski ni. Ci ny khng th no chp nhn c. ng ta x t check, tr li $1600 cho hai chng thanh nin v ni : y l 1600 , sau khi tr ht tt c cc chi ph cho bui biu din th cn bao nhiu cc cu c gi ly cho vic hc. Cn d bao nhiu th hy a cho ti. Hai cu sinh vin y v cng bt ng, xc ng cm n Paderewski.. y ch l mt lm nh, nhng chng minh c nhn cch tuyt vi ca Paderewski. Ti sao ng y c th gip hai ngi m ng y thm ch khng h quen bit. Chng ta tt c u bt gp nhng tnh hung nh vy trong cuc sng ca mnh. V hu ht chng ta u ngh : Nu chng ta gip h, chng ta s c g ?. Th nhng, nhng ngi v i h li ngh khc: Gi s chng ta khng gip h, iu g s xy ra vi nhng con ngi ang gp kh khn y?. H khng mong i s n p, H lm ch v h ngh l vic nn lm, vy thi. Ngi ngh s dng cm tt bng Paderewski hm no sau ny tr thnh Th Tng ca Ba Lan. ng y l mt v lnh o ti nng. Th nhng khng may chin tranh th gii n ra, v t nc ca ng b tn ph nng n. C hn mt triu ri ngi Ba Lan ang b cht i, v by gi chnh ph ca ng khng cn tin c th nui sng h c na. Paderewski khng bit i u tm s gip . ng ta bn n C Quan Cu Tr Lng Thc Hoa K nh s tr gip. Ngi ng u c quan chnh l Herbert Hoover, ngi sau ny tr thnh Tng Thng Hp Chng Quc Hoa K. ng Hoover ng gip v nhanh chng gi hng tn lng thc cu gip nhng ngi Ba Lan ang b i kht y. Thm ha cui cng cng c ngn chn. Th Tng Paderewski lc by gi mi cm thy nh nhm. ng bn quyt nh i sang M t mnh cm n ng Hoover v c ch cao qu ca Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing 8
ng y gip ngi dn Ba Lan trong nhng lc kh khn. Th nhng khi Paderewski chun b ni cu cm n th ng Hoover vi ct ngang v ni : Ngi khng cn phi cm n ti u, tha ngi Th Tng. C l ngi khng cn nh, nhng nhiu nm v trc, ngi c gip hai cu sinh vin tr tui bn M c tip tc i hc, v ti l mt trong hai chng sinh vin y Th gii ny ng tht l tuyt vi, khi bn cho i th g, bn s nhn c nhng iu tng t.
PHN 1: GII THIU CC CHUYN HA HU C 11

CHUYN 1 :
L THUYT
I. HA HC HU C V HP CHT HU C 1. Khi nim v hp cht hu c v ha hc hu c - Hp cht hu c l hp cht ca cacbon (tr CO, CO2, HCN, mui cacbonat, mui xianua, mui cacbua). - Ha hc hu c l nghnh ha hc nghin cu cc hp cht hu c. 2. c im chung ca hp cht hu c - c im cu to : Lin kt ha hc ch yu trong hp cht hu c l lin kt cng ha tr. - Tnh cht vt l : + Nhit nng chy, nhit si thp. + Phn ln khng tan trong nc, nhng tan nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c. - Tnh cht ha hc : + Cc hp cht hu c thng km bn vi nhit v d chy. + Phn ng ha hc ca cc hp cht hu c thng xy ra chm v theo nhiu hng khc nhau, nn to ra hn hp nhiu sn phm. II. PHN LOI V GI TN CC HP CHT HU C 1. Phn loi - Hp cht hu c thng chia thnh hai loi : + Hirocacbon : L nhng hp cht hu c trong phn t ch cha hai nguyn t C, H. Hirocacbon li c chia thnh cc loi : Hirocacbon no (CH4, C2H6) ; hirocacbon khng no (C2H4, C2H2) ; hirocacbon thm (C6H6, C7H8). + Dn xut ca hirocacbon : L nhng hp cht hu c m trong phn t ngoi cc nguyn t C, H th cn c nhng nguyn t khc nh O, N, Cl, S. Dn xut ca hidrocacbon li c chia thnh dn xut halogen nh CH3Cl, C6H5Br,; ancol nh CH3OH, C2H5OH,; anehit nh HCHO, CH3CHO. 2. Nhm chc - L nhng nhm nguyn t (-OH, -CHO, -COOH, -NH2) gy ra phn ng c trng ca phn t hp cht hu c. 3. Danh php hu c a. Tn thng thng Tn thng thng ca hp cht hu c thng hay c t theo ngun gc tm ra chng, i khi c th c phn ui ch r hp cht thuc loi no. V d : HCOOH : axit fomic ; CH3COOH : axit axetic ; C10H20O : mentol (formica : Kin) (acetus : Gim) (mentha piperita : Bc h)
I CNG HA HC HU C
10
b. Tn h thng theo danh php IUPAC Tn gc - chc Tn gc - chc Tn phn gc CH3CH2 - Cl (etyl || clorua)
Tn phn nh chc CH3 CH2 - O - CH3 (etyl metyl || ete)
CH3CH2 -O-COCH3 (etyl || axetat )
Tn thay th
H | Vi d : H C H | H H | Cl C H | H
H H | | H C C H | | H H
H H | | Cl C C H | | H H
Metan Clometan Etan Cloetan Tn thay th c vit lin (khng vit cch nh tn gc - chc), c th c phn lm ba phn nh sau : H3C -CH3 (et + an) etan 1 1 1
2 3 4
H3C -CH2Cl (clo + et + an) cloetan

1 2 3 4
H2C =CH2 (et + en) eten

1
OH
2| 3
HC CH (et + in) etin

4
CH2=CH-CH2-CH3
CH3-CH=CH-CH3
CH3 CH CH= CH 2
but-1-en but-2-en but-3-en-2-ol gi tn hp cht hu c, cn thuc tn cc s m v tn mch cacbon S m 1 m ono 2 i 3 t ri 4 t etra 5 p enta 6 h exa 7 h epta 8 o cta 9 n Mch cacbon chnh ona 10 eca
C met C-C et C-C-C prop C-C-C-C but C-C-C-C-C pent C-C-C-C-C-C hex C-C-C-C-C-C-C hep C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C oct C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C non C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C ec
1 1
Khng xut pht t s m Xut pht t s m III. S LC V PHN TCH NGUYN T 1. Phn tch nh tnh - Mc ch : Xc nh nguyn t no c trong hp cht hu c. - Nguyn tc : Chuyn cc nguyn t trong hp cht hu c thnh cc cht v c n gin ri nhn bit chng bng cc phn ng c trng.
12
2. Phn tch nh lng - Mc ch : Xc nh thnh phn % v khi lng cc nguyn t c trong phn t hp cht hu c. Nguyn tc : Cn chnh xc khi lng hp cht hu c, sau chuyn nguyn t C thnh CO2, H thnh H2O, N thnh N2, sau xc nh chnh xc khi lng hoc th tch ca cc cht to thnh, t tnh % khi lng cc nguyn t. Biu thc tnh ton : 12.mCO2 m = gam ; m = 2.m H2 O gam ; m = 28.VN2 gam
C
44 m C .100
18 m H .100 ; %N =
22, 4
; %O = 100% - %C - %H - %N a a a IV. CNG THC PHN T HP CHT HU C 1. Cng thc tng qut (CTTQ) - Cho bit trong phn t hp cht hu c c cha nhng nguyn t no. V d ng vi cng thc CxHyOzNt ta bit hp cht hu c ny c cc nguyn t C, H, O, N. 1. Cng thc n gin nht (CTGN) a. nh ngha -Cng thc n gin nht l cng thc biu th t l ti gin v s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong phn t. b. Cch thit lp cng thc n gin nht - Thit lp cng thc n gin nht ca hp cht hu c CxHyOzNt l thit lp t l : m m m m x : y : z : t = n : n : n : n= C : H : O : N hoc x : y : z : t = %C : %H : %O : %N
C H O N
- Tnh c : %C =
; %H =
m N .100
12
16
14
12
16
14
c. Cng thc thc nghim (CTTN): CTTN = (CTGN)n (n : s nguyn dng). 2. Cng thc phn t a. nh ngha - Cng thc phn t l cng thc biu th s lng nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong phn t. b. Cch thit lp cng thc phn t - C ba cch thit lp cng thc phn t Cch 1 : Da vo thnh phn % khi lng cc nguyn t - Cho CTPT CxHyOz: ta c t l M 100 = 12.x %C = 1.y = 16.z
%H %O M.%C T ta c : x = ; M.%H M.%O y= ; z= 12.100 1.100 16.100
Cch 2 : Da vo cng thc n gin nht. Cch 3 : Tnh trc tip theo khi lng sn phm chy. V. CU TRC PHN T HP CHT HU C 1. Ni dung ca thuyt cu to ho hc a. Trong phn t hp cht hu c, cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau theo ng ho tr v theo mt th t nht nh. Th t lin kt c gi l cu to ho hc. S thay i th t lin kt , tc l thay i cu to ho hc, s to ra hp cht khc.
V d : Cng thc phn t C2H6O c hai th t lin kt (2 cng thc cu to) ng vi 2 hp cht sau : H3C-O-CH3 : imetyl ete, cht kh, khng tc dng vi Na. H3C-CH2-O-H : ancol etylic, cht lng, tc dng vi Na gii phng hiro. b. Trong phn t hp cht hu c, cacbon c ho tr 4. Nguyn t cacbon khng nhng c th lin kt vi nguyn t ca cc nguyn t khc m cn lin kt vi nhau thnh mch cacbon. V d : CH3-CH2-CH2-CH3 ; CH3-CH-CH3 ; CH2-CH2 CH3
(mch khng nhnh) (mch c nhnh)
CH2-CH2
(mch vng)
CH2
c. Tnh cht ca cc cht ph thuc vo thnh phn phn t (bn cht, s lng cc nguyn t) v cu to ho hc (th t lin kt cc nguyn t). V d :
- Ph thuc thnh phn phn t : CH4 l cht kh d chy, CCl4 l cht lng khng chy ;
CH3Cl l cht kh khng c tc dng gy m, cn CHCl3 l cht lng c tc dng gy m. cht ho hc. 2. Hin tng ng ng, ng phn a. ng ng
- Ph thuc cu to ho hc : CH3CH2OH v CH3OCH3 khc nhau c v tnh cht vt l v tnh
Cc hirocacbon trong dy : CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C4H10, C5H12, ..., CnH2n+2, cht sau hn cht trc 1 nhm CH2 nhng u c tnh cht ho hc tng t nhau. Cc ancol trong dy : CH3OH, C2H5OH, C3H7OH, C4H9OH,... CnH2n+1OH cng c thnh phn hn km nhau mt hay nhiu nhm CH2 nhng c tnh cht ho hc tng t nhau. Khi nim : Nhng hp cht c thnh phn phn t hn km nhau mt hay nhiu nhm CH2 nhng c tnh cht ho hc tng t nhau l nhng cht ng ng, chng hp thnh dy ng ng. Gii thch : Mc d cc cht trong cng dy ng ng c cng thc phn t khc nhau nhng nhm CH2 nhng do chng c cu to ho hc tng t nhau nn c tnh cht ho hc tng t nhau. b. ng phn Etanol (C2H5OH) v imetyl ete (CH3OCH3) l 2 cht khc nhau (c tnh cht khc nhau) nhng li c cng cng thc phn t l C2H6O. Metyl axetat (CH3COOCH3), etyl fomiat (HCOOC2H5) v axit propionic (CH3CH2COOH) l 3 cht khc nhau nhng c cng cng thc phn t l C3H6O2. Khi nim : Nhng hp cht khc nhau nhng c cng cng thc phn t l nhng cht ng phn. Gii thch : Nhng cht ng phn tuy c cng cng thc phn t nhng c cu to ho hc khc nhau, chng hn etanol c cu to H3C-CH2-O-H, cn imetyl ete c cu to H3C-O-CH3, v vy chng l nhng cht khc nhau, c tnh cht khc nhau. 3. Lin kt tr ong phn t hp cht hu c a. Cc loi lin kt tr ong phn t hp cht hu c Theo Li-ut (Lewis), cc nguyn t c xu hng dng chung electron t c 8 electron
lp ngoi cng (Quy tc bt t), (i vi H ch cn t 2 electron). V d :
hoc
hoc
Lin kt to bi 1 cp electron dng chung l lin kt n. Lin kt n thuc loi lin kt . Lin kt n c biu din bi 2 du chm hay 1 gch ni gia 2 nguyn t. Lin kt to bi 2 cp electron dng chung l lin kt i. Lin kt i gm 1 lin kt v 1 lin kt , biu din bi 4 du chm hay 2 gch ni. Lin kt to bi 3 cp electron dng chung l lin kt ba. Lin kt ba gm 1 lin kt v 2 lin kt , biu din bi 6 du chm hay 3 gch ni. Lin kt i v lin kt ba gi chung l lin kt bi. Nguyn t C s dng obitan lai ho to lin kt theo kiu xen ph trc (hnh a, b) v dng obitan p to lin kt theo kiu xen ph bn (hnh c).
b. Cc loi cng thc cu to Cng thc cu to biu din th t v cch thc lin kt ca cc nguyn t trong phn t. C cch vit khai trin, thu gn v thu gn nht.
Cng thc cu to khai trin : Vit tt c cc nguyn t v cc lin kt gia chng. Cng thc cu to thu gn : Vit gp nguyn t cacbon v cc nguyn t khc lin kt vi n thnh tng nhm. Cng thc cu to thu gn nht : Ch vit cc lin kt v nhm chc, u mt ca cc lin kt chnh l cc nhm CHx vi x m bo ho tr 4 C.
4. ng phn cu to a. Khi nim ng phn cu to Nhng hp cht c cng cng thc phn t nhng c cu to ho hc khc nhau gi l nhng ng phn cu to. b. Phn loi ng phn cu to - ng phn cu to chia lm ba loi : ng phn mch cacbon ; ng phn nhm chc v ng phn v tr nhm chc. - Nhng ng phn khc nhau v bn cht nhm chc gi l ng phn nhm chc. Nhng ng phn khc nhau v s phn nhnh mch cacbon gi l ng phn mch cacbon. Nhng ng phn khc nhau v v tr ca nhm chc gi l ng phn v tr nhm chc. 5. ng phn lp th a. Khi nim v ng phn lp th V d : ng vi cng thc cu to CHCl = CHCl c hai cch sp xp khng gian khc nhau dn ti hai cht ng phn :
ng phn lp th ca CHCl = CHCl
Kt lun : ng phn lp th l nhng ng phn c cu to ho hc nh nhau (cng cng thc cu to) nhng khc nhau v s phn b khng gian ca cc nguyn t trong phn t (tc khc nhau v cu trc khng gian ca phn t). VI. PHN NG HU C 1. Phn loi phn ng hu c Da vo s bin i phn t hp cht hu c khi tham gia phn ng ngi ta phn phn ng hu c thnh cc loi sau y : a. Phn ng th Mt hoc mt nhm nguyn t phn t hu c b th bi mt hoc mt nhm H3C-H + Cl-Cl as H3C-Cl + HCl nguyn t khc. b. Phn ng cng Phn t hu c kt hp thm vi cc nguyn t hoc phn t khc. c. Phn ng tch Mt vi nguyn t hoc nhm nguyn H3C-OH + H-Br H3C-Br + HOH
o
HC CH + 2H2 xt, H3C - CH3

t
t b tch ra khi phn t.
H2 C CH 2
| |
H2C=
H ,t 0
CH2 + H2O
H OH
2. Cc kiu phn ct lin kt cng ho tr a. Phn ct Trong s phn ct ng li, i electron dng chung c ng li chia u cho hai nguyn t lin kt to ra cc tiu phn mang electron c thn gi l gc t do. Gc t do m electron c thn nguyn t cacbon gi l gc cacbo t do. Gc t do thng c hnh thnh nh nh sng hoc nhit v l nhng tiu phn c kh nng phn ng cao. b. Phn ct d li
Trong s phn ct d li, nguyn t c m in ln hn chim c cp electron dng chung tr thnh anion cn nguyn t c m in nh hn b mt mt electron tr thnh cation. Cation m in tch dng nguyn t cacbon c gi l cacbocation. Cacbocation thng c hnh thnh do tc dng ca dung mi phn cc. 3. c tnh chung ca gc cacbo t do v cacbocation Gc cacbo t do (k hiu l R ), cacbocation (k hiu l R ) u rt khng bn, thi gian tn ti rt ngn, kh nng phn ng cao. Chng c sinh ra trong hn hp phn ng v chuyn ho ngay thnh cc phn t bn hn, nn c gi l cc tiu phn trung gian. Ngi ta ch nhn ra chng nh cc phng php vt l nh cc phng php ph, m thng khng tch bit v c lp c chng. Quan h gia tiu phn trung gian vi cht u v sn phm phn ng c thy qua cc v d sau : Cht u Tiu phn trung gian Sn phm
g
PHNG PHP LP CNG THC CA HP CHT HU C Lp cng thc phn t hp cht hu c khi bit cng thc n gin nht Phng php gii
- Bc 1 : t cng thc phn t ca hp cht hu c l : (CTGN)n (vi n N ) - Bc 2 : Tnh bt bo ha ( ) ca phn t (ch p dng cho hp cht c cha lin kt cng ha tr, khng p dng cho hp cht c lin kt ion). + i vi mt phn t th 0 v N . + i vi cc hp cht c nhm chc cha lin kt nh nhm CHO, COOH, th s lin kt nhm chc (v gc hirocacbon cng c th cha lin kt ). - Bc 3 : Da vo biu thc chn gi tr n (n thng l 1 hoc 2), t suy ra CTPT ca hp cht hu c. Lu : Gi s mt hp cht hu c c cng thc phn t l CxHyOzNt th tng s lin kt v vng ca phn t c gi l bt bo ha ca phn t . Cng thc tnh bt bo ha :
*
x ( 4 2) + y (1 2) + z (2 2) + t (3 2) + 2 2x ( 0 v N ) = = y+t+2 2 2
Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: Hp cht X c CTGN l CH3O. CTPT no sau y ng vi X ? A. C3H9O3. B. C2H6O2. C. CH3O. D. Khng xc nh c. Hng dn gii t cng thc phn t (CTPT) ca X l (CH3O)n (n N ). 2n 3n + 2 2 n bt bo ha ca phn t = = 0. 2 2 V bt bo ha ca phn t N nn suy ra n = 2. Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C2H6O2. p n B. V d 2: Hp cht X c CTGN l C4H9ClO. CTPT no sau y ng vi X ? A. C4H9ClO. B. C8H18Cl2O2. C. C12H27Cl3O3. D. Khng xc nh c. Hng dn gii t cng thc phn t ca X l (C4H9OCl)n (n N ). 8n 10n + 2 2 2n bt bo ha ca phn t = = = 1 n 0 . 2 2 V bt bo ha ca phn t N nn suy ra n = 1. Vy cng thc phn t ca X l C4H9OCl. p n B. V d 3: Axit cacboxylic A c cng thc n gin nht l C3H4O3. A c cng thc phn t l : A. C3H4O3. B. C6H8O6. C. C18H24O18. D. C12H16O12.
* *
Hng dn gii t cng thc phn t ca X l (C3H4O3)n (n N ).

*
bt bo ha ca phn t =
6n 4n + 2
2 2 V bt bo ha ca phn t N nn suy ra n = 2.
2 + 2n
3n
2 n 0 n 2 . 2
Vy cng thc phn t ca X l C6H8O6. p n B. 3n : Mt chc axit COOH c 2 nguyn t O c mt lin kt . Vy Gii thch ti sao 2 phn t axit c 3n nguyn t O th c s lin kt l axit cng c th c cha lin kt . 3n 2 . Mt khc, gc hirocacbon ca phn t
Lp cng thc n gin nht, cng thc phn t hp cht hu c khi bit thnh phn phn tr m v khi lng ca cc nguyn t; khi lng ca cc nguyn t v khi lng phn t ca hp cht hu c Phng php gii
- Bc 1 : Lp t l mol ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht hu c : nC : n H : nO : n N %C %H %O %N m C m H m O (1) : : : = = : : : mN 12 1 16 14 12 1 16 14
- Bc 2 : Bin i t l trn thnh t l ca cc s nguyn n gin nht (thng ta ly cc s trong dy (1) chia cho s b nht ca dy . Nu dy s thu c vn cha phi l dy s nguyn ti gin th ta bin i tip bng cch nhn vi 2 ; 3 ;), suy ra cng thc n gin nht. - Bc 3 : t CTPT = (CTGN)n n.MCTGN = M (M l KLPT ca hp cht hu c) n CTPT ca hp cht hu c.
Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: Mt cht hu c A c 51,3% C ; 9,4% H ; 12% N ; 27,3% O. T khi hi ca A so vi khng kh l 4,034. a. Xc nh CTGN ca A. b. Xc nh CTPT ca A. Hng dn gii a. Xc nh CTGN ca 51, 3 9, 4 27, 3 12 A: Ta c : n C : n H : n O : n N = 16 Vy cng thc n gin nht ca A l C5H11O2N. b. Xc nh CTPT ca A : t cng thc phn t ca A l (C5H11O2N)n. Theo gi thit ta c : : : : = 4, 275 : 9, 4 :1, 706 : 0, 857 = 5 :11: 2 :1 14
12
(12.5 + 11 + 16.2 + 14).n = 4,034.29 n = 1 Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C5H11O2N.
V d 2: Cht hu c A cha 7,86% H ; 15,73% N v khi lng. t chy hon ton 2,225 gam A thu c CO2, hi nc v kh nit, trong th tch kh CO2 l 1,68 lt (ktc). CTPT ca A l (bit MA < 100) : A. C6H14O2N. B. C3H7O2N. C. C3H7ON. D. C3H7ON2. Hng dn gii 1, 68 Ta c : n = n 2 = 0, 9 gam 2 = 0, 075 mol C CO = C %C = m 22, 4 0, 9 .100 = 40, 45% . 2, 225
Do : %O = (100 40,45 15,73 7,86)% = 35,96%. 40, 45 7, 86 35, 96 15, 73 : : : = 3, 37 : 7, 86 : 2, 2475 :1,124 = 3 : 7 : 2 :1 nC : nH : nO : n N = 12 1 16 14 Cng thc n gin nht ca A l C3H7O2N. t cng thc phn t ca A l (C3H7O2N)n. Theo gi thit ta c : (12.3 + 7 + 16.2 + 14).n < 100 n < 1,12 n =1 Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C3H7O2N. p n B. V d 3: Mt hp cht hu c Z c % khi lng ca C, H, Cl ln lt l : 14,28% ; 1,19% ; 84,53%. CTPT ca Z l : A. CHCl2. B. C2H2Cl4. C. C2H4Cl2. D. mt kt qu khc. Ta c : n C : n H : n Cl = Hng dn gii 14, 28 1,19 84,53 : : = 1:1: 2 12 1 3, 35
cng thc n gin nht ca Z l CHCl2. t cng thc phn t ca A l (CHCl2)n (n N ). 2n 3n + 2 2 n bt bo ha ca phn t = = 0. 2 2 V bt bo ha ca phn t N nn suy ra n=2. Vy cng thc phn t ca Z l : C2H2Cl4. p n B. V d 4: Cht hu c X c M = 123 v khi lng C, H, O v N trong phn t theo th t t l vi 72 : 5 : 32 : 14. CTPT ca X l : A. C6H14O2N. B. C6H6ON2. C. C6H12ON. D. C6H5O2N. Hng dn gii 72 5 32 14 Ta c : n C : n H : n O : n N = : : : = 6 : 5 : 2 :1 . 12 1 16 14 Cn c vo cc phng n ta thy CTPT ca X l : C6H5O2N. p n D.
*
Lp cng thc phn t ca hp cht hu c da vo kt qu ca qu tr nh phn tch nh lng.

Cch 1 : T cc gi thit ca bi, ta tin hnh lp CTGN ri t suy ra CTPT.
Phng php gii

- Bc 1 : T gi thit ta tnh c nC, nH, nN mC, mH, mN. p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng cho cc nguyn t trong hp cht hu c (hchc), suy ra mO (trong hchc)= mhchc - mC - mH mN nO (trong hchc) - Bc 2 : Lp t l mol ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht hu c : n C : n H : n O : n N (1) - Bc 3 : Bin i t l trn thnh t l ca cc s nguyn n gin nht (thng ta ly cc s trong dy (1) chia cho s b nht ca dy . Nu dy s thu c vn cha phi l dy s nguyn ti gin th ta bin i tip bng cch nhn vi 2 ; 3 ;), suy ra cng thc n gin nht. - Bc 4 : t CTPT = (CTGN)n n.MCTGN = M (M l KLPT ca hp cht hu c) n CTPT ca hp cht hu c.
Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: Khi t chy hon ton mt amin n chc X, thu c 16,80 lt kh CO2 ; 2,80 lt N2 (cc th tch o ktc) v 20,25 gam H2O. CTPT ca X l : A. C4H9N. B. C3H7N. C. C2H7N. D. C3H9N. Hng dn gii Ta c : n C = n CO = 16,8 = 0, 75 mol; H = 2.n H O = 2. 20, 25 = 2, 25 2 2 n 22, 4 mol; 18 2, 8 n N = 2.n 2 = 2. = 0, 25 mol. 22, 4 N n C : n H : n N = 0, 75 : 2, 25 : 0, 25 = 3 : 9 :1 . Cn c vo cc phng n ta thy CTPT ca X l C3H9N. p n D. V d 2: Oxi ha hon ton 4,02 gam mt hp cht hu c X ch thu c 3,18 gam Na2CO3 v 0,672 lt kh CO2. CTGN ca X l : A. CO2Na. B. CO2Na2. C. C3O2Na. D. C2O2Na. Hng dn gii Ta c : n
Na
3,18 6, 72 3,18 = 2.n = 0, 06 mol;C = n CO + n Na 2CO3 = + = 0, 06 2 3 2 2 Na CO = 2. n 106 mol 22, 4 106 4, 02 0, 06.23 0, 06.12 = 0,12 mol n : n : n := 0, 06 : 0, 06 : 0,12 = 1:1:
C H O
n 2
O (hchc)
16
Vy CTGN ca X l : CNaO2. p n A. Trn y l nhng v d n gin. Ngoi ra c nhng bi tp tm cng thc phn t ca hp cht hu c ta phi p dng mt s nh lut nh : nh lut bo ton nguyn t, nh lut bo ton khi lng. i vi nhng bi tp m lng cht phn ng v lng sn phm thu c l nhng i lng c cha tham s, khi ta s dng phng php t chn lng cht chuyn bi tp phc tp thnh bi tp n gin.
V d 3: t chy hon ton m gam mt amin X bng lng khng kh va thu c 17,6 gam CO2, 12,6 gam H2O v 69,44 lt N2 (ktc). Gi thit khng kh ch gm N2 v O2 trong oxi chim 20% th tch khng kh. X c cng thc l : A. C2H5NH2. B. C3H7NH2. C. CH3NH2. D. C4H9NH2. Hng dn gii 12, 6 = 1, 4 mol . Ta c : n = n 2 = 17, 6 = 0, 4 mol;H = 2.n H O = 2. 2 C CO 18 n 44 p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi oxi suy ra : 2.n CO + n H O 2 2 n O2 (kk ) = 0, 75 mol 2 (kk ) = 0, 75.4 = 3 mol. N = 2 n 69, 44 n = 2.( 3) = 0, 2 mol n : n = 0, 4 :1, 4 : 0, 2 = 2 : 7 :1 :n Do : N (hchc) C H N 22, 4 Cn c vo cc phng n ta thy cng thc ca X l C2H5NH2. p n A. V d 4: t chy hon ton 1,47 gam cht hu c X (ch cha C, H, O) bng 1,0976 lt kh O2 ( ktc) lng dng va th sau th nghim thu c H2O, 2,156 gam CO2. Tm CTPT ca X, bit t khi hi ca X so vi khng kh nm trong khong 3< dX < 4. A. C3H4O3. B. C3H6O3. C. C3H8O3. D. p n khc. Hng dn gii p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c : m X + m O2 = m CO + m2H O m H O = 0,882 gam 2 2 n C = n CO = 2,156 = 0, 049 mol; H = 2.n H O = 2. 0,882 = 0, 098 2 2 2 n 44 mol 18 nO
(hchc)
1, 47 0, 049.12 0, 098 = 0, 049 16 mol
n C : n H : n O = 0, 049 : 0, 098 : 0, 049 = 1: 2 :1 CTGN ca X l : CH2O t cng thc phn t ca X l (CH2O) n. Theo gi thit ta c : 3.29 < 30n < 4.29 2,9 < n < 3,87 n =3 Vy CTPT ca X l C3H6O3. p n B. V d 5: t chy hon ton 1,88 gam cht hu c A (cha C, H, O) cn 1,904 lt O2 (ktc) thu c CO2 v hi nc theo t l th tch 4 : 3. Hy xc nh cng thc phn t ca A. Bit t khi ca A so vi khng kh nh hn 7. A. C8H12O5. B. C4H8O2. C. C8H12O3. D. C6H12O6. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit: 1,88 gam A + 0,085 mol O2 4a mol CO2 + 3a mol H2O. p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c :
m CO + m H
2
2O
= 1,88 + 0, 085.32 = 46 gam
Ta c : 44.4a + 18.3a = 46 a = 0,02 mol Trong cht A c: nC = 4a = 0,08 mol ; nH = 3a.2 = 0,12 mol ; nO = 4a.2 + 3a 0,085.2 = 0,05 mol
nC : nH : nO = 0,08 : 0,12 : 0,05 = 8 : 12 : 5 Vy cng thc ca cht hu c A l C8H12O5 c MA < 203. p n A. V d 6: Phn tch x gam cht hu c X ch thu c a gam CO2 v b gam H2O. Bit 3a = 11b v 7x = 3(a + b). T khi hi ca X so vi khng kh nh hn 3. CTPT ca X l : A. C3H4O. B. C3H4O2. C. C3H6O. D. C3H6O2. Hng dn gii n gin cho vic tnh ton ta chn : b = 18 gam a = 66 gam, x = 36 gam. Ta c : n C = n CO = 66 = 1, 5 mol;H = 2.n H O = 2. 18 = 2 mol; 2 2 2 n 44 n 18 n C : n H : n O = 1, 5 : 2 :1 = 3 : 4 : 2 Cn c vo cc phng n ta thy CTPT ca X l C3H4O2. p n B. V d 7: t chy hon ton m gam ancol X, sn phm thu c cho i qua bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong d thy khi lng bnh tng thm p gam v c t gam kt ta. Cng thc ca X l m+p (Bit p = 0,71t ; t = ): 1, 02 A. C2H5OH. B. C3H5(OH)3. C. C2H4(OH)2. Hng dn gii D. C3H5OH.
O (hchc)
36 1, 5.12 2 = 1 mol. 16
Chn t =
m + p = 100 gam 1, 02
p = 71 gam ; m = 31 gam Gi cng thc tng qut ca ancol R l CxHyOz Phng trnh phn ng : y z y (x + )O xCO + H O Cx HyOz + CO2 4 2 2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO + H O 3 2 n = n
C 2 2 2
(1)
(2)
Theo phng trnh (2)
CO 2
= n
CaCO3
= 1 mol
Khi lng bnh tng ln: p = m m V n

H2O
CO2
+m
H2 O
= 71 44 = 27 gam n = 1, 5 mol H O
2
>n
H2O
CO2
nn ancol X l ancol no
31 (12 + 1, 5.2 ) nO = = 1 mol 16 Vy ta c x : y : z = nC : nH : nO = 1 : 3 : 1 t cng thc phn t (CTPT) ca X l (CH3O)n (n N ). 2n 3n + 2 2 n bt bo ha ca phn t = = 0. 2 2 V bt bo ha ca phn t N nn suy ra n = 2.
*
Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C2H6O2 hay CTCT l C2H4(OH)2. p n C. V d 8: Hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon A v B c khi lng a gam. Nu em t chy hon ton 132a gam CO2 v 45a gam H2O. Nu thm vo X mt na lng A c trong X ri X th thu c 41 41 t chy hon ton th thu c 60, 75a gam H O. Tm cng thc phn t ca 165a gam CO2 2 v 41 41
A v B. Bit X khng lm mt mu dung dch nc brom v A, B thuc loi hirocacbon hc. Hng dn gii Gi s a = 41 gam Khi t chy X: n CO = 132 = 3 mol ; H O = 45 = 2, 5 2 2 n 44 mol 18 Khi t chy X + 1 2 1 2 165 60, 75 A: n CO 2 = = 3, 75 mol ; H2 O = = 3,375 n 44 mol 18 A ta thu c: n = 0, 75 mol ; n = 0, 875 mol
Vy khi t chy
CO 2
H2O
V n
CO2
<n
H2O
A l hirocacbon no
Gi cng thc ca A l CnH2n + 2 Phng trnh phn ng : 2CnH2n + 2 + (3n + 1) O2 2n CO2 + 2(n+1) H2O n Ta c
H2 O
= 6 Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C6H14 Khi t chy B ta thu c s mol ca H2O v CO2 l : = = = n CO 3 0, 75.2 1, 5 mol 1, 5 mol n
2
n CO
2(n + 1)
0, 875 = n 2n 0, 75
n H O = 2, 5 0,875.2 = 0, 75 mol 1, 5 mol 2 2 nH = nC : nH = 1,5 : 1,5 = 1 : 1 Vy cng thc n gin nht ca B l CH, cng thc phn t ca B l CnHn
Theo gi thit B khng lm mt mu dung dch nc brom B ch c th l aren CnH2n-6 s nguyn t H = 2.s nguyn t C 6 Hay n = 2n 6 n = 6 Vy cng thc ca B l C6H6. Ch : i vi nhng dng bi tp : t chy (oxi ha) hon ton mt hp cht hu c X. Cho ton b sn phm chy vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 hoc Ba(OH)2 th : + Khi lng bnh tng = tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O. + Khi lng dung dch tng = tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O khi lng ca kt ta CaCO3 hoc BaCO3. + Khi lng dung dch gim = khi lng ca kt ta CaCO3 hoc BaCO3 tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O.
V d 9: t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon X th kh. Sn phm chy thu c cho hp th ht vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 thy c 10 gam kt ta xut hin v khi lng bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 tng 16,8 gam. Lc b kt ta, cho nc lc tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 d li thu c kt ta, tng khi lng hai ln kt ta l 39,7 gam. CTPT ca X l : A. C3H8. B. C3H6. C. C3H4. D. Kt qu khc. Hng dn gii Cc phn ng xy ra : CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O (1) mol: 0,1 0,1 2CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2 (2) mol: 2x x Ca(HCO3)2 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + CaCO3 + H2O (3) mol: x x x Theo cc phng trnh phn ng v gi thit ta c : 10 + 197x + 100x = 39,7 x = 0,1 mol Tng s mol CO2 sinh ra t phn ng t chy X l : 2.0,1 + 0,1 = 0,3 mol Khi lng bnh tng = m
CO2
+ m H O = 16,8 gam mH O
2 2
= 16,8 0, 3.44 = 3, 6 gam
= = = = n H 2.n H 2O 0, 4 mol n C : n H 0, 3 : 0, 4 3 : 4. Vy CTPT ca X l C3H4. p n C.
V d 10: t chy hon ton mt hp cht hu c X cn 6,72 lt O2 (ktc). Sn phm chy hp th ht vo bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 thy c 19,7 gam kt ta xut hin v khi lng dung dch gim 5,5 gam. Lc b kt ta, un nng nc lc li thu c 9,85 gam kt ta na. CTPT ca X l: A. C2H6. B. C2H6O. C. C2H6O2. D. Khng th xc nh. Hng dn gii Cc phn ng xy ra khi cho sn phm chy vo bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 : CO2 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + H2O (1) 2CO2 + Ba(OH)2 Ba(HCO3)2 (2) Ba(HCO3)2 BaCO3 + CO2 + H2O (3) = Theo (1) : n = 0,1 mol
CO ( p )
n BaCO
2 3
Theo (2), (3): n
CO2 ( p ) )
= 2.n = 2.n = 0,1 mol BaCO3 3 Ba(HCO 2
Tng s mol CO2 sinh ra t phn ng t chy hp cht hu c l 0,2 mol. Theo gi thit khi lng dung dnh gim 5,5 gam nn ta c : = = = = 19, 7 0, 2.44 m H 2O 5, 5 m H O 2 2 5, 4 gam 2
nH
2.n H O
0, 6
mol.
p dng inh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi oxi ta c : = + = + = n O( hchc) 2.n nH O 3. n O 2.0, 2 0,3 0, 3.2 0,1 mol 2 2 2 CO 2 2. ( b ) n C : n H : n O = 0, 2 : 0, 6 : 0,1 = 2 : 6 :1 Vy CTPT ca X l C2H6O. p n A.
Cch 2 : p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t
Phng php gii

- Bc 1 : T gi thit ta c th xc nh c thnh phn nguyn t trong hp cht, ring i vi nguyn t oxi c nhng trng hp ta khng th xc nh chnh xc trong hp cht cn tm c oxi hay khng, trong nhng trng hp nh vy ta gi s l hp cht c oxi. - Bc 2 : t cng thc phn t ca hp cht l CxHyOzNt . Lp s chuyn ha : CxHyOzNt + O2 CO2 + H2O + N2 - Bc 3 : p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t tm s nguyn t C, H, O, N trong hp cht, suy ra cng thc ca hp cht CxHyOzNt n C(C H O N ) = n C (CO ) x x y z t 2 = n H (Cx Hy Oz Nt ) = n H(H O) 2 y z = = n
O(CO 2 )
= n N(Cx Hy Oz Nt ) n N
(N 2 )
n
O(C x H y O z N t )
+n
O(O 2 )
+n
O(H 2O)
t=
Lu :
- Nu khng tnh c z h trn th ta tnh z bng cng thc: z =
M 12 x y 14t
16
(M l khi lng phn t ca hp cht hu c) - t c cng thc phn t ca hp cht th iu quan trng nht l ta phi xc nh c thnh phn nguyn t ca hp cht v cc hp cht khc nhau s c thnh phn nguyn t khc nhau.
Cc v d minh ha
V d 11: Khi t 1 lt kh X cn 6 lt O2 thu c 4 lt CO2 v 5 lt hi H2O (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit , p sut). CTPT ca X l : A. C4H10O. B. C4H8O2. C. C4H10O2. D. C3H8O. Hng dn gii i vi cc cht kh v hi th t l th tch bng t l s mol nn ta c th p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t theo th tch ca cc cht. S phn ng : CxHyOz lt: + O2
t o
CO2
H2O
(1)
1 6 4 5 p dng inh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi cc nguyn t C, H, O ta c : 1.x = 4.1
y = 10 z= 1 Vy cng thc phn t ca X l C4H10O. p n A.
x= 4 = 1.y 1.z5.26.2 = + 4.2 + 5.1
V d 12: t chy hon ton 10 ml mt este cn dng ht 45 ml O2, thu c VCO : VH O = 4 : 3. 2 2 Ngng t sn phm chy thy th tch gim 30 ml. Cc th tch o cng iu kin. Cng thc ca este l : A. C8H6O4. B. C4H6O2. C. C4H8O2 D. C4H6O4. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit suy ra : VH O = 30 ml ; V CO = 40 ml S phn ng :
2 2
CxHyOz + O2 CO2 + H2O ml : 10 45 40 30 p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t cho cc nguyn t C, H, O ta c : 10.x = 40.1 x= 4 10.y y= 6 = 30.2 10.z + 45.2 = 40.2 z= 2 + 30.1 Vy este c cng thc l : C4H6O2. p n B.
V d 13: t chy 1 lt hi hirocacbon vi mt th tch khng kh (lng d). Hn hp kh thu c sau khi hi H2O ngng t c th tch l 18,5 lt, cho qua dung dch KOH d cn 16,5 lt, cho hn hp kh i qua ng ng photpho d th cn li 16 lt. Xc nh CTPT ca hp cht trn bit cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit , p sut v O2 chim 1/5 khng kh, cn li l N2. A. C2H6. B. C2H4. C. C3H8. D. C2H2. Theo gi thit, ta c : V
CO 2
Hng dn gii = 2 lt ; V (d) = 0,5 lt ; V

O2 N2
= 16 lt V (ban u) = 4 lt.
O2
S phn ng : CxHy + O2 CO2 + H2O + O2 d lt: 1 4 2 a 0,5 p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi cc nguyn t C, H, O ta c : 1.x = x= 2 2.1 1.y = a.2 y= 6 4.2 = 2.2 + a a= 3 + 0.5.2 Cng thc ca hirocacbon l C2H6. p n A.
V d 14: Cho 0,5 lt hn hp gm hirocacbon v kh cacbonic vo 2,5 lt oxi (ly d) ri t. Th tch ca hn hp thu c sau khi t l 3,4 lt. Cho hn hp qua thit b lm lnh, th tch hn hp kh cn li 1,8 lt v cho li qua dung dch KOH ch cn 0,5 lt kh. Th tch cc kh c o trong cng iu kin. Tn gi ca hirocacbon l : A. propan. B. xiclobutan. C. propen. D. xiclopropan. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit, ta c : VH O = 1, lt ; V = 1, 3 lt V (d) = 0,5 lt. O O2 CO 2 6 ;
2
S phn ng : lt: (CxHy + CO2) + O2 CO2 + H2O + O2 d a b 2,5 1,3 1,6 0,5
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi cc nguyn t C, H, O ta c : a.x + b.1 = 1, 3 x= 3 a.y = 1, 6.2 y= 8 b.2 + 2, 5.2 = 1, 3.2 + 1, 6.1+ a = 0, 4 0, 5.2
a + b = 0, 5
b = 0,1
Cng thc ca hirocacbon l C3 H 8 . p n A.
II. Lp CTPT ca hp cht hu c da tr n s thay i p sut tr c v sau khi t

chy hon ton hp cht hu c tr ong bnh kn (kh nhin k).
Phng php gii

- Bc 1 : t cng thc phn t ca hp cht hu c. Chn lng cht hu c phn ng (nu bi cha cho bit, thng chn s mol ca hp cht hu c l 1 mol), suy ra lng O2 cn cho phn ng t chy hon ton hp cht hu c (da vo phn ng). - Bc 2 : Vit phng trnh phn ng chy. Cn c vo phng trnh phn ng suy ra s mol cc cht phn ng; s mol cht d v s mol sn phm to thnh. - Bc 3 : Tnh tng s mol kh trc v sau phn ng. Lp biu thc lin quan gia s mol kh v p sut, nhit ca bnh cha c phng trnh lin quan n s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht. T tm c s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t, suy ra cng thc phn t. Lu : Mi quan h gia s mol kh v p sut, nhit khi thc hin phn ng trong bnh kn c th tch khng i : pV n = 1 ;n p2V p1T2 = = n1
1
RT
1
RT
2
n
2
pT
2 1
Nu T2=T1 th ta c :
n1 n2
p =
1
p2
Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: X mch h c cng thc C3Hy. Mt bnh c dung tch khng i cha hn hp kh X v o o O2 d 150 C, c p sut 2atm. Bt tia la in t chy X sau a bnh v 150 C, p sut bnh vn l 2atm. Cng thc phn t ca X l : A. C3H8. B. C3H4. C. C3H6. D. A hoc B hoc C. Hng dn gii n gin cho vic tnh ton ta chn s mol ca X l 1 mol. Phng trnh phn ng : CH +
(3 +
)O

y 2
o o
3CO
2
HO
2
(1)
mol:
1
o
4y (3 + ) 4
2y 2
150 C nc th hi v gy p sut ln bnh cha. V trc v sau phn ng nhit khng i, p sut khng i nn s mol kh trong bnh cng khng thay i, suy ra : Tng s mol kh tham gia phn ng = Tng s mol kh v hi thu c y y 1 + (3 + ) = 3 + y = 4 4 2
Vy cng thc phn t ca X l C3H4. p n B. V d 2: Np mt hn hp kh c 20% th tch ankan A (CnH2n+2) v 80% th tch O2 (d) vo kh nhin k. Sau khi cho n ri cho hi nc ngng t nhit ban u th p sut trong kh nhin k gim i 2 ln. Cng thc phn t ca ankan A l : A. CH4. B. C2H6. C. C3H8 . D. C4H10. Hng dn gii n gin cho vic tnh ton ta chn s mol ca A l 1 mol v ca O2 l 4 mol (V ankan chim 20% v O2 chim 80% v th tch). Phng trnh phn ng : CH
n 2 n+ 2
3n + 1 2 4 (
)O
2
ot
nCO
2
+ (n + 1)H O
2
(1)
b: p:
1 1
: mol n (n+1) : mol
3n + 1 2 ) 3n + 1 )2
sp:
4- (
(n+1)
: mol
V sau phn ng hi nc ngng t nn ch c O2 d v CO2 gy p sut nn bnh cha. Tng s mol kh trc phn ng : n1 = 1 + 4 = 5 mol 3n + 1 Tng s mol kh sau phn ng : n = 4 - ( ) + n = (3,5 0,5n) mol 2 2 2 Do nhit trc v sau phn ng khng i nn : n1 = n 2 p2 Vy A l C2H6. p n B. V d 3: Trong mt bnh kn cha hi este no, n chc, mch h A (CnH2nO2) v mt lng O2 o gp i lng O2 cn thit t chy ht A nhit 140 C v p sut 0,8 atm. t chy hon ton A ri a v nhit ban u, p sut trong bnh lc ny l 0,95 atm. A c cng thc phn t l : A. C2H4O2. B. C3H6O2. C. C4H8O2. D. C5H10O2. Hng dn gii n gin cho vic tnh ton ta chn s mol ca A l 1 mol th t gi thit v phng trnh phn ng ta thy s mol O2 em phn ng l (3n 2). Phng trnh phn ng : p1 5 = p1 = 2 n = 2
3, 5 0, 5n 0, 5p1
CH O
n 2n 2
+ (
3n 2
)O
2
nCO t
o
+ nH O
2 2
(1)
b: p: sp:
1 1 0 ( (
2 3n 2 3n 2 2 3n 2 2 ) )
: mol n n n n : mol : mol
140 C nc th hi v gy p sut ln bnh cha. Tng s mol kh trc phn ng : n1 = 1 + 3n 2 = (3n 1) mol 3n 2 Tng s mol kh sau phn ng : n = ( ) + n + n = (3,5n 1) mol 2 2 Do nhit trc v sau phn ng khng i nn : n1 p1 3n 1 0, 8 = n = 3 3, 5n 1 0, 95 n 2 = p2 Vy A l C3H6O2. p n B. V d 4: Trn mt hirocacbon X vi lng O2 va t chy ht X, c hn hp A 0 C v o p sut P1. t chy hon ton X, thu c hn hp sn phm B 218,4 C c p sut P2 gp 2 ln p sut P1. Cng thc phn t ca X l : A. C4H10. B. C2H6. C. C3H6. D. C3H8. Hng dn gii n gin cho vic tnh ton ta chn s mol ca X (CxHy) l 1 mol th t gi thit v phng y trnh phn ng ta thy s mol O2 em phn ng l (x + ) . 4 Phng trnh phn ng : y y ot HO C H + (x + )O xCO + (1)
x y
b:
4 y (x + ) 4 (x + y 4
: mol y 2 y
p:
: mol
sp:
2 218,4 C nc th hi v gy p sut ln bnh cha. y

o
: mol
Tng s mol kh trc phn ng : n1 = [1 + (x + ) ] mol 4 y Tng s mol kh sau phn ng : n2 = (x + 2 ) mol
Do nhit trc v sau phn ng thay i i nn : y 1+x+ = n1 p 1 2 p (218, 4 + 273) T 4 = 0, 9 0, 2y 0,1x = 1 x 2 1 = = = 0, 9
n2
p2 T1
2p1 .273
x+
y 2
y = 6
Vy A l C2H6. p n B.
Bin lun tm cng thc ca hp cht hu c Phng php gii

C mt s bi tp tm cng thc ca hp cht hu c, khi khai thc ht cc gi thit m bi cho nhng vn khng tm c s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht. Trong nhng trng hp nh vy ta phi bin lun tm s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t. Phng php thng s dng l chn nghim nguyn ca phng trnh c cha hai hoc ba n s. C th nh sau : - Bc 1 : Cn c vo gi thit suy ra thnh phn nguyn t ca hp cht hu c. t CTPT ca hp cht hu c l : CxHy, CxHyOz, CxHyOzNt, - Bc 2 : Lp phng trnh theo khi lng mol ca hp cht : 12x + y +16z + = M (M l khi lng mol) hoc phng trnh khc c lin quan n s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong hp cht hu c. - Bc 3 : Bin lun chn nghim x, y, z, i vi hp cht CxHy, CxHyOz th cn c vo iu kin 0 ta suy ra y 2x + 2 ; i vi hp cht CxHyNt th y 2x + t + 2.
Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: Hirocacbon A c t khi so vi He bng 14. CTPT ca A l : A. C4H10. B. C4H6. C. C4H4. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit ta c : MA = 14.MHe = 14.4 = 56 gam/mol t cng thc phn t ca hp cht A l CxHy (y 2x + 2), ta c : x= 4 12x + y = 56 y= 8 Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C4H8 p n D. V d 2: Mt hp cht hu c A c t khi so vi khng kh bng bng 2. t chy hon ton A bng kh O2 thu c CO2 v H2O. C bao nhiu cng thc phn t ph hp vi A ? A. 2. B. 1. C. 3. D. 4. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit ta c : MA = 29.2 = 58 gam/mol V khi t chy A thu c CO2 v nc nn thnh phn nguyn t trong A chc chn c C, H, c th c hoc khng c O. t cng thc phn t ca A l CxHyOz (y 2x + 2), ta c : 12x + y + 16z = 58 z < = 2,8125 16 x= 4 Nu z = 0 12x + y = 58 A l C4H10 y = 10 x= 3 y= 6 x= 2 58 1 12 D. C4H8.
Nu z = 1 12x + y = 42
Nu z = 2 12x + y = 26 A l C3H6O y= 2 A l C2H2O2 p n C.
V d 3: Thnh phn % khi lng ca nit trong hp cht hu c CxHyN l 23,73%. S ng phn amin bc mt tha mn cc d kin trn l : A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 1. Hng dn gii T gi thit suy ra : x= 3 12x + y = 45 CTPT cua a min la 3 H N C9 12x + y 100 23, 73 y= 9 14 = 23, 73 Vy c hai amin bc 1 l : CH3-CH2-CH2-NH2 ; (CH3)2CH-NH2 p n A. V d 4: Amin X c phn t khi nh hn 80. Trong phn t X nit chim 19,18% v khi lng. S ng phn cu to ca X l : A. 8. B. 2. C. 4. D. 10. Hng dn gii t CTPT ca amin X l CxHyNt , theo gi thit ta c : x= 4 14t 19,18 12x + y = 59t y = 11 = 12x + y 100 19,18 t= 1 CTPT ca amin X l C4H11N. S ng phn ca amin X l 8 : CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - CH2 - NH2 ; CH3 - CH2 - CH - CH3 ; CH3 - CH - CH2 - NH2 ; NH2 CH3 CH3 CH3 - C - NH2 ; CH3 - CH2 - NH - CH2 - CH3 ; CH3 - CH2 - CH2 - NH - CH3 ; CH3 CH3 - CH -NH - CH3 ; CH3 - CH2 - N - CH3 CH3 CH3 V d 5: t chy hon ton 1 mol cht X cn 5,5 mol O2, thu c CO2 v hi nc vi tng s mol bng 9. CTPT ca X l : A. C4H10O. B. C4H10O2. C. C4H10O3. D. C4H10. Hng dn gii Phng trnh phn ng : y z y o ot + (x + ) O HO CHO xCO + (1)
x y z
4 5,5
2 y
mol:
2 Theo (1), gi thit v p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi oxi ta c : z + 5, 5.2 = 2x x= 4 y + 2 y = 10
x+ y = 9 [
z= 2
Vy CTPT ca A l C4H10O2. p n B.
V d 6: Mt hp cht hu c A gm C, H, O c 50% oxi v khi lng. Cng thc phn t ca A l : A. CH2O2. B. CH4O. C. CH2O. D. C3H4O. Hng dn gii t CTPT ca A l CxHyOz. Theo gi thit ta c : x = 1 16z = 50% 12x + y = 16z 12x + y + 16z z= 1 Vy CTPT ca A l CH4O. p n B. V d 7: Khi t chy hon ton 15 miligam cht A ch thu c kh CO2 v hi nc, tng th tch ca chng quy v iu kin tiu chun l 22,4 mililt. Cng thc n gin nht ca A l : A. CH2. B. CH4O. C. CH2O. D. C3H4. Hng dn gii t CTPT ca A l CxHyOz. Phng trnh phn ng : y z y o + (x + )O HO CHO (1) xCO + t
x y z
y= 4
mol:
15 12x + y + 16z
Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : 15x 7, 5y 12x + y + 16z + 12x + y + 16z
7, 5y 15x 12x + y + 16z 12x + y + 16z
x= 1 y= 2 = 1 3x + 6,5y = 16z z= 1
Cng thc n gin nht ca A l CH2O. p n C. V d 8: t chy hon ton 0,01 mol cht hu c X cn va 0,616 lt O2. Sau th nghim thu c hn hp sn phm Y gm : CO2, N2 v hi H2O. Lm lnh ngng t hi H2O ch cn 0,56 lt hn hp kh Z (c t khi hi vi H2 l 20,4). Bit th tch cc kh u o ktc. Cng thc phn t X l : A. C2H5ON. B. C2H5O2N. C. C2H7O2N. D. A hoc C. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit ta thy hn hp kh Z gm CO2 v N2. M N2 , CO2 = 40, 8 gam / mol, n , CO = 0, 025 mol, N nO = 0, 0275 mol
p dng s ng cho ta c :
n N2
28 40,8
44 40,8 = 3,2
n 2 CO
40,8 28 = 12,8
n N2
= 12,8 4
3, 2
n CO
44 1 .0, 025 = 0, 005 mol;
n = n
N2
CO 2
.0, 025 = 0, 02 mol 5
Phng trnh phn ng : CHON

x y z t
(x +
y z )O 4
2
t
o
xCO
2
HO
2
N
2
(1)
mol:
0,01
2 y z 0,01. (x + ) 4 2
2 y 2
0,01x
0,01.
0,01.
t 2
Theo gi thit v (1) ta c h : y z 0, 01.(x + ) = 0, 0275 4 2
z = 1 y 2z = y= 5 3 x= 2 x=
z= 2 hoa c y= 7
0, 01x = 0,02 2 t 0, = 0, 005 01.
x= 2 t= 1
t 1 =
t= 1
2 Vy CTPT ca A l : C2H5ON hoc C2H7O2N. p n D.
Ba iu
Ba iu trong i mt khi i qua khng th ly li c : Thi gian, Li ni, C hi. Ba iu lm nn gi tr mt con ngi : Sing nng, Chn thnh, Thnh t. Ba iu trong i khng c nh mt : S thanh thn, Hy vng, Lng trung thc. Ba th c gi tr nht trong i : Tnh yu, Lng t tin, Bn b. Ba th trong i khng bao gi bn vng c : Gic m, Thnh cng, Ti sn. Ba iu trong i lm hng mt con ngi : Ru, Lng t cao, S gin d.
BI TP TRC NGHIM
Cu 1: Hy chn pht biu ng nht v ho hc hu c trong s cc pht biu sau : A. Ho hc hu c l ngnh ho hc chuyn nghin cu cc hp cht ca cacbon. B. Ho hc hu c l ngnh ho hc chuyn nghin cu cc hp cht ca cacbon, tr cacbon (II) oxit, cacbon (IV) oxit, mui cacbonat, xianua, cacbua. C. Ho hc hu c l ngnh ho hc chuyn nghin cu cc hp cht ca cacbon, tr cacbon (II) oxit, cacbon (IV) oxit. D. Ho hc hu c l ngnh ho hc chuyn nghin cu cc hp cht ca cacbon tr mui cacbonat. Cu 2: Thnh phn cc nguyn t trong hp cht hu c A. nht thit phi c cacbon, thng c H, hay gp O, N sau n halogen, S, P... B. gm c C, H v cc nguyn t khc. C. bao gm tt c cc nguyn t trong bng tun hon. D. thng c C, H hay gp O, N, sau n halogen, S, P. Cu 3: Cp hp cht no sau y l hp cht hu c ? A. CO2, CaCO3. B. CH3Cl, C6H5Br. C. NaHCO3, NaCN. D. CO, CaC2. Cu 4: Dy cht no sau y l hp cht hu c ? A. (NH4)2CO3, CO2, CH4, C2H6. B. C2H4, CH4, C2H6O, C3H9N. C. CO2, K2CO3, NaHCO3, C2H5Cl. D. NH4HCO3, CH3OH, CH4, CCl4. Cu 5: Cho cc cht: CaC2, CO2, HCOOH, C2H6O, CH3COOH, CH3Cl, NaCl, K2CO3. S hp cht hu c trong cc cht trn l bao nhiu ? A. 4. B. 5. C. 3. D. 2. Cu 6: Cho dy cht : CH4 ; C6H6 ; C6H5OH ; C2H5ZnI ; C2H5PH2. Nhn xt no sau y ng ? A. Cc cht trong dy u l hirocacbon. B. Cc cht trong dy u l dn xut ca hirocacbon. C. Cc cht trong dy u l hp cht hu c. D. C c cht v c v hu c nhng u l hp cht ca cacbon. Cu 7: c im chung ca cc phn t hp cht hu c l : 1) Thnh phn nguyn t ch yu l C v H. 2) C th cha nguyn t khc nh Cl, N, P, O. 3) Lin kt ha hc ch yu l lin kt cng ho tr. 4) Lin kt ho hc ch yu l lin kt ion. 5) D bay hi, kh chy. 6) Phn ng ho hc xy ra nhanh. Nhm cc ng l : A. 4, 5, 6. B. 1, 2, 3. C. 1, 3, 5. D. 2, 4, 6. Cu 8: Nhn xt no ng v cc cht hu c so vi cc cht v c ? A. tan trong nc ln hn. B. bn nhit cao hn. C. Tc phn ng nhanh hn. D. Nhit nng chy, nhit si thp hn.
Cu 9: Phn ng ha hc ca cc hp cht hu c c c im l : A. thng xy ra rt nhanh v cho mt sn phm duy nht. B. thng xy ra chm, khng hon ton, khng theo mt hng nht nh. C. thng xy ra rt nhanh, khng hon ton, khng theo mt hng nht nh. D. thng xy ra rt chm, nhng hon ton, khng theo mt hng xc nh. Cu 10: Thuc tnh no sau y khng phi l ca cc hp cht hu c ? A. Kh nng phn ng ho hc chm, theo nhiu hng khc nhau. B. Khng bn nhit cao. C. Lin kt ho hc trong hp cht hu c thng l lin kt ion. D. D bay hi v d chy hn hp cht v c. Cu 11: Hp cht hu c c phn loi nh sau : A. Hirocacbon v hp cht hu c c nhm chc. B. Hirocacbon v dn xut ca hirocacbon. C. Hirocacbon no, khng no, thm v dn xut ca hirocacbon. D. Tt c u ng. Cu 12: Cc cht trong nhm cht no di y u l dn xut ca hirocacbon ? A. CH2Cl2, CH2BrCH2Br, NaCl, CH3Br, CH3CH2Br. B. CH2Cl2, CH2BrCH2Br, CH3Br, CH2=CHCOOH, CH3CH2OH. C. CH2BrCH2Br, CH2=CHBr, CH3Br, CH3CH3. D. HgCl2, CH2BrCH2Br, CH2=CHBr, CH3CH2Br. Cu 13: Hp cht (CH3)2C=CHC(CH3)2CH=CHBr c danh php IUPAC l : A. 1-brom-3,5-trimetylhexa-1,4-ien. B. 3,3,5-trimetylhexa-1,4-ien-1-brom. C. 2,4,4-trimetylhexa-2,5-ien-6-brom. D. 1-brom-3,3,5-trimetylhexa-1,4-ien. Cu 14: Hp cht (CH3)2C=CHC(CH3)3 c danh php IUPAC l : A. 2,2,4-trimetylpent-3-en. B. 2,4-trimetylpent-2-en. C. 2,4,4-trimetylpent-2-en. D. 2,4-trimetylpent-3-en. Cu 15: Hp cht CH2=CHC(CH3)2CH2CH(OH)CH3 c danh php IUPAC l : A. 1,3,3-trimetylpent-4-en-1-ol. B. 3,3,5-trimetylpent-1-en-5-ol. C. 4,4-imetylhex-5-en-2-ol. D. 3,3-imetylhex-1-en-5-ol. Cu 16: Ghp tn ct 1 vi cng thc ct 2 cho ph hp ? Ct 1 Ct 2 1) phenyl clorua a. CH3Cl 2) metylen clorua b. CH2=CHCl 3) anlyl clorua c. CHCl3 4) vinyl clorua d. C6H5Cl 5) clorofom e. CH2=CHCH2Cl f. CH2Cl2 A. 1-d, 2-c, 3-e, 4-b, 5-a. B. 1-d, 2-f, 3-b, 4-e, 5-c. C. 1-d, 2-f, 3-e, 4-b, 5-a. D. 1-d, 2-f, 3-e, 4-b, 5-c.
Cu 17: Ghp tn ct 1 v CTCT ct 2 cho ph hp : Ct 1 Ct 2 1. isopropyl a. C6H5OOCCH3 axetat b. CH3COOCH(CH3)2 2. allylacrylat c. CH2=CHCOOCH=CH2 3. phenyl axetat d. CH =CHCOOCHCH=CH 2 2 4. sec-butyl e. HCOOCH(CH3)CH2CH3 fomiat A. 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-e. B. 1-b, 2-c, 3-a, 4-e. C. 1-d, 2-d, 3-a, 4-e. D. 1-b, 2-d, 3-a, 4-c. o o Cu 18: Cho hn hp cc ankan sau : pentan (si 36 C), heptan (si 98 C), octan (si o o 126 C), nonan (si 151 C). C th tch ring cc cht bng cch no sau y ? A. Kt tinh. B. Chng ct. C. Thng hoa. D. Chit. Cu 19: Nguyn tc chung ca php phn tch nh tnh cc nguyn t trong hp cht hu c l g ? A. t chy cht hu c pht hin hiro di dng hi nc. B. t chy hp cht hu c pht hin nit c mi ca tc chy. C. t chy cht hu c pht hin cacbon di dng mui than. D. Chuyn ha cc nguyn t C, H, N thnh cc cht v c n gin d nhn bit. Cu 20: Mun bit hp cht hu c c cha hiro hay khng, ta c th : A. t cht hu c xem c to cht b en hay khng. B. oxi ha hp cht hu c bng CuO, sau cho sn phm i qua nc vi trong. C. cho cht hu c tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 c. D. oxi ha hp cht hu c bng CuO, sau cho sn phm i qua CuSO4 khan. Cu 21: Nung mt hp cht hu c X vi lng d cht oxi ha CuO ngi ta thy thot ra kh CO2, hi H2O v kh N2. Chn kt lun chnh xc nht trong cc kt lun sau : A. X chc chn cha C, H, N v c th c hoc khng c oxi. B. X l hp cht ca 3 nguyn t C, H, N. C. Cht X chc chn c cha C, H, c th c N. D. X l hp cht ca 4 nguyn t C, H, N, O. Cu 22: Pht biu no sau c dng nh ngha cng thc n gin nht ca hp cht hu c ? A. Cng thc n gin nht l cng thc biu th s nguyn t ca mi nguyn t trong phn t. B. Cng thc n gin nht l cng thc biu th t l ti gin v s nguyn t ca cc nguyn t trong phn t. C. Cng thc n gin nht l cng thc biu th t l phn trm s mol ca mi nguyn t trong phn t. D. Cng thc n gin nht l cng thc biu th t l s nguyn t C v H c trong phn t. Cu 23: Cho cht axetilen (C2H2) v benzen (C6H6), hy chn nhn xt ng trong cc nhn xt sau y : A. Hai cht ging nhau v cng thc phn t v khc nhau v cng thc n gin nht. B. Hai cht khc nhau v cng thc phn t v ging nhau v cng thc n gin nht. C. Hai cht khc nhau v cng thc phn t v khc nhau v cng thc n gin nht. D. Hai cht c cng cng thc phn t v cng cng thc n gin nht.
Cu 24: Theo thuyt cu to ha hc, trong phn t cc cht hu c, cc nguyn t lin kt vi nhau A. theo ng ha tr. B. theo mt th t nht nh. C. theo ng s oxi ha. D. theo ng ha tr v theo mt th t nht nh. Cu 25: Cu to ho hc l : A. S lng lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t. B. Cc loi lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t. C. Th t lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t. D. Bn cht lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t. Cu 26: bit r s lng nguyn t, th t kt hp v cch kt hp ca cc nguyn t trong phn t hp cht hu c ngi ta dng cng thc no sau y ? A. Cng thc phn t. B. Cng thc tng qut. C. Cng thc cu to. D. C A, B, C. Cu 27: Hin tng cc cht c cu to v tnh cht ho hc tng t nhau, chng ch hn km nhau mt hay nhiu nhm metylen (CH2) c gi l hin tng A. ng phn. B. ng v. C. ng ng. D. ng khi. Cu 28: Hai cht c cng thc : C6H5 - C - O - CH3 v CH3 - O - C C6 H 5 O O Nhn xt no sau y ng ? A. L cc cng thc ca hai cht c cng cng thc phn t nhng c cu to khc nhau. B. L cc cng thc ca hai cht c cng cng thc phn t nhng c cu to tng t nhau. C. L cc cng thc ca hai cht c cng thc phn t v cu to u khc nhau. D. Ch l cng thc ca mt cht v cng thc phn t v cu to u ging nhau. Cu 29: Trong cc dy cht sau y, dy no gm cc cht l ng ng ca nhau ? A. C2H6, CH4, C4H10. B. C2H5OH, CH3CH2CH2OH. C. CH3OCH3, CH3CHO. D. A v B ng. Cu 30: Cho cc cht sau y :
CH = CH2
CH3
CH2 -CH3
CH = CH2
CH3
(I)
(II)
(III)
(IV)
CH3
(V)
Cht ng ng ca benzen l : A. I, II, III. B. II, III.
C. II, V.
D. II, III, IV.
Cu 31: Cho cc cht sau y : (I) CH3 CH(OH) 3 CH
(II) CH3 2 CH OH
(III) CH3 2 2 CH CH OH (IV) CH3 2 2 CH3 CH CH O (V) CH3 2 2 2 CH CH CH OH (VI) CH3 OH Cc cht ng ng ca nhau l : A. I, II v VI. B. I, III v IV. C. II, III,V v VI. D. I, II, III, IV. Cu 32: Cho cc cht : C6H5OH (X) ; C6H5CH2OH (Y) ; HOC6H4OH (Z) ; C6H5CH2CH2OH (T). Cc cht ng ng ca nhau l : A. Y, T. B. X, Z, T. C. X, Z. D. Y, Z. Cu 33: Chn nh ngha ng phn y nht : A. ng phn l hin tng cc cht c cu to khc nhau. B. ng phn l hin tung cc cht c tnh cht khc nhau. C. ng phn l nhng hp cht khc nhau nhng c cng cht c cng CTPT. D. ng phn l hin tung cc cht c cu to khc nhau nn c tnh cht khc nhau. Cu 34: Nguyn nhn ca hin tng ng phn trong ha hc hu c l g ? A. V trong hp cht hu c, nguyn t cacbon lun c ha tr IV. B. V cacbon c th lin kt vi chnh n to thnh mch cacbon (thng, nhnh, nhnh hoc vng). C. V s thay i trt t trong lin kt gia cc nguyn t trong phn t. D. V trong hp cht hu c cha nguyn t hiro. Cu 35: Trong nhng dy cht sau y, dy no c cc cht l ng phn ca nhau ? A. C2H5OH, CH3OCH3. B. CH3OCH3, CH3CHO. C. CH3CH2CH2OH, C2H5OH. D. C4H10, C6H6. Cu 36: Cho cc cht :
Cc cht ng phn ca nhau l : A. II, III. B. I, IV, V. C. IV, V. D. I, II, III, IV, V. Cu 37: Cc cht hu c n chc Z1, Z2, Z3 c CTPT tng ng l CH2O, CH2O2, C2H4O2. Chng thuc cc dy ng ng khc nhau. Cng thc cu to ca Z3 l : A. CH3COOCH3. B. HOCH2CHO. C. CH3COOH. D. CH3OCHO. Cu 38: Nhng hp cht no sau y c ng phn hnh hc ? (I) CH3C CH (II) CH3CH=CHCH3 (III) (CH3)2CHCH2CH3 (IV) CH3CBr=CHCH3 (V) CH3CH(OH)CH3 (VI) CHCl=CH2 A. (II). B. (II) v (VI).
C. (II) v (IV).
D. (II), (III), (IV) v (V).
Cu 39: Cho cc cht sau : (1) CH2=CHCCH (2) CH2=CHCl (3) CH3CH=C(CH3)2 (4) CH3CH=CHCH=CH2 (5) CH2=CHCH=CH2 (6) CH3CH=CHBr Cht no sau y c ng phn hnh hc ? A. 2, 4, 5, 6. B. 4, 6. C. 2, 4, 6. D. 1, 3, 4. Cu 40: Nhng cht no sau y l ng phn hnh hc ca nhau ?
A. (I), (II). B. (I), (III). C. (II), (III). D. (I), (II), (III). Cu 41: Hp cht hu c no sau y khng c ng phn cis-trans ? A. 1,2-icloeten. B. 2-metyl pent-2-en. C. but-2-en. D. pent-2-en. Cu 42: Pht biu khng chnh xc l : A. Lin kt ba gm hai lin kt v mt lin kt . B. Cc cht c cng khi lng phn t l ng phn ca nhau. C. Cc cht l ng phn ca nhau th c cng cng thc phn t. D. S xen ph trc to thnh lin kt , s xen ph bn to thnh lin kt . Cu 43: Kt lun no sau y l ng ? A. Cc nguyn t trong phn t hp cht hu c lin kt vi nhau khng theo mt th t nht nh. B. Cc cht c thnh phn phn t hn km nhau mt hay nhiu nhm CH2, do tnh cht ha hc khc nhau l nhng cht ng ng. C. Cc cht c cng cng thc phn t nhng khc nhau v cng thc cu to c gi l cc cht ng ng ca nhau. D. Cc cht khc nhau c cng cng thc phn t c gi l cc cht ng phn ca nhau. Cu 44: Cho cng thc cu to sau : CH3CH(OH)CH=C(Cl)CHO. S oxi ha ca cc nguyn t cacbon tnh t phi sang tri c gi tr ln lt l : A. +1 ; +1 ; -1 ; 0 ; -3. B. +1 ; -1 ; -1 ; 0 ; -3. C. +1 ; +1 ; 0 ; -1 ; +3. D. +1 ; -1 ; 0 ; -1 ; +3. Cu 45: Hp cht cha mt lin kt trong phn t thuc loi hp cht A. khng no. B. mch h. C. thm. D. no hoc khng no. Cu 46: Trong cng thc CxHyOzNt tng s lin kt v vng l : A. (2x-y + t+2)/2. B. (2x-y + t+2). C. (2x-y - t+2)/2. D. (2x-y + z + t+2)/2. Cu 47: Vitamin A cng thc phn t C20H30O, c cha 1 vng 6 cnh v khng c cha lin kt ba. S lin kt i trong phn t vitamin A l : A. 7. B. 6. C. 5. D. 4.
Cu 48: Licopen, cng thc phn t C40H56 l cht mu trong qu c chua, ch cha lin kt i v lin kt n trong phn t. Hiro ha hon ton licopen c hirocacbon C40H82. Vy licopen c A. 1 vng ; 12 ni i. B. 1 vng ; 5 ni i. C. 4 vng ; 5 ni i. D. mch h ; 13 ni i. Cu 49: Metol C10H20O v menton C10H18O chng u c trong tinh du bc h. Bit phn t metol khng c ni i, cn phn t menton c 1 ni i. Vy kt lun no sau y l ng ? A. Metol v menton u c cu to vng. B. Metol c cu to vng, menton c cu to mch h. C. Metol v menton u c cu to mch h. D. Metol c cu to mch h, menton c cu to vng. Cu 50: Trong hp cht CxHyOz th y lun lun chn v y 2x+2 l do : A. a 0 (a l tng s lin kt v vng trong phn t). B. z 0 (mi nguyn t oxi to c 2 lin kt). C. mi nguyn t cacbon ch to c 4 lin kt. D. cacbon v oxi u c ha tr l nhng s chn v a 0. Cu 51: Tng s lin kt v vng ng vi cng thc C5H9O2Cl l : A. 0. B. 1. C. 2. D. 3. Cu 52: Tng s lin kt v vng ng vi cng thc C5H12O2 l : A. 0. B. 1. C. 2. D. 3. Cu 53: Cng thc tng qut ca dn xut iclo mch h c cha mt lin kt ba trong phn t l : A. CnH2n-2Cl2. B. CnH2n-4Cl2. C. CnH2nCl2. D. CnH2n-6Cl2. Cu 54: Cng thc tng qut ca dn xut ibrom khng no mch h cha a lin kt l : A. CnH2n+2-2aBr2. B. CnH2n-2aBr2. D. CnH2n+2+2aBr2. C. CnH2n-2-2aBr2. Cu 55: Hp cht hu c c cng thc tng qut CnH2n+2O2 thuc loi A. ancol hoc ete no, mch h, hai chc. B. anehit hoc xeton no, mch h, hai chc. C. axit hoc este no, n chc, mch h. D. hiroxicacbonyl no, mch h. Cu 56: Ancol no, mch h c cng thc tng qut chnh xc nht l : A. R(OH)m. B. CnH2n+2Om. C. CnH2n+1OH. D. CnH2n+2-m(OH)m. Cu 57: Cng thc tng qut ca anehit n chc, mch h c 1 lin kt i C=C l : A. CnH2n+1CHO. B. CnH2nCHO. C. CnH2n-1CHO. D. CnH2n-3CHO. Cu 58: Anehit mch h c cng thc tng qut CnH2n-2O thuc loi A. anehit n chc, no. B. anehit n chc, cha mt lin kt i trong gc hirocacbon. C. anehit n chc, cha hai lin kt trong gc hirocacbon. D. anehit n chc, cha ba lin kt trong gc hirocacbon. Cu 59: Cng thc tng qut ca ancol n chc, mch h c hai lin kt i trong gc hirocacbon l : A. CnH2n-4O. B. CnH2n-2O. C. CnH2nO. D. CnH2n+2O. Cu 60: Anehit mch h CnH2n 4O2 c s lng lin kt trong gc hirocacbon l : A. 0. B. 1. C. 2. D. 3.
Cu 61: Cng thc phn t tng qut ca axit hai chc, mch h cha mt lin kt i trong gc hirocacbon l : A. CnH2n-4O4. B. CnH2n-2O4. C. CnH2n-6O4. D. CnH2nO4. Cu 62: Axit mch h CnH2n 4O2 c s lng lin kt trong gc hirocacbon l : A. 0. B. 1. C. 2. D. 3. Cu 63: Tng s lin kt v vng trong phn t axit benzoic (C6H5COOH) l : A. 3. B. 4. C. 5. D. 6. Cu 64: S lng ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t C6H14 l : A. 6. B. 7. C. 4. D. 5. Cu 65: S lng ng phn mch h ng vi cng thc phn t C5H10 l : A. 2. B. 3. C. 6. D. 5. Cu 66: S lng ng phn cu to ng vi cng thc phn t C5H10 l : A. 7. B. 8. C. 9. D. 10. Cu 67: S lng ng phn mch h ng vi cng thc phn t C5H8 l : A. 7. B. 8. C. 9. D. 10. Cu 68: S lng ng phn cha vng benzen ng vi cng thc phn t C9H12 l : A. 7. B. 8. C. 9. D. 10. Cu 69: S lng ng phn ch cha vng benzen ng vi cng thc phn t C9H10 l : A. 7. B. 8. C. 9. D. 6. Cu 70: S lng ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t C3H5Br3 l : A. 3. B. 4. C. 5. D. 6. Cu 71: S lng ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t C3H5Cl l : A. 3. B. 4. C. 5. D. 6. Cu 72: Hp cht C4H10O c s ng phn ancol v tng s ng phn l : A. 7 v 4. B. 4 v 7. C. 8 v 8. D. 10 v 10. Cu 73: S lng ng phn mch h ng vi cng thc phn t C3H6O l : A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5. Cu 74: S lng ng phn mch h ng vi cng thc phn t C4H6O2 tc dng c vi NaHCO3 l : A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5. Cu 75: S lng ng phn ng vi cng thc phn t C4H11N l : A. 7. B. 8. C. 9. D. 10. Cu 76: c im chung ca cc cacbocation v cacbanion l : A. km bn v c kh nng phn ng rt km. B. chng u rt bn vng v c kh nng phn ng cao. C. c th d dng tch c ra khi hn hp phn ng. D. km bn v c kh nng phn ng cao. Cu 77: Phn ng CH3COOH + CH CH CH3COOCH = CH2 thuc loi phn ng no sau y? A. Phn ng th. B. Phn ng cng. C. Phn ng tch. D. Khng thuc v ba loi phn ng trn.
Cu 78: Phn ng 2CH3OH CH3OCH3 + H2O thuc loi phn ng no sau y ? A. Phn ng th. B. Phn ng cng. C. Phn ng tch. D. Khng thuc v ba loi phn ng trn. Cu 79: Phn ng CH CH + 2AgNO3 + 2NH3 AgC CAg + 2NH4NO3 thuc loi phn ng no ? A. Phn ng th. B. Phn ng cng. C. Phn ng tch. D. Khng thuc v ba loi phn ng trn. Cu 80: Phn ng : CH - CH - CH - CH CH - CH = CH - CH + H O thuc loi phn
3 2
no ?
| OH
ng
A. Phn ng th. B. Phn ng cng. C. Phn ng tch. D. Khng thuc v ba loi phn ng trn. Cu 81: Cng thc n gin nht ca hirocacbon M l CnH2n+1. M thuc dy ng ng no ? A. ankan. B. khng d kin xc nh. C. ankan hoc xicloankan. D. xicloankan. Cu 82: Hp cht X c CTGN l CH3O. CTPT no sau y ng vi X ? A. C3H9O3. B. C2H6O2. C. CH3O. D. Khng xc nh c. Cu 83: Cng thc thc nghim ca cht hu c c dng (CH3Cl)n th cng thc phn t ca hp cht l : A. CH3Cl. B. C2H6Cl2. C. C3H9Cl3. D. Khng xc nh c. Cu 84: Hp cht X c CTGN l C4H9ClO. CTPT no sau y ng vi X ? A. C4H9ClO. B. C8H18Cl2O2. C. C12H27Cl3O3. D. Khng xc nh c. Cu 85: CTGN ca 1 anehit no, a chc, mch h l C2H3O. CTPT ca n l : A. C8H12O4. B. C4H6O. C. C12H18O6. D. C4H6O2. Cu 86: Axit cacboxylic A c cng thc n gin nht l C3H4O3. A c cng thc phn t l : A. C3H4O3. B. C6H8O6. C. C18H24O18. D. C12H16O12. Cu 87: Mt axit no A c CTGN l C2H3O2. CTPT ca axit A l : A. C6H9O6. B. C2H3O2. C. C4H6O4. D. C8H12O8. Cu 88: Hirocacbon A c t khi so vi He bng 14. CTPT ca A l : A. C4H10. B. C4H6. C. C4H4. D. C4H8. Cu 89: Mt hp cht hu c X c khi lng phn t l 26. em t X ch thu c CO2 v H2O. CTPT ca X l : A. C2H6. B. C2H4. C. C2H2. D. CH2O. Cu 90: Mt hp cht hu c A c t khi so vi khng kh bng bng 2. t chy hon ton A bng kh O2 thu c CO2 v H2O. C bao nhiu cng thc phn t ph hp vi A ? A. 2. B. 1. C. 3. D. 4. Cu 91: Hp cht hu c X c cng thc phn t l CxHyOz. Khi lng phn t ca X l 60 vC. C bao nhiu cng thc phn t ph hp vi X ? A. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4. Cu 92: Mt hp cht hu c A c M = 74. t chy A bng oxi thu c kh CO2 v H2O. C bao nhiu cng thc phn t ph hp vi A ? A. 4. B. 2. C. 3. D. 1.
Cu 93: Hp cht hu c X c cha C, H, Cl. MX = 76,5. Hy cho bit X c bao nhiu ng phn cu to ? A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5. Cu 94: Hp cht hu c Y c t khi hi so vi H2 l 37. Y tc dng c vi Na, NaOH v tham gia phn ng trng gng. Cng thc phn t ca Y l : A. C4H10O. B. C3H6O2. C. C2H2O3. D. C4H8O. Cu 95: Oxi ha hon ton 6,15 gam hp cht hu c X thu c 2,25 gam H2O ; 6,72 lt CO2 v 0,56 lt N2 (kc). Phn trm khi lng ca C, H, N v O trong X ln lt l : A. 58,5% ; 4,1% ; 11,4% ; 26%. B. 48,9% ; 15,8% ; 35,3% ; 0%. C. 49,5% ; 9,8% ; 15,5% ; 25,2%. D. 59,1 % ; 17,4% ; 23,5% ; 0%. Cu 96: Hp cht X c thnh phn % v khi lng : C (85,8%) v H (14,2%). Hp cht X l : A. C3H8. B. C4H10. C. C4H8. D. kt qu khc. Cu 97: Hp cht X c %C = 54,54% ; %H = 9,1%, cn li l oxi. Khi lng phn t ca X bng 88. CTPT ca X l : A. C4H10O. B. C5H12O. C. C4H10O2. D. C4H8O2. Cu 98: Mt hp cht hu c Z c % khi lng ca C, H, Cl ln lt l : 14,28% ; 1,19% ; 84,53%. CTPT ca Z l : A. CHCl2. B. C2H2Cl4. C. C2H4Cl2. D. mt kt qu khc. Cu 99: Hp cht hu c A c thnh phn phn trm khi lng cc nguyn t nh sau: C chim 24,24% ; H chim 4,04% ; Cl chim 71,72%. A c bao nhiu cng thc cu to ? A. 2. B. 3. C. 1. D. 4. Cu 100: Mt cht hu c A c 51,3% C ; 9,4% H ; 12% N ; 27,3% O. T khi hi ca A so vi khng kh l 4,034. CTPT ca A l : A. C5H12O2N. B. C5H11O2N. C. C5H11O3N. D. C5H10O2N. Cu 101: Cht hu c A cha 7,86% H ; 15,73% N v khi lng. t chy hon ton 2,225 gam A thu c CO2, hi nc v kh nit, trong th tch kh CO2 l 1,68 lt (ktc). CTPT ca A l (bit MA < 100) : A. C6H14O2N. B. C3H7O2N. C. C3H7ON. D. C3H7ON2. Cu 102: t chy hon ton 0,2 mol cht X cha (C, H, O) v cho sn phm chy ln lt i qua bnh 1 cha 100 gam dung dch H2SO4 96,48% v bnh 2 cha dung dch KOH d. Sau th nghim thy nng H2SO4 bnh 1 gim cn 90%. Trong bnh 2 to ra 55,2 gam mui. CTPT ca X l (bit X c cha 2 nguyn t oxi) : A. CH2O2. B. C3H6O2. C. C3H8O2. D. C2H4O2. Cu 103: Xc nh CTPT ca hirocacbon X, bit trong phn t ca X : mC = 4mH A. C2H6. B. C3H8. C. C4H10. D. Khng th xc nh. Cu 104: T l % khi lng ca cacbon v hiro trong hirocacbon X l 92,3 : 7,7. Khi lng phn t ca X ln gp 1,3 ln khi lng ca axit axetic. CTPT ca X l : A. C6H6. B. C4H4. C. C6H12. D. C5H10. Cu 105: Phn tch hp cht hu c X thy c 3 phn khi lng cacbon li c 1 phn khi lng hiro, 7 phn khi lng nit v 8 phn lu hunh. Trong CTPT ca X ch c 1 nguyn t S, vy CTPT ca X l : A. CH4NS. B. C2H2N2S. C. C2H6NS. D. CH4N2S. Cu 106: Cht hu c X c khi lng phn t bng 123 v khi lng ca C, H, O, N trong phn
t t l vi nhau theo th t l 72 : 5 : 32 : 14. CTPT ca X l : A. C6H14O2N. B. C6H6ON2. C. C6H12ON.
D. C6H5O2N.
Cu 107: Oxi ha hon ton 4,02 gam mt hp cht hu c X ch thu c 3,18 gam Na2CO3 v 0,672 lt kh CO2. CTGN ca X l : A. CO2Na. B. CO2Na2. C. C3O2Na. D. C2O2Na. Cu 108: t chy hon ton 5,80 gam cht X thu c 2,65 gam Na2CO3 ; 2,26 gam H2O v 12,10 gam CO2. Cng thc phn t ca X l : A. C6H5O2Na. B. C6H5ONa. C. C7H7O2Na. D. C7H7ONa. Cu 109*: Phn tch 1,47 gam cht hu c Y (C, H, O) bng CuO th thu c 2,156 gam CO2 v lng CuO gim 1,568 gam. CTGN ca Y l : A. CH3O. B. CH2O. C. C2H3O. D. C2H3O2. Cu 110: Khi t chy hon ton mt amin n chc X, thu c 16,80 lt kh CO2 ; 2,80 lt N2 (cc th tch o ktc) v 20,25 gam H2O. CTPT ca X l : A. C4H9N. B. C3H7N. C. C2H7N. D. C3H9N. Cu 111: t chy hon ton m gam mt amin X bng lng khng kh va thu c 17,6 gam CO2, 12,6 gam H2O v 69,44 lt N2 (ktc). Gi thit khng kh ch gm N2 v O2 trong oxi chim 20% th tch khng kh. X c cng thc l : A. C2H5NH2. B. C3H7NH2. C. CH3NH2. D. C4H9NH2. Cu 112: t chy hon ton 1,605 gam hp cht hu c A thu c 4,62 gam CO2 ; 1,215 gam H2O v 168 ml N2 (ktc). T khi hi ca A so vi khng kh khng vt qu 4. Cng thc phn t ca A l : A. C5H5N. B. C6H9N. C. C7H9N. D. C6H7N. Cu 113: t chy hon ton hp cht hu c cha C, H, Cl sinh ra 0,22 gam CO2, 0,09 gam H2O. Mt khc khi xc nh clo trong hp cht bng dung dch AgNO3 ngi ta thu c 1,435 gam AgCl. T khi hi ca hp cht so vi hiro bng 42,5. Cng thc phn t ca hp cht l : A. CH3Cl. B. C2H5Cl. C. CH2Cl2. D. C2H4Cl2. Cu 114: Phn tch 0,31gam hp cht hu c X ch cha C, H, N to thnh 0,44 gam CO2. Mt khc, nu phn tch 0,31 gam X ton b N trong X chuyn thnh NH3 ri dn NH3 va to thnh vo 100 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,4M th phn axit d c trung ha bi 50 ml dung dch NaOH 1,4M. Bit 1 lt hi cht X (ktc) nng 1,38 gam. CTPT ca X l : A. CH5N. B. C2H5N2. C. C2H5N. D. CH6N. Cu 115: t chy hon ton 0,2 mol hirocacbon X. Hp th ton b sn phm chy vo nc vi trong c 20 gam kt ta. Lc b kt ta ri un nng phn nc lc li c 10 gam kt ta na. Vy X khng th l : A. C2H6. B. C2H4. C. CH4. D. C2H2. Cu 116: t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon X th kh. Sn phm chy thu c cho hp th ht vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 thy c 10 gam kt ta xut hin v khi lng bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 tng 16,8 gam. Lc b kt ta cho nc lc tc dng vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 d li thu c kt ta, tng khi lng hai ln kt ta l 39,7 gam. CTPT ca X l : A. C3H8. B. C3H6. C. C3H4. D. Kt qu khc. Cu 117: t chy hon ton mt hp cht hu c X cn 6,72 lt O2 (ktc). Sn phm chy gm CO2 v H2O hp th ht vo bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 thy c 19,7 gam kt ta xut hin v khi lng dung dch gim 5,5 gam. Lc b kt ta un nng nc lc li thu c 9,85 gam kt ta na. CTPT ca X l : A. C2H6. B. C2H6O. C. C2H6O2. D. Khng th xc nh.
Cu 118: t chy hon ton 4,3 gam mt cht hu c A ch cha mt nhm chc, sau dn ton b sn phm chy hp th vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d. Sau phn ng thu c 20 gam kt ta v khi lng dung dch cn li gim 8,5 gam so vi trc phn ng. Bit MA < 100. CTPT ca A l : A. C4H8O2. B. C3H6O2. C. C4H10O2. D. C4H6O2. Cu 119: t chy hon ton mt hp cht hu c X (C, H, N) bng lng khng kh va (gm 1/5 th tch O2, cn li l N2) c kh CO2 , H2O v N2. Cho ton b sn phm chy qua bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 d thy c 39,4 gam kt ta, khi lng dung dch gim i 24,3 gam. Kh thot ra khi bnh c th tch 34,72 lt (ktc). Bit d X O < 2. CTPT ca X l : 2 A. C2H7N. B. C2H8N. C. C2H7N2. D. C2H4N2. Cu 120: t chy hon ton 5,8 gam mt hp cht hu c n chc X cn 8,96 lt kh O2 (ktc), thu c CO2 v H2O c s mol bng nhau. CTGN ca X l : A. C2H4O. B. C3H6O. C. C4H8O. D. C5H10O. Cu 121: t chy hon ton 7,6 gam cht hu c X cn 8,96 lt O2 (ktc). Bit n 2 : n 2 = 4 : 3 . H O CO CTPT ca X l : A. C3H8O. B. C3H8O2. C. C3H8O3. D. C3H8. Cu 122: t chy hon ton 1,88 gam hp cht hu c Z (cha C, H, O) cn 1,904 lt kh O2 (ktc), thu c CO2 v H2O vi t l mol tng ng l 4 : 3. Cng thc phn t ca Z l : A. C4H6O2. B. C8H12O4. C. C4H6O3. D. C8H12O5. Cu 123: t chy hon ton 1,47 gam cht hu c X (ch cha C, H, O) bng 1,0976 lt kh O2 ( ktc) lng dng va th sau th nghim thu c H2O, 2,156 gam CO2. Tm CTPT ca X, bit t khi hi ca X so vi khng kh nm trong khong 3< dX < 4. A. C3H4O3. B. C3H6O3. C. C3H8O3. D. p n khc. Cu 124: t chy hon ton 6,66 gam cht X cn 9,072 lt kh oxi (ktc). Sn phm chy c dn qua bnh 1 cha H2SO4 c v bnh 2 cha Ca(OH)2 d thy bnh 1 tng 3,78 gam v bnh 2 tng m gam v to a gam kt ta. Bit MX < 250. Gi tr ca m, a v CTPT ca X l : A. 15,8 gam, 36 gam v C6H7O2. B. 8,2 gam, 20 gam v C6H7O2. C. 15,84 gam, 36 gam v C12H14O4. D. 13,2 gam, 39 gam v C6H7O2. Cu 125: t chy hon ton mt th tch hi hp cht hu c A cn 10 th tch oxi (o cng iu kin nhit v p sut), sn phm thu c ch gm CO2 v H2O vi n :m = 44 : m 9. Bit
CO2 H2O
MA < 150. A c cng thc phn t l : A. C4H6O. B. C8H8O. C. C8H8. D. C2H2. Cu 126: Phn tch x gam cht hu c X ch thu c a gam CO2 v b gam H2O. Bit 3a = 11b v 7x = 3(a + b). T khi hi ca X so vi khng kh nh hn 3. CTPT ca X l : A. C3H4O. B. C3H4O2. C. C3H6O. D. C3H6O2. Cu 127: Phn tch a gam cht hu c A thu c m gam CO2 v n gam H2O. Cho bit 9m = 22n v 31a = 15(m+n). Xc nh CTPT ca A. Bit nu t d l t khi hi ca A i vi khng kh th 2 < d <3. A. C3H6O. B. C3H6O2. C. C2H4O2. D. C2H4O. Cu 128: t chy hon ton m gam cht hu c A cha C, H, O khi lng sn phm chy l p gam. Cho ton b sn phm ny qua dung dch nc vi trong c d th sau cng thu c t gam
kt ta, bit p = 0,71t v 1,02t = m + p. CTPT ca A l : A. C2H6O2. B. C2H6O. C. C3H8O3. D. C3H8O. Cu 129: Khi t 1 lt kh X cn 5 lt O2 sau phn ng thu c 3 lt CO2 v 4 lt hi nc. Bit cc kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut. CTPT ca X l : A. C2H6O. B. C3H8O. C. C3H8. D. C2H6.
Cu 130: Khi t 1 lt kh X cn 6 lt O2 thu c 4 lt CO2 v 5 lt hi H2O (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit , p sut). CTPT ca X l : A. C4H10O. B. C4H8O2. C. C4H10O2. D. C3H8O. Cu 131: t chy ht 2,3 gam hp cht hu c X cn V lt O2 (ktc). Sn phm chy cho hp th ht vo bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong d thy c 10 gam kt ta xut hin v khi lng bnh ng dung dch nc vi tng 7,1 gam. Gi tr ca V l : A. 3,92 lt. B. 3,36 lt. C. 4,48 lt. D. Kt qu khc. Cu 132: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hp cht hu c X cn 7,84 lt O2 thu c 5,6 lt kh CO2 (ktc) , 4,5 gam H2O v 5,3 gam Na2CO3. CTPT ca X l : A. C2H3O2Na. B. C3H5O2Na. C. C3H3O2Na. D. C4H5O2Na. Cu 133: t chy hon ton 0,6 gam hp cht hu c X ri cho sn phm chy qua bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thy c 2 gam kt ta v khi lng bnh tng thm 1,24 gam. T khi ca X so vi H2 bng 15. CTPT ca X l : A. C2H6O. B. CH2O. C. C2H4O. D. CH2O2. Cu 134: t chy hon ton 3 gam hp cht hu c X thu c 4,4 gam CO2 v 1,8 gam H2O. Bit t khi ca X so vi He (MHe = 4) l 7,5. CTPT ca X l : A. CH2O2. B. C2H6. C. C2H4O. D. CH2O. Cu 135: t 0,15 mol mt hp cht hu c thu c 6,72 lt CO2 (ktc) v 5,4 gam H2O. Mt khc t 1 th tch hi cht cn 2,5 th tch O2. Cc th tch o cng iu kin nhit , p sut. CTPT ca hp cht l : A. C2H6O2. B. C2H6O. C. C2H4O2. D. C2H4O. Cu 136: Phn tch 1,5 gam cht hu c X thu c 1,76 gam CO2 ; 0,9 gam H2O v 112 ml N2 o o o 0 C v 2 atm. Nu ha hi cng 1,5 gam cht X 127 C v 1,64 atm ngi ta thu c 0,4 lt kh cht X. CTPT ca X l : A. C2H5ON. B. C6H5ON2. C. C2H5O2N. D. C2H6O2N. Cu 137: t chy 1 lt hi hirocacbon vi mt th tch khng kh (lng d). Hn hp kh thu c sau khi hi H2O ngng t c th tch l 18,5 lt, cho qua dung dch KOH d cn 16,5 lt, cho hn hp kh i qua ng ng photpho d th cn li 16 lt. Xc nh CTPT ca hp cht trn bit cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit , p sut v O2 chim 1/5 khng kh, cn li l N2. A. C2H6. B. C2H4. C. C3H8. D. C2H2. Cu 138: t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon trong 0,5 lt hn hp ca n vi CO2 bng 2,5 lt O2 thu c 3,4 lt kh. Hn hp ny sau khi ngng t ht hi nc cn 1,8 lt, tip tc cho hn hp kh cn li qua dung dch kim d th cn li 0,5 lt kh. Cc th tch c o cng iu kin nhit , p sut. CTPT ca hirocacbon l : A. C4H10. B. C3H8. C. C4H8. D. C3H6. Cu 139: Cho 400 ml mt hn hp gm nit v mt hirocacbon vo 900 ml oxi (d) ri t. Th tch hn hp thu c sau khi t l 1,4 lt. Sau khi cho nc ngng t cn 800 ml hn hp, ngi ta cho li qua dung dch KOH thy cn 400 ml kh. Cc th tch kh u o cng iu kin nhit , p sut. Cng thc phn t ca cht hu c l : A. C3H8. B. C2H4. C. C2H2. D. C2H6. Cu 140: t chy 200 ml hi mt hp cht hu c X cha C, H, O trong 900 ml O2, th tch hn hp kh thu c l 1,3 lt. Sau khi ngng t hi nc ch cn 700 ml. Tip theo cho qua dung dch KOH d ch cn 100 ml kh bay ra. Cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit , p sut. CTPT ca Y l : A. C3H6O. B. C3H8O2. C. C3H8O. D. C3H6O2.
Cu 141: t chy hon ton 0,12 mol cht hu c X mch h cn dng 10,08 lt kh O2 (ktc). Dn ton b sn phm chy (gm CO2, H2O v N2) qua bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 d, thy khi lng bnh tng 23,4 gam v c 70,92 gam kt ta. Kh thot ra khi bnh c th tch 1,344 lt (ktc). Cng thc phn t ca X l : A. C2H5O2N. B. C3H5O2N. C. C3H7O2N. D. C2H7O2N. Cu 142: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol cht X cn 6,16 lt kh O2 (ktc), thu c 13,44 lt (ktc) hn hp CO2, N2 v hi nc. Sau khi ngng t ht hi nc, cn li 5,6 lt kh (ktc) c t khi so vi hiro l 20,4. Cng thc phn t ca X l : A. C2H7O2N. B. C3H7O2N. C. C3H9O2N. D. C4H9N. Cu 143: t chy 0,282 gam hp cht hu c X ch cha C, H, N, cho sn phm i qua cc bnh ng CaCl2 khan v KOH d. Thy bnh ng CaCl2 tng thm 0,194 gam cn bnh ng KOH tng thm 0,8 gam. Mt khc nu t chy 0,186 gam cht X th thu c 22,4 ml kh N2 ( ktc). Bit rng hp cht X ch cha mt nguyn t nit. Cng thc phn t ca hp cht X l : A. C6H6N2. B. C6H7N. C. C6H9N. D. C5H7N. Cu 144: t chy hon ton 0,4524 gam hp cht A sinh ra 0,3318 gam CO2 v 0,2714 gam H2O. un nng 0,3682 gam cht A vi vi ti xt chuyn tt c nit trong A thnh amoniac, ri dn kh NH3 vo 20 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,5 M. trung ho axit cn d sau khi tc dng vi NH3 cn dng 7,7 ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Bit MA= 60. Cng thc phn t ca A l : A. CH4ON2. B. C2H7N. C. C3H9N. D. CH4ON. Cu 145: t chy hon ton 0,356 gam cht hu c X thu c 0,2688 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 0,252 gam H2O. Mt khc nu phn hu 0,445 gam cht X th thu c 56 ml kh N2 (ktc). Bit rng trong X c mt nguyn t nit. CTPT ca X l : A. C2H5O2N. B. C3H5O2N. C. C3H7O2N. D. C2H7O2N. Cu 146*: t chy hon ton 0,01 mol cht hu c X cn va 0,616 lt O2. Sau th nghim thu c hn hp sn phm Y gm : CO2, N2 v hi H2O. Lm lnh ngng t hi H2O ch cn 0,56 lt hn hp kh Z (c t khi hi vi H2 l 20,4). Bit th tch cc kh u o ktc. Cng thc phn t X l : A. C2H5ON. B. C2H5O2N. C. C2H7O2N. D. A hoc C. Cu 147: Mt hp cht hu c Y khi t chy thu c CO2 v H2O c s mol bng nhau v lng oxi cn dng bng 4 ln s mol ca Y. Cng thc phn t ca Y l : A. C2H6O. B. C4H8O. C. C3H6O. D. C3H6O2. Cu 148: t chy hon ton mt hp cht hu c n chc X thu c sn phm chy ch gm CO2 v H2O vi t l khi lng tng ng l 44 : 27. Cng thc phn t ca X l : A. C2H6. B. C2H6O. C. C2H6O2. D. C2H4O. Cu 149: Trong mt bnh kn cha hi este no, n chc, mch h A (CnH2nO2) v mt lng O2 o gp i lng O2 cn thit t chy ht A nhit 140 C v p sut 0,8 atm. t chy hon ton A ri a v nhit ban u, p sut trong bnh lc ny l 0,95 atm. A c cng thc phn t l : A. C2H4O2. B. C3H6O2. C. C4H8O2. D. C5H10O2. o Cu 150: Trn mt hirocacbon X vi lng O2 va t chy ht X, c hn hp A 0 C o v p sut P1. t chy hon ton X, thu c hn hp sn phm B 218,4 C c p sut P2 gp 2 ln p sut P1. Cng thc phn t ca X l : A. C4H10. B. C2H6. C. C3H6. D. C3H8. Cu 151: t chy hon ton 1 mol cht X cn 5,5 mol O2, thu c CO2 v hi nc vi tng s mol bng 9. CTPT ca X l : A. C4H10O. B. C4H10O2. C. C4H10O3. D. C4H10.
Cu 152: Mt hp cht hu c gm C, H, O ; trong cacbon chim 61,22% v khi lng. Cng thc phn t ca hp cht l : A. C3H6O2. B. C2H2O3. C. C5H6O2. D. C4H10O. Cu 153: t chy hon ton 1,18 gam cht Y (CxHyN) bng mt lng khng kh va . Dn ton b hn hp kh sau phn ng vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d, thu c 6 gam kt ta. Cng thc phn t ca Y l : A. C2H7N. B. C3H9N. C. C4H11N. D. C4H9N. Cu 154: Mt hp cht hu c A gm C, H, O c 50% oxi v khi lng. Cng thc phn t ca A l : A. CH2O2. B. CH4O. C. CH2O. D. C3H4O. Cu 155*: Khi t chy hon ton 15 miligam cht A ch thu c kh CO2 v hi nc, tng th tch ca chng quy v iu kin tiu chun l 22,4 mililt. Cng thc n gin nht ca A l : A. CH2. B. CH4O. C. CH2O. D. C3H4.
5 cch gi gn tnh bn p
Tnh bn cng nh bng hoa, nh cy non. Hoa ch n r, cy non ch ln ln khi c bn tay vun xi. Tnh bn cng ch p v bn vng khi mi ngi bn bit vun xi, chm cht cho n m thi. 1- Cng nhau lm mt vi vic Tnh bn trc ht l mt s trao i. Hy r bn b cng lm, cng thc hin vi bn mt d nh d nh no , chia s vi nhau. Nh th s lm cho ngi bn thy mnh c tin tng, bn y s hi lng. Cn bn cng thy vui sung v bn c c tnh cm thn thit ca bn b. 2- ng lun k nhng iu phin mun, bc mnh K cho bn nghe nhng g xy ra vi mnh l mt vic lm tt, n gip gii ta nhng c ch trong lng bn. Bn b c th l mt ch da cho bn lm ch. Nhng bn ng lun lun em chuyn khng vui ca mnh lm phin bn b, v bn s p ngi ta nghe, i khi v tm mt s ng vin, thng cm m bn chng cn g hp dn ngi ta na bi bn bc l kh nng thiu kim ch, thiu t tin ca mnh. 3. Lun bn bn b nhng khi cn thit Ai cng c nhng lc kh khn cn n s gip ca ngi khc, c khi ch l mt li thm hi, mt nh mt khch l, mt li nhn xt t nh. Hy lun thm hi, gi mi lin lc vi bn b, kp thi nhn ra tnh th ca bn mnh tm cch gip hu hiu nht. "Mt ming khi i bng mt gi khi no"; nht l khi bn c n, bn cn ta lm y. 4. Rt lui ng lc Ai cng cn c nhng khong tri t do ca mnh. Khi bn mnh mt, khi ta gip bn hon thnh cng vic xong, hoc n gin thy bn khng cn n mnh na, bn hy "rt lui c trt t". Bn ca ta s v cng bit n mt ngi bn t nh ta. Hy lch s co lui v ni vi bn b rng "nu cn n mnh, bn ng ngi ngn, mnh thu xp c m". 5. Thng cm cho nhau c khi vng mt C nhng lc bn phi dnh thi gian cho gia nh, cho ngi yu hoc mt cng vic gp rt no y. V bn b ca bn cng vy. Vic ny lm cho quan h bn b c nhng lc b lng qun.
Hy bo trc cho bn s vng mt ca mnh, ng h c cm gic b phn bi, mt lng tin; thng cm cho bn mnh nu h qun khng thng bo h vng mt.
Ha r a cuc sng tht n gin

1. C mt ngi vo thi xin vic lm trong mt cng ty n, khi i dc hnh lang n phng thi, anh thy c my t giy vn di t, lin ci xung nht ly v b vo thng rc. Ngi ph trch thi vn p v tnh trng thy t xa, quyt nh nhn anh ta vo lm vic cho cng ty. Ha ra c trng dng tht l n gin, ch cn tp nhng thi quen tt. 2. C mt cu b vo tp vic trong mt tim sa xe p, c ngi khch em n mt chic xe p h, cu b khng nhng sa li cho tht tt, m cn lau chi cho chic xe cho sch p. Nhng ngi ang hc vic khc ci nho cu b di dt, chng c thm cht tin cng no li cn tn sc. Hai ngy sau, ngi khch tr li, thy chic xe p va tt va p nh mi mua, cu b lin c ngi khch nhn a v hng ca ng ta lm vic vi mc lng cao. Ha ra thnh t trong i tht n gin, ch cn c gng chu thit thi mt cht 3. C mt em b ni vi m: M i, hm nay m rt p ! B m hi: , sao con li khen m nh th ? Em b tr li: Bi v hm nay m khng ni gin nh mi ngy ! Ha ra mun c mt v p kh i cng tht n gin, ch cn khng ni gin l c. 4. C mt hun luyn vin qun vt ni vi hc sinh: Nu qu bng ri vo trong m c, th lm th no tm n ? Mt ngi ni: Bt u t trung tm m c m tm. Mt ngi khc ni: Bt u t ni ch t trng nht m tm. Li mt ngi khc ni: Bt u t trong m c cao nht m tm. Hun luyn vin tuyn b p n chnh xc nht: Lm tng bc mt, t m c ny n m c kia. Ha ra phng php tm thnh cng tht n gin, c tun t, t s 1 n s 10 khng nhy vt l c th c. 5. C mt ca hng thng nghip n uc thng sng trng, c ngi hi: Tim ca anh thng dng loi n no vy, ti thy rt bn, lc no cng sng, chng thy chic bng no h !?! Ngi trng coi ca hng ni: n ca chng ti cng hay b chy lm, chng qua l chng ti thng thay ngay bng n mi khi bng n c va b h m thi. Ha ra duy tr nh sng tht n gin, ch cn thng xuyn thay i l c. 6. Con nhi bn rung ni vi con nhi bn v ng: Anh y qu nguy him, dn qua ch t m . Con nhi bn ng tr li: T quen ri, hn na, cng thy ngi, lm bing khng mun dn nh. My ngy sau con nhi bn rung i thm con nhi bn ng, pht hin n b xe chy ngang qua cn cht ri, xc nm bp d bn ng i. Ha ra phng php nm gi vn mnh tht n gin, trnh xa li bing l xong. 7. C mt con g con ang ph tm cch v trng chui ra, n chn cha e ngi th u ra ngoi ng nghing s i xem sao Ngay lc y c mt con ra chm chp lt ngang qua . Th l con g con quyt nh ri khi ci v trng ngay lp tc, khng do d chi na. Ha ra mun thot ly gnh nng trm trng tht n gin, ch cn dp b c thnh kin c chp l c th c. 8. C my em b rt mun lm thin thn, Thng trao cho mi b mt ci chn n bng ng, v bo chng trong lc ch Ngi tr li, hy gi ci chn n sao cho lun c sng bng. Nhng ri mt tun tri qua i m vn cha thy Thng tr li, tt c cc em b nn ch, khng cn chi bng chn n ca mnh na. Mt hm, Thng t nhin n thm, chn n ca mi a b li nhc u ng mt lp bi dy, ch duy c em b m thng ngy c bn vn ku bng thng ngc, d cho Thng cha thy n, hng ngy b vn nh li dn, lau chi ci chn n sng bng. Kt qu em b ngc ny c tr thnh thin thn. Ha ra lm thin thn tht n gin, ch cn c mt tm lng tht th tn ty. 9. C mt con heo nh n xin lm mn ca mt v thn, v thn y vui v chp nhn. Lc y c mt con tru ngh t trong m bn ly bc ra, ton thn y lm lem y bn d bn, v thn ni vi con heo nh: Heo i, con hy n gip con ngh tm ra cho sch s i. Con heo nh tr mt ngc nhin: Con l mn ca thn, sao li c th i phc v mt con ngh bn thu nh th ch ? V thn bo heo con: Con khng i phc v k khc, th k khc lm sao bit c con
l mn ca Ta ? Ha ra hc hnh tp luyn nn ging mt v thn tht n gin, ch cn em lng thnh tht ra m phc v l c.
CHUYN 2 :
HIROCACBON NO BI 1 : ANKAN (PARAFIN)
L THUYT
NG NG -CH4 v cc ng ng ca n to thnh dy ng ng ca metan, gi chung l ankan. -Ankan l cc hirocacbon no, mch h c cng thc chung l CnH2n+2 (n 1). -Trong phn t ankan ch c cc lin kt n C C v C H. 3 - Cc nguyn t cacbon trong phn t ankan u trng thi lai ha sp , v vy cc phn t ankan c s cacbon t ba tr ln c cu to gp khc. II. NG PHN 1. ng phn -Cc ankan t C1 C3 khng c ng phn -T C4 tr i c ng phn mch C -S lng cc ng phn : C4 : 2 C5 : 3 C6 : 5 C7 : 9 2. Cch vit ng phn ca ankan: -Bc 1 : Vit ng phn mch cacbon khng nhnh -Bc 2 : Vit ng phn mch cacbon phn nhnh + Ct 1 cacbon trn mch chnh lm mch nhnh. t nhnh vo cc v tr khc nhau trn mch chnh. Lu khng t nhnh vo v tr C u mch. + Khi ct 1 cacbon khng cn ng phn th ct 2 cacbon, 2 cacbon c th cng lin kt vi 1C hoc 2C khc nhau trn mch chnh. + Ln lt ct tip cc cacbon khc cho n khi khng ct c na th dng li. 3. Bc ca cacbon tr ong ankan -Bc ca 1 nguyn t cacbon bng s nguyn t C lin kt trc tip vi n. -Cacbon c bc cao nht l IV v thp nht l bc 0. III. DANH PHP 1. Tn ca 10 ankan mch thng u dy - Tn 10 ankan u dy c c nh SGK 2. Tn cc nhm ankyl a. Tn gc ankyl mch thng -Khi phn t ankan b mt i 1 nguyn t H th to thnh gc ankyl. -Tn ca gc ankyl c c tng t nh tn ankan nhng thay ui an bng ui yl. V d : CH4 CH3 C2H6 C2H5
-H -H
I.
H Etyl
Metan
Metyl
2
Etan
2
CH 3 CH 2 CH
CH
: n pentyl
b. Tn gc akyl mch nhnh Khi 1 nhm CH3 phn nhnh v tr cacbon s 2 th c l iso. Khi c phi tnh tt c cc nguyn t C trong gc ankyl. V d : CH 3
H | CH 3 : iso propyl CH 3 CH CH 2 : iso-butyl | CH 3
* Tn 1 s gc ankyl khc:
CH3 | CH3 |
CH3 C : tert butyl

| CH 3
CH 3 C CH 2 : neo pentyl
| CH3
CH
3
CH CH 2 CH : sec butyl |
3. Tn thay th ca ankan
Tn ankan = S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + tn mch chnh + an - Mch chnh l mch di nht v c nhiu nhnh nht. - xc nh v tr nhnh phi nh s cacbon trn mch chnh. + nh s th t ca cc nguyn t cacbon trn mch chnh sao cho tng s v tr ca cc nhnh l nh nht. + Nu c nhiu nhnh ging nhau th phi nu y v tr ca cc nhnh v phi thm cc tin t i (2), tri (3), tetra (4) trc tn nhnh. + Nu c nhiu nhnh khc nhau th tn nhnh c c theo th t trong bng ch ci (etyl, metyl, propyl). Lu : - Gia s v s c du phy, gia s v ch c du gch - Nu ankan c cha ng thi cc nhm th l halogen, nitro, ankyl th u tin c nhm halogen trc, sau n nhm nitro, cui cng l nhm ankyl. i vi cc nhm th cng loi, th t c theo , b, v d trong phn t c nhm CH3- v C2H5- th c etyl trc v metyl sau. IV. TNH CHT VT L - Trng thi : + Ankan t C1 C4 trng thi kh. + An kan t C5 khong C18 trng thi lng. T C18 tr i th trng thi rn. - Mu : Cc ankan khng c mu. - Mi : + Ankan kh khng c mi. + Ankan t C5 C10 c mi xng.
+ Ankan t C10 C16 c mi du ha. + Ankan rn rt t bay hi nn hu nh khng c mi. - tan : Cc ankan khng tan trong nc nhng tan nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c.
- Nhit nng chy, si : + Cc ankan c nhit nng chy v nhit si tng dn theo khi lng phn t.
o + Khi cu trc phn t cng gn th tnc cng cao cn t o cng thp v ngc li.
V. TNH CHT HA HC Nhn xt chung : - Do trong phn t ch c cc lin kt n l cc lin kt bn nn iu kin thng cc ankan tng i tr v mt ha hc. Ankan khng b oxi ha bi cc dung dch H2SO4 c, HNO3, KMnO4 o - Khi c as, t , xt th ankan tham gia cc phn ng th, tch v oxi ha. 1. Phn ng th halogen (phn ng halogen ha) - Thng xt phn ng vi Cl2, Br2 - Di tc dng ca nh sng, cc ankan tham gia phn ng th halogen. Cc nguyn t H c th ln lt b th ht bng cc nguyn t halogen. C2H6 + Cl2 C2H5Cl + HCl Quy tc th : Khi tham gia phn ng th, nguyn t halogen s u tin tham gia th vo nguyn t H ca C bc cao hn (c t H hn).
a s V d : CH3 CH2 CH3 + Br2 CH3 CHBr CH3 + HBr 2. Phn ng tch H 2 a s
-Di tc dng ca nhit v cht xc tc thch hp, cc ankan b tch ra 2 nguyn t H. CnH2n+2 CnH2n + H2 Quy tc tch: - Hai nguyn t C cnh nhau b tch H. Mi nguyn t C b mt 1 nguyn t H v ni n chuyn thnh ni i. - H ca C bc cao hn b u tin tch to sn phm chnh. V d : CH CH CH
3
t o , xt
CH
3
| CH 3
o t , CH C = CH CH + H
xt
| CH 3
3. Phn ng cracking (b gy mch) - Khi c xc tc thch hp v di tc dng ca nhit , cc ankan b b gy mch C to ra cc phn t nh hn.
c rack inh V d : CnH2n+2 C H a 2a+2 + CbH2b c rack inh C4H10 CH + C3 H 6 4 H10 c rack inh C4 C H + C H
(vi a 1, b 2 v a + b = n)
Ch : - Khi ankan sinh ra c mch cacbon di th cng c th b b mch tip.
- Phn ng crackinh thng km c phn ng tch hiro. 4. Phn ng chy (Oxi ha hon ton) CnH2n+2 +
3n + 1 2
t O 2 o nCO + (n +1)H2O 2
-Khi t ankan lun c
nH O > p o
CO2
v nankan = n H O n CO
5. Phn ng oxi ha khng hon ton - Ankan c th b oxi ha khng hon ton to ra cc sn phm khc nhau. V d : CH4 + O2 HCHO + H2O RCH2 CH2R + 5 2 O2
t , Mn RCOOH + RCOOH + H2O
o 2+
600 -800o C, NO
VI. IU CH 1. Phng php chung T anken, xicloankan

t o , Ni
CnH2n+2 CnH2n + H2 T ankin CnH2n-2 + 2H2

t , Ni CnH2n+2
o
Phng php craking

c rack inh CnH2n+2 CaH2a+2 + CbH2b
Phn ng Wurst RX + RX + Na R R + 2NaX Phn ng vi ti xt CnH2n+1COONa + NaOH CH4

500o C, Ni C aO, t o 2n+2 n C H+ Na2CO 3
2. Phng php r ing iu ch metan C + 2H2
Al4C3 + 12H2O 4Al(OH)3 + 3CH4 CH3COONa + NaOH CH4 + Na2CO3 CH4 + 2Na2CO3
CaO,
o
CaO,
CH2(COONa)2 + 2NaOH
PHNG PHP GII BI TP V HIROCACBON NO Phn ng th Cl2, Br 2 (phn ng clo ha, br om ha) Phng php gii
- Bc 1 : Vit phng trnh phn ng ca ankan vi Cl2 hoc Br2. Nu bi khng cho bit sn phm th l monohalogen, ihalogen, th ta phi vit phn ng dng tng qut : as, t o C n H 2n +2 + xBr Cn H2n+ 2x Br x + xHBr 2 hoc CH
n 2n + 2
xCl s
2
CH
n 2n + 2x
Cl
x
+ xHCl
- Bc 2 : Tnh khi lng mol ca sn phm th hoc khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp sn phm tm s nguyn t cacbon trong ankan hoc mi lin h gia s cacbon v s nguyn t clo, brom trong sn phm th, t xc nh c s nguyn t cacbon v s nguyn t clo, brom trong sn phm th. Suy ra cng thc cu to ca ankan ban u v cng thc cu to ca cc sn phm th. Trn y l hai bc gii tm CTPT, CTCT ca ankan trong phn ng th vi Cl2, Br2. Trn thc t cn c th c nhng dng bi khc lin quan n loi phn ng ny (t gp hn).
Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: Ankan Y phn ng vi clo to ra 2 dn xut monoclo c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 39,25. Tn ca Y l : A. butan. B. propan. C. iso-butan. D. 2-metylbutan. Hng dn gii t CTPT ca ankan l CnH2n+2. Phn ng ca CnH2n+2 vi clo to ra dn xut monoclo : as C n H 2n + 2 + Cl C H Cl + HCl n 2n +1 (1) 2 Theo gi thit ta thy CnH2n+1Cl gm hai ng phn v M Cn H2 n+1Cl = 39, 25.2 = 78, 5 gam / mol
nn ta c : 14n + 36,5 = 78,5 n = 3 CTPT ca ankan l C3H8. Vy Y l propan, phng trnh phn ng : CH3CH2CH2Cl + CH3CH2CH3 + p n B. Cl2 as CH3CHClCH3 + HCl HCl
V d 2: Khi clo ha mt ankan X ch thu c mt dn xut monoclo duy nht c t khi hi i vi hiro l 53,25. Tn ca ankan X l : A. 3,3-imetylhecxan. C. isopentan. B. 2,2-imetylpropan. D. 2,2,3-trimetylpentan
Hng dn gii t CTPT ca ankan l CnH2n+2. Phn ng ca CnH2n+2 vi clo to ra dn xut monoclo : as C n H 2n + 2 + Cl C H Cl + HCl n 2n +1 (1) 2 Theo gi thit M C n H2 n+1Cl = 53, 25.2 = 106, 5 gam / mol nn ta c :
14n + 36,5 = 106,5 n = 5 CTPT ca ankan l C5H12.
V phn ng ch to ra mt sn phm duy nht nn ankan X l 2,2-imetylpropan. Phng trnh phn ng : CH3 CH3 CH3CCH3 + Cl2 CH3 p n B. V d 3: Khi cho ankan X (trong phn t c phn trm khi lng cacbon bng 83,72%) tc dng vi clo theo t l s mol 1:1 (trong iu kin chiu sng) ch thu c 2 dn xut monoclo ng phn ca nhau. Tn ca X l : A. 3-metylpentan. B. 2,3-imetylbutan. C. 2-metylpropan. D. butan. Hng dn gii t CTPT ca ankan X l CnH2n+2. Theo gi thit ta c : 12n = 83, 72 n = 6 CTPT ca ankan X l C H . 2n + 2 16, 28
6 14
CH3CCH2Cl + CH3
HCl
V X phn ng vi Cl2 theo t l mol 1:1 ch thu c hai sn phm th monoclo nn X c tn l 2,3-imetylbutan. Phng trnh phn ng : CH3 CH CH CH3 CH3 CH3 p n B. V d 4: Khi clo ha metan thu c mt sn phm th cha 89,12% clo v khi lng. Cng thc ca sn phm l : A. CH3Cl. B. CH2Cl2. C. CHCl3. D. CCl4. Hng dn gii Phn ng ca CH4 vi clo : CH 4 + xCl2 CH 4x Cl x 35, 5x
as
+ Cl2
as
CH3 CH CH CH2Cl + HCl CH3 CH3 CH3 CH CCl CH3 + HCl CH3 CH3
+ xHCl
(1)
Theo gi thit ta c :
89,12 = x = 3 16 x 10, 88
Vy cng thc ca sn phm th l : CHCl3. p n C. V d 5: Khi tin hnh phn ng th gia ankan X vi hi brom c chiu sng ngi ta thu
c hn hp Y ch cha hai cht sn phm. T khi hi ca Y so vi khng kh bng 4. Tn ca X l : A. 2,2-imetylpropan. B. 2-metylbutan. C. pentan. D. etan. Hng dn gii t CTPT ca ankan l CnH2n+2. Phn ng ca CnH2n+2 vi clo to ra hai cht sn phm :
C n H 2n + 2 +
a xBr2
C n H 2 n+ 2x Br x + xHBr
(1)
mol: 1 1 x Hn hp Y gm hai cht l : CnH2n+2-xBrx v HBr Theo gi thit v (1) ta c : 1.(14n + 2 + 79x) + 81x n = 5 = 4.29 14n + 44x = 114 1+ x x = 1 V phn ng ch to ra 2 sn phm nn suy ra ch c mt sn phm th duy nht. Do ankan X l 2,2-imetylpropan. Phng trnh phn ng : CH3 CH3 CH3CCH3 + Br2 CH3 p n A. CH3CCH2Br + CH3
a s
HBr
II. Phn ng tch (phn ng cr ackinh, tch hir o) Phng php gii
Khi lm cc bi tp lin quan n phn ng crackinh, phn ng tch hiro th cn ch nhng iu sau : + Trong phn ng khi lng c bo ton, t suy ra : n Ankan .M Ankan = n hon hp sau phan ng .M hon hp sau phan n g + Khi crackinh ankan C3H8, C4H10 (c th km theo phn ng tch hiro to ra anken) th : S mol hn hp sn phm lun gp 2 ln s mol ankan phn ng. V vy ta suy ra, nu c x mol ankan tham gia phn ng th sau phn ng s mol kh tng ln x mol. + i vi cc ankan c t 5C tr ln do cc ankan sinh ra li c th tip tc tham gia phn ng crackinh nn s mol hn hp sn phm lun 2 ln s mol ankan phn ng. + i vi phn ng tch hiro t ankan th : S mol H2 to thnh = S mol kh tng ln sau phn ng = S mol hn hp sau phn ng s mol ankan ban u.
Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: Khi crackinh hon ton mt th tch ankan X thu c ba th tch hn hp Y (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut); t khi ca Y so vi H2 bng 12. Cng thc phn t ca X l : A. C6H14. B. C3H8. C. C4H10. D. C5H12. Hng dn gii p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c :
mX = mY nXMX = nY c MY MX = X l C5H12. p n D.
nY MY 3n X M Y = 3. M Y = 3.12.2 = 72 gam/mol nX = nX
V d 2: Crackinh 1 ankan A thu c hn hp sn phm B gm 5 hirocacbon c khi lng mol trung bnh l 36,25 gam/mol, hiu sut phn ng l 60%. Cng thc phn t ca A l : A. C4H10. B. C5H12. C. C3H8. D. C2H6. Hng dn gii Chn s mol ca ankan l 1 mol th s mol ankan phn ng l 0,6 mol, suy ra sau phn ng s mol kh tng 0,6 mol. Tng s mol hn hp B l 1,6 mol. p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c : mA = mB nAMA = nB MB MA = Vy CTPT ca ankan A l C4H10. p n A. V d 3: Craking 40 lt n-butan thu c 56 lt hn hp A gm H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C4H8 v mt phn n-butan cha b craking (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut). Gi s ch c cc phn ng to ra cc sn phm trn. Hiu sut phn ng to ra hn hp A l : A. 40%. B. 20%. C. 80%. D. 20%. Hng dn gii Gi x l th tch C4H10 tham gia phn ng, sau phn ng th tch tng l x lt. Vy ta c : 40 + x = 56 x = 16. 16 .100 = 40% . Hiu sut phn ng to ra hn hp A l : H = 40 p n A. V d 4: Cracking 8,8 gam propan thu c hn hp A gm H2, CH4, C2H4, C3H6 v mt phn propan cha b crakinh. Bit hiu sut phn ng l 90%. Khi lng phn t trung bnh ca A l : A. 39,6. B. 23,16. C. 2,315. D. 3,96. Hng dn gii Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c : mA = mpropan = 8,8 gam. nC H
3 8 ban a u
n B M B 1, 6.36, 25 = 58 gam / mol = 1 nA
= 0, 2 mol n 44
8,8
C 3 H 8 pha n ng
= 0, 2.90% = 0,18 mol.
Vy sau phn ng tng s mol kh trong A l 0,2 + 0,18 = 0,38 mol. m 8,8 MA = A = = 23,16 gam / mol. n A 0, 38 p n B. V d 5: Crackinh hon ton 6,6 gam propan c hn hp X gm hai hirocacbon. Dn ton b X qua bnh ng 400 ml dung dch brom a mol/l thy kh thot ra khi bnh c t khi so metan l 1,1875. Gi tr a l : A. 0,5M. B. 0,25M. C. 0,175M. D. 0,1M. Hng dn gii Cc phn ng xy ra : C3H8 CH4 +
C2H4 (1) C2H4 + C2H4Br2

3 8 4
Br2 (2)
2 H4
l = = 0,15 mol 44 6, 6
Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : nC H = n = n CH C
Sau khi qua bnh ng brom kh thot ra khi bnh c M = 1,1875.16 = 19 gam / mol nn ngoi CH4 cn c C2H4 d. p dng s ng cho cho hn hp CH4 v C2H4 d ta c : 28 19 = 9 16 n n
CH4
CH 4
=
4
= 1
19 nC H
2 4
nC H
19 16= 3
28
Suy ra s mol C2H4 d l 0,05 mol, s mol C2H4 phn ng vi Br2 = s mol Br2 phn ng = 0,1 mol. Vy nng mol ca dung dch Br2 l p n B. V d 6: Crackinh 4,4 gam propan c hn hp X (gm 3 hirocacbon). Dn X qua nc brom d thy kh thot ra c t khi so vi H2 l 10,8. Hiu sut crackinh l : A. 90%. B. 80%. C. 75%. D. 60%. Hng dn gii Cc phn ng xy ra : C3H8 CH4 + Br2 C2H4 (1) C2H4 + (2) C2H4Br2 = n = n Theo (1) ta t : n = a mol; n H d = b mol C3 8 C2 H 4 C H p CH
3 8 4
0,1 = 0, 25M. 0, 4
Sau khi qua bnh ng brom d, kh thot ra khi bnh ngoi CH4 cn c C3H8 d, khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp ny l 21,6. p dng s ng cho cho hn hp CH4 v C3H8 d ta c : 44 21,6 = 22,4 16 n CH n CH 4 2 2, 4 4 a 4 4 = = = n C 3H 8 21,6 H 5,6 1 b 1 (2) 21,6 16= 5,6 nC H 44
3 8
Vy hiu sut phn ng crackinh l : H = p n B.
.100 = 80%. a+b
V d 7: Crackinh C4H10 (A) thu c hn hp sn phm B gm 5 hirocacbon c khi lng mol trung bnh l 32,65 gam/mol. Hiu sut phn ng crackinh l : A. 77,64%. B. 38,82%. C. 17,76%. D. 16,325%. Hng dn gii Chn s mol ca ankan l 1 mol. p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c : n M 58 B A mA = mB nAMA = nB MB n A = M B
32, 65 = = 1, 7764 mol . nB S mol C4H10 phn ng = s mol kh tng ln = 1,7764 1 = 0,7764 mol. 0, 7764 Vy hiu sut phn ng : H = .100 = 77, 64%. 1 p n A.
V d 8: Craking n-butan thu c 35 mol hn hp A gm H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C4H8 v mt phn butan cha b crakinh. Gi s ch c cc phn ng to ra cc sn phm trn. Cho A qua bnh nc brom d thy cn li 20 mol kh. Nu t chy hon ton A th thu c x mol CO2. a. Hiu sut phn ng to hn hp A l : A. 57,14%. B. 75,00%. C. 42,86%. D. 25,00%. b. Gi tr ca x l : A. 140. B. 70. C. 80. D. 40. Hng dn gii a. Tnh hiu sut phn ng Phng trnh phn ng : CH4 C4H10
Crackinh
C3H6 (1) (2)
C2 H 6 + C2 H 4
+ H2 (3) Theo cc C4 H 8 phn ng v gi thit ta t : = = = n C H p n (CH , C H , H ) n(C H , C H , C H ) a mol; n

4 10 4 2 6 2 3 6 2 4 4 8
=
C 4 H10 d
b mol
= + = n A 2a b 35 (*)
Khi cho hn hp A qua bnh dng brom d th ch c C3H6, C2H4, C4H8 phn ng v b gi li trong bnh cha brom. Kh thot ra khi bnh cha brom l H2, CH4, C2H6, C4H10 d nn suy ra : a + b = 20 (**) a = 15 T (*) v (**) ta c : b = 5 Vy hiu sut phn ng crackinh l : H =
.100 = 75% . 15 + 5
15
p n B. b. Tnh gi tr ca x : Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t ta thy thnh phn nguyn t trong A ging nh thnh phn nguyn t trong C4H10 em phn ng. Suy ra, t chy A cng nh t chy lng C4H10 ban u s thu c lng CO2 nh nhau. oO o + t C4H10 2 , 4CO2 mol: 20 80 p n C.
V d 9: Cho etan qua xc tc ( nhit cao) thu c mt hn hp X gm etan, etilen, axetilen v H2. T khi ca hn hp X i vi etan l 0,4. Hy cho bit nu cho 0,4 mol hn hp X qua dung dch Br2 d th s mol Br2 phn ng l bao nhiu ? A. 0,24 mol. B. 0,16 mol. C. 0,40 mol. D. 0,32 mol.
Hng dn gii Phng trnh phn ng : t o , xt CH +H C H

2 6
(1)
CH + 2H C H
2 6 2 2 2
t o , xt
(2)
C 2 H 4 + Br2 C 2 H 4 Br2 C 2 H 2 + 2Br2 C 2 H 2 Br4 Theo cc phng trnh ta thy :
(3) (4)
+ S mol kh tng sau phn ng bng s mol H2 sinh ra. + S mol Br2 phn ng (3) v (4) bng s mol H2 sinh ra (1) v (2). p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c : n e = M X = 0, 4. metan = mX netan .Metan = nX. M e tan MX tan nX Vi nX = 0,4 mol netan =0,16 mol n = n
Br2 p H 2 sinh ra
= n n
X e tan
= 0, 24 mol.
p n A.
Phn ng oxi ha ankan Phng php gii

Khi lm bi tp lin quan n phn ng t chy ankan cn lu nhng iu sau : 1. t chy mt ankan hay hn hp cc ankan th s mol H2O thu c lun ln hn s mol CO2; s mol ankan phn ng bng s mol H2O s mol CO2; S C trong ankan hay s C trung bnh ca n CO 2.n CO + nH2O 2 2 hn hp cc ankan = ; s mol O2 tham gia phn ng t chy = ; khi n H2O n CO 2 2 lng ankan phn ng + khi lng O2 phn ng = khi lng CO2 to thnh + khi lng H2O to thnh; khi lng ankan phn ng = khi lng C + khi lng H = 12.n + 2.n . H O CO
2 2
Cc iu suy ra : Khi t chy mt hirocacbon bt k m s mol nc thu c ln hn s mol CO2 th chng t hirocacbon l ankan; t chy mt hn hp gm cc loi hirocacbon CnH2n+2 v CmH2m th s mol CnH2n+2 trong hn hp bng s mol H2O s mol CO2 (do s mol nc v CO2 sinh ra khi t chy CmH2m lun bng nhau). 2. Khi gp bi tp lin quan n hn hp cc ankan th nn s dng phng php trung bnh: Thay hn hp cc ankan bng mt ankan C n H2n + 2 da vo gi thit tnh ton s C trung bnh (tnh gi 2 tr n ) ri cn c vo tnh cht ca gi tr trung bnh suy ra kt qu cn tm. Gi s c hn hp hai ankan c s cacbon tng ng l n v m (n<m), s cacbon trung bnh l n th ta lun c n< n <m. Nu bi yu cu tnh thnh phn % v s mol, th tch hoc khi lng ca cc ankan trong th ta s dng phng php ng cho tnh t l mol ca cc ankan trong hn hp ri t suy ra thnh phn % v s mol, th tch hoc khi lng ca cc ankan.
Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: Khi t chy hon ton 7,84 lt hn hp kh gm CH4, C2H6, C3H8 (ktc) thu c 16,8 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v x gam H2O. Gi tr ca x l : A. 6,3. B. 13,5. C. 18,0. D. 19,8. Hng dn gii 7,84 16, 8 +n = + = 1,1 mol . Khi t chy ankan ta c : n = n n n = n
Ankan H2 O CO2 H2O Ankan CO 2
22, 4 22, 4
Vy x = mH O = 18.1,1 = 19,8 gam.

2
p n D.
V d 2: t chy hon ton 6,72 lt hn hp A (ktc) gm CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C2H4 v C3H6, thu c 11,2 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 12,6 gam H2O. Tng th tch ca C2H4 v C3H6 (ktc) trong hn hp A l : A. 5,60. B. 3,36. C. 4,48. D. 2,24. Hng dn gii Trong hn hp A, thay cc cht CH4, C2H6, C3H8 bng mt cht CnH2n+2 (x mol); thay cc cht C2H4, C3H6 bng mt cht CmH2m (y mol). Suy ra x + y = 0,3 (*). Cc phng trnh phn ng : CH
n 2 n+ 2
+ 3n + 1 2
O
2
nCO t
o
+ (n + 1)H O
2 2
(1)
mol :
nx + 3m
o O
(n + 1)x
C H
mCO + mH O
(2)
m 2m
mol :
my my
T (1) v (2) ta thy : x = n n = 0, 2 mol y = 0,1 mol. H2 O CO 2 Vy tng th tch ca C2H4 v C3H6 (ktc) trong hn hp A l : 0,1.22,4 = 2,24 lt. p n D. Nhn xt : Khi t chy hn hp gm ankan v cc cht c cng thc phn t l CnH2n (c th l anken hoc xicloankan) th s mol ankan = s mol H2O s mol CO2. V d 3: t chy hon ton hn hp A gm CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C2H2, C3H4, C4H6 thu c a mol CO2 v 18a gam H2O. Tng phn trm v th tch ca cc ankan trong A l : A. 30%. B. 40%. C. 50%. D. 60%. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit ta thy : Khi t chy hn hp A th thu c s mol CO2 bng s mol H2O bng a mol. Trong hn hp A, thay cc cht C2H2, C3H4, C4H6 bng 1 cht CnH2n-2 (x mol) ; thay cc cht CH4, C2H6, C3H8 bng mt cht CmH2m+2 (y mol). Phng trnh phn ng : CH + 3n 1 O
2
o ot
nCO + (n 1)H O
(1)
2 n2
mol :
nx C H
m 2m +2
(n 1)x
+ 3m + 1 2
O
2
o mCO + (m + 1)H O t
(2)
mol :
my
(m + 1)y
Theo gi thit ta thy : Khi t chy hn hp A th thu c s mol CO2 bng s mol H2O bng a mol. Vy t (1) v (2) suy ra : + = + + = = = nx my (n 1)x (m 1)y x y %VC H %VC H 50%. m 2 m+2 n H n2 2 p n C. Nhn xt : Khi t chy hon ton hn hp gm ankan (CmH2m+2) v cc cht c cng thc phn t l CnH2n-2 m thu c s mol H2O bng s mol CO2 th chng t % v th tch ca CmH2m+2 bng % v th tch ca CnH2n-2.
V d 4: t chy hon ton mt th tch kh thin nhin gm metan, etan, propan bng oxi khng kh (trong khng kh, oxi chim 20% th tch), thu c 7,84 lt kh CO2 ( ktc) v 9,9 gam nc. Th tch khng kh ( ktc) nh nht cn dng t chy hon ton lng kh thin nhin trn l : A. 70,0 lt. B. 78,4 lt. C. 84,0 lt. D. 56,0 lt. Hng dn gii t cng thc chung ca metan, etan, propan l CmH2m+2. 9, 9 = 0, 55 mol. Theo gi thit ta c : nCO = 7,84 = 0,35 mol; H O = 2 2 18 n 22, 4 S phn ng :
t C m H 2 m+2 + O o 2 CO 2 2
H2 O 0, 55
(1)
mol :
0, 35
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi nguyn t oxi ta c : 2x = 0,35.2 + 0,55 x = 0,625 = 0, 625.22, 4 = 14 lt V = 5.14 = 70 lt. V
O 2 (ktc) khongkh (ktc)
p n A. V d 5: Cho 224,00 lt metan (ktc) qua h quang c V lt hn hp A (ktc) cha 12% C2H2 ;10% CH4 ; 78% H2 (v th tch). Gi s ch xy ra 2 phn ng : 2CH4 C2H2 + 3H2 (1) CH4 C + 2H2 Gi tr ca V l : A. 407,27. S phn ng : C H : 12% H 2 : 78% h CH 4 o qu ang ien CH d : 10% 4 C t s mol ca C2H2 ; CH4 ; H2 trong hn hp A ln lt l 12x ; 10x ; 78x (v i vi cc cht kh t l % v th tch bng t l % v s mol) p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi H ta c : n H (trong CH4
A) ban au ) 2 2
(2) B. 448,00. C. 520,18. Hng dn gii D. 472,64.
= n H (trong 4 CH
2 2 2 d , C H va H trong
224 .4 = 4.10x + 2.12x + 2.78x 22, 4
x = 0,1818 mol VA = 100x.22, 4 = 407, 27 lt. p n A.
V d 6: Trn 2 th tch bng nhau ca C3H8 v O2 ri bt tia la in t chy hn hp. Sau phn ng lm lnh hn hp ( hi nc ngng t) ri a v iu kin ban u. Th tch hn hp sn phm khi y (V2) so vi th tch hn hp ban u (V1) l : A. V2 = V1. B. V2 > V1. C. V2 = 0,5V1. D. V2 : V1 = 7 : 10. Hng dn gii Phng trnh phn ng : 3CO C3 H 8 + 5O2 2 b (lt) : p (lt) : x x x x 3x 5 3x 4x 5 4x
to
4H 2 O
(1)
sp (lt) :
5 4x
5 5 5 Sau phn ng hi nc b ngng t nn hn hp kh cn li gm C3H8 v O2 d. Ta c : V = V

1 C 3 H8
+ V = 2x lt; V = V
O2 2 C 3 H8 d
+V 7x
CO 2
4x 5
3x 5
= 5
V 7 lt 2 = . V1 10
p n D. V d 7: Hn hp kh A gm etan v propan. t chy hn hp A thu c kh CO2 v hi H2O theo t l th tch 11:15. a. Thnh phn % theo th tch ca hn hp l : A. 18,52% ; 81,48%. B. 45% ; 55%. C. 28,13% ; 71,87%. D. 25% ; 75%. b. Thnh phn % theo khi lng ca hn hp l : A. 18,52% ; 81,48%. B. 45% ; 55%. C. 28,13% ; 71,87%. D. 25% ; 75%. Hng dn gii a. t CTPT trung bnh ca etan v propan ln : C +H 2n 2 Phn ng chy : CH
n 2n + 2
3n + 1
n O CO
2 2
+ ( n +1)H O
2
n + 1 15 2 Theo gi thit ta c : = n = 2, 75 11 n p dng s ng cho cho s nguyn t cacbon trung bnh ca hai cht ta c : VC2 H6 %V = 3 2, 75 = 0, 25 = 25%; %V V = 75%. 2, 75 2 0, 75
p n D. CH H
C 2 H6
C3 H8
b. Thnh phn phn trm v khi lng ca cc cht l : 0, 25.30 .100% = 18,52% %C3H8 = 81,48%. %C2H6 = 0, 25.30 + 0, 75.44 p n A.
V d 8: t chy 13,7 ml hn hp A gm metan, propan v cacbon (II) oxit, ta thu c 25,7 ml kh CO2 cng iu kin nhit v p sut. Thnh phn % th tch propan trong hn hp A v khi lng phn t trung bnh ca hn hp A so vi nit l : A. 43,8% ; bng 1. B. 43,8 % ; nh hn 1. C. 43,8 % ; ln hn 1. D. 87,6 % ; nh hn 1. Hng dn gii t s mol ca metan, propan v cacbon (II) oxit ln lt l x, y, z. S phn ng : CH4 CO2 (1) ; C3H8 3CO2 (2) ; CO CO2 mol: x x y 3y z z T (1), (2), (3) v gi thit ta c h : 6 x + y + z = 13, x + z = 7, 7 = .100 = 43,8%. 7 %V x + 3y + z = 25, 7 6 y=
C 3 H8
(3)
13, 7
Khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp A l : MA = M N2 hay

A
16x + 44y + 28z 16(x + z) + 44y 16.7, 7 + 44.6 > x+y+z = 13, 7 = 28,3 gam / mol. x+y+z
Mt khc M N = 28 gam / mol nn suy ra khi lng phn t trung bnh ca A ln hn so vi 2 > 1.
MN 2
p n C. V d 9: t chy hon ton m gam hirocacbon A. Sn phm thu c hp th vo nc vi trong d th to ra 4 gam kt ta. Lc kt ta, cn li bnh thy khi lng bnh nc vi trong gim 1,376 gam. A c cng thc phn t l : A. CH4. B. C5H12. C. C3H8 . D. C4H10. Hng dn gii Do Ca(OH)2 d nn CO2 chuyn ht vo kt ta CaCO3. Ta c : n = = n = 0, 04 mol. n CO CaCO3 C 2 2 Cho sn phm chy gm CO2 v H2O vo bnh nc vi trong d. Lc kt ta cn li bnh thy khi lng bnh nc vi trong gim 1,376 gam iu c ngha l khi lng kt ta b tch ra khi dung dch ln hn khi lng H2O v CO2 hp th vo bnh. Suy ra : m CaCO3 m H2O m CO2 = 1,376 gam m H2O = 0,864 gam n H2 O = 0, 048 mol n H = 0, 096 mol n C : n H = 0, 04 : 0, 096 = 5 :12 Vy A c cng thc phn t l C5H12. p n B.
V d 10: t chy hon ton mt hp cht hu c X cn 7,84 lt O2 (ktc). Sn phm chy gm chy hp th ht vo bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 thy c 19,7 gam kt ta xut hin v khi lng dung dch gim 5,5 gam. Lc b kt ta, un nng nc lc li thu c 9,85 gam kt ta na. CTPT ca X l : A. C2H6. B. C2H6O. C. C2H6O2. D. C3H8. Hng dn gii Cc phn ng xy ra khi cho sn phm chy vo bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 : CO2 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + H2O (1) 2CO2 + Ba(OH)2 Ba(HCO3)2 (2) Ba(HCO3)2 BaCO3 + CO2 + H2O (3) = Theo (1) : n = 0,1 mol
CO ( p )
n BaCO
2 3
Theo (2), (3): n
CO2 ( p ) )
= 2.n = 2.n = 0,1 mol BaCO3 3 Ba(HCO 2
Tng s mol CO2 sinh ra t phn ng t chy hp cht hu c l 0,2 mol. Theo gi thit khi lng dung dnh gim 5,5 gam nn ta c : = = = = 19, 7 0, 2.44 m H 2O 5, 5 m H 2O 5, 4 gam n H 2.n H2 O 0, 6 mol. p dng inh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi oxi ta c : = + = + = . Nh vy trong X khng c oxi. n O( hchc) 2.n n H O 2.n O ( b ) 2.0, 2 0, 3 0, 35.2 0
CO2
2 2
n C : n H = 0, 2 : 0, 6 = 2 : 6 Vy CTPT ca X l C2H6. p n A. V d 11: t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon A. Sn phm thu c hp th hon ton vo 200 ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,2M thy thu c 3 gam kt ta. Lc b kt ta, cn li phn dung dch thy khi lng tng ln so vi ban u l 0,28 gam. Hirocacbon trn c CTPT l : A. C5H12. B. C2H6. C. C3H8 . D. C4H10. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit ta c : nCa (OH) = 0, 04 mol; 2 n
CaCO3
= 0, 03 mol. Do c hai trng hp xy ra :
Trng hp 1 : Ca(OH)2 d, ch xy ra phn ng to kt ta : CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O (1) mol: 0,03 0,03 0,03 = n CO 0, 03 mol. 2 2 Lc b kt ta, cn li phn dung dch thy khi lng tng ln so vi ban u l 0,28 gam c ngha l khi lng CO2 v H2O hp th vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 ln hn khi lng kt ta CaCO3 b tch ra. Suy ra :
m H2 O + m CO2 m CaCO3 = 0, 28 gam m H2 O = 0, 28 + 3 0, 03.44 = 1, 96 gam n H2 O = 0,1088 mol n H = 0, 217 mol n C : n H = 0, 03 : 0, 217 = 1: 7, 3 (loai). Trng hp 2 : Ca(OH)2 phn ng ht : CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O mol: 0,03 0,03 0,03 (1)
2CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2 mol: 0,02 0,01 = n CO 0, 05 mol.

2
(2)
Lp lun tng t nh trn ta c : m H2 O + m CO2 m CaCO3 = 0, 28 gam m H O = 0, 28 + 3 0, 05.44 = 1, 08 gam 2 n2H O = 0, 06 mol n H = 0,12 mol n C : n H = 0, 05 : 0,12 = 5 :12 . Vy CTPT ca ankan l C5H12. p n A. V d 12: t chy 1 lt hi hirocacbon vi mt th tch khng kh (lng d). Hn hp kh thu c sau khi hi H2O ngng t c th tch l 18,5 lt, cho qua dung dch KOH d cn 16,5 lt, cho hn hp kh i qua ng ng photpho d th cn li 16 lt. Xc nh CTPT ca hp cht trn bit cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit , p sut v O2 chim 1/5 khng kh, cn li l N2. A. C2H6. B. C2H4. C. C3H8. D. C2H2. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit, ta c : V = 2 lt ; V (d) = 0,5 lt ; = 16 lt V (ban u) = 4 lt. V
CO 2 O2 N2 O2
S phn ng : CxHy + O2 CO2 + H2O + O2 d lt: 1 4 2 a 0,5 p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi cc nguyn t C, H, O ta c : 1.x = 2.1 x= 2 1.y y = a.2 4.2 = 2.2 + a = 6 + 0.5.2 a= 3 p n A. V d 13: Cho 0,5 lt hn hp gm hirocacbon v kh cacbonic vo 2,5 lt oxi (ly d) ri t. Th tch ca hn hp thu c sau khi t l 3,4 lt. Cho hn hp qua thit b lm lnh, th tch hn hp kh cn li 1,8 lt v cho li qua dung dch KOH ch cn 0,5 lt kh. Th tch cc kh c o trong cng iu kin. Tn gi ca hirocacbon l : A. propan. B. xiclobutan. C. propen. D. xiclopropan. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit, ta c : VH O = 1, lt ; V = 1, 3 lt V (d) = 0,5 lt. O O2 CO 2 6 ;
2
Cng thc ca hirocacbon l C2H6.
S phn ng : lt: (CxHy + CO2) + O2 CO2 + H2O + O2 d a b 2,5 1,3 1,6 0,5
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi cc nguyn t C, H, O ta c : a.x + b.1 = 1, 3 x= 3 a.y = 1, 6.2 y b.2 + 2, 5.2 = 1, 3.2 + 1, 6.1+ Cng thc ca hirocacbon l C3H8. 0, 5.2 = 8 a = 0, 4 a + b = 0, 5 p n A. b = 0,1
V d 14: Np mt hn hp kh c 20% th tch ankan A (CnH2n+2) v 80% th tch O2 (d) vo kh nhin k. Sau khi cho n ri cho hi nc ngng t nhit ban u th p sut trong kh nhin k gim i 2 ln. Cng thc phn t ca ankan A l : A. CH4. B. C2H6. C. C3H8 . D. C4H10. Hng dn gii n gin cho vic tnh ton ta chn s mol ca A l 1 mol v ca O2 l 4 mol (V ankan chim 20% v O2 chim 80% v th tch). Phng trnh phn ng : CH + ( 3n + 1
ot )O
nCO
+ (n + 1)H O
2 2
(1)
2 n+ 2
b: p:
1 1 (
2 4 3n + 1 2 )
: mol n (n+1) : mol
sp:
4-(
3n + 1 )2
(n+1)
: mol
V sau phn ng hi nc ngng t nn ch c O2 d v CO2 gy p sut nn bnh cha. Tng s mol kh trc phn ng : n1 = 1 + 4 = 5 mol 3n + 1 Tng s mol kh sau phn ng : n = 4 - ( ) + n = (3,5 0,5n) mol 2 2 Do nhit trc v sau phn ng khng i nn : n1 = n 2 p2 Vy A l C2H6. p n B. V d 15: Trn mt hirocacbon X vi lng O2 va t chy ht X, c hn hp A 0 C o v p sut P1. t chy hon ton X, thu c hn hp sn phm B 218,4 C c p sut P2 gp 2 ln p sut P1. Cng thc phn t ca X l : A. C4H10. B. C2H6. C. C3H6. D. C3H8. Hng dn gii n gin cho vic tnh ton ta chn s mol ca X (CxHy) l 1 mol th t gi thit v phng y trnh phn ng ta thy s mol O2 em phn ng l (x + ) . 4 Phng trnh phn ng : t oy (x +o ) O CH +
o
p1
p1
= 2 n = 2
3, 5 0, 5n 0, 5p1
xCO b:
+ 4 y (x + ) 4 (x + y 4
2
H O
2
(1) 2
2
: mol y 2 y
p:
: mol
sp:
2 218,4 C nc th hi v gy p sut ln bnh cha.

o
: mol
Tng s mol kh trc phn ng : n1 = [1 + (x + y y) Tng s mol kh sau phn ng : n2 = (x + 2
z) 4
) ] mol
) mol
Do nhit trc v sau phn ng thay i i nn : y 1+x+ = n1 p 1 2 p (218, 4 + 273) T 4 = 0, 9 0, 2y 0,1x = 1 x 2 1 = = = 0, 9 n2 p2 T1 2p1 .273 x+ y 2 y = 6
Vy A l C2H6. p n B.
V d 16: Hn hp kh X gm 2 hirocacbon no, mch h A v B l ng ng k tip. t chy X vi 64 gam O2 (d) ri dn sn phm thu c qua bnh ng Ca(OH)2 d thu c 100 gam o kt ta. Kh ra khi bnh c th tch 11,2 lt 0 C v 0,4 atm. Cng thc phn t ca A v B l : A. CH4 v C2H6. B. C2H6 v C3H8. C. C3H8 v C4H10. D. C4H10 v C5H12. Hng dn gii T gi thit suy ra : 100 64 11, 2.0, = 1, 8 mol. = = 1 mol; n = n = n n = 4 n
CO 2 CaCO 3
100
O 2 p
O 2 b
O 2 d
32
2 n+ 2
0, 082.273
t cng thc phn t trung bnh ca A v B l : C H

n
Phng trnh phn ng chy : CH

n 2n + 2
3n + 1 2 3n + 1 .x 2
n O CO
2 2
+ ( n +1) H O
2
(1)
mol:
nx
nx = 1 n= Theo gi thit ta c : 3n + 1, .x 1, 8 667 x = 0, 6 = 2 V hai ankan l ng ng k tip v c s C trung bnh bng 1,667 nn cng thc ca hai ankan l CH4 v C2H6. p n A.
V d 17: X l hn hp 2 ankan A v B. t chy ht 10,2 gam X cn 25,76 lt O2 (ktc). Hp th ton b sn phm chy vo nc vi trong d c m gam kt ta. a. Gi tr m l : A. 30,8 gam. B. 70 gam. C. 55 gam. D. 15 gam b. Cng thc phn t ca A v B l : A. CH4 v C4H10. B. C2H6 v C4H10. C. C3H8 v C4H10. D. C A, B v C. Hng dn gii t cng thc phn t trung bnh ca hai ankan A v B l : C H
n 2 n+ 2
Phng trnh phn ng chy :
CH
n 2n + 2
3n + 1 2 3n + 1 .x 2
n O CO
2 2
+ ( n +1) H O
2
(1)
mol:
nx
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O mol: nx nx
(2)
nx = 0, 7 (14n + 2)x = 10, 2 x = 0, 2 Theo gi thit ta c : 3n + 1 n = 3, 5 .x = 1,15 2 Vy : n CaCO = n = 0, 7 mol CaCO = 0, 7.100 = 70 gam. CO 2 3 3 m Vi s C trung bnh bng 3,5 nn phng n A hoc B hoc C u tha mn. p n BD. V d 18: t chy hon ton hn hp X gm hai hirocacbon thuc cng dy ng ng ri hp th ht sn phm chy vo bnh ng nc vi trong d thu c 25 gam kt ta v khi lng nc vi trong gim 7,7 gam. CTPT ca hai hirocacon trong X l : A. CH4 v C2H6. B. C2H6 v C3H8. C. C3H8 v C4H10. D. C4H10 v C5H12. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit ta c : n = n = 0, 25 mol.
CO2 CaCO3
Khi lng dung dch gim 7,7 gam nn suy ra : = = = 25 0, 25.44 m H 2O 7, 7 m H 2O 6,3 gam n H 2O 0,35 mol. Hn hp X gm hai cht ng ng, t chy X cho s mol nc ln hn s mol CO2 chng t X gm hai ankan. t cng thc phn t trung bnh ca hai ankan trong X l : C H .
n 2 n+ 2
Phng trnh phn ng chy : CH

n 2n + 2
3n + 1
n O CO
2 2
+ ( n +1) H O
2
(1)
2 T phn ng ta suy ra : nH O
2
n+1
0,35
n = 2, 5 hoc
2
n CO 2 2
n=
n CO 2 2
= 2, 5 0, 25 n
n H O n CO
Vi s C trung bnh bng 2,5 v cn c vo cc phng n ta thy hai ankan l : C2H6 v C3H8. p n B.
V d 19: Nung m gam hn hp X gm 3 mui natri ca 3 axit hu c no, n chc vi NaOH d, thu c cht rn D v hn hp Y gm 3 ankan. T khi ca Y so vi H2 l 11,5. Cho D tc dng vi H2SO4 d thu c 17,92 lt CO2 (ktc). a. Gi tr ca m l : A. 42,0. B. 84,8. C. 42,4. D. 71,2. b. Tn gi ca 1 trong 3 ankan thu c l : A. metan. B. etan. C. propan. D. butan. Hng dn gii t CTPT trung bnh ca 3 mui natri ca 3 axit hu c no, n chc l : C H COONa
n 2 n+1
Phng trnh phn ng : C o aO C H COONa + NaOH C H

n 2 n+1
,t
+ Na CO
n 2 n+ 2 2 3
(1)
Na 2 CO 3 + H SO 2 4 Na 2SO4 Theo (1), (2) v gi thit ta c : n Na CO = n C H 2 3

n
+ H 2 O + CO2
(2)
= n NaOH = 2n +2 n CO
2 2
17, 92 22, 4
= 0,8 mol.
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c : m +m = m +m = 0, 8.106 + 11, 5.2.0, 8 0,8.40 = 71, 2 gam. m
X NaOH C H
n 2n +2
Na 2 CO 3
M Y = 14n + 2 = 23 n = 1, 5 . Vy trong Y chc chn phi c mt ankan l CH4. p n DA.
BI TP TRC NGHIM
Cu 1: Trong cc nhn xt di y, nhn xt no sai ? A. Tt c cc ankan u c cng thc phn t CnH2n+2. B. Tt c cc cht c cng thc phn t CnH2n+2 u l ankan. C. Tt c cc ankan u ch c lin kt n trong phn t. D. Tt c cc cht ch c lin kt n trong phn t u l ankan. Cu 2: C bao nhiu ng phn cu to c cng thc phn t l C5H12 ? A. 3 ng phn. B. 4 ng phn. C. 5 ng phn. D. 6 ng phn. Cu 3: C bao nhiu ng phn cu to c cng thc phn t l C6H14 ? A. 3 ng phn. B. 4 ng phn. C. 5 ng phn. D. 6 ng phn. Cu 4: C bao nhiu ng phn cu to c cng thc phn t l C4H9Cl ? A. 3 ng phn. B. 4 ng phn. C. 5 ng phn. D. 6 ng phn. Cu 5: C bao nhiu ng phn cu to c cng thc phn t l C5H11Cl ? A. 6 ng phn. B. 7 ng phn. C. 5 ng phn. D. 8 ng phn. Cu 6: Hp cht X c cng thc cu to thu gn nht l : Hy cho bit trong phn t X cc nguyn t C dng bao nhiu electron ho tr to lin kt CH. A. 10. B. 16. C. 14. D. 12. Cu 7: Phn trm khi lng cacbon trong phn t ankan Y bng 83,33%. Cng thc phn t ca Y l : A. C2H6. B. C3H8. C. C4H10. D. C5H12. Cu 8: Cng thc n gin nht ca hirocacbon M l CnH2n+1. M thuc dy ng ng no ? A. ankan. B. khng d kin xc nh. C. ankan hoc xicloankan. D. xicloankan. Cu 9: Cho cc ankan sau :
CH 3 CH CH 2 CH 3 (1) | CH 3 CH CH 3 | C CH (2) | CH
3
CH 3 CH CH 3 (3) | CH 3
CH CH
3 3
CH
CH 2
(4)
CH 3 | CH 3 C CH
3
CH (5)
| CH
Tn thng thng ca cc ankan sau y c tn tng ng l : A. (1) : iso-pentan ; (2) : tert-butan ; (3) : iso-propan ; (4) : n-butan ; (5) : neo-hexan. B. (1) : iso-pentan ; (2) : neo-pentan ; (3) : iso-propan ; (4) : n-butan ; (5) : neo-hexan. C. (1) : iso-pentan ; (2) : neo-pentan ; (3) : sec-propan ; (4) : n-butan ; (5) : neo-hexan. D. (1) : iso-pentan ; (2) : neo-pentan ; (3) : iso-butan ; (4) : n-butan ; (5) : neo-hexan.
Cu 10: Cho cc cht : (X) (Y) (P) (Q) Tn thng thng ca cc ankan sau y c tn tng ng l : A. (X) : iso-butan ; (Y) : n-butan ; (P) : iso-butan ; (Q) : n-pentan. B. (X) : iso-pentan ; (Y) : n-butan ; (P) : iso-propan ; (Q) : n-pentan. C. (X) : iso-pentan ; (Y) : n-butan ; (P) : iso-butan ; (Q) : n-hexan. D. (X) : iso-pentan ; (Y) : n-butan ; (P) : iso-butan ; (Q) : n-pentan. Cu 11: Ankan CH3 CH CH 2 CH CH 2 CH 2 CH 3 c tn ca X l : | | CH3 CH3 A. 1,1,3-trimetylheptan. B. 2,4-imetylheptan. C. 2-metyl-4-propylpentan. D. 4,6-imetylheptan. Cu 12: Ankan CH3 CH CH CH3 c tn l : | CH3
| C 2 H5 B. 2,3-imetylpentan. D. 2-etyl-3-metylbutan.
A. 3,4-imetylpentan. C. 2-metyl-3-etylbutan.
Cu 13: Ankan CH3 CH 2 CH CH 2 CH3 c tn l : | CH CH3 | CH3 A. 3- isopropylpentan. C. 3-etyl-2-metylpentan. Cu 14: Ankan CH
B. 2-metyl-3-etylpentan. D. 3-etyl-4-metylpentan.
C 2H5 | C CH CH CH c tn l : CH | CH
2
| CH
B. 2,4-ietyl-2-metylhexan. D. 3-etyl-5,5-imetylheptan. C 2H 5 | Cu 15: Tn gi ca cht hu c X c CTCT : CH 3 CH CH CH3 l : | Cl A. 3-etyl-2-clobutan. C. 2-clo-3-etylpentan. Cu 16: Tn gi ca cht hu c X c CTCT : B. 2-clo-3-metylpetan. D. 3-metyl-2-clopentan. CH 3 CH | NO2
A. 2-metyl-2,4-ietylhexan. C. 3,3,5-trimetylheptan.
CH CH 2 | CH3 CH 3 A. 4-metyl-3-nitropentan. C. 2-metyl-3-nitropentan. B. 3-nitro-4-metylpetan. D. 2-nitro-3-metylpentan.
l :
Cu 17: Tn gi cu cht hu c X c CTCT : CH 3 CH CH CH 2 CH 3 | |
l :
Cu
Cu
Cu Cu Cu Cu Cu
NO2 Cl A. 3-clo-2-nitropentan. B. 2-nitro-3-clopetan. C. 3-clo-4-nitropentan. D. 4-nitro-3-clopentan. 18: Cho ankan c CTCT l: (CH3)2CHCH2C(CH3)3. Tn gi ca ankan l : A. 2,2,4-trimetylpentan. B. 2,4-trimetylpetan. C. 2,4,4-trimetylpentan. D. 2-imetyl-4-metylpentan. 19: Hp cht hu c X c tn gi l: 2-clo-3-metylpentan. Cng thc cu to ca X l: A. CH3CH2CH(Cl)CH(CH3)2. B. CH3CH(Cl)CH(CH3)CH2CH3. C. CH3CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2Cl. D. CH3CH(Cl)CH3CH(CH3)CH3. 20: 2,2,3,3-tetrametylbutan c bao nhiu nguyn t C v H trong phn t ? A. 8C,16H. B. 8C,14H. C. 6C, 12H. D. 8C,18H. 21: Hp cht 2,2-imetylpropan c th to thnh bao nhiu gc ha tr I ? A. 1 gc. B. 4 gc. C. 2 gc. D. 3 gc. 22: Hp cht 2,3-imetylbutan c th to thnh bao nhiu gc ha tr I ? A. 6 gc. B. 4 gc. C. 2 gc. D. 5 gc. 23: S gc ankyl ha tr I to ra t isopentan l : A. 3. B. 4. C. 5. D. 6. 24: Cc gc ankyl sau y c tn tng ng l :
CH 3 CH CH 2 (1) | CH 3 CH
3
CH
CH 3 | C | CH 3
(2)
CH 3 CH (3) | CH 3 CH (5)
CH CH 2 CH (4) |
CH 3 CH 2 CH
A. (1) : iso-butyl ; (2) : tert-butyl ; (3) : sec-propyl ; (4) : sec-butyl ; (5) : n-butyl. B. (1) : iso-butyl ; (2) : neo-butyl ; (3) : iso-propyl ; (4) : sec-butyl ; (5) : n-butyl. C. (1) : sec-butyl ; (2) : tert-butyl ; (3) : iso-propyl ; (4) : iso-butyl ; (5) : n-butyl. D. (1) : iso-butyl ; (2) : tert-butyl ; (3) : iso-propyl ; (4) : sec-butyl ; (5) : n-butyl. Cu 25: Ankan ha tan tt trong dung mi no sau y ? A. Nc. B. Benzen. C. Dung dch axit HCl. D. Dung dch NaOH. Cu 26: Phn t metan khng tan trong nc v l do no sau y ? A. Metan l cht kh. B. Phn t metan khng phn cc. C. Metan khng c lin kt i. D. Phn t khi ca metan nh. Cu 27: iu kin thng hirocacbon no sau y th kh ? A. C4H10. B. CH4, C2H6. C. C3H8. D. C A, B, C.
Cu 28: Trong cc cht di y, cht no c nhit si thp nht ? A. Butan. B. Etan. C. Metan.
D. Propan.
Cu 29: Cho cc cht sau : C2H6 (I) C3H8 (II) n-C4H10 (III) i-C4H10 (IV) Nhit si tng dn theo dy l : A. (III) < (IV) < (II) < (I). B. (III) < (IV) < (II) < (I). C. (I) < (II) < (IV) < (III). D. (I) < (II) < (III) < (IV). Cu 30: Trong s cc ankan ng phn ca nhau, ng phn no c nhit si cao nht ? A. ng phn mch khng nhnh. B. ng phn mch phn nhnh nhiu nht. C. ng phn isoankan. D. ng phn tert-ankan. Cu 31: Cho cc cht sau : CH3 CH2CH2CH2CH3 (I) CH3 CH 2 CH CH 3 (II) | CH3 Th t tng dn nhit si ca cc cht l : A. I < II < III. B. II < I < III. Cu 32: Cho cc cht : CH3 CH2 CH CH2 CH3 (I) CH3 | CH3 CH3 CH2 CH (III) | CH3 CH3 Th t tng dn nhit si ca cc cht l : A. I < II < III. B. II < I < III. Cu 33: Cho cc cht sau : CH3CH2CH2CH3 (I) CH3 CH CH CH3 (III) | | CH3 CH3 CH 3 C CH3 (III)
| CH3 CH3 |
C. III < II < I. CH3 | CH 3 C | CH3
D. II < III < I.
(II)
C. III < II < I.
D. II < III < I.
CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 (II) CH3 CH2 CH CH3 (IV)

| CH3
Th t gim dn nhit si ca cc cht l : A. I > II > III > IV. B. II > III > IV > I. C. III > IV > II > I. D. IV > II > III > I. Cu 34: Phn ng c trng ca hirocacbon no l : A. Phn ng tch. B. Phn ng th. C. Phn ng cng. Cu 35: Cc ankan khng tham gia loi phn ng no ? A. Phn ng th. B. Phn ng cng. C. Phn ng tch. D. Phn ng chy.
D. C A, B v C.
Cu 36: Sn phm ca phn ng th clo (1:1, nh sng) vo 2,2-imetylpropan l : (1) CH3C(CH3)2CH2Cl (2) CH3C(CH2Cl)2CH3 (3) CH3ClC(CH3)3 A. (1) ; (2). B. (2) ; (3). C. (2). D. (1).
Cu 37: Khi cho 2-metylbutan tc dng vi Cl2 theo t l mol 1:1 th to ra sn phm chnh l : A. 1-clo-2-metylbutan. B. 2-clo-2-metylbutan. C. 2-clo-3-metylbutan. D. 1-clo-3-metylbutan. Cu 38: Cho iso-pentan tc dng vi Br2 theo t l 1 : 1 v s mol trong iu kin nh sng khuch tn thu c sn phm chnh monobrom c cng thc cu to l : A. CH3CHBrCH(CH3)2. B. (CH3)2CHCH2CH2Br. C. CH3CH2CBr(CH3)2. D. CH3CH(CH3)CH2Br. Cu 39: Cho hn hp iso-hexan v Cl2 theo t l mol 1 : 1 ngoi nh sng th thu c sn phm chnh monoclo c cng thc cu to l : A. CH3CH2CH2CCl(CH3)2. B. CH3CH2CHClCH(CH3)2. C. (CH3)2CHCH2CH2CH2Cl. D. CH3CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH2Cl. Cu 40: Cho neo-pentan tc dng vi Cl2 theo t l s mol 1 : 1, s sn phm monoclo ti a thu c l : A. 2. B. 3. C. 5. D. 1. Cu 41: Hp cht Y c cng thc cu to : CH 3 CH CH CH
2 3
CH 3 Y c th to c bao nhiu dn xut monohalogen ng phn ca nhau ? A. 3. B. 4. C. 5. D. 6. Cu 42: Iso-hexan tc dng vi clo (c chiu sng) c th to ti a bao nhiu dn xut monoclo ? A. 3. B. 4. C. 5. D. 6. Cu 43: Khi clo ha C5H12 vi t l mol 1:1 thu c 3 sn phm th monoclo. Danh php IUPAC ca ankan l : A. 2,2-imetylpropan. B. 2-metylbutan. C. pentan. D. 2-imetylpropan. Cu 44: khi clo ha mt ankan c cng thc phn t C6H14, ngi ta ch thu c 2 sn phm th monoclo. Danh php IUPAC ca ankan l : A. 2,2-imetylbutan. B. 2-metylpentan. C. n-hexan. D. 2,3-imetylbutan. Cu 45: Hirocacbon mch h X trong phn t ch cha lin kt v c hai nguyn t cacbon bc ba trong mt phn t. t chy hon ton 1 th tch X sinh ra 6 th tch CO2 ( cng iu kin nhit , p sut). Khi cho X tc dng vi Cl2 (theo t l s mol 1 : 1), s dn xut monoclo ti a sinh ra l : A. 3. B. 4. C. 2. D. 5. Cu 46: Khi clo ha hn hp 2 ankan, ngi ta ch thu c 3 sn phm th monoclo. Tn gi ca 2 ankan l : A. etan v propan. B. propan v iso-butan. C. iso-butan v n-pentan. D. neo-pentan v etan. Cu 47: Ankan no sau y ch cho 1 sn phm th duy nht khi tc dng vi Cl2 (as) theo t l mol (1 : 1): CH3CH2CH3 (a), CH4 (b), CH3C(CH3)2CH3 (c), CH3CH3 (d), CH3CH(CH3)CH3 (e) A. (a), (e), (d). B. (b), (c), (d). C. (c), (d), (e). D. (a), (b), (c), (e), (d).
Cu 48: C bao nhiu ankan l cht kh iu kin thng khi phn ng vi clo (c nh sng, t l mol 1:1) to ra 2 dn xut monoclo ? A. 4. B. 2. C. 5. D. 3. Cu 49: Dy ankan no sau y tha mn iu kin : mi cng thc phn t c mt ng phn khi tc dng vi clo theo t l mol 1 : 1 to ra 1 dn xut monocloankan duy nht ? A. CH4, C3H8, C4H10, C6H14. B. CH4, C2H6, C5H12, C8H18. C. CH4, C4H10, C5H12, C6H14. D. CH4, C2H6, C5H12, C4H10. Cu 50: Khi clo ha mt ankan thu c hn hp 2 dn xut monoclo v 4 dn xut iclo. Cng thc cu to ca ankan l : A. CH3CH2CH3. B. (CH3)2CHCH2CH2CH3. C. (CH3)2CHCH2CH3. D. CH3CH2CH2CH3. Cu 51: Khi clo ha mt ankan thu c hn hp 3 dn xut monoclo v 7 dn xut iclo. Cng thc cu to ca ankan l : A. CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3. B. (CH3)2CHCH2CH2CH3. C. (CH3)3CCH2CH3. D. (CH3)2CHCH(CH3)2. Cu 52: Khi thc hin phn ng hiro ha hp cht X c CTPT C5H12 thu c hn hp 3 anken ng phn cu to ca nhau. Vy tn ca X l : A. 2,2-imetylpentan. B. 2-metylbutan. C. 2,2-imetylpropan. D. pentan. Cu 53: t chy mt hn hp gm nhiu hirocacbon trong cng mt dy ng ng nu ta thu c s mol H2O > s mol CO2 th CTPT chung ca dy l : A. CnHn, n 2. B. CnH2n+2, n 1 (cc gi tr n u nguyn). C. CnH2n-2, n 2. D. Tt c u sai. Cu 54: t chy cc hirocacbon ca dy ng ng no di y th t l mol H2O : mol CO2 gim khi s cacbon tng. A. ankan. B. anken. C. ankin. D. aren Cu 55: Khi t chy ankan thu c H2O v CO2 vi t l tng ng bin i nh sau : A. tng t 2 n + . B. gim t 2 n 1. C. tng t 1 n 2. D. gim t 1 n 0. Cu 56: Khng th iu ch CH4 bng phn ng no ? A. Nung mui natri malonat vi vi ti xt. B. Canxicacbua tc dng vi nc. C. Nung natri axetat vi vi ti xt. D. Nhm cacbua tc dng vi nc. Cu 57: Trong phng th nghim c th iu ch metan bng cch no sau y ? A. Nhit phn natri axetat vi vi ti xt. B. Crackinh butan. C. T phn ng ca nhm cacbua vi nc. D. A, C. Cu 58: Thnh phn chnh ca kh thin nhin l : A. metan. B. etan. C. propan. D. n-butan.
Cu 59: Trong cc phng trnh ha hc : Al4C3 + 12H2O C4H10

C rack
3CH4 + 4Al(OH)3
inh
(1) + (3) (4) CH4 + NaOH + (5) D. (5). CH4 (2)
CH3COONa + NaOH CH3COONa + H2 O
CH4 + Na2CO3
aO, to CH + 22Na CO 4 3 pdd
CaO, t o
C3H6
CH2(COONa)2 + 2NaOH
CO2 + H2 Cc phng trnh ha hc vit sai l : A. (2), (5), (4). B. (2), (3), (4). C. (2), (3), (5). Cu 60: Phn ng no sau y iu ch c CH4 tinh khit hn ? A. Al4C3 + 12H2O B. CH3COONa (rn) + NaOH (rn) C. C4 H10
Ni, t
o
CaO, to
3CH4 + 4Al(OH)3 CH4 + Na2CO3
rack
inh
C3 H 6 +
CH4
D. C + 2H2
CH4
Cu 61: Ankan Y phn ng vi brom to ra 2 dn xut monobrom c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 61,5. Tn ca Y l : A. butan. B. propan. C. Iso-butan. D. 2-metylbutan. Cu 62: Khi brom ha mt ankan ch thu c mt dn xut monobrom duy nht c t khi hi i vi hiro l 75,5. Tn ca ankan l : A. 3,3-imetylhecxan. C. isopentan. B. 2,2-imetylpropan. D. 2,2,3-trimetylpentan Cu 63: Khi cho ankan X (trong phn t c phn trm khi lng cacbon bng 83,72%) tc dng vi clo theo t l s mol 1:1 (trong iu kin chiu sng) ch thu c 2 dn xut monoclo ng phn ca nhau. Tn ca X l : A. 3-metylpentan. B. 2,3-imetylbutan. C. 2-metylpropan. D. butan. Cu 64: Khi clo ha metan thu c mt sn phm th cha 89,12% clo v khi lng. Cng thc ca sn phm l : A. CH3Cl. B. CH2Cl2. C. CHCl3. D. CCl4. Cu 65: Khi tin hnh phn ng th gia ankan X vi kh clo c chiu sng ngi ta thu c hn hp Y ch cha hai cht sn phm. T khi hi ca Y so vi hiro l 35,75. Tn ca X l : A. 2,2-imetylpropan. B. 2-metylbutan. C. pentan. D. etan. Cu 66: Khi crackinh hon ton mt th tch ankan X thu c ba th tch hn hp Y (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut); t khi ca Y so vi H2 bng 12. Cng thc phn t ca X l : A. C6H14. B. C3H8. C. C4H10. D. C5H12. Cu 67: Khi crackinh hon ton mt ankan X thu c hn hp Y (cc th tch kh o cng iu
kin nhit v p sut); t khi ca Y so vi H2 bng 14,5. Cng thc phn t ca X l : A. C6H14. B. C3H8. C. C4H10. D. C5H12 Cu 68: Crakinh 8,8 gam propan thu c hn hp A gm H2, CH4, C2H4, C3H6 v mt phn propan cha b crakinh. Bit hiu sut phn ng l 90%. Khi lng phn t trung bnh ca A l : A. 39,6. B. 23,16. C. 2,315. D. 3,96.
Cu 69: Crakinh 40 lt n-butan thu c 56 lt hn hp A gm H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C4H8 v mt phn n-butan cha b crakinh (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut). Gi s ch c cc phn ng to ra cc sn phm trn. Hiu sut phn ng to hn hp A l : A. 40%. B. 20%. C. 80%. D. 60%. Cu 70: Crakinh n-butan thu c 35 mol hn hp A gm H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C4H8 v mt phn butan cha b crakinh. Gi s ch c cc phn ng to ra cc sn phm trn. Cho A qua bnh nc brom d thy cn li 20 mol kh. Nu t chy hon ton A th thu c x mol CO2. a. Hiu sut phn ng to hn hp A l : A. 57,14%. B. 75,00%. C. 42,86%. D. 25,00%. b. Gi tr ca x l : A. 140. B. 70. C. 80. D. 40. Cu 71: Cho etan qua xc tc ( nhit cao) thu c mt hn hp X gm etan, etilen, axetilen v H2. T khi ca hn hp X i vi etan l 0,4. Hy cho bit nu cho 0,4 mol hn hp X qua dung dch Br2 d th s mol Br2 phn ng l bao nhiu ? A. 0,24 mol. B. 0,16 mol. C. 0,40 mol. D. 0,32 mol. Cu 72: Cho butan qua xc tc ( nhit cao) thu c hn hp X gm C4H10, C4H8, C4H6, H2. T khi ca X so vi butan l 0,4. Nu cho 0,6 mol X vo dung dch brom (d) th s mol brom ti a phn ng l : A. 0,48 mol. B. 0,36 mol. C. 0,60 mol. D. 0,24 mol. Cu 73: Khi t chy hon ton V lt hn hp kh gm CH4, C2H6, C3H8 (ktc) thu c 44 gam CO2 v 28,8 gam H2O. Gi tr ca V l : A. 8,96. B. 11,20. C. 13,44. D. 15,68. Cu 74: Khi t chy hon ton 7,84 lt hn hp kh gm CH4, C2H6, C3H8 (ktc) thu c 16,8 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v x gam H2O. Gi tr ca x l : A. 6,3. B. 13,5. C. 18,0. D. 19,8. Cu 75: t chy hon ton 2,24 lt hn hp A (ktc) gm CH4, C2H6 v C3H8 thu c V lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 7,2 gam H2O. Gi tr ca V l : A. 5,60. B. 6,72. C. 4,48. D. 2,24. Cu 76: Oxi ho hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp X gm 2 ankan. Sn phm thu c cho i qua bnh (1) ng H2SO4 c, bnh (2) ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 d th khi lng ca bnh (1) tng 6,3 gam v bnh (2) c m gam kt ta xut hin. Gi tr ca m l : A. 68,95 gam. B. 59,1 gam. C. 49,25 gam. D. Kt qu khc. Cu 77: t chy hon ton 6,72 lt hn hp A (ktc) gm CH4, C2H6, C3H8, C2H4 v C3H6, thu c 11,2 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 12,6 gam H2O. Tng th tch ca C2H4 v C3H6 (ktc) trong hn hp A l : A. 5,60. B. 3,36. C. 4,48. D. 2,24. Cu 78: t chy hon ton hn hp A gm CH4, C2H2, C3H4, C4H6 thu c x mol CO2 v 18x gam H2O. Phn trm th tch ca CH4 trong A l : A. 30%. B. 40%. C. 50%. D. 60%. Cu 79: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm hai hirocacbon thuc cng dy ng ng cn dng 6,16 lt O2 v thu c 3,36 lt CO2. Gi tr ca m l : A. 2,3 gam. B. 23 gam. C. 3,2 gam. D. 32 gam. Cu 80: t chy mt hn hp hirocacbon ta thu c 2,24 lt CO2 (ktc) v 2,7 gam H2O th th
tch O2 tham gia phn ng chy (ktc) l : A. 5,6 lt. B. 2,8 lt.
C. 4,48 lt.
D. 3,92 lt.
Cu 81: t chy hon ton mt th tch kh thin nhin gm metan, etan, propan bng oxi khng kh (trong khng kh, oxi chim 20% th tch), thu c 7,84 lt kh CO2 ( ktc) v 9,9 gam nc. Th tch khng kh ( ktc) nh nht cn dng t chy hon ton lng kh thin nhin trn l : A. 70,0 lt. B. 78,4 lt. C. 84,0 lt. D. 56,0 lt. Cu 82: Craking m gam n-butan thu c hp A gm H2, CH4, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C4H8 v mt phn butan cha b craking. t chy hon ton A thu c 9 gam H2O v 17,6 gam CO2. Gi tr ca m l : A. 5,8. B. 11,6. C. 2,6. D. 23,2. Cu 83: Khi tin hnh craking 22,4 lt kh C4H10 (ktc) thu c hn hp A gm CH4, C2H6, C2H4, C3H6, C4H8, H2 v C4H10 d. t chy hon ton A thu c x gam CO2 v y gam H2O. Gi tr ca x v y tng ng l : A. 176 v 180. B. 44 v 18. C. 44 v 72. D. 176 v 90. Cu 84: Cho 224,00 lt metan (ktc) qua h quang c V lt hn hp A (ktc) cha 12% C2 H 2 ;10% CH4 ; 78%H2 (v th tch). Gi s ch xy ra 2 phn ng : 2CH4 C2H2 + 3H2 (1) CH4 C + 2H2 (2) Gi tr ca V l : A. 407,27. B. 448,00. C. 520,18. D. 472,64. Cu 85: Trn 2 th tch bng nhau ca C3H8 v O2 ri bt tia la in t chy hn hp. Sau phn ng lm lnh hn hp ( hi nc ngng t) ri a v iu kin ban u. Th tch hn hp sn phm khi y (V2) so vi th tch hn hp ban u (V1) l : A. V2 = V1. B. V2 > V1. C. V2 = 0,5V1. D. V2 : V1 = 7 : 10. Cu 86: Hn hp kh A gm etan v propan. t chy hn hp A thu c kh CO2 v hi H2O theo t l th tch 11:15. Thnh phn % theo khi lng ca hn hp l : A. 18,52% ; 81,48%. B. 45% ; 55%. C. 28,13% ; 71,87%. D. 25% ; 75%. Cu 87: t chy 13,7 ml hn hp A gm metan, propan v cacbon (II) oxit, ta thu c 25,7 ml kh CO2 cng iu kin nhit v p sut. Thnh phn % th tch propan trong hn hp A v khi lng phn t trung bnh ca hn hp A so vi nit l : A. 43,8% ; bng 1. B. 43,8 % ; nh hn 1. C. 43,8 % ; ln hn 1. D. 87,6 % ; nh hn 1. Cu 88: n gin ta xem xng l hn hp cc ng phn ca hexan v khng kh gm 80% N2 v 20% O2 (theo th tch). T l th tch xng (hi) v khng kh cn ly l bao nhiu xng c chy hon ton trong cc ng c t trong ? A. 1 : 9,5. B. 1 : 47,5. C. 1 : 48. D. 1 : 50 Cu 89: t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon X thu c 6,72 lt CO2 (ktc) v 7,2 gam nc. Cng thc phn t ca X l : A. C2H6. B. C3H8. C. C4H10. D. CH4. Cu 90: oxi ha hon ton m gam mt hirocacbon X cn 17,92 lt O2 (ktc), thu c 11,2 lt CO2 (ktc). CTPT ca X l : A. C3H8. B. C4H10. C. C5H12. D. C2H6. Cu 91: Np mt hn hp kh c 20% th tch ankan A v 80% th tch O2 (d) vo kh nhin k. Sau khi cho n ri cho hi nc ngng t nhit ban u th p sut trong kh nhin k gim
i 2 ln. Cng thc phn t ca ankan A l : A. CH4. B. C2H6.
C. C3H8 .
D. C4H10.
Cu 92: Hirocacbon X chy cho th tch hi nc gp 1,2 ln th tch CO2 (o cng k). Khi tc dng vi clo to mt dn xut monoclo duy nht. X c tn l : A. isobutan. B. propan. C. etan. D. 2,2- imetylpropan. Cu 93: t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon X thu c 0,11 mol CO2 v 0,132 mol H2O. Khi X tc dng vi kh clo thu c 4 sn phm monoclo. Tn gi ca X l : A. 2-metylbutan. B. etan. C. 2,2-imetylpropan. D. 2-metylpropan. Cu 94: t chy hon ton 0,2 mol hirocacbon X. Hp th ton b sn phm chy vo nc vi trong c 20 gam kt ta. Lc b kt ta ri un nng phn nc lc li c 10 gam kt ta na. Vy X khng th l : A. C2H6. B. C2H4. C. CH4. D. C2H2. Cu 95: t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon A. Sn phm thu c hp th hon ton vo 200 ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 0,2M thy thu c 3 gam kt ta. Lc b kt ta cn li phn dung dch thy khi lng tng ln so vi ban u l 0,28 gam. Hirocacbon trn c CTPT l : A. C5H12. B. C2H6. C. C3H8 . D. C4H10. Cu 96: t chy hon ton m gam hp cht hu c A. Sn phm thu c hp th vo nc vi trong d th to ra 4 gam kt ta. Lc kt ta cn li bnh thy khi lng bnh nc vi trong gim 1,376 gam. A c cng thc phn t l : A. CH4. B. C5H12. C. C3H8 . D. C4H10. Cu 97: Cho hn hp 2 ankan A v B th kh, c t l s mol trong hn hp: nA : nB = 1 : 4. Khi lng phn t trung bnh l 52,4. Cng thc phn t ca hai ankan A v B ln lt l : A. C2H6 v C4H10. B. C5H12 v C6H14. C. C2H6 v C3H8. D. C4H10 v C3H8 Cu 98: Mt hn hp 2 ankan lin tip trong dy ng ng c t khi hi vi H2 l 24,8. a. Cng thc phn t ca 2 ankan l : A. C2H6 v C3H8. B. C4H10 v C5H12. C. C3H8 v C4H10. D. Kt qu khc. b. Thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca 2 ankan l : A. 30% v 70%. B. 35% v 65%. C. 60% v 40%. D. 50% v 50%. Cu 99: t chy hon ton hn hp X gm hai ankan k tip trong dy ng ng c 24,2 gam CO2 v 12,6 gam H2O. Cng thc phn t 2 ankan l : A. CH4 v C2H6. B. C2H6 v C3H8. C. C3H8 v C4H10. D. C4H10 v C5H12 Cu 100: Khi t chy hon ton hn hp 2 ankan l ng ng k tip thu c 7,84 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 9,0 gam H2O. Cng thc phn t ca 2 ankan l : A. CH4 v C2H6. B. C2H6 v C3H8. C. C3H8 v C4H10. D. C4H10 v C5H12. Cu 101: t chy hon ton hn hp kh X gm 2 hirocacbon A v B l ng ng k tip cn dng 85,12 lt O2 (ktc), thu c 96,8 gam CO2 v m gam H2O. Cng thc phn t ca A v B l : A. CH4 v C2H6. B. C2H6 v C3H8. C. C3H8 v C4H10. D. C4H10 v C5H12. Cu 102: t chy hon ton hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon l ng ng lin tip, sau phn ng thu c V H O V = 1 : 1,6 (o cng k). X gm : : CO
2 2
A. CH4 v C2H6. B. C2H4 v C3H6. C. C2H2 v C3H6. D. C3H8 v C4H10. Cu 103: Hn hp kh X gm 2 hirocacbon A v B l ng ng k tip. t chy X vi 64 gam O2 (d) ri dn sn phm thu c qua bnh ng Ca(OH)2 d thu c 100 gam kt ta. Kh ra
khi bnh c th tch 11,2 lt 0 C v 0,4 atm. Cng thc phn t ca A v B l : A. CH4 v C2H6. B. C2H6 v C3H8. C. C3H8 v C4H10. D. C4H10 v C5H12
Cu 104: t chy hon ton hn hp gm hai hirocacbon c phn t lng km nhau 14 vC c m gam H2O v 2m gam CO2. Hai hirocacbon ny l : A. 2 anken. B. C4H10 v C5H12. C. C2H2 v C3H4. D. C6H6 v C7H8. Cu 105: t chy hon ton hn hp hai hirocacbon ng ng c khi lng phn t hn km nhau 28 vC, ta thu c 4,48 lt CO2 (ktc) v 5,4 gam H2O. CTPT ca 2 hirocacbon trn l : A. C2H4 v C4H8. B. C2H2 v C4H6. C. C3H4 v C5H8. D. CH4 v C3H8. Cu 106: Hn hp kh gm 2 hirocacbon no A v B thuc cng dy ng ng, c t khi i vi H2 l 12. a. Khi lng CO2 v hi H2O sinh ra khi t chy 15,68 lt hn hp ( ktc) l : A. 24,2 gam v 16,2 gam. B. 48,4 gam v 32,4 gam. C. 40 gam v 30 gam. D. Kt qu khc. b. Cng thc phn t ca A v B l : A. CH4 v C2H6. B. CH4 v C3H8. C. CH4 v C4H10. D. C A, B v C. Cu 107: X l hn hp 2 ankan. t chy ht 10,2 gam X cn 25,76 lt O2 (ktc). Hp th ton b sn phm chy vo nc vi trong d c m gam kt ta. a. Gi tr m l : A. 30,8 gam. B. 70 gam. C. 55 gam. D. 15 gam b. Cng thc phn t ca A v B l : A. CH4 v C4H10. B. C2H6 v C4H10. C. C3H8 v C4H10. D. C A, B v C. Cu 108: t chy hon ton hn hp X gm hai hirocacbon thuc cng dy ng ng ri hp th ht sn phm chy vo bnh ng nc vi trong d thu c 25 gam kt ta v khi lng nc vi trong gim 7,7 gam. CTPT ca hai hirocacon trong X l : A. CH4 v C2H6. B. C2H6 v C3H8. C. C3H8 v C4H10. D. C4H10 v C5H12. Cu 109: Hn hp X gm hai hirocacbon thuc cng dy ng ng. t chy hon ton hn hp X, sn phm chy thu c cho li qua bnh (1) ng H2SO4 c, sau qua bnh (2) ng 250 ml dung dch Ca(OH)2 1M. Khi kt thc phn ng, khi lng bnh (1) tng 8,1 gam v bnh (2) c 15 gam kt ta xut hin. CTPT ca hai hirocacbon trong X l : A. CH4 v C4H10. B. C2H6 v C4H10. C. C3H8 v C4H10. D. A hoc B hoc C. Cu 110: t chy hon ton hn hp 2 hirocacbon c khi lng phn t hn km nhau 28 vC. Sn phm c hp th ton b vo nc vi trong d thu c 65 gam kt ta, lc kt ta thy khi lng dung dch gim so vi ban u 22 gam. Hai hirocacbon thuc h : A. Xicloankan. B. Anken. C. Ankin. D. Ankan. Cu 111: t chy mt s mol nh nhau ca 3 hirocacbon K, L, M ta thu c lng CO2 nh nhau v t l s mol nc v CO2 i vi K, L, M tng ng l 0,5 : 1 : 1,5. Xc nh CT K, L, M (vit theo th t tng ng) : A. C2H4, C2H6, C3H4. B. C3H8, C3H4, C2H4. C. C3H4, C3H6, C3H8. D. C2H2, C2H4, C2H6. Cu 112: Nung m gam hn hp X gm 3 mui natri ca 3 axit hu c no, n chc vi NaOH d, thu c cht rn D v hn hp Y gm 3 ankan. T khi ca Y so vi H2 l 11,5. Cho D tc dng vi H2SO4 d thu c 17,92 lt CO2 (ktc).
a. Gi tr ca m l : A. 42,0. b. Tn gi ca 1 trong 3 ankan thu c l : A. metan.
B. 84,8. B. etan.
C. 42,4. C. propan.
D. 71,2. D. butan.
BI 2 : XICLOANKAN
L THUYT
I. KHI NIM DANH PHP 1. Khi nim - Xicloankan l mt loi hirocacbon no m trong phn t ch gm lin kt n v c mt vng khp kn. C CTTQ l CnH2n (n 3). - V d: (xiclopropan) 2. Danh php (xiclobutan)
Tn xicloankan = S ch v tr nhnh + tn nhnh + xiclo + tn mch chnh (vng) + an
- V d:
-CH3
(metylxiclopropan)
xiclohexan
metylxiclopentan
1,2-imetylxiclobutan
1,1,2-trimetylxiclopropan
II. TNH CHT VT L Xicloankan t nc, C t s, C Khi lng ring 3 g/cm (nhit ) Mu sc Tnh tan
127 33 0,689 ( 40C) Khng mu. Khng tan trong nc, tan trong dung mi hu c. 90 13 0,703 (0C) 94 49 0,755 (20C) 7 81 0,778 (20C)
II. TNH CHT HA HC a. Phn ng cng m vng - Cc xicloankan c vng ba cnh c th tham gia phn ng cng m vng vi H2, dung dch Br2 v dung dch HCl, HBr. - Cc xicloankan c vng bn cnh c th tham gia phn ng cng m vng vi H2.
V d :
+ H2 + Br2 + HBr + H2
i, 80
CH3CH 3 2
CH
(propan)
BrCH2CH2CH2Br

Ni, 120o C
(1,3-ibrompropan) (1-brompropan)
CH3CH2CH2Br
CH3CH2CH2CH3 (butan)
- Xicloankan vng 5, 6 cnh tr ln khng c phn ng cng m vng trong nhng iu kin trn. b. Phn ng th : Phn ng th xicloankan tng t nh ankan. V d :
as, t
c. Phn ng oxi ho 3n o t CnH2n + O2 nCO2 + nH2O 2

t C6H12 + 9O2 o 6CO + 6H O 2 2 2
H < 0 H = -3947,5 kJ
Xicloankan khng lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4. III. IU CH V NG DNG 1. iu ch Ngoi vic tch trc tip t qu trnh chng ct du m, xicloankan cn c iu ch t ankan, v d : CH3[CH2]4CH3
t , xt
o
+ H2
+ 3H2
t , xt
2. ng dng Ngoi vic dng lm nhin liu nh ankan, xicloankan cn c dng lm dung mi, lm nguyn liu iu ch cc cht khc, v d :
t , xt
o
3H2
BI TP TRC NGHIM
Cu 113: Hp cht X c cng thc cu to thu gn nht l :
Hy cho bit hp cht X c bao nhiu nguyn t cacbon bc 2 ? A. 4. B. 5. C. 3. Cu 114: Cho cc cht sau : CH3 (I) (II) (III) (IV) Nhng cht no l ng ng ca nhau ? A. I, III, V. B. I, II, V. C. III, IV, V. Cu 115: Hp cht X c cng thc cu to thu gn nht l :
D. 6. CH2 CH3 (V) D. II, III, V.
Hy cho bit cn bao nhiu ng phn cu to mch vng c cng thc phn t ging nh X ? A. 2. B. 5. C. 3. D. 4. Cu 116: Cho cc hp cht vng no sau : Xiclopropan (I) xiclobutan (II) xiclopentan (III) xiclohexan (IV) bn ca cc vng tng dn theo th t no ? A. I < II < III < IV. B. III < II < I < IV. C. II < I < III < IV. D. IV < I < III < II. Cu 117: Hirocacbon X c CTPT C6H12 khng lm mt mu dung dch brom, khi tc dng vi brom to c mt dn xut monobrom duy nht. Tn ca X l : A. metylpentan. B. 1,2-imetylxiclobutan. C. 1,3-imetylxiclobutan. D. xiclohexan. Cu 118: Xicloankan (ch c mt vng) A c t khi so vi nit bng 3. A tc dng vi clo c chiu sng ch cho mt dn xut monoclo duy nht, xc nh cng thc cu to ca A ?
CH3 CH3
A.
CH3
. Cu 119: Hai xicloankan M v N u c t khi hi so vi metan bng 5,25. Khi tham gia phn ng th clo (as, t l mol 1:1) M cho 4 sn phm th cn N cho 1 sn phm th. Tn gi ca cc xicloankan N v M l : A. metylxiclopentan v imetylxiclobutan. B. Xiclohexan v metylxiclopentan. C. Xiclohexan v n-propylxiclopropan. D. C A, B, C u ng. Cu 120: C bao nhiu ng phn cu to ca xicloankan c thc phn t l C5H10 phn ng c o vi H2 (t , Ni) ? A. 0. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4. Cu 121: C bao nhiu ng phn cu to ca xicloankan c thc phn t l C6H12 phn ng c o vi H2 (t , Ni) ?
B.
C.
H3C
D.
H3 C
CH3
A. 8.
B. 9.
C. 7.
D. 10.
Cu 122: C bao nhiu ng phn cu to ca xicloankan c thc phn t l C5H10 lm mt mu dung dch brom ? A. 0. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4. Cu 123: C bao nhiu ng phn cu to ca xicloankan c thc phn t l C6H12 lm mt mu dung dch brom ? A. 6. B. 5. C. 3. D. 4. o Cu 124: Cho cc cht : H2 (t , Ni), Cl2 (as), dung dch HCl, dung dch Br2, dung dch KMnO4. Cho xiclopropan v xiclobutan ln lt phn ng vi cc cht trn th s xy ra bao nhiu phn ng? A. 8. B. 6. C. 7. D. 9. o Cu 125: Hp cht X l 1-etyl-2-metylxiclopropan. Cho X tc dng vi H2 (Ni, t ). S sn phm cng ti a c th to ra l : A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 1. Cu 126: Cho cc cht : (X) (Y) (P) (Q) o Hy cho bit cht no trn c th l sn phm ca phn ng gia metylxiclopropan vi H2 (Ni, t ). A. X, Y. B. P, Q. C. X, Q. D. Y, P. Cu 127*: Hp cht X l dn xut ca monoxiclopropan (c cha vng 3 cnh). Cho X cng o H2 (Ni, t ) th thu c hn hp cc sn cng phm trong c hp cht Y. Cng thc cu to thu gn nht ca Y l : Hy cho bit c my ng phn cu to ca X tha mn tnh cht trn ? A. 2. B. 4. C. 5. D. 3. Cu 128: Dn hn hp kh A gm propan v xiclopropan i vo dung dch brom s quan st c hin tng no sau y : A. Mu ca dung dch nht dn, khng c kh thot ra. B. Mu ca dung dch nht dn, v c kh thot ra. C. Mu ca dung dch mt hn, khng cn kh thot ra. D. Mu ca dung dch khng i. Cu 129: Cho phn ng : A + Br2 BrCH2CH2CH2 Br A l cht no trong phn ng sau y ? A. propan. B. 1-brompropan. C. xiclopopan. D. A v B u ng. Cu 130: Hp cht X c CTPT C3H6, X tc dng vi dung dch HBr thu c mt sn phm hu c duy nht. Vy X l : A. propen. B. propan. C. ispropen. D. xicloropan. Cu 131: Xicloankan vng khng bn c phn ng cng m vng. Hp cht X l xicloankan, khi cho X tc dng vi dung dch Br2 th sn phm thu c c cng thc cu to l : CH3CHBr CH2CHBrCH3. X s l cht no sau y ? A. metyl xiclobutan. B. etylxiclopropan. C. 1,2-imetylxiclopropan. D. 1,1-imetylxiclopropan.
Cu 132: Xicloankan vng khng bn c phn ng cng m vng. Hp cht X l xicloankan, khi cho X tc dng vi dung dch Br2 th sn phm thu c c cng thc cu to l : CH3CHBr CH2CHBrCH2CH3. X s l cht no sau y ? A. 1,2-imetylxiclobutan. B. 1-etyl-2-metylxiclopropan. C. 1,3-imetylxiclobutan. D. etylxiclobutan. Cu 133: Metylxiclopropan phn ng vi dung dch Br2 to ra hai sn phm, cng thc ca hai sn phm l : A. CH3CHBrCHBrCH3 v CH2BrCH2CHBrCH3. B. CH2BrCH(CH3)CH2Br v CH2BrCH2CHBrCH3. C. CH2BrCH(CH3)CH2Br v CH3CHBrCHBrCH3. D. CH3CHBrCHBrCH3 v CH2BrCHBrCH2CH3. Cu 134: Cht X c cng thc phn t l C5H10. X tc dng vi dung dch Br2 thu c 2 dn xut ibrom. Vy X l cht no sau y ? A. 1,1,2-trimetyl xiclopropan. B. 1,2-imetylxiclopropan. C. 2-metylbut-2- en. D. 2-metylbut-1- en. Cu 135: Cht X c cng thc phn t l C6H12. X khng tc dng vi dung dch KMnO4, X tc dng vi dung dch Br2 thu c 1 dn xut ibrom duy nht. Vy X l cht no sau y ? A. 1,2,3-trimetyl xiclopropan. B. 1,1,2-trimetylxiclopropan. C. 2-metylpent-2-en. D. 2-metylpent-1-en. Cu 136: Xiclohexan c th c iu ch theo s :
X + Y
Cng thc cu to ca X v Y ln lt l
+H2 Ni, t0
A. CH2=CHCH=CH2 v CH CH. B. CH2=CHCH=CH2 v CH2=CH2. C. CH3CH=CHCH3 v CH3CH3. D. CH3CH=CHCH3 v CH2=CH2. Cu 137: t chy ht a gam hn hp X gm 2 monoxicloankan th thu c 3,36 lt CO2 (ktc). Gi tr ca a l : A. 2,1. B. 2,4. C. 2,6. D. 3,0. Cu 138: t chy ht hn hp X gm 2 monoxicloankan th cn a lt O2 v thu c 3,36 lt CO2. Cc th tch kh u o ktc. Gi tr ca a l : A. 2,24. B. 4,48. C. 5,04. D. 5,16. Cu 139: Hp cht X l monoxicloankan vng bn v phn t c 2 nguyn t cacbon bc 1. t chy ht 0,1 mol hp cht X th khi lng CO2 thu c ln hn khi lng H2O l 18,2 gam. S ng phn cu to tha mn X l : A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 1. Cu 140: t chy 2,14 gam hn hp A gm hp cht ankan X v xicloankan Y (t l mol tng ng l 2 : 3) th thu c 3,36 lt CO2 (ktc). S nguyn t cacbon c trong phn t ca X v Y tng ng l : A. 3 v 4. B. 3 v 3. C. 2 v 4. D. 4 v 3.
Cu 141: Hn hp A gm hp cht ankan X v xicloankan Y (t l mol tng ng l 2 : 3) c t khi so vi H2 bng 21,4. t chy 3,36 lt hn hp A th thu c a lt CO2 (ktc). Gi tr ca a l : A. 9,86. B. 8,96. C. 10,08. D. 4,48. Cu 142: t chy ht hn hp X gm butan, xiclobutan, xiclopentan v xiclohexan th thu c 0,375 mol CO2 v 0,40 mol H2O. Phn trm khi lng ca butan c trong hn hp X l : A. 27,358. B. 27,38. C. 31,243. D. 26,13. Cu 143: Hp cht X l hirocacbon no phn t c 5 nguyn t cacbon. Khi cho X th clo iu kin nh sng, t l mol 1:1 th ch to ra 1 sn phm th. Hn hp A gm 0,02 mol X v 1 lng hirocacbon Y. t chy ht hn hp A thu c 0,11 mol CO2 v 0,12 mol H2O. Tn gi ca X, Y tng ng l : A. neopentan v metan. B. metylxiclobutan v etan. C. xiclopentan v etan. D. xiclopentan v metan.
Cu chuyn v nhng ht mui

Mt chng trai tr n xin hc mt ng gio gi. Anh ta lc no cng bi quan v phn nn v mi kh khn. i vi anh, cuc sng ch c nhng ni bun, v th hc tp cng chng hng th g hn. Mt ln, khi chng trai than phin v vic mnh hc mi m khng tin b, ngi thy im lng lng nghe ri a cho anh mt tha mui tht y v mt cc nc nh. Con cho tha mui ny vo cc nc v ung th i. Lp tc, chng trai lm theo. Cc nc mn cht. Chng trai tr li. Ngi thy li dn anh ra mt h nc gn v mt tha mui y xung nc: By gi con hy nm th nc trong h i. Nc trong h vn vy thi, tha thy. N chng h mn ln cht no. Chng trai ni khi mc mt t nc di h v nm th. Ngi thy chm ri ni: Con ca ta, ai cng c lc gp kh khn trong cuc sng. V nhng kh khn ging nh tha mui ny y, nhng mi ngi ha tan n theo mt cch khc nhau. Nhng ngi c tm hn rng m ging nh mt h nc th ni bun khng lm h mt i nim vui v s yu i. Nhng vi nhng ngi tm hn ch nh nh mt cc nc, h s t bin cuc sng ca mnh tr thnh ng cht v chng bao gi hc c iu g c ch.
CHUYN 3 :
HIROCACBON KHNG NO BI 1 : ANKEN (OLEFIN)
L THUYT NG NG
-C2H4 v cc ng ng ca n to thnh dy ng ng , gi chung l anken hay olefin. -Anken l cc hirocacbon khng no, mch h, trong phn t c 1 lin kt i C = C. -Cc anken c cng thc chung l CnH2n (n 2).
NG PHN
a. ng phn cu to -Cc anken C2, C3 khng c ng phn. -T C4 tr i c ng phn mch C v ng phn v tr lin kt i. Cch vit ng phn ca anken: - Bc 1 : Vit mch cacbon khng phn nhnh. t lin kt lin kt i vo cc v tr khc nhau trn mch chnh. - Bc 2 : Vit mch cacbon phn nhnh. + B 1 cacbon lm nhnh, t nhnh vo cc v tr khc nhau trong mch. Sau ng vi mi mch cacbon li t lin kt i vo cc v tr khc nhau. + Khi b 1 cacbon khng cn ng phn th b n 2 cacbon. 2 cacbon c th cng lin kt vi 1C hoc 2C khc nhau. Li t lin kt i vo cc v tr khc nhau. + Ln lt b tip cc nguyn t cacbon khc cho n khi khng b c na th dng li. b. ng phn hnh hc - L ng phn v v tr khng gian ca anken. - Gm 2 loi : ng phn cis (cc nhm th c khi lng ln nm cng pha) v trans (cc nhm th c khi lng ln nm khc pha). iu kin c ng phn hnh hc : - Cho anken c CTCT : abC=Ccd. iu kin xut hin ng phn hnh hc l : a b v c d. a c C=C b d - V d but2en c mt cp ng phn hnh hc l :
II. DANH PHP

1. Tn thng thng - Mt s t anken c tn thng thng Tn thng thng = Tn ankan tng ng, thay ui an = ilen - Khi trong phn t c nhiu v tr lin kt i khc nhau th thm cc ch nh , , ... ch v tr ni i. 2. Tn cc nhm ankenyl - Khi phn t anken b mt i 1 nguyn t H th to thnh gc ankenyl - Tn ca gc ankenyl c c tng t nh tn anken nhng thm ui yl V d : CH2 = CH2 CH2 = CH
-H
Eten
Vinyl (Etenyl)
CH2 = CH CH3 CH2 = CH CH2 -H H Propen anlyl (allyl) (prop-2-en-1-yl ) 3. Tn thay th ca anken Tn anken = S ch v tr nhnh + Tn nhnh + Tn mch chnh + v tr lin kt i + en - Mch chnh l mch c cha lin kt C = C v di nht, c nhiu nhnh nht. - xc nh v tr nhnh phi nh s cacbon trn mch chnh. + nh s C trn mch chnh t pha C u mch gn lin kt C = C hn. + Nu c nhiu nhnh ging nhau th phi nu y v tr ca cc nhnh v phi thm cc tin t i (2), tri (3), tetra (4) trc tn nhnh. + Nu c nhiu nhnh khc nhau th tn nhnh c c theo th t ch vn ch ci. - V d:
4 3 2 1
C H3 - C H = C H - C H3
1 2 3
(C4H8) But-2-en
C H 2 = C(CH 3 ) - C H3
(C4H8) 2-Metylprop-1-en
Lu : Gia s v s c du phy, gia s v ch c du gch -
TNH CHT VT L
- Trng thi : + Anken t C2 C4 trng thi kh. + An ken t C5 tr ln trng thi lng hoc rn. - Mu : Cc anken khng c mu. - Nhit nng chy, si : + Khng khc nhiu so vi ankan tng ng nhng nh hn so vi xicloankan c cng s nguyn t C. + Cc anken c nhit nng chy v nhit si tng dn theo khi lng phn t.
o + ng phn cis-anken c t nc thp hn nhng c ts o cao hn so vi ng phn trans-anken. n
o + Khi cu trc phn t cng gn th tnc cng cao cn tso cng thp v ngc li.
- tan : Cc anken u nh hn nc, khng tan trong nc nhng tan nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c.
III. TNH CHT HA

HC Nhn xt chung : - Do trong phn t anken c lin kt C=C gm 1 lin kt v 1 lin kt , trong lin kt km bn hn nn d b phn ct hn trong cc phn ng ha hc. V vy anken d dng tham gia cc phn ng cng vo lin kt C=C to thnh hp cht no tng ng. 1. Phn ng cng a. Cng hir o to ankan CnH2n + H2 CnH2n+2 b. Cng halogen X2 (Cl2, Br 2) CnH2n + X2 CnH2nX2 Br2 (dd) CH2BrCH2Br (mu nu ) (khng mu) Do anken lm mt mu dung dch Brom nn ngi ta dng dung dch Brom lm thuc th nhn bit ra anken. c. Cng axit HX (HCl, HBr, HOH) CnH2n + HX CnH2n+1X CnH2n + HOH CnH2n+1OH CH2=CH2 + CH2=CH2 + HOH CH3CH2OH
H+ t o , Ni
CH2=CH2 + HBr CH3CH2Br - Cc anken c cu to phn t khng i xng khi cng HX c th cho hn hp hai sn phm. CH3-CH=CH2 + HBr CH3CH2CH2Br(spp) 1-brompropan CH3CHBrCH3(spc) 2-brompropan Quy tc Maccopnhicop : Trong phn ng cng HX vo lin kt i, nguyn t H (phn mang in dng) ch yu cng vo nguyn t C bc thp hn (c nhiu H hn), cn nguyn hay nhm nguyn t X (phn mang in m) cng vo nguyn t C bc cao hn (t H hn). 2. Phn ng tr ng hp - Phn ng trng hp l phn ng cng hp nhiu phn t nh c cu to tng t nhau (gi l monome) thnh 1 phn t ln (gi l polime). nA A n - n gi l h s trng hp. - Phn trong ngoc gi l mt xch ca polime. o nCH2 = CH2
100at m
t 0 , xt
t , p, xt
0
Peoxit,100 300 C
( CH2 2 ) CH
(polietilen, n = 300 40000)
nCH 2 = CH
CH2 CH |
(polipropilen)
CH3
CH3
Phn ng trng hp l qu trnh kt hp lin tip nhiu phn t nh ging nhau hoc tng t nhau to thnh nhng phn t rt ln gi l polime. iu kin monome tham gia phn ng trng hp l phn t phi c lin kt . 3. Phn ng oxi ha a. Phn ng chy CnH2n +
3n 2
O2
nCO 2
2+
nH O
- Trong phn ng chy lun c : n CO 2 = n H O 2 b. Phn ng oxi ha khng hon ton - Dn kh C2H4 vo dung dch KMnO4 (mu tm) thy dung dch mt mu tm : 3C2H4 + 2KMnO4 +4H2O 3HOCH2 2OH + 2MnO2 + 2KOH CH (etylen glicol) - Phn ng tng qut : 3CnH2n + 2KMnO4 +4H2O 3CnH2n(OH)2 + 2MnO2 + 2KOH Phn ng lm mt mu tm ca dung dch kali pemanganat c dng nhn ra s c mt ca lin kt i anken.
IV. IU CH V NG DNG
1. iu ch a. hir o ha ankan CnH2n+2 CnH2n + H2 b. Phng php cr acking c rack inh CnH2n+2 CaH2a+2 + CbH2b c. T ankin (l hp cht c ni ba C C), ankaien (c 2 ni i) CnH2n-2 + H2 CnH2n d. T dn xut halogen
a nco l CnH2nX + KOH CnH2n + KX + H2O t o , Pd t o , xt
e. T dn xut ihalogen CnH2nX2 + Zn CnH2n + ZnX2 f. Tch nc ca ancol no n chc 1o 70 C ,H S O CnH2n+1OH CnH2n + H2O 2. ng dng
o 2 4
to
Trong cc ho cht hu c do con ngi sn xut ra th etilen ng hng u v sn lng. S d nh vy v etilen cng nh cc anken thp khc l nguyn liu quan trng ca cng nghip tng hp polime v cc ho cht hu c khc. a. Tng hp polime
Trng hp etilen, propilen, butilen ngi ta thu c cc polime ch to mng mng, bnh cha ng dn nc... dng cho nhiu mc ch khc nhau. Chuyn ho etilen thnh cc monome khc tng hp ra hng lot polime p ng nhu cu phong ph ca i sng v k thut.
CH2=CH2 CH
| C l2
2 - CH 2 |
500 0 C
= CH
t,
CH HCl
2 2
to , p
|
CH 2 CH
|
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl n
vinyl clorua b. Tng hp cc ho cht khc T etilen tng hp ra nhng ho cht hu c thit yu nh etanol, etilen oxit, etylen glicol, anehit axetic, 1 2
poli(vinyl clorua) (PVC)
CH2 = CH2 + O2
A , to
g CH 2 CH 2
O
etilen oxit
Cha khng b r i con

Vo nm 1989 ti Ar menia c mt trn ng t ln 8,2 Richter san bng ton b t nc v lm thit mng hn 30.000 ngi tr ong vng cha y bn pht. Gia khung cnh hn lon , mt ngi cha chy vi n trng hc m con ng ang theo hc. Ta nh trc kia l trng hc nay ch cn l ng gch vn nt. Sau cn sc, ng nh li li ha vi con mnh rng: Cho d chuyn g xy ra i na, cha s lun bn con! v nc mt ng li tro ra. Nhn vo ng nt m trc kia l trng hc ng khng cn hy vng. Nhng trong u ng lun nh li li ha ca mnh vi cu con trai. Sau ng c nh li ca hnh lang m ng vn a a con i hc qua mi ngy. ng nh li rng phng hc ca con trai mnh pha ng sau bn tay phi ca trng. ng vi chy n v bt u o bi gia ng gch v. Nhng ngi cha, ngi m khc cng chy n v t khp ni vang ln nhng ting ku than: i, con trai ti!, i, con gi ti!. Mt s ngi khc vi lng tt c ko ng ra khi ng nt v ni i ni li: mun qu ri!, Bn nh cht ri!, ng i i, khng cn lm c g na u!, ng ch lm cho mi vic kh khn thm thi!. Vi mi ngi, ng ch t mt cu hi Anh c gip ti khng? v sau ng li d tng ming gch, tip tc o bi tm a con mnh. Vin ch huy cu ha cng c sc khuyn ng ra khi ng nt: Xung quanh y u ang chy v cc ta nh ang sp . ng ang trong vng nguy him. Chng ti s lo cho mi vic. ng hy v nh i?. ng tip tc chu ng mt mnh, v ng phi t mnh tm ra cu tr li cho iu day dt: Con trai ng cn sng hay cht?. ng o tip... 12 gi... 24 gi... sau ng lt nga mt mng tng ln v cht nghe ting con trai ng. ng ku ln tn con v ng nghe ting tr li vng li: Cha i! Con y, cha! Con ni vi cc bn ng s v nu cha cn sng cha s cu con v khi cha cu con th cc bn cng s c cu. Cha ha vi con l d trng hp no cha cng bn con. - Con c sao khng? - ng hi. - Bn con cn li 14 trn tng s 33, cha ! Bn con s lm. i, kht... Nhng by gi bn con c cha y. Khi ta nh , y to ra mt khong khng nh v th l bn con cn sng. - Ra y i con! - ng kh gi trong nh nhm.
- Khoan cha! cc bn ra trc, con bit rng cha khng b con. C chuyn g xy ra con bit l cha chc chn s khng b ri con.
PHNG PHP GII BI TP V ANKEN Phn ng cng X2, HX, H 2O, H 2 Phng php gii
1. Bi tp tm cng thc ca hirocacbon khng no trong phn ng cng HX, X 2 (X l Cl, Br, I) Nu bi cho bit s mol ca hirocacbon v s mol ca HX hoc X2 tham gia phn ng th ta n tnh t l T = n HX hoa c T = X 2 t suy ra cng thc phn t tng qut ca hirocacbon.
nC H H T = 1 suy ra cng thc phn t tng qut ca hirocacbon l CnH2n. Bit c cng thc tng qut ca hirocacbon s bit c cng thc tng qut ca sn phm cng. Cn c vo cc gi thit khc m cho tm s nguyn t C ca hirocacbon. 2. Bi tp lin quan n phn ng cng H 2 vo hirocacbon khng no Khi lm bi tp lin quan n phn ng cng H2 vo anken cn ch nhng iu sau : + Trong phn ng khi lng c bo ton, t suy ra : n h on h p c phan .M h on h ptr c phan n g = nh on h p .M h on h p sau phan n g tr sau
xHy x y
nC
ng
ng
phan
+ Trong phn ng cng hiro s mol kh gim sau phn ng bng s mol hiro phn ng. + Sau phn ng cng hiro vo hirocacbon khng no m khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp thu c nh hn 28 th trong hn hp sau phn ng c hiro d.
Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: 0,05 mol hirocacbon X lm mt mu va dung dch cha 8 gam brom cho ra sn phm c hm lng brom t 69,56%. Cng thc phn t ca X l : A. C3H6. B. C4H8. C. C5H10. D. C5H8. Hng dn gii 8 1 n n = = 0, 05 mol; = 0, 05 mol 2 = X la C H . Br n
Br2
160
nX
2n
Phng trnh phn ng : 80.2 Theo gi thit ta c : = 69, 56 CnH2n + Br2 14n p n C. 100 69, 56 CnH2nBr2 (1) n = 5 X l C H .
5 10
V d 2: Cho 8960 ml (ktc) anken X qua dung dch brom d. Sau phn ng thy khi lng bnh brom tng 22,4 gam. Bit X c ng phn hnh hc. CTCT ca X l : A. CH2=CHCH2CH3. B. CH3CH=CHCH3. C. CH3CH=CHCH2CH3. D. (CH3)2C=CH2. Hng dn gii Phng trnh phn ng : CnH2n + Br2 CnH2nBr2 (1) Theo gi thit ta c :
n = m
X
8, 96
= 0, 4 mol;
= 22, 4 gam = M
X X
22, 4
= 56 gam / mol X : C H
22, 4
0, 4
V X c ng phn hnh hc nn X l : CH3CH=CHCH3. p n C. V d 3: Cho hirocacbon X phn ng vi brom (trong dung dch) theo t l mol 1 : 1, thu c cht hu c Y (cha 74,08% Br v khi lng). Khi X phn ng vi HBr th thu c hai sn phm hu c khc nhau. Tn gi ca X l : A. but-1-en. B. but-2-en. C. Propilen. D. Xiclopropan. Hng dn gii X phn ng vi Br2 theo t l mol 1:1 nn X c cng thc l CnH2n. Phng trnh phn ng : 80.2 Theo gi thit ta c : = 74, 08 CnH2n + Br2 CnH2nBr2 (1)
n = 4 X l C H .
4 8
14n 100 74, 08 Khi X phn ng vi HBr th thu c hai sn phm hu c khc nhau nn X l but-1-en. CH3CH2CH2CH2Br CH2=CHCH2CH3 + HBr
phm ph) (sn
CH3CH2CHBrCH3
(sn phm chnh)
p n B. V d 4 : Dn 3,36 lt (ktc) hn hp X gm 2 anken l ng ng k tip vo bnh nc brom d, thy khi lng bnh tng thm 7,7 gam. a. CTPT ca 2 anken l : A. C2H4 v C3H6. B. C3H6 v C4H8. C. C4H8 v C5H10. D. C5H10 v C6H12. b. Thnh phn phn % v th tch ca hai anken l : A. 25% v 75%. B. 33,33% v 66,67%. C. 40% v 60%. D. 35% v 65%. Hng dn gii a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai anken : t CTPT trung bnh ca hai anken trong X l : C H .
n 2n
Theo gi thit ta c : 3,36 n = = 0,15 mol; m

C H
= 7, 7 gam C H H MC H
n 2n n 2n
7, 7 = 11 = 0,15
154
14n =
154
n =
2n
22, 4
V hai anken l ng ng k tip v c s nguyn t C trung bnh l
11 3
= 3, 667 nn suy ra
cng thc phn t ca hai anken l C3H6 v C4H8. b. Tnh thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca cc anken : p dng s ng cho cho s nguyn t C trung bnh ca hn hp C3H6 v C4H8 ta c :
nC4 H8
4 11 3
11 2 3 3= 3 4 11 1 3 = 3
nC
H8
H nC H
3 6
= 2 nC H 1 3 6
Vy thnh phn phn trm v th tch cc kh l : 1 %C H = .100 = 33, 33%; %C = (100 33,33)% = 66, 67%. H
3 6
p n BB.
V d 5: Hirocacbon X cng HCl theo t l mol 1:1 to sn phm c hm lng clo l 55,04%. X c cng thc phn t l : A. C4H8. B. C2H4. C. C5H10. D. C3H6. Hng dn gii X phn ng vi HCl theo t l mol 1:1 nn X c cng thc l CnH2n. Phng trnh phn ng : HCl CnH2n+1Cl (1) 35, 5 Theo gi thit ta c : = 55, 04 n = 2 X l C H . CnH2n + 14n + 1 100 55, 04 p n B. V d 6: Hn hp X gm hai anken k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. t chy hon ton 5 lt X cn va 18 lt kh oxi (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut). a. Cng thc phn t ca hai anken l : A. C2H4 v C3H6. B. C3H6 v C4H8. C. C4H8 v C5H10. D. A hoc B. b. Hirat ha mt th tch X trong iu kin thch hp thu c hn hp ancol Y, trong t l v khi lng ca cc ancol bc 1 so vi ancol bc 2 l 28 : 15. Thnh phn phn trm khi lng ca mi ancol trong hn hp Y l : A. C2H5OH : 53,49% ; iso C3H7OH : 34,88% ; n C3H7OH : 11,63%. B. C2H5OH : 53,49% ; iso C3H7OH : 11,63% ; n C3H7OH : 34,88%. C. C2H5OH : 11,63% ; iso C3H7OH : 34,88% ; n C3H7OH : 53,49%. D. C2H5OH : 34,88% ; iso C3H7OH : 53,49% ; n C3H7OH : 11,63%. Hng dn gii a. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hai anken : t cng thc phn t trung bnh ca hai anken trong X l : C H
n
2n
Phng trnh phn ng chy : 3n CH + O
to
n CO
+
n 2n
nH O
2
(1)
2 3n 2 .5
lt:
Theo gi thit v (1) ta c :
3n 2
.5 = 18 n = 2, 4 .
Do hai anken l ng ng k tip v c s cacbon trung bnh l 2,4 nn cng thc ca hai anken l : C2H4 v C3H6. p n A. b. Xc nh thnh phn phn trm khi lng ca mi ancol trong hn hp Y : p dng s ng cho cho s nguyn t C trung bnh ca hai anken ta c : n C H2 2 2,4 nC H
3 6
3 2,4 = 0,6
nC
2
H
4
0, 6 = 0, 4 =
3 2
nC H
2,4 2= 0,4
3
Vy chn s mol ca C2H4 l 3 th s mol ca C3H6 l 2. Phn ng ca hn hp hai anken vi nc : + C2 H 4 mol: 3 CH2=CHCH3 mol: x+y + H2 O + H2 O
t ,H
o +
3 CH3CH2CH2OH x
to , H
C2H5OH (2)
(3)
(4) CH3CHOHCH3 y 3.46 + x.60 28 = x = 0, 5 Theo (2), (3), (4) v gi thit ta c : y.60 15 = y 5 1, x+y = 2 Thnh phn phn trm khi lng ca mi ancol trong hn hp Y l : %C 2 H 5OH = 3.46 1, 5.60 .100 = 53, 49%; %i C 3 H 7 OH .100 = 34, 88% 3.46 + 2.60 3.46 + 2.60 =
%n C 3H 7OH = 100% 53, 49% 34, 88% = 11, 63%. p n A. V d 7: Cho H2 v 1 olefin c th tch bng nhau qua niken un nng ta c hn hp A. Bit t khi hi ca A i vi H2 l 23,2. Hiu sut phn ng hiro ho l 75%. Cng thc phn t olefin l : A. C2H4. B. C3H6. C. C4H8. D. C5H10. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit ta chn : nH = n C H
2 n
H2 n
= 1 mol.
Phng trnh phn ng :

t , CnH2n + H2 Ni CnH2n+2
o
(1)
Theo (1) ta thy, sau phn ng s mol kh gim mt lng ng bng s mol H2 phn ng. Hiu sut phn ng l 75% nn s mol H2 phn ng l 0,75 mol. Nh vy sau phn ng tng s
mol kh l 1+1 0,75 = 1,25 mol. p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c : khi lng ca H2 v CnH2n ban u bng khi lng ca hn hp A. 1.2 + 1.14n = 23, 2.2 n = 4 . MA = 1, 25
Vy cng thc phn t olefin l C4H8. p n C. V d 8: Cho hn hp X gm anken v hiro c t khi so vi heli bng 3,33. Cho X i qua bt niken nung nng n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp Y c t khi so vi heli l 4. CTPT ca X l : A. C2H4. B. C3H6. C. C4H8. D. C5H10. Hng dn gii V M Y = 4.4 = 16 nn suy ra sau phn ng H2 cn d, CnH2n phn ng ht. p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c : n X M Y = 4.4 1, mX = mY nX. = nY. M Y = = 1 n Y M X 3, 33.4 MX Chn nX = 1,2 mol v nY =1 mol H2 ( p ) = n H = n X n Y = 0,2 mol. Cn 2 n n Ban u trong X c 0,2 mol CnH2n v 1 mol H2 0, 2.14n + 1.2 = 3, 33.4 n = 5 Cng thc phn t olefin l C5H10. Ta c : M X = 1, 2 p n D. V d 9: Hn hp kh X gm H2 v C2H4 c t khi so vi He l 3,75. Dn X qua Ni nung nng, thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi He l 5. Hiu sut ca phn ng hiro ho l : A. 20%. B. 40%. C. 50%. D. 25%. Hng dn gii p dng s ng cho ta c : n 2 28 15 1 H = C th tnh hiu sut phn ng theo hoc theo C H H = n
C 2H 4
15 2
Phng trnh phn ng : H2 + C2 H 4 C2H6

Ni,t o
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c : nX M Y mX = mY nX. = nY. M Y MX nY Chn nX = 4 mol

n = n
H2 C 2 H4
5.4 = =
= MX
3, 75.4 3 = n n = 1 mol.
= 2 mol ; n
H2 ( p )
1 Hiu sut phn ng : H = .100% = 50% . 2 p n C.
Phn ng oxi ha
3. Phn ng oxi ha khng hon ton 3C2H4 + 2KMnO4 +4H2O 3HOCH2 2OH + 2MnO2 + CH 2KOH (etylen glicol) 3CnH2n + 2KMnO4 +4H2O 3CnH2n(OH)2 + 2MnO2 + 2KOH 4. Phn ng oxi ha hon ton CnH2n +
3n 2
O2
to
nCO + nH2O 2 2
Nhn xt : Trong phn ng chy anken ta lun c : n CO 2 = n H O 2
Phng php gii

Khi gii bi tp lin quan n phn ng t chy hn hp cc hirocacbon ta nn s dng phng php trung bnh chuyn bi ton hn hp nhiu cht v mt cht; mt s bi tp m lng cht cho di dng tng qut th ta s dng phng php t chn lng cht nhm bin cc i lng tng qut thnh i lng c th cho vic tnh ton tr nn n gin hn. Ngoi ra cn phi ch n vic s dng cc nh lut nh bo ton nguyn t, bo ton khi lng, phng php ng cho gii nhanh bi tp trc nghim.
Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: kh hon ton 200 ml dung dch KMnO4 0,2M to thnh cht rn mu nu en cn V lt kh C2H4 ( ktc). Gi tr ti thiu ca V l : A. 2,240. B. 2,688. C. 4,480. D. 1,344. Hng dn gii Cch 1 : p dng nh lut bo ton electron : 3 3 = .n = .0, 2.0, 2 = 0, 06 mol = 2.n 3.n n V
KMnO 4 C 2 H4 C2 H4
= 0, 06.22, 4 = 1,344 lt.
2 Cch 2 : Tnh ton theo phng trnh phn ng : 3C2H4 + 2KMnO4 +4H2O 3HOCH2 2OH + 2MnO2 + CH 2KOH mol: 0,06 0,04 p n D. Nhn xt : Cch 1 nhanh hn cch 2 do ch cn xc nh s thay i s oxi ha ca cc cht, ri p dng nh lut bo ton electron, khng phi vit v cn bng phn ng. V d 2: Hn hp gm hirocacbon X v oxi c t l s mol tng ng l 1:10. t chy hon ton hn hp trn thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y qua dung dch H2SO4 c, thu c hn hp kh Z c t khi i vi hiro bng 19. Cng thc phn t ca X l : A. C3H8. B. C3H6. C. C4H8. D. C3H4. Hng dn gii mol M Z = 19.2 = 38 gam /
KMnO 4
C 2H4
Z gm CO2 v O2 p dng s ng cho ta c : Phng trnh phn ng : n CO2 = 2 nO 2 = 1 38 32 1 44 38
CxHy b: p: sp: 1 1 0
y (x+ ) O2 4
xCO2 +
y 2
H2O
10 y (x+ ) 4 10 (x+
y 4 )
x x
y 10 (x+ ) = x 40 = 8x + y x = 4 v y = 8 4 p n C. V d 3: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol anken X thu c CO2 v hi nc. Hp th hon ton sn phm bng 100 gam dung dch NaOH 21,62% thu c dung dch mi trong nng ca NaOH ch cn 5%. Cng thc phn t ng ca X l : A. C2H4. B. C3H6. C. C4H8. D. C5H10. Hng dn gii t cng thc phn t ca anken l CnH2n. Phng trnh phn ng : CnH2n + mol:
3n 2
O2
to
nCO + nH2O 2
(1)
0,1 0,1n 0,1n CO2 + 2NaOH Na2CO3 + H2O (2) mol: 0,1n 0,2n Theo gi thit sau phn ng NaOH cn d nn mui to thnh l mui Na2CO3. = 21, 62%.100 0, 2n = (0, 5405 0, 2n) mol. Theo (1), (2) v gi thit suy ra : n NaOH d 40 = + + = + + = + m dung dch sp m dung dch NaOH m CO m H O 100 0,1n.44 0,1n.18 (100 6, 2n) gam. 2 2 2 Nng % ca dung dch NaOH sau phn ng l : C% = (0, 5405 0, 2n).40 100 + 6, 2n .100 = 5 n
= 2 Vy cng thc phn t ca anken l C2H4. p n A. V d 4: X, Y, Z l 3 hirocacbon k tip trong dy ng ng, trong MZ = 2MX. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol Y ri hp th ton b sn phm chy vo 2 lt dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M c mt lng kt ta l : A. 19,7 gam. B. 39,4 gam. C. 59,1 gam. D. 9,85 gam. Hng dn gii Gi khi lng mol ca X, Y, Z ln lt l : M; M + 14; M + 28. Theo gi thit ta c : MZ = 2MX M + 28 = 2M M =
28. Vy X l C2H4, Y l C3H6, Z l C4H8. Phng trnh phn ng :
3CO + 3H O (1) 2 2 mol: 0,1 0,3 CO2 + Ba(OH)2 BaCO3 + H2O (2) mol: 0,2 0,2 0,2 CO2 + BaCO3 + H2O Ba(HCO3)2 (3) mol: 0,1 0,1 Theo cc phn ng v gi thit ta thy s mol BaCO3 thu c l 0,1 mol. Vy khi lng kt ta thu c l 19,7 gam. p n A.
to
C3H6 + 9O2
V d 5: t chy hon ton 8,96 lt (ktc) hn hp hai anken l ng ng lin tip thu c m gam H2O v (m + 39) gam CO2. Hai anken l : A. C2H4 v C3H6. B. C4H8 v C5H10. C. C3H6 v C4H8. D. C6H12 v C5H10. Hng dn gii t CTTB ca hai anken (olefin) l C n H 2n . 8, 96 S mol ca hn hp hai anken = = 0, 4 mol. 22, 4 n C n H 2n + 3n O 2 CO2 2 mol: 0,4 Theo gi thit v (1) ta c : 0,4 n + n H2 O (1)
0,4 n
m CO2 m H 2O = 44.0, 4n 18.0, 4n = (m + 39) m = 39 n = 3, 75 . V hai anken l ng ng k tip v c s nguyn t cacbon trung bnh l 3,75 nn suy ra cng thc phn t ca hai anken l C3H6 v C4H8. p n A. V d 6: C V lt kh A gm H2 v hai olefin l ng ng lin tip, trong H2 chim 60% v th tch. Dn hn hp A qua bt Ni nung nng c hn hp kh B. t chy hon ton kh B c 19,8 gam CO2 v 13,5 gam H2O. Cng thc ca hai olefin l : A. C2H4 v C3H6. B. C3H6 v C4H8. C. C4H8 v C5H10. D. C5H10 v C6H12. Hng dn gii t CTTB ca hai olefin l C n H 2n . cng iu kin nhit v p sut th th tch t l vi s mol kh. Hn hp kh A c: n n 2n C C H 0, 4 2 nH 2 = = 0,6. 3 p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng v nh lut bo ton nguyn t ta thy t chy hn hp kh B cng chnh l t chy hn hp kh A. Ta c : C H 2n n
3n 2
O2
n CO2
+ n H2O
(1) (2)
2H2 + O2 2H2O
Theo phng trnh (1) ta c: n CO2 = n H O = 0,45 mol; n Cn H2 n 2 13, = 0,75 mol 5 18 n H2 = 0,3 mol. = 0,45 n mol.
n H O (1) va (2)
2
n H O (2) = 0,75 0,45 = 0,3 mol

2
Ta c:
n Cn H 2 n
= 2
0, 45
= 3
n = 2,25
n H2
0, 3.n
Hai olefin ng ng lin tip l C2H4 v C3H6. p n A. V d 7: Hn hp kh A iu kin tiu chun gm hai olefin. t chy 7 th tch A cn 31 th tch O2 (ktc). Bit olefin cha nhiu cacbon chim khong 40% 50% th tch hn hp A. Cng thc phn t ca hai elefin l : A. C2H4 v C3H6. B. C3H6 v C4H8. C. C2H4 v C4H8. D. A hoc C ng. Hng dn gii t cng thc trung bnh ca hai olefin l : C H n 2n Phng trnh phn ng : 3n CH + O n CO2 + n H2O (1) 2 2
n 2n
2 7. 3n 2 3n = 31 n 2,95 2
Th tch: 7
Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : 7.
Trong hai olefin phi c mt cht l C2H4 v cht cn li c cng thc l C n H 2n V olefin cha nhiu cacbon chim khong 40% 50% th tch hn hp A nn nC H n 2n 40% < < 50% (2) n C H + nC H
2 4 n 2n
p dng s ng cho i vi s cacbon ca hai olefin ta c : n n C nH 2 n C H 2, 95 n 2n nC 2H 4 = n n 2+ n C H C H 2 4 n 2n 2, 95
= 0, 95 n 2, 95 + 2, 95 2 n
2, 95 2
(3)
Kt hp gia (2) v (3) ta c : 3,9 < n < 4,375 n = 4 p n C. V d 8: Hn hp A gm C3H6, C3H4, C3H8. T khi hi ca A so vi H2 bng 21,2. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt (ktc) hn hp A ri cho sn phm chy vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d. Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng A. gim 20,1 gam. B. gim 22,08 gam. C. tng 19,6 gam. D. tng 22,08 gam. Hng dn gii t cng thc chung ca cc cht trong hn hp A l C3 H y 12.3 + y =21,2.2 y = 6,4.
S phn ng : C3 H y 3CO2
+ O 2 , to
y + 2
H2 O
(1)
mol:
0,2
0,2.3 0,2.
y 2
6, 4 .18 = 37,92 gam. Tng khi lng nc v CO2 sinh ra l : 0,2.3.44 + 0,2. 2 CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O (2) mol: 0,6 0,6 Khi lng kt ta sinh ra l : 0,6.100 = 60 gam. Nh vy sau phn ng khi lng dung dch gim l : 60 37,92 = 22,08 gam. p n B. V d 9: Dn 1,68 lt hn hp kh X gm hai hirocacbon vo bnh ng dung dch brom (d). Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, c 4 gam brom phn ng v cn li 1,12 lt kh. Nu t chy hon ton 1,68 lt X th sinh ra 2,8 lt kh CO2. Cng thc phn t ca hai hirocacbon l (bit cc th tch kh u o ktc) : A. CH4 v C2H4. B. CH4 v C3H4. C. CH4 v C3H6. D. C2H6 v C3H6. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit ta c : nX = 0, 075 mol; n Br
2
= 0, 025 mol .
V sau khi hn hp X phn ng vi dung dch Br2 d vn cn khi thot ra chng t trong X c cha mt hirocacbon no (A), nA = 0,05 mol. Cht cn li trong X l hirocacbon khng no (B), nB = 0,25 mol. 1 n Br = Cng thc phn t ca B l C H . 2 nB 1
m o
CO2
n 2m
0,125 nn suy ra mt
S nguyn t cacbon trung bnh ca hai hirocacbon = cht c s C bng 1. Vy hirocacbon no l CH4.
n X = 667 0, = 1, 075
Phng trnh theo tng s mol ca CO2 : 0,05.1 + 0,025.m = 0,125 n = 3. Vy hai hidrocacbon trong X l CH4 v C3H6. p n C.
BI TP TRC NGHIM
Cu 1: Chn khi nim ng v anken : A. Nhng hirocacbon c 1 lin kt i trong phn t l anken. B. Nhng hirocacbon mch h c 1 lin kt i trong phn t l anken. C. Anken l nhng hirocacbon c lin kt ba trong phn t. D. Anken l nhng hirocacbon mch h c lin kt ba trong phn t. Cu 2: Hp cht C5H10 mch h c bao nhiu ng phn cu to ? A. 4. B. 5. C. 6. D. 10. Cu 3: Hp cht C5H10 c bao nhiu ng phn anken ? A. 4. B. 5. C. 6. D. 7. Cu 4: S ng phn ca C4H8 l : A. 7. B. 4. C. 6. D. 5. Cu 5: Hp cht C5H10 c bao nhiu ng phn cu to ? A. 4. B. 5. C. 6. D. 10. Cu 6: Hirocacbon A th tch iu kin thng, cng thc phn t c dng Cx+1H3x. Cng thc phn t ca A l : A. CH4. B. C2H6. C. C3H6. D. C4H8. Cu 7: Anken X c c im : Trong phn t c 8 lin kt xch ma ( ). CTPT ca X l : A. C2H4. B. C4H8. C. C3H6. D. C5H10. Cu 8: Tng s lin kt n trong mt phn t anken (cng thc chung CnH2n) l : A. 3n. B. 3n +1. C. 3n2. D. 4n. Cu 9: Ba hirocacbon X, Y, Z l ng ng k tip, khi lng phn t ca Z bng 2 ln khi lng phn t ca X. Cc cht X, Y, Z thuc dy ng ng A. ankin. B. ankan. C. ankaien. D. anken. Cu 10: Nhng hp cht no sau y c ng phn hnh hc (cis-trans) ? (I) CH3CH=CH2 (II) CH3CH=CHCl (III) CH3CH=C(CH3)2 (IV) C2H5C(CH3)=C(CH3)C2H5 (V) C2H5C(CH3)=CClCH3 A. (I), (IV), (V). B. (II), (IV), (V). C. (III), (IV). D. (II), III, (IV), (V). Cu 11: Cho cc cht sau : (I) CH2=CHCH2CH2CH=CH2 (II) CH2=CHCH=CHCH2CH3 (III) CH3C(CH3)=CHCH2 (IV) CH2=CHCH2CH=CH2 (V) CH3CH2CH=CHCH2CH3 (VI) CH3C(CH3)=CHCH2CH3 (VII) CH3CH=CHCH3 (VIII) CH3CH2C(CH3)=C(C2H5)CH(CH3)2 S cht c ng phn hnh hc l : A. 4. B. 1. C. 2. D. 3. Cu 12: Hp cht no sau y c ng phn hnh hc ? A. 2-metylbut-2-en. B. 2-clo-but-1-en. C. 2,3-iclobut-2-en. D. 2,3-imetylpent-2-en.
Cu 13: Cho cc cht sau : (1) 2-metylbut-1-en (2) 3,3-imetylbut-1-en (3) 3-metylpent-1-en (4) 3-metylpent-2-en Nhng cht no l ng phn ca nhau ? A. (3) v (4). B. (1), (2) v (3). C. (1) v (2). D. (2), (3) v (4). Cu 14: Anken X c cng thc cu to: CH3CH2C(CH3)=CHCH3. Tn ca X l : A. isohexan. B. 3-metylpent-3-en. C. 3-metylpent-2-en. D. 2-etylbut-2-en. Cu 15: Hp cht 2,4-imeylhex-1-en ng vi CTCT no di y ? A. CH 3 CH CH CH = C. CH 3 CH CH 2 C = CH 2 . CH 2 CH 2 . B. | | | | CH3 CH 3 C 2 H5 CH 3 D. CH 3 CH 2 CH CH CH = CH 2 . E. | | CH 3 CH 3 | CH 3 | CH 3 F. CH 3 CH CH 2 CH 2 C = CH 2 .
Cu 16: Cho cc cht: xiclobutan, 2-metylpropen, but-1-en, cis-but-2-en, 2-metylbut-2-en. o Dy gm cc cht sau khi phn ng vi H2 (d, xc tc Ni, t ), cho cng mt sn phm l : A. xiclobutan, cis-but-2-en v but-1-en. B. but-1-en, 2-metylpropen v cis-but-2-en. C. xiclobutan, 2-metylbut-2-en v but-1-en. D. 2-metylpropen, cis -but-2-en v xiclobutan. Cu 17: Hai cht X, Y c CTPT C3H6 v C4H8 v u tc dng c vi nc brom. X, Y l : A. Hai anken hoc xicloankan c vng 3 cnh. C. Hai anken hoc hn hp gm mt anken v mt xicloankan c vng 4 cnh. B. Hai anken hoc hai ankan. D. Hai xicloankan : 1 cht c vng 3 cnh, mt cht c vng 4 cnh. Cu 18: C hai ng nghim, mi ng cha 1 ml dung dch brom trong nc c mu vng nht. Thm vo ng th nht 1 ml hexan v ng th hai 1 ml hex-1-en. Lc u c hai ng nghim, sau yn hai ng nghim trong vi pht. Hin tng quan st c l : A. C s tch lp cc cht lng c hai ng nghim. B. Mu vng nht vn khng i ng nghim th nht C. ng nghim th hai c hai lp cht lng u khng mu. D. A, B, C u ng. Cu 19: p dng quy tc Maccopnhicop vo trng hp no sau y ? A. Phn ng cng ca Br2 vi anken i xng. C. Phn ng cng ca HX vo anken i xng. B. Phn ng trng hp ca anken. D. Phn ng cng ca HX vo anken bt i xng.
Cu 20: Khi cho but-1-en tc dng vi dung dch HBr, theo quy tc Maccopnhicop sn phm no sau y l sn phm chnh ? A. CH3CH2CHBrCH2Br. C. CH3CH2CHBr CH3. B. CH2BrCH2CH2CH2Br. D. CH3CH2CH2CH2Br. Cu 21: Anken C4H8 c bao nhiu ng phn khi tc dng vi dung dch HCl ch cho mt sn phm hu c duy nht ? A. 2. B. 1. C. 3. D. 4.
Cu 22: C bao nhiu anken th kh (kt) m khi cho mi anken tc dng vi dung dch HCl ch cho mt sn phm hu c duy nht ? A. 2. B. 1. C. 3. D. 4. Cu 23: Cho 3,3-imetylbut-1-en tc dng vi HBr. Sn phm ca phn ng l : A. 2-brom-3,3-imetylbutan. B. 2-brom-2,3-imetylbutan. C. 2,2 -imetylbutan. D. 3-brom-2,2-imetylbutan. Cu 24: Hirat ha 2 anken ch to thnh 2 ancol (ru). Hai anken l : A. 2-metylpropen v but-1-en (hoc buten-1). B. propen v but-2-en (hoc buten-2). C. eten v but-2-en (hoc buten-2). D. eten v but-1-en (hoc buten-1). Cu 25: Anken thch hp iu ch ancol sau y (CH3CH2)3COH l : A. 3-etylpent-2-en. B. 3-etylpent-3-en. C. 3-etylpent-1-en. D. 3,3- imetylpent-1-en. Cu 26: Hirat ha hn hp X gm 2 anken thu c ch thu c 2 ancol. X gm cc cht : A. CH2=CH2 v CH2=CHCH3. B. CH2=CH2 v CH3CH=CHCH3. C. B hoc D. D. CH3CH=CHCH3 v CH2=CHCH2CH3. Cu 27: Cho etilen tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 nhit thng. Sn phm l : A. CH3CH2OH. B. CH3CH2OSO3H. C. CH3CH2SO3H. D. CH2=CHSO4H. Cu 28: Cho etilen tc dng vi dung dch H2SO4 long, nng, sn phm chnh l : A. CH3CH2OH. B. CH3CH2SO4H. C. CH3CH2SO3H. D. CH2=CHSO4H. + o Cu 29: Cho hn hp tt c cc ng phn mch h ca C4H8 tc dng vi H2O (H , t ) thu c ti a bao nhiu sn phm cng ? A. 2. B. 4. C. 6. D. 5 Cu 30: S cp anken th kh (kt) (ch tnh ng phn cu to) tho mn iu kin : Khi hirat ho to thnh hn hp gm ba ancol l : A. 6. B. 3. C. 5. D. 4. Cu 31: S cp anken th kh (kt) tho mn iu kin : Khi hirat ho to thnh hn hp gm ba ancol l : A. 6. B. 7. C. 5. D. 8. Cu 32: Trng hp eten, sn phm thu c c cu to l : A. (CH2=CH2)n. B. (CH2CH2)n. C. (CH=CH)n. D. (CH3CH3)n . Cu 33: Oxi ho etilen bng dung dch KMnO4 thu c sn phm l : A. MnO2, C2H4(OH)2, KOH. C. K2CO3, H2O, MnO2. B. C2H5OH, MnO2, KOH. D. C2H4(OH)2, K2CO3, MnO2. Cu 34: Anken X tc dng vi dung dch KMnO4 trong mi trng axit, un nng to ra cc hp cht CH3COCH3 v CH3COC2H5. Cng thc cu to ca X l : A. CH3CH2C(CH3)=C(CH3)2. B. CH3CH2C(CH3)=CH2. C. CH3CH2CH=CHCH3. D. CH3CH=C(CH3)CH2CH3.
Cu 35: Anken X tc dng vi dung dch KMnO4 trong mi trung axit, un nng to ra cc hp cht CH3COCH3 v CO2 v H2O. Cng thc cu to ca X l : A. CH3CH=CHCH3. B. (CH3)2C=CHCH3. C. (CH3)2C=C(CH3)2. D. (CH3)2C=CH2. o Cu 36: Phn ng ca CH2 = CHCH3 vi kh Cl2 ( 500 C) cho sn phm chnh l : A. CH2ClCHClCH3. B. CH2=CClCH3. C. CH2=CHCH2Cl. D. CH3CH=CHCl. Cu 37: Mt hn hp A gm mt anken v mt ankan. t chy A thu c a mol H2O v b mol CO2. T s T = a/b c gi tr trong khong no ? A. 0,5 < T < 2. B. 1 < T < 1,5. C. 1,5 < T < 2. D. 1 < T < 2. Cu 38: X l hn hp gm 2 hirocacbon. t chy X c n
CO2
= n H2 O. X c th gm :
A. 1xicloankan v anken. B. 1ankan v 1ankin. C. 2 anken. D. A hoc B hoc C. Cu 39: Trong cc cch iu ch etilen sau, cch no khng c dng ? A. Tch H2O t ancol etylic. B. Tch H2 khi etan. C. Cho cacbon tc dng vi hiro. D. Tch HX khi dn xut halogen. o Cu 40: iu ch etilen trong phng th nghim t C2H5OH, (H2SO4 c, 170 C) thng ln cc oxit nh SO2, CO2. Cht dng lm sch etilen l : A. Dung dch brom d. B. Dung dch NaOH d. C. Dung dch Na2CO3 d. D. Dung dch KMnO4 long d. Cu 41: hirat ha 3-metylbutan-2-ol thu c my anken ? A. Mt. B. Hai. C. Ba. D. Bn. Cu 42: hirat ha butan-2-ol thu c my anken ? A. Mt. B. Hai. C. Ba. D. Bn. Cu 43: Sn phm chnh ca s hirat ha 2-metylbutan-2-ol l cht no ? A. 3-metylbut-1-en. B. 2-metylbut-1en. C. 3-metylbut-2-en. D. 2-metylbut-2-en. Cu 44: Khi tch nc t ru (ancol) 3-metylbutanol-1 (hay 3-metylbutan-1-ol), sn phm chnh thu c l : A. 2-metylbuten-3 (hay 2-metylbut-3-en). B. 3-metylbuten-2 (hay 3-metylbut-2-en). C. 3-metylbuten-1 (hay 3-metylbut-1-en). D. 2-metylbuten-2 (hay 2-metylbut-2-en). Cu 45: 2-Metylbut-2-en c iu ch bng cch hiro clorua khi c mt KOH trong etanol ca dn xut clo no sau y ? A. 1-clo-3-metylbutan. B. 2-clo-2-metylbutan. C. 1-clo-2-metylbutan. D. 2-clopentan. Cu 46: Hp cht 2-metylbut-2-en l sn phm chnh ca phn ng tch t cht no ? A. 2-brom-2-metylbutan. B. 2-metylbutan-2-ol. C. 3-metylbutan-2-ol. D. Tt c u ng.
Cu 47: Phng php no sau y l tt nht phn bit kh CH4 v kh C2H4 ? A. Da vo t l v th tch kh O2 tham gia phn ng chy. B. S thay i mu ca nc brom. C. So snh khi lng ring. D. Phn tch thnh phn nh lng ca cc hp cht. Cu 48: phn bit etan v eten, dng phn ng no l thun tin nht ? A. Phn ng t chy. B. Phn ng cng vi hiro. C. Phn ng cng vi nc brom. D. Phn ng trng hp. Cu 49: Cho hn hp 2 anken li qua bnh ng nc Br2 d thy khi lng Br2 phn ng l 8 gam. Tng s mol ca 2 anken l : A. 0,1. B. 0,05. C. 0,025. D. 0,005. Cu 50: Cho 3,36 lt hn hp etan v etilen (ktc) i chm qua qua dung dch brom d. Sau phn ng khi lng bnh brom tng thm 2,8 gam. S mol etan v etilen trong hn hp ln lt l : A. 0,05 v 0,1. B. 0,1 v 0,05. C. 0,12 v 0,03. D. 0,03 v 0,12. Cu 51: 2,8 gam anken A lm mt mu va dung dch cha 8 gam Br2. Hirat ha A ch thu c mt ancol duy nht. A c tn l : A. eten. B. but-2-en. C. hex-2-en. D. 2,3-imetylbut-2-en. Cu 52: Dn t t 8,4 gam hn hp X gm but-1-en v but-2-en li chm qua bnh ng dung dch Br2, khi kt thc phn ng thy c m gam brom phn ng. m c gi tr l : A. 12 gam. B. 24 gam. C. 36 gam. D. 48 gam. Cu 53: Hn hp X gm metan v 1 olefin. Cho 10,8 lt hn hp X qua dung dch brom d thy c 1 cht kh bay ra, t chy hon ton kh ny thu c 5,544 gam CO2. Thnh phn % v th tch metan v olefin trong hn hp X l : A. 26,13% v 73,87%. B. 36,5% v 63,5%. C. 20% v 80%. D. 73,9% v 26,1%. Cu 54: t chy hon ton a gam hn hp eten, propen, but-2-en cn dng va b lt oxi ( ktc) thu c 2,4 mol CO2 v 2,4 mol nc. Gi tr ca b l : A. 92,4 lt. B. 94,2 lt. C. 80,64 lt. D. 24,9 lt. Cu 55: m gam hn hp gm C3H6, C2H4 v C2H2 chy hon ton thu c 4,48 lt kh CO2 (ktc). Nu hiro ho hon ton m gam hn hp trn ri t chy ht hn hp thu c V lt CO2 (ktc). Gi tr ca V l : A. 3,36. B. 2,24. C. 4,48. D. 1,12. Cu 56: t chy hon ton V lt (ktc) hn hp X gm CH4, C2H4 thu c 0,15 mol CO2 v 0,2 mol H2O. Gi tr ca V l : A. 2,24. B. 3,36. C. 4,48. D. 1,68. Cu 57: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hm hp gm CH4, C4H10 v C2H4 thu c 0,14 mol CO2 v 0,23 mol H2O. S mol ca ankan v anken trong hn hp ln lt l : A. 0,09 v 0,01. B. 0,01 v 0,09. C. 0,08 v 0,02. D. 0,02 v 0,08. Cu 58: Cho 0,2 mol hn hp X gm etan, propan v propen qua dung dch brom d, thy khi lng bnh brom tng 4,2 gam. Lng kh cn li em t chy hon ton thu c 6,48 gam nc. Vy % th tch etan, propan v propen ln lt l : A. 30%, 20%, 50%. B. 20%, 50%, 30%.
C. 50%, 20%, 30%.
D. 20%, 30%, 50%.
Cu 59: Chia hn hp gm C3H6, C2H4, C2H2 thnh hai phn u nhau : Phn 1: t chy hon ton thu c 2,24 lt CO2 (ktc). Phn 2: Hiro ho ri t chy ht th th tch CO2 thu c (ktc) l bao nhiu ? A. 1,12 lt. B. 2,24 lt. C. 4,48 lt. D. 3,36 lt. Cu 60: X l hn hp C4H8 v O2 (t l mol tng ng 1:10). t chy hon ton X c hn hp Y. Dn Y qua bnh H2SO4 c d c hn Z. T khi ca Z so vi hiro l : A.18. B. 19. C. 20. D. 21. Cu 61: Hn hp X gm C3H8 v C3H6 c t khi so vi hiro l 21,8. t chy ht 5,6 lt X (ktc) th thu c bao nhiu gam CO2 v bao nhiu gam H2O ? A. 33 gam v 17,1 gam. B. 22 gam v 9,9 gam. C. 13,2 gam v 7,2 gam. D. 33 gam v 21,6 gam. Cu 62: t chy hon ton 20,0 ml hn hp X gm C3H6, CH4, CO (th tch CO gp hai ln th tch CH4), thu c 24,0 ml CO2 (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut). T khi ca X so vi kh H2 l : A. 12,9. B. 25,8. C. 22,2. D. 11,1 Cu 63: Thi 0,25 mol kh etilen qua 125 ml dung dch KMnO4 1M trong mi trng trung tnh (hiu sut 100%) khi lng etylen glicol thu c l : A. 11,625 gam. B. 23,25 gam. C. 15,5 gam. D. 31 gam. Cu 64: kh hon ton 200 ml dung dch KMnO4 0,2M to thnh cht rn mu nu en cn V lt kh C2H4 ( ktc). Gi tr ti thiu ca V l : A. 2,240. B. 2,688. C. 4,480. D. 1,344. Cu 65: Hin nay PVC c iu ch theo s sau : C2H4 CH2ClCH2Cl C2H3Cl PVC. Nu hiu sut ton b qu trnh t 80% th lng C2H4 cn dng sn xut 5000 kg PVC l : A. 280 kg. B. 1792 kg. C. 2800 kg. D. 179,2 kg. Cu 66: Khi lng etilen thu c khi un nng 230 gam ru etylic vi H2SO4 m c, hiu sut phn ng t 40% l : A. 56 gam. B. 84 gam. C. 196 gam. D. 350 gam. Cu 67: Hn hp X gm metan v anken, cho 5,6 lt X qua dung dch brom d thy khi lng bnh brom tng 7,28 gam v c 2,688 lt kh bay ra (ktc). CTPT ca anken l : A. C4H8. B. C5H10. C. C3H6. D. C2H4 Cu 68: Cho 2,24 lt anken li qua bnh ng dung dch brom th thy khi lung bnh tng 4,2 gam. Anken c cng thc phn t l : A. C2H4. B. C3H6. C. C4H8. D. C4H10. Cu 69: Cho 1,12 gam anken cng hp va vi brom thu c 4,32 gam sn phm cng hp. Cng thc phn t ca anken l : A. C3H6. B. C4H8. C. C5H10. D. C6H12. Cu 70: 0,05 mol hirocacbon X lm mt mu va dung dch cha 8 gam brom cho ra sn phm c hm lng brom t 69,56%. Cng thc phn t ca X l : A. C3H6. B. C4H8. C. C5H10. D. C5H8. Cu 71: Cho 8960 ml (ktc) anken X qua dung dch brom d. Sau phn ng thy khi lng bnh brom tng 22,4 gam. Bit X c ng phn hnh hc. CTCT ca X l :
A. CH2=CHCH2CH3. C. CH3CH=CHCH2CH3.
B. CH3CH=CHCH3. D. (CH3)2C=CH2.
Cu 72: Cho hirocacbon X phn ng vi brom (trong dung dch) theo t l mol 1 : 1, thu c cht hu c Y (cha 74,08% Br v khi lng). Khi X phn ng vi HBr th thu c hai sn phm hu c khc nhau. Tn gi ca X l : A. but-1-en. B. but-2-en. C. Propilen. D. Xiclopropan. Cu 73: Hn hp X gm 2 anken l ng ng lin tip c th tch 4,48 lt ( ktc). Nu cho hn hp X i qua bnh ng nc brom d, khi lng bnh tng ln 9,8 gam. Thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca mt trong 2 anken l : A. 50%. B. 40%. C. 70%. D. 80%. Cu 74: Dn 3,36 lt (ktc) hn hp X gm 2 anken l ng ng k tip vo bnh nc brom d, thy khi lng bnh tng thm 7,7 gam. a. CTPT ca 2 anken l : A. C2H4 v C3H6. B. C3H6 v C4H8. C. C4H8 v C5H10. D. C5H10 v C6H12. b. Thnh phn phn % v th tch ca hai anken l : A. 25% v 75%. B. 33,33% v 66,67%. C. 40% v 60%. D. 35% v 65%. Cu 75: Dn 3,36 lt (ktc) hn hp X gm 2 anken l vo bnh nc brom d, thy khi lng bnh tng thm 7,7 gam. CTPT ca 2 anken l : A. C2H4 v C4H8. B. C3H6 v C4H8. C. C4H8 v C5H10. D. A hoc B. o Cu 76: Cho 10 lt hn hp kh (54,6 C; 0,8064 atm) gm 2 olefin li qua bnh dung dch brom d thy khi lng bnh brom tng 16,8 gam. CTPT ca 2 anken l (Bit s C trong cc anken khng vt qu 5) : A. C2H4 v C5H10. B. C3H6 v C5H10. C. C4H8 v C5H10. D. A hoc B. Cu 77: Mt hn hp X c th tch 11,2 lt (ktc), X gm 2 anken ng ng k tip nhau. Khi cho X qua nc Br2 d thy khi lng bnh Br2 tng 15,4 gam. CTPT v s mol mi anken trong hn hp X l : A. 0,2 mol C2H4 v 0,3 mol C3H6. B. 0,2 mol C3H6 v 0,2 mol C4H8. C. 0,4 mol C2H4 v 0,1 mol C3H6. D. 0,3 mol C2H4 v 0,2 mol C3H6. Cu 78: Mt hn hp X gm ankan A v anken B, A c nhiu hn B mt nguyn t cacbon, A v B u th kh ( ktc). Khi cho 6,72 lt kh X (ktc) i qua nc brom d, khi lng bnh brom tng ln 2,8 gam ; th tch kh cn li ch bng 2/3 th tch hn hp X ban u. CTPT ca A, B v khi lng ca hn hp X l : A. C4H10, C3H6 ; 5,8 gam. B. C3H8, C2H4 ; 5,8 gam. C. C4H10, C3H6 ; 12,8 gam. D. C3H8, C2H4 ; 11,6 gam. Cu 79: Mt hn hp X gm ankan A v mt anken B c cng s nguyn t C v u th kh ktc. Cho hn hp X i qua nc Br2 d th th tch kh Y cn li bng na th tch X, cn khi lng Y bng 15/29 khi lng X. CTPT A, B v thnh phn % theo th tch ca hn hp X l : A. 40% C2H6 v 60% C2H4. B. 50% C3H8v 50% C3H6. C. 50% C4H10 v 50% C4H8. D. 50% C2H6 v 50% C2H4. Cu 80: Hirocacbon X cng HCl theo t l mol 1:1 to sn phm c hm lng clo l 55,04%. X c cng thc phn t l : A. C4H8. B. C2H4. C. C5H10. D. C3H6. Cu 81: Mt hirocacbon X cng hp vi axit HCl theo t l mol 1:1 to sn phm c thnh phn phn trm v khi lng clo l 45,223%. Cng thc phn t ca X l :
A. C3H6.
B. C4H8.
C. C2H4.
D. C5H10.
Cu 82: Hn hp X gm hai anken k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. t chy hon ton 5 lt X cn va 18 lt kh oxi (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin nhit v p sut). a. Cng thc phn t ca hai anken l : A. C2H4 v C3H6. B. C3H6 v C4H8. C. C4H8 v C5H10. D. A hoc B. b. Hirat ha mt th tch X trong iu kin thch hp thu c hn hp ancol Y, trong t l v khi lng ca cc ancol bc 1 so vi ancol bc 2 l 28 : 15. Thnh phn phn trm khi lng ca mi ancol trong hn hp Y l : A. C2H5OH : 53,49% ; iso C3H7OH : 34,88% ; n C3H7OH : 11,63%. B. C2H5OH : 53,49% ; iso C3H7OH : 11,63% ; n C3H7OH : 34,88%. C. C2H5OH : 11,63% ; iso C3H7OH : 34,88% ; n C3H7OH : 53,49%. D. C2H5OH : 34,88% ; iso C3H7OH : 53,49% ; n C3H7OH : 11,63%. Cu 83: Hn hp X gm 2 olefin ng ng k tip. t chy 5 lt X cn va 18 lt O2 cng iu kin. Dn X vo H2O c xc tc thch hp thu c hn hp Y trong t l v s mol cc ru bc I so vi ru bc II l 7 : 3. % khi lng ru bc II trong Y l : A. 34,88%. B. 53,57%. C. 66,67%. D. 23,07%. Cu 84: Cho hn hp X gm etilen v H2 c t khi so vi H2 bng 4,25. Dn X qua bt niken nung nng (hiu sut phn ng 75%) thu c hn hp Y. T khi ca Y so vi H2 (cc th tch o cng iu kin) l : A. 5,23. B. 3,25. C. 5,35. D. 10,46. Cu 85: Cho H2 v 1 olefin c th tch bng nhau qua Niken un nng ta c hn hp A. Bit t khi hi ca A i vi H2 l 23,2. Hiu sut phn ng hiro ho l 75%. Cng thc phn t olefin l : A. C2H4. B. C3H6. C. C4H8. D. C5H10. Cu 86: Hn hp kh X gm H2 v mt anken c kh nng cng HBr cho sn phm hu c duy nht. T khi ca X so vi H2 bng 9,1. un nng X c xc tc Ni, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp kh Y khng lm mt mu nc brom; t khi ca Y so vi H2 bng 13. Cng thc cu to ca anken l : A. CH3CH=CHCH3. B. CH2=CHCH2CH3. C. CH2=C(CH3)2. D. CH2=CH2. Cu 87: Cho hn hp X gm anken v hiro c t khi so vi heli bng 3,33. Cho X i qua bt niken nung nng n khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp Y c t khi so vi heli l 4. CTPT ca X l : A. C2H4. B. C3H6. C. C4H8. D. C5H10. Cu 88: Hn hp kh X gm H2 v C2H4 c t khi so vi He l 3,75. Dn X qua Ni nung nng, thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi He l 5. Hiu sut ca phn ng hiro ho l : A. 20%. B. 25%. C. 50%. D. 40%. Cu 89: X, Y, Z l 3 hirocacbon k tip trong dy ng ng, trong MZ = 2MX. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol Y ri hp th ton b sn phm chy vo 2 lt dung dch Ba(OH)2 0,1M c mt lng kt ta l : A. 19,7 gam. B. 39,4 gam. C. 59,1 gam. D. 9,85 gam. Cu 90: Ba hirocacbon X, Y, Z k tip nhau trong dy ng ng, trong khi lng phn t Z gp i khi lng phn t X. t chy 0,1 mol cht Z, sn phm kh hp th hon ton vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 (d), thu c s gam kt ta l : A. 20. B. 40. C. 30. D. 10.
Cu 91: Hn hp X gm propen v mt ng ng ca n c t l th tch l 1:1. t 1 th tch hn hp X cn 3,75 th tch oxi (cng k). Vy X l : A. eten. B. propan. C. buten. D. penten. Cu 92: t chy hon ton 0,05 mol mt anken A thu c 4,48 lt CO2 (ktc). Cho A tc dng vi dung dch HBr ch cho mt sn phm duy nht. CTCT ca A l : A. CH2=CH2. B. (CH3)2C=C(CH3)2. C. CH2=C(CH3)2. D. CH3CH=CHCH3. Cu 93: t chy hon ton 10 ml hirocacbon X cn va 60 ml kh oxi, sau phn ng thu c 40 ml kh cacbonic. Bit X lm mt mu dung dch brom v c mch cacbon phn nhnh. CTCT ca X l : A. CH2=CHCH2CH3. B. CH2=C(CH3)2. C. CH2=C(CH2)2CH3. D. (CH3)2C=CHCH3. Cu 94: Mt hn hp kh gm 1 ankan v 1 anken c cng s nguyn t C trong phn t v c cng s mol. Ly m gam hn hp ny th lm mt mu va 80 gam dung dch 20% Br2 trong dung mi CCl4. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp thu c 0,6 mol CO2. Ankan v anken c cng thc phn t l : A. C2H6 v C2H4. B. C4H10 v C4H8. C. C3H8 v C3H6. D. C5H12 v C5H10. Cu 95: Hn hp X gm 2 anken kh phn ng va vi dung dch cha 48 gam brom. Mt khc t chy hon ton hn hp X dng ht 24,64 lt O2 (ktc). Cng thc phn t ca 2 anken l : A. C2H4 v C3H6. B. C2H4 v C4H8. C. C3H6 v C4H8. D. A v B u ng. Cu 96*: X l hn hp gm hirocacbon A v O2 (t l mol tng ng 1:10). t chy hon ton X c hn hp Y. Dn Y qua bnh H2SO4 c d c hn hp Z c t khi so vi hiro l 19. A c cng thc phn t l : A. C2H6. B. C4H8. C. C4H6. D. C3H6. Cu 97*: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol anken X thu c CO2 v hi nc. Hp th hon ton sn phm bng 100 gam dung dch NaOH 21,62% thu c dung dch mi trong nng ca NaOH ch cn 5%. Cng thc phn t ng ca X l : A. C2H4. B. C3H6. C. C4H8. D. C5H10. Cu 98: Mt hn hp A gm 2 hirocacbon X, Y lin tip nhau trong cng dy ng ng. t chy 11,2 lt hn hp X thu c 57,2 gam CO2 v 23,4 gam H2O. CTPT ca X, Y v khi lng ca X, Y l : A. 12,6 gam C3H6 v 11,2 gam C4H8. B. 8,6 gam C3H6v 11,2 gam C4H8. C. 5,6 gam C2H4 v 12,6 gam C3H6. D. 2,8 gam C2H4 v 16,8 gam C3H6. Cu 99: em t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp X gm 2 anken l ng ng k tip nhau thu c CO2 v nc c khi lng hn km nhau 6,76 gam. CTPT ca 2 anken l : A. C2H4 v C3H6. B. C3H6 v C4H8. C. C4H8 v C5H10. D. C5H10 v C6H12. Cu 100: t chy hon ton 8,96 lt (ktc) hn hp hai anken l ng ng lin tip thu c m gam H2O v (m + 39) gam CO2. Hai anken l : A. C2H4 v C3H6. B. C4H8 v C5H10. C. C3H6 v C4H8. D. C6H12 v C5H10. Cu 101*: Hn hp kh A iu kin tiu chun gm hai olefin. t chy 7 th tch A cn 31 th tch O2 (ktc). Bit olefin cha nhiu cacbon chim khong 40% 50% th tch hn hp A. Cng thc phn t ca hai elefin l : A. C2H4 v C3H6. B. C3H6 v C4H8. C. C2H4 v C4H8. D. A hoc C ng.
Cu 102: Mt hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon A, B c cng s nguyn t cacbon. A, B ch c th l ankan hay anken. t chy 4,48 lt (ktc) hn hp X thu c 26,4 gam CO2 v 12,6 gam H2O. CTPT v s mol ca A, B trong hn hp X l : A. 0,1 mol C3H8 v 0,1 mol C3H6. B. 0,2 mol C2H6 v 0,2 mol C2H4. C. 0,08 mol C3H8 v 0,12 mol C3H6. D. 0,1 mol C2H6 v 0,2 mol C2H4. Cu 103: Mt hn hp X gm 1 anken A v 1 ankin B, A v B c cng s nguyn t cacbon. X c khi lng l 12,4 gam, c th tch l 6,72 lt. Cc th tch kh o ktc. CTPT v s mol A, B trong hn hp X l : A. 0,2 mol C2H4 v 0,1 mol C2H2. B. 0,1 mol C3H6 v 0,1 mol C3H4. C. 0,2 mol C3H6 v 0,1 mol C3H4. D. 0,1 mol C2H4 v 0,2 mol C2H2. Cu 104: Dn 1,68 lt hn hp kh X gm hai hirocacbon vo bnh ng dung dch brom (d). Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, c 4 gam brom phn ng v cn li 1,12 lt kh. Nu t chy hon ton 1,68 lt X th sinh ra 2,8 lt kh CO2. Cng thc phn t ca hai hirocacbon l (bit cc th tch kh u o ktc) : A. CH4 v C2H4. B. CH4 v C3H4. C. CH4 v C3H6. D. C2H6 v C3H6.
Cu chuyn v sc mnh ca s ng vin

Nm 14 tui, c gi gc Php Lillian sng ngoi thnh ph Ontario (Canada) phi b hc kim vic ph gip gia nh. Hc hnh d dang khin c gi vn nht nht li cng thm mc cm. C mi sng, mang theo hy vng mong manh, Lillian nhy xe but ln hai thnh ph ln l Windsor v Detroit tm vic lm. Nhng c rt r n mc chng dm g ca xin vic bt k u, Lillian c bc vu v trn ng v bun b tr v nh khi tri chng vng. Mt ngy, Lillian cht nhn thy trc ca cng ty Carhartt Overall treo mt tm ba: Cn tuyn th k, mi vo trong. D dt bc vo gian tin snh rng ln, Lillian thn trng g cnh ca u tin v gp b qun l tn l Margaret Costello. Vi cch pht m ting Anh cn cha chun, Lillian t gii thiu l mnh 19 tui, v ang rt quan tm ti v tr th k m cng ty cn tuyn. Margaret dn Lillian ti mt cn phng nh, a cho c b mt bc th nh my. 12h ti s quay li. C gng nh! - Margaret v nh vai Lillian ri bc ra khi phng. Ch cn mnh Lillian trong cn phng vi chic my ch en x v mt t giy c ch. Ln u tin th vic, ln u tin s ti my ch, Lillian rt lo u. Phi loay hoay mt lc vi ci my ch, Lillian mi bit cch s dng. Ln u tin, Lillian nh xong dng th nht, 10 t th sai ti 8 li. ng h ch 11h30, mi ngi phng trn gi nhau chun b i n tra. Lillian ngh mnh s ln vo dng ngi i n tra v b v. Nhng mnh cng phi nh cho xong bc th ch!. Lill rt t giy ra khi my, v nt trc khi li nm vo st rc v ngc nhn ng h. 11h45, Lill t nh: Mnh s ln vo m ng v c Margaret Costello s khng bao gi nhn thy mnh na. Nhng d sao cng phi nh cho xong bc th. Sp ht gi, nhng cng vic vn ch vi chi cht li. 11h55, Ch cn 5 pht na s c t do - Lill th di. Cnh ca bt m, c Margaret i thng ti ch Lill, mt tay t ln vai c b trong khi khng ngng c l th. t nhin c dng li v ni: Chu lm tt lm!. Lill ngc nhin, ht
nhn l th ri nhn c Margaret, ni lo lng bng tan bin, s phn khch tri dy v lng qu quyt ca Lill c th tng dn. Nu c y ngh mnh lm tt th cng phi lm tt hn. Mnh s lm vic y. Ngy 12-9-1922 y l ngy th vic u tin, cng l ngy Lillian chnh thc c nhn vo lm ti hng Carhartt Overall. V Lillian Kennedy li hng Carhartt Overall ti 51 nm v tr thnh Tng gim c Cng ty Carhartt Overall ch v ngi ta tng cho c b nht nht nm y s t tin.
BI 2 : ANKAIEN (IOLEFIN)
A. L THUYT PHN LOI
Hirocacbon m trong phn t c 2 lin kt i C = C gi l ien, c 3 lin kt i C = C gi l trien, Chng c gi chung l polien. ien mch h, cng thc chung CnH2n-2 (n 3), c gi l ankaien. Hai lin kt i trong phn t ien c th lin nhau (loi lin kt i lin), cch nhau mt lin kt n (loi lin kt i lin hp) hoc cch nhau nhiu lin kt n (loi lin kt i khng lin hp). V d :
CH2 = C= CH2
1 2 3 4 1
CH2 = CH CH= CH2
CH2 = C CH= CH2 CH3

|
1 2 3 4 5 CH2 CHCH2 CHCH2
propaien buta-1,3-ien 2-metylbuta-1,3-ien penta-1,4-ien (anlen) (butaien) (isopren) ien m hai lin kt i cch nhau mt lin kt n c gi l ien lin hp. Buta-1,3-ien (thng gi n gin l butaien) v 2-metylbuta-1,3-ien (thng gi l isopren) l hai ien lin hp c bit quan trng.
PHN NG CA BUTAIEN V ISOPREN

1. Phn ng ca buta-1,3-ien v isopren a. Cng hir o CH2=CHCH=CH2 + 2H2 CH 2 = C CH = CH 2 CH 3 b. Cng halogen v hir o halogenua (Sn phm cng-1,2)
CH2 = CH CH = CH2
1 2 3 4 Ni, t o Ni, t o
CH3CH2CH2CH3 CH 3 CH CH 2 CH3 CH 3
|
+ 2H 2
(Sn phm cng-1,4) +

CH2 CH = CH CH2 Br 20% 80%
| 1 2 3 4 |
2 2 CH2 CH CH = CH2 |
1 | 2 3 4
+Br
Br
o -80 C : 80% o 40 C : 20% +H 1 Br
Br
Br
CH2 = CH CH = CH2
CH2 CH CH = CH2
| |
CH2 CH = CH CH2
| |
40 C : -80 C :
o
H 80%
Br
20%
H Br
20% 80%
Buta-1,3-ien cng nh isopren c th tham gia phn ng cng Cl2, Br2, HCl, HBr, v thng to thnh hn hp cc sn phm theo kiu cng -1,2 v cng -1,4. nhit thp th u tin to thnh sn phm cng -1,2 ; nhit cao th u tin to ra sn phm cng -1,4. Nu dng d tc nhn (Br2, Cl2...) th chng c th cng vo c 2 lin kt C=C.
c. Phn ng trng hp : Khi c mt cht xc tc, nhit v p sut thch hp, buta-1,3-ien v isopren tham gia phn ng trng hp ch yu theo kiu cng -1,4 to thnh cc polime m mi mt xch c cha 1 lin kt i gia : n CH = CH CH = CH 2 2 xt butaien nCH 2 = C CH = CH 2 | CH3
to , p ,
(CH2CH= CHCH2)n polibutaien 2 C CH | = CH CH 2
t o , p, xt
CH3
isopren poliisopren Polibutaien v poliisopren u c tnh n hi cao nn c dng ch cao su tng hp. Loi cao su ny c tnh cht gn ging vi cao su thin nhin. d. Phn ng oxi ha : - Oxi ha hon ton : 2C4H6 + 11O2
t 8CO2 + o
6H2O
- Oxi ha khng hon ton : Tng t nh anken th ankadien c th lm mt mu dung dch thuc tm. Phn ng ny dng nhn bit ankaien. 2. iu ch, ng dng ca butaien v isopren Hin nay trong cng nghip butaien v isopren c iu ch bng cch tch hiro t ankan tng ng, v d : CH CH CH CH 3 2 2 3 CH 3 CH
|
to , x t t o , xt
CH2 = CH CH = CH2 + 2H2
CH 2 CH 2 CH = CH 2 + 2H2 = C CH 3 | CH3
CH3
Butaien v isopren l nhng monome rt quan trng. Khi trng hp hoc ng trng hp chng vi cc monome thch hp khc s thu c nhng polime c tnh n hi nh cao su thin nhin, li c th c tnh bn nhit, hoc chu du m nn p ng c nhu cu a dng ca k thut.
BI 3 : KHI NIM V TECPEN

L THUYT THNH PHN, CU TO V DN XUT
1. Thnh phn Tecpen l tn gi nhm hirocacbon khng no thng c cng thc chung l (C5H8)n (n 2) thng gp trong gii thc vt. Tecpen c nhiu trong tinh du tho mc nh tinh du thng, s, qu, chanh, cam 2. Cu to Phn t tecpen c cu to mch h hoc mch vng v c cha cc lin kt i C = C. V d :
C10H16, oximen (trong tinh du l hng qu) 3. Mt vi dn xut cha oxi ca tecpen a. Loi mch h
C10H16, limonen (trong tinh du chanh, bi)
Geraniol c trong tinh du hoa hng. Xitronelol c trong tinh du s. Cc hp cht ny u c mi thm c trng, l nhng n hng qu dng trong cng nghip hng liu v thc phm...
C10H18O, geraniol b. Loi mch vng
C10H20O, xitronelol
Mentol v menton (c trong tinh du bc h) khng nhng c a vo ko bnh, kem nh rng..., m cn dng ch thuc cha bnh.
C10H20O, mentol
C10H18O, menton
II. NGUN TECPEN THIN NHIN

1. Ngun tecpen thin nhin Tecpen v dn xut cha oxi ca tecpen thng gp trong gii thc vt. Chng c th tp trung cc b phn khc nhau nh l, thn, hoa, qu hoc r cc loi tho mc. Nhiu tecpen cng thc C10H16, C15H24, c trong qu, l v nha loi thng. Squalen (C30H50) c trong du gan c. Caroten v licopen (C40H56) l sc t mu ca c rt v c chua chn.
Cc dn xut cha oxi ca tecpen cng rt ph bin v quan trng. Chng hn, retinol (vitamin A, C20H29OH) c trong lng trng, du gan c..., phitol (C20H39OH) dng este c trong cht dip lc ca cy xanh,... 3. ng dng ca tecpen Tecpen v dn xut c dng nhiu lm hng liu trong cng nghip m phm (nc hoa, du gi, x phng, kem nh rng,...) v cng nghip thc phm (bnh ko, nc gii kht...). Tecpen v dn xut ca tecpen cn c dng sn xut dc phm.
Nhng iu hc sinh cha bit : Cc em hc sinh thn mn, thy bt u bin son b ti liu n thi trc nghim mn ha hc dnh cho hc sinh lp 10, 11, 12 v hc sinh n thi i hc, cao ng khi A, B t nm hc 2008 2009. Trong qu trnh bin son, ban u thy gp phi rt nhiu kh khn, nhng by gi th nhng kh khn u li pha sau, v c bn b ti liu hon thnh. B ti liu gm 12 quyn. Nu cc em nm chc ni dung kin thc trong b ti liu ny th vic t c im 7 ; 8 ; 9 mn ha hc trong k thi i hc l iu hon ton c th. Cc ti liu c bin son da theo : + Chun kin thc, k nng mn ha hc lp 10, 11, 12 ban c bn v nng cao ca B Gio Dc v o To. + Cu trc thi i hc, cao ng ca B Gio Dc v o To. + Cc dng bi tp trc nghim trong thi mu v thi i hc, cao ng ca B Gio Dc v o To t nm 2007 n nm 2010. + Kinh nghim ging dy ca thy t nm 2002 n nay v s hc hi, tham kho nhng kinh nghim ging dy qu bu ca cc thy c gio gii ca trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng : C Dng Thu Hng, Thy ng Hu Hi, Thy Nguyn Vn c, Thy Phng Hong Hi, c Nguyn Hng Th v cc thy c khc. Hi vng rng nhng ti liu ha hc m thy tm huyt bin son s l ngi bn ng hnh, thn thit ca cc em hc sinh trn con ng i ti nhng ging ng i hc trong tng lai.
BI TP TRC NGHIM
Cu 105: Ankaien l : A. hirocacbon c 2 lin kt i C=C trong phn t. B. hirocacbon mch h c 2 lin kt i C=C trong phn t. C. hirocacbon c cng thc l CnH2n-2. D. hirocacbon, mch h c cng thc l CnH2n-2. Cu 106: Ankaien lin hp l : A. ankaien c 2 lin kt i C=C lin nhau. B. ankaien c 2 lin kt i C=C cch nhau 2 ni n. C. ankaien c 2 lin kt i C=C cch nhau 1 lin kt n. D. ankaien c 2 lin kt i C=C cch xa nhau. Cu 107: S ng phn thuc loi ankaien ng vi cng thc phn t C5H8 l : A. 4. B. 5. C. 6. D. 7. Cu 108: C5H8 c bao nhiu ng phn ankaien lin hp ? A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5. Cu 109: Trong cc hirocacbon sau : propen, but-1-en, but-2-en, penta-1,4-ien, penta-1,3-ien. Nhng hirocacbon no c ng phn cis - trans ? A. propen, but-1-en. B. penta-1,4-ien, but-1-en. C. propen, but-2-en. D. but-2-en, penta-1,3- ien. Cu 110: Trong phn t buta-1,3-ien, cacbon trng thi lai ho : 2 3 3 2 A. sp. B. sp . C. sp . D. sp d . Cu 111: Cng thc phn t ca buta-1,3-ien (ivinyl) v isopren (2-metylbuta-1,3-ien) ln lt l : A. C4H6 v C5H10. B. C4H4 v C5H8. C. C4H6 v C5H8. D. C4H8 v C5H10. Cu 112: Hp cht no trong s cc cht sau c 9 lin kt xch ma () v 2 lin kt pi () ? A. Buta-1,3-ien. B. Penta-1,3- ien. C. Stiren. D. Vinyl axetilen. Cu 113: Hp cht no trong s cc cht sau c 7 lin kt xch ma () v 3 lin kt pi () ? A. Buta-1,3-ien. B. Toluen. C. Stiren. D. Vinyl axetilen. Cu 114: Ankaien CH2=CHCH=CH2 c tn gi quc t l : A. ivinyl. B. 1,3-butaien. C. butaien-1,3. D. buta-1,3-ien. Cu 115: Ankaien CH2=CHCH=CH2 c tn gi thng thng l : A. ivinyl. B. 1,3-butaien. C. butaien-1,3. D. buta-1,3-ien. Cu 116: CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2 c tn gi thay th l : A. isopren. B. 2-metyl-1,3-butaien. C. 2-metyl-butaien-1,3. D. 2-metylbuta-1,3-ien. Cu 117: CH2=C(CH3)CH=CH2 c tn thng gi l : A. isopren. B. 2-metyl-1,3-butaien. C. 2-metyl-butaien-1,3. D. 2-metylbuta-1,3-ien. isopentan. Vy A l : Cu 118: A (Ankaien lin hp) + H2 A. 3-metyl-buta-1,2-ien. C. 2-metyl-buta-1,3-ien. B. 2-metyl-1,3-butaien. D. 2-metylpenta-1,3-ien.
Ni, t o
Cu 119: 1 mol buta-1,3-ien c th phn ng ti a vi bao nhiu mol brom ? A. 1 mol. B. 1,5 mol. C. 2 mol. D. 0,5 mol. Cu 120: Cho 1 mol ivinyl tc dng vi 2 mol brom. Sau phn thu c : A. 1 dn xut brom. B. 2 dn xut brom. C. 3 dn xut brom. D. 4 dn xut brom. Cu 121: Cho 1 mol isopren tc dng vi 2 mol brom. Sau phn thu c : A. 1 dn xut brom. B. 2 dn xut brom. C. 3 dn xut brom. D. 4dn xut brom. Cu 122: ivinyl tc dng vi brom theo t l mol 1:1 to ra sn phm : A. cng 1,2 v cng 1,3. B. cng 1,2 v cng 2,3. C. cng 1,2 v cng 3,4. D. cng 1,2 v cng 1,4. Cu 123: Isopren tc dng cng brom theo t l mol 1:1 to ra sn phm : A. cng 1,2; cng 3,4 v cng 1,4. B. cng 1,2 ; cng 2,3 v cng 14. C. cng 1,2 ; cng 3,4 v cng 2,3. D. cng 1,2 v cng 1,4. Cu 124: ivinyl tham gia phn ng vi dung dch Br2 theo t l mol 1:1 to ra ti a bao nhiu sn phm ? A. 4. B. 1. C. 3. D. 2. Cu 125: Isopren tham gia phn ng vi dung dch Br2 theo t l mol 1:1 to ra ti a bao nhiu sn phm ? A. 4. B. 1. C. 3. D. 2. o Cu 126: ivinyl tc dng cng Br2 theo t l mol 1:1, -80 C to ra sn phm chnh l : A. 1,4-ibrom-but-2-en. B. 3,4-ibrom-but-2-en. C. 3,4-ibrom-but-1-en. D. 1,4-ibrom-but-1-en. o Cu 127: ivinyl tc dng cng Br2 theo t l mol 1:1, 40 C to ra sn phm chnh l : A. 1,4-ibrom-but-2-en. B. 3,4-ibrom-but-2-en. C. 3,4-ibrom-but-1-en. D. 1,2-ibrom-but-3-en. o Cu 128: ivinyl tc dng cng HBr theo t l mol 1:1, -80 C to ra sn phm chnh l : A. 3-brom-but-1-en. B. 3-brom-but-2-en. C. 1-brom-but-2-en D. 2-brom-but-3-en. o Cu 129: ivinyl tc dng cng HBr theo t l mol 1:1, 40 C to ra sn phm chnh l : A. 3-brom-but-1-en. B. 3-brom-but-2-en. C. 1-brom-but-2-en. D. 2-brom-but-3-en. o Cu 130: Cho phn ng gia buta-1,3-ien v HBr -80 C (t l mol 1:1), sn phm chnh ca phn ng l : A. CH3CHBrCH=CH2. B. CH3CH=CHCH2Br. C. CH2BrCH2CH=CH2. D. CH3CH=CBrCH3. o Cu 131: Cho phn ng gia buta-1,3-ien v HBr 40 C (t l mol 1:1), sn phm chnh ca phn ng l : A. CH3CHBrCH=CH2. B. CH3CH=CHCH2Br. C. CH2BrCH2CH=CH2. D. CH3CH=CBrCH3. Cu 132: Isopren tham gia phn ng vi dung dch HBr theo t l mol 1:1 to ra ti a bao nhiu sn phm cng ? A. 8. B. 5. C. 7. D. 6.
Cu 133: Cht no sau y khng phi l sn phm cng gia dung dch brom v isopren (theo t l mol 1:1) ? A. CH2BrC(CH3)BrCH=CH2. B. CH2BrC(CH3)=CHCH2Br. C. CH2BrCH=CHCH2CH2Br. D. CH2=C(CH3)CHBrCH2Br. Cu 134: Ankaien A + brom (dd) CH3C(CH3)BrCH=CHCH2Br. Vy A l : A. 2-metylpenta-1,3-ien. B. 2-metylpenta-2,4-ien. C. 4-metylpenta-1,3-ien. D. 2-metylbuta-1,3-ien. Cu 135: Ankaien B + Cl2 CH2ClC(CH3)=CHCHClCH3. Vy A l : A. 2-metylpenta-1,3-ien. B. 4-metylpenta-2,4-ien. C. 2-metylpenta-1,4-ien. D. 4-metylpenta-2,3-ien. Cu 136: Cho Ankaien A + brom (dd) 1,4-ibrom-2-metylbut-2-en. Vy A l : A. 2-metylbuta-1,3-ien. C. 3-metylbuta-1,3ien. B. 2-metylpenta-1,3-ien. D. 3-metylpenta-1,3-ien. Cu 137: Trng hp ivinyl to ra cao su Buna c cu to l : A. (C2HCHCHCH2)n. B. (CH2CH=CHCH2)n. C. (CH2CHCH=CH2)n. D. (CH2CH2CH2CH2)n. Cu 138: ng trng hp ivinyl v stiren thu c cao su buna-S c cng thc cu to l : A. (CH2CH=CHCH2CH(C6H5)CH2)n. B. (CH2CHCHCH2CH(C6H5)CH2)n. C. (CH2CHCH=CH2CH(C6H5)CH2)n. D. (CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(C6H5)CH2)n . Cu 139: ng trng hp ivinyl v acrylonitrin (vinyl xianua) thu c cao su buna-N c cng thc cu to l : A. (C2HCHCHCH2CH(CN)CH2)n. B. (CH2CH2CH2CH2CH(CN)CH2)n. C. (CH2CHCH=CH2CH(CN)CH2)n. D. (CH2CH=CHCH2CH(CN)CH2)n. Cu 140: Trng hp isopren to ra cao su isopren c cu to l : A. (C2HC(CH3)CHCH2)n. C. (CH2 C(CH3)CH=CH2)n. B. (CH2C(CH3)=CHCH2)n. D. (CH2CH(CH3)CH2CH2)n. Cu 141: Sn phm trng hp ca: CH2=CHCCl=CH2 c tn gi l : A. Cao su Buna. B. Cao isopren. C. Cao su Buna-S. D. Cao cloropren. Cu 142: hiro ho hirocacbon no A thu c ivinyl. Vy A l : A. n-butan. B. iso butan. C. but-1-en. D. but-2-en. Cu 143: hiro ho hirocacbon no A thu c isopren. Vy A l : A. n-pentan. B. iso-pentan. C. pen-1-en. D. pen-2-en. Cu 144: Cht hu c X cha C, H, O ivinyl + ? + ? Vy X l : A. etanal. B. etanol. C. metanol. D. metanal.
t o ,xt
Cu 145: 4,48 lt (ktc) mt hirocacbon A tc dng va vi 400 ml dung dch brom 1M c sn phm cha 85,56% Br v khi lng. CTPT ca A l : A. C2H6. B. C3H6. C. C4H6. D. C4H8. Cu 146: Mt hirocacbon A cng dung dch brom to dn xut B cha 92,48% brom v khi lng. CTCT B l : A. CH3CHBr2. B. CHBr2CHBr2. C. CH2BrCH2Br. D. CH3CHBrCH2Br. Cu 147: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp gm buta-1,3-ien v isopren thu c 0,9 mol CO2 v 12,6 gam nc. Gi tr ca m l : A. 12,1 gam. B. 12,2 gam. C. 12,3 gam. D. 12,4 gam. Cu 148: t a gam hn hp gm buta-1,3-ien v isopren thu c 20,16 lt CO2 (ktc) v 12,6 gam nc. Th tch oxi cn dng ktc l : A. 28 lt. B. 29 lt. C. 18 lt. D. 27 lt. Cu 149: t chy 0,05 mol cht A (cha C, H) thu c 0,2 mol H2O. Bit A trng hp cho B c tnh n hi. Vy A l : A. buta-1,3-ien. B. 2-metylbuta-1,3-ien. C. 2-metylbuta-1,2-ien. D. 2-metylpenta-1,3-ien. Cu 150: Tn gi ca nhm hirocacbon khng no c cng thc chung l (C5H8)n (n 2) l : A. ankaien. B. cao su. C. anlen. D. tecpen. Cu 151: Caroten (licopen) l sc t mu ca c rt v c chua chn, cng thc phn t ca caroten l : A. C15H25. B. C40H56. C. C10H16. D. C30H50. Cu 152: Oximen c trong tinh du l hng qu, limonen c trong tinh du chanh. Chng c cng cng thc phn t l : A. C15H25. B. C40H56. C. C10H16. D. C30H50. Cu 153: Vitamin A cng thc phn t C20H30O, c cha 1 vng 6 cnh v khng c cha lin kt ba. S lin kt i trong phn t vitamin A l : A. 7. B. 6. C. 5. D. 4. Cu 154: Licopen, cng thc phn t C40H56 l cht mu trong qu c chua, ch cha lin kt i v lin kt n trong phn t. Hiro ha hon ton licopen c hirocacbon C40H82. Vy licopen c A. 1 vng ; 12 ni i. B. 1 vng ; 5 ni i. C. 4 vng ; 5 ni i. D. mch h ; 13 ni i. Cu 155: Metol C10H20O v menton C10H18O chng u c trong tinh du bc h. Bit phn t metol khng c ni i, cn phn t menton c 1 ni i. Vy kt lun no sau y l ng ? A. Metol v menton u c cu to vng. B. Metol c cu to vng, menton c cu to mch h. C. Metol v menton u c cu to mch h. D. Metol c cu to mch h, menton c cu to vng.
BI 4 : ANKIN
L THUYT NG NG, NG PHN, DANH PHP V CU TRC
1. ng ng, ng phn, danh php Ankin l nhng hirocacbon mch h c 1 lin kt ba trong phn t. Ankin n gin nht l C2H2 (HC CH), c tn thng thng l axetilen. Dy ng ng ca axetilen c cng thc chung l CnH2n-2 (n 2, vi mt lin kt ba). V d : HC CH, CH3C CH,... Ankin t C4 tr i c ng phn v tr nhm chc, t C5 tr i c thm ng phn mch cacbon. Theo IUPAC, quy tc gi tn ankin tng t nh gi tn anken, nhng dng ui in ch lin kt ba. V d : HC CH HC CCH3 HC CCH2CH3 CH3C CCH3 etin propin but-1-in but-2-in 2. Cu tr c phn t Trong phn t ankin, hai nguyn t C lin kt ba trng thi lai ho sp (lai ho ng thng). Lin kt ba C C gm 1 lin kt v 2 lin kt . Hai nguyn t C mang lin kt ba v 2 nguyn t lin kt trc tip vi chng nm trn mt ng thng (hnh 1).
Hnh 1 Axetilen : a. Lin kt ; b. M hnh rng ; c. M hnh c
TNH CHT HO HC
2. Phn ng cng a. Cng hiro : Khi c xc tc Ni, Pt, Pd nhit thch hp, ankin cng vi H2 to thnh ankan : Mun dng li giai on to ra o t o CH CH + 2H2 CH3CH3
o
Ni
Pb anken th phi dng xc tc l hn CH CH + H2 t , CH2=CH2 / PbC O 3 hp Pd vi PbCO3 :
b. Cng br om : Ging nh anken, ankin lm mt mu nc brom, phn ng xy ra qua hai giai on. Mun dng li giai on th nht th cn thc hin phn ng nhit thp, v d : Br Br | | + Br Br 2 C2H5C CC2H5 C = C C H C C C C H H C H 2
20 oC 2 5 | | 2 5 2 5 | | 2 5
Br Br hex-3-in c. Cng hir o clorua CH CH + HCl

HgCl2
Br Br 3,3,4,4-tetrabromhexan (vinyl clorua)
3,4-ibromhex-3-en CH2=CHCl
150200o C
CH2=CHCl + HCl d. Cng nc (hir at ho)
CH3CHCl2 (1,1-icloetan)
Khi c mt xc tc HgSO4 trong mi trng axit, H2O cng vo lin kt ba to ra hp cht trung gian khng bn vHgSO ,Hthnh anehit hoc xeton, v d : chuyn SO 2 4 4 [CH2=CHOH] CH3 HC CH + HOH CH=O
80o C
etin
(khng bn)
anehit axetic
Phn ng cng HX, H2O vo cc ankin trong dy ng ng ca axetilen cng tun theo quy tc Mac-cp-nhi-cp nh anken. e. Phn ng ime ho v tr ime ho Hai phn t axetilen c th cng xt, 0 2CH CH CH2=CHC CH hp vi nhau to thnh vinylaxetilen :
Ba phn t axetilen c th cng hp vi nhau thnh benzen :
3CH CH H C
6 6
xt, t 0
3. Phn ng th bng ion kim loi Nguyn t H nh vo cacbon mang lin kt ba linh ng hn rt nhiu so vi H nh vi cacbon mang lin kt i v lin kt n, do n c th b thay th bng nguyn t kim loi. V d : Khi cho axetilen sc vo dung dch AgNO3 trong amoniac th xut hin kt ta mu vng nht sau chuyn sang mu xm : AgNO3 + 3NH3 + H2O [Ag(NH3)2] OH
+ -
NH4NO3
(phc cht, tan trong nc) HC CH + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH AgC CAg + 2H2O + 4NH3 (kt ta mu vng nht)
hay
HC CH + 2AgNO3 + 2NH3 AgC CAg + 2NH4NO3
Phn ng ny khng nhng dng nhn ra axetilen m c cc ankin c nhm HC CR (cc ankin m lin kt ba u mch) : RC CH + [Ag(NH3)2]OH RC CAg + H2O + 2NH3 (kt ta mu vng nht) hay RC CH + AgNO3 + NH3 RC CAg+ NH4NO3
4. Phn ng oxi ho Cc ankin chy trong khng kh to ra CO2, H2O v to nhiu nhit : CnH2n-2 + 3n 1 O 2
2
Cn H 2 n2 t o nCO 2
+ (n 1)H O ; H < 0
Nhn xt : Trong phn ng t chy ankin hoc ankaien th n
= n CO2 - n H2 O -
Ging nh anken, ankin lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4. Khi n b oxi ho lin kt ba to ra cc sn phm phc tp, cn KMnO4 th b kh thnh MnO2 (kt ta mu nu en).
IU CH V NG DNG
5. iu ch Phng php chnh iu ch axetilen trong cng nghip hin nay l nhit phn metan o 1500 C, phn ng thu nhit mnh : 2CH4
1500o C
CH CH + 3H2
nhng ni m cng nghip du kh cha pht trin, ngi ta iu ch axetilen t canxi cacbua : CaC2 + 2H2O Ca(OH)2 + C2H2 Canxi cacbua sn xut trong cng nghip (t vi sng v than ) l cht rn, mu en xm, trc kia c dng to ra C2H2 thp sng v vy n c gi l t n. Ngy nay, iu ch mt lng nh axetilen trong phng th nghim hoc trong hn x, ngi ta vn thng dng t n. Axetilen iu ch t t n thng c tp cht (H2S, NH3, PH3) c mi kh chu gi l mi t n. 6. ng dng Axetilen chy trong oxi to ra ngn la c nhit khong 3000C nn c dng trong n x axetilen - oxi hn v ct kim loi : 5 o C2H2 + O2 ot 2CO2 + H2O ; H = -1300 kJ 2 S dng axetilen phi rt cn trng v khi nng axetilen trong khng kh t 2,5% tr ln c th gy ra chy n. Axetilen v cc ankin khc cn c dng lm nguyn liu tng hp cc ho cht c bn khc nh vinyl clorua, vinyl axetat, vinylaxetilen, anehit axetic
PHNG PHP GII BI TP V ANKIN

Phn ng cng X2, HX, H 2O, H 2 Phng php gii
1. Bi tp tm cng thc ca hirocacbon khng no trong phn ng cng HX, X 2 (X l Cl, Br, I) Nu bi cho bit s mol ca hirocacbon v s mol ca HX hoc X2 tham gia phn ng th ta n tnh t l T = n HX hoa c T = X2 t suy ra cng thc phn t tng qut ca hirocacbon. T nC H
x y
nC H H
x y
=2 suy ra cng thc phn t tng qut ca hirocacbon l CnH2n-2. Bit c cng thc tng qut ca hirocacbon s bit c cng thc tng qut ca sn phm cng. Cn c vo cc gi thit khc m cho tm s nguyn t C ca hirocacbon. 2. Bi tp lin quan n phn ng cng H 2 vo hirocacbon khng no Khi lm bi tp lin quan n phn ng cng H2 vo hirocacbon khng no cn ch nhng iu sau : + Trong phn ng khi lng c bo ton, t suy ra : n hon hp tr cpha n n g.M h on hp tr c pha nng = n hon hp sau pha n n g.M hon hp sau pha n n g + Trong phn ng cng hiro s mol kh gim sau phn ng bng s mol hiro phn ng. + Sau phn ng cng hiro vo hirocacbon khng no m khi lng mol trung bnh ca hn hp thu c nh hn 28 th trong hn hp sau phn ng c hiro d.
Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: 4,48 lt (ktc) mt hirocacbon A tc dng va vi 400 ml dung dch brom 1M c sn phm cha 85,56% Br v khi lng. CTPT ca A l : A. C2H6. B. C3H6. C. C4H6. D. C4H8. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit ta c : 4, 48 n = = 0, 2 mol; n
A
2 nBr = 0, 4 mol 2 = A c cng thc phn t l : C H

n 2n-2
22, 4
Br2
nA
Phng trnh phn ng : CnH2n-2 + T gi thit suy ra : 2Br2 80.4 = 85, 56 100 85, 56 CnH2n-2Br4 n = 4 X l C H .
4 6
(1)
14n 2 p n B.
V d 2: Mt hirocacbon A cng dung dch brom to dn xut B cha 92,48% brom v khi
lng. CTCT B l : A. CH3CHBr2.
B. CHBr2CHBr2.
C. CH2BrCH2Br.
D. CH3CHBrCH2Br.
Hng dn gii Gi s nguyn t Br trong B l n, theo gi thit ta c : 80n.100 M = = 86, 5n . B 92, 48
Nu n = 2 th M = 173 (loi, v khi lng mol ca CxHyBr2 phi l mt s chn). Nu n = 4 th M = 346 suy ra MA = MB 80.4 =346 320 = 26 gam/mol. Vy A l C2H2 v B l C2H2Br4 hay CHBr2CHBr2. p n B. V d 3: Hn hp kh X gm anken M v ankin N c cng s nguyn t cacbon trong phn t. Hn hp X c khi lng 12,4 gam v th tch 6,72 lt ( ktc). S mol, cng thc phn t ca M v N ln lt l : A. 0,1 mol C2H4 v 0,2 mol C2H2. B. 0,1 mol C3H6 v 0,2 mol C3H4. C. 0,2 mol C2H4 v 0,1 mol C2H2. D. 0,2 mol C3H6 v 0,1 mol C3H4. Hng dn gii t cng thc trung bnh ca anken M v ankin N l : C m H n . 12, 4.22, 4 = 41, 33 m = 3 v n = 5,33. Ta c : 12m + n = 6, 72 Vy anken l C3H6 v ankin l C3H4. Nu hai cht C3H6 v C3H4 c s mol bng nhau th s n = 5 nhng n = 5,33 chng t anken phi c s mol nhiu hn. p n D. V d 4: Cho 4,48 lt hn hp X ( ktc) gm 2 hirocacbon mch h li t t qua bnh cha 1,4 lt dung dch Br2 0,5M. Sau khi phn ng hon ton, s mol Br2 gim i mt na v khi lng bnh tng thm 6,7 gam. Cng thc phn t ca 2 hirocacbon l : A. C2H2 v C4H6. B. C2H2 v C4H8. C. C3H4 v C4H8. D. C2H2 v C3H8. Hng dn gii Nu ch c mt hirocacbon phn ng vi dung dch brom (phng n D) th ta c : nC
2
H2
Br C .n 2 = 0,175 mol 3H8 = 0, 2 0,175 = 0, 025 mol n 2
hh = 0,175.26 + 0, 025.44 = 5, 65 6, 7 (loai) h Vy c hai hirocacbon cng phn ng vi dung dch nc brom. 4, 48 0, = 0,35 mol = 0,2 mol ; n hh X = Br2 ban = 1, 4.0, 5 = 0, 7 mol Br2 p = u ; n 72 n 22, 4 Khi lng bnh Br2 tng 6,7 gam l s gam ca hn hp X. t CTTB ca hai hirocacbon mch h l C n H 2 n + 22 a ( a l s lin kt trung bnh). Phng trnh phn ng: C n H 2 n+22 + aBr2
a
C n H 2 n +22 a Br2 a
0, 2.a = 0,35
mol:
0,2
a = 0,35 0, 2
= 1,75 Trong hn hp c mt cht cha 2 lin kt cht cn li cha 1 lin kt . 14n + 2 2a = 6,7 n = 2,5 Trong hn hp phi c mt cht l C (c hai lin kt H
2 2
0,2 ) cht cn li phi c mt lin kt v c s C t 3 tr ln l C4H8. p n B.
V d 5: Trong bnh kn cha hirocacbon X v hiro. Nung nng bnh n khi phn ng hon ton thu c kh Y duy nht. cng nhit , p sut trong bnh trc khi nung nng gp 3 ln p sut trong bnh sau khi nung. t chy mt lng Y thu c 8,8 gam CO2 v 5,4 gam nc. Cng thc phn t ca X l : A. C2H2. B. C2H4. C. C4H6. D. C3H4. Hng dn gii t chy Y thu c : n H O = 0, 3 mol; n CO = 0, 2 mol Y l ankan CnH2n+2.
2 2
n S nguyn t C trong Y : n =
2
CO2
= 2 . Vy Y l C H
2
2
v X l C H .
6 2 y
n H O n CO Phng trnh phn ng : 6 y C2 H y + mol: 1 2 6 y 2

Ni, t o
H2 1
C2 H 6
(1)
V nhit bnh khng i nn n1 Vy X l C2H2. p n A. =
p1
6y 1+ 2 = 3 y = 2 . 1
n 2 p2
V d 6: Hn hp X gm hiro v mt hirocacbon. Nung nng 14,56 lt hn hp X (ktc), c Ni xc tc n khi phn ng hon ton thu c hn hp Y c khi lng 10,8 gam. Bit t khi ca Y so vi metan l 2,7 v Y c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch brom. Cng thc phn t ca hirocacbon l : A. C3H6. B. C4H6. C. C3H4. D. C4H8. Hng dn gii nX = 0,65 mol ; M Y = 43,2 gam/mol. p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c : mx = mY = 10,8 gam nX. M X = nY. M Y = 10,8 nY = 0,25 mol. V hn hp Y c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch brom nn hiro phn ng ht, hirocacbon cn d. Nh vy trong hn hp X : n = 0, 65 0, 25 = 0, 4 mol ;C H = 0, 25 mol x y H2 n (12x + y).0,25 + 0,4.2 = 10,8 12x + y = 40 x = 3 v y = 4 Hirocacbon l C3H4. p n C. V d 7: Hn hp X gm hirocacbon B vi H2 (d), c d X/ H2 = 4,8. Cho X i qua Ni nung nng n phn ng hon ton c hn hp Y c d Y/ H = 8. Cng thc phn t ca hirocacbon B l : 2 2
A. C3H6.
B. C2H2.
C. C3H4. Hng dn gii
D. C4H8.
V M Y = 8.2 = 16 nn suy ra sau phn ng H2 cn d, hirocacbon B phn ng ht. p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c : n X M Y = 8.2 5 mX = mY nX. = nY. M Y = = 3. n Y M X 4,8.2 MX
Chn nX = 5 mol v nY =3 H2 ( p ) = n X n Y = 2 mol . n Nu B l CnH2n th n Ta c : M X =

Cn H 2 n
= nH 2
b
= 2 mol 2 n H = 5 2 = 3 mol.
2.14n + 3.2 = 4, 8.2 n = 1, 5 (loai) . 5 1 = 5 1 = 4 mol. Nu B l Cn H 2 n2 = 2 2 n H p = 1 mol n H CnH2n-2 th n 2

b
Ta c : M X = p n C.
1.(14n 2) + 4.2 = 4,8.2 n Cng thc phn t ca B l C3H4. 5 = 3
II. Phn ng th nguyn t H nguyn t C c lin kt ba bng nguyn t Ag

1. Phn ng ca CH CH vi AgNO 3/NH 3 o
t
AgNO3 + NH3 + H2O
NH4NO3
[Ag(NH3)2] OH (phc cht, tan trong nc)

t AgC CAg +2 2H O + 3 HC CH + 2[Ag(NH3)2]OH o 4NH (kt ta mu vng nht)
hay
t AgC CAg + 2NH4 NO3 HC CH + 2AgNO3 + 2NH3 o
2. Phn ng ca R C CH vi AgNO 3/NH 3 RC CH + [Ag(NH3)2]OH 2NH3 (kt ta mu vng nht) RC CH + AgNO3 + NH3 t RC CAg + o
to
RC CAg +
H2O +
hay
NH4NO3 3
Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: Dn 17,4 gam hn hp kh X gm propin v but-2-in li tht chm qua bnh ng dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d thy c 44,1 gam kt ta xut hin. Phn trm th tch ca mi kh trong X l : A. C3H4 80% v C4H6 20%. B. C3H4 25% v C4H6 75%. C. C3H4 75% v C4H6 25%. D. Kt qu khc. Hng dn gii Khi cho hn hp X tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 th ch c propin phn ng, but-2-in khng phn ng v khng c lin kt CH C-. Phng trnh phn ng :
CH CCH3 + AgNO3 + mol: 0,3
NH3
CAg CCH3 + NH4NO3 (1) 44,1 147 = 0,3
Vy m C H = 0,3.40 = 12 gam, 3 4 m
C 4H6
5, 4 = 0,1 mol. = 17, 4 12 = 5, 4 gam, C 4H6 = 54 n
Thnh phn phn trm v th tch cc kh trong hn hp l : %C3 H 4 = p n C. 0,3 .100 = 75%; %C3 H 4 = (100 75)% = 25%. 0,3 + 0,1
V d 2: t chy hon ton hn hp X gm C2H2, C3H4 v C4H4 (s mol mi cht bng nhau) thu c 0,09 mol CO2. Nu ly cng mt lng hn hp X nh trn tc dng vi mt lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, th khi lng kt ta thu c ln hn 4 gam. Cng thc cu to ca C3H4 v C4H4 trong X ln lt l : A. CH CCH3, CH2=CHC CH. C. CH2=C=CH2, CH2=C=C=CH2. S phn ng : C2H2 2CO2 (1); mol: x 2x B. CH CCH3, CH2=C=C=CH2. D. CH2=C=CH2, CH2=CHC CH. Hng dn gii 3CO2 (2); 3x C4 H 4 x 4CO2 4x (3)
C3 H 4 x
Theo gi thit ta c : 2x + 3x + 4x = 0,09 x = 0,01

A gN O H , C2H2 3 / N 3 t
o
C2Ag2
(4)
mol: 0,01 0,01 Khi lng kt ta to ra do C2H2 phn ng vi AgNO3/NH3 l 2,4 gam suy ra hai cht cn li khi phn ng vi AgNO3/NH3 cho lng kt ta ln hn 1,6 gam (*). oO o A gN H , CH2=CHC CH 3 / N 3 t CH2=CHC CAg (5) mol: 0,01 0,01 Khi lng kt ta to ra do C4H4 phn ng vi AgNO3/NH3 l 1,59 gam (*) T (*) v (**) suy ra C3H4 phi tham gia phn ng to kt ta. Vy cng thc cu to ca C3H4 v C4H4 trong X ln lt l :CH CCH3, CH2=CHC CH. p n A. V d 3: Cho 13,8 gam cht hu c X c cng thc phn t C7H8 tc dng vi mt lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 45,9 gam kt ta. X c bao nhiu ng phn cu to tha mn tnh cht trn ? A. 5. B. 4. C. 6. D. 2. Hng dn gii Phng trnh phn ng : C7H8 + nAgNO3 + nNH3 C7H8-nAgn + nNH4NO3 mol: 0,15 0,15 Ta c : (12.7 + 8 n + 108n).0,15 = 45,9 n = 2 (1) 2.7 8 + 2 Mt khc bt bo ha ca C7H8 = = 4 (2) 2 T (1) v (2) suy ra C7H8 c hai ni ba u mch, cc ng phn tha mn l : CH CCH2CH2CH2C CH; CH CCH2CH(CH3)C CH ; CH CCH(CH3)2C CH ; CH CCH(C2H5)C CH
Phn ng oxi ha
3. Phn ng oxi ha khng hon ton 3CH CH + 8KMnO4 3KOOCCOOK + 8MnO2 + 2KOH + 2H2O 4. Phn ng oxi ha hon ton
CnH2n-2 + 3n 1 O 2
2
t o nCO+ (n 1)H2O 2 2
Nhn xt : Trong phn ng t chy ankin hoc ankaien th nC
n H 2 n2
= n CO2 - n H2 O -
Phng php gii
Khi gii bi tp lin quan n phn ng t chy hn hp cc hirocacbon ta nn s dng phng php trung bnh chuyn bi ton hn hp nhiu cht v mt cht; mt s bi tp m lng cht cho di dng tng qut th ta s dng phng php t chn lng cht nhm bin cc i lng tng qut thnh i lng c th cho vic tnh ton tr nn n gin hn. Ngoi ra cn phi ch n vic s dng cc nh lut nh bo ton nguyn t, bo ton khi lng, phng php ng cho gii nhanh bi tp trc nghim.
Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: t chy m gam hirocacbon A th kh trong iu kin thng c CO2 v m gam H2O. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hirocacbon B l ng ng k tip ca A ri hp th ton b sn phm chy vo bnh nc vi trong d thy khi lng bnh tng x gam. Gi tr x l : A. 29,2 gam. B. 31 gam. C. 20,8 gam. D. 16,2 gam. Hng dn gii t cng thc phn t ca A l CxHy. Phng trnh phn ng : y CxHy + (x + ) O2 4 mol: m 12x + y Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : m . y = m m . y
xCO2 +
to
y 2
H2O
(1)
12x + y 2 x 2 = 12x + y 2 18 y 3
V hirocacbon A th kh nn s C khng vt qu 4. Vy l A C4H6, ng ng k tip ca A l C5H8. S t chy C5H8 : + (2) C5 H 8 O 4H2O + 2 20,5 5CO 0,4 mol: 0,1 4 Theo (2) v gi thit ta thy khi cho sn phm chy ca 0,1 mol C5H8 vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d th khi lng bnh tng l : 0,5.44 + 0,4.18 = 29,2 gam. p n A. V d 2: Trong mt bnh kn dung tch 6 lt c cha hn hp X gm hai hirocacbon thuc cng o dy ng ng (CnH2n-2), H2 v mt t bt Ni c th tch khng ng k 19,68 C v 1atm. Nung nng bnh mt thi gian thu c hn hp kh Y. Bt tia la in t chy ht Y thu c 15,4 gam CO2 v 7,2 gam nc. Phn trm th tch ca mi kh trong X l : A. C3H4 : 20%, C4H6 : 20% v H2 : 60%. B. C2H2 : 10%, C4H6 : 30% v H2 : 60%. C. C2H2 : 20%, C3H4 : 20% v H2 : 60%. D. C A v B u ng. Hng dn gii
,
o
Theo gi thit ta c : n(C H

n 2 n2
,H )
1.6 2 = 0, 082.(273 + 19, 2 68)
= 0, 25 mol; n
CO2
15, 4 n 44
= 0,35 mol; H2O
7, 2 18
= 0, 4 mol.
Phng trnh phn ng : C n H2n 2 mol: x + 3n 1 2 n CO2 + (n 1) H2O 2 O n x (n 1) x (2) (1)
2H2 + O2 2H2O mol: y y Theo gi thit v (1), (2) ta c h phng trnh : x = 0,1 x + y = 0, 25 y = 0,15 nx = 0,35 (n 1)x + y = 0, 4
n= 3, 5
0,15
.100 = 60%; %Cn H2 n 2 = 40% 0, 25 V s cacbon trung bnh ca hai hirocacbon l 3,5 nn c cn c vo cc phng n lc chn ta thy c hai kh nng : 2.10 + 4.30 Hn hp hai hirocacbon 2 : C H : 10%6 v C H : 30%; n = l = 3, 5 (tha 2 4 mn). mn). p n D. V d 3: Hn hp A gm C3H6, C3H4, C3H8. T khi hi ca A so vi H2 bng 21,2. t chy hon ton 4,48 lt (ktc) hn hp A ri cho sn phm chy vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d. Khi lng dung dch sau phn ng A. gim 20,1 gam. B. gim 22,08 gam. C. tng 19,6 gam. D. tng 22,08 gam. Hng dn gii t cng thc chung ca cc cht trong hn hp A l C3 H y 12.3 + y =21,2.2 y = 6,4. S phn ng : C3 H y o 3CO2
+ O 2 , to
Vy thnh phn phn trm v th tch l : %H 2 =
40 Hn hp hai hirocacbon 4 : C H : 20%6 v C H : 20%; n = l 3 4 40
3.20 + 4.20
= 3, 5 (tha
y + 2
H2 O
(1) + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O (2) mol:0,6
mol:
0,2
0,2.3 0,2.
y 2
C O
2
Tng khi lng nc v CO2 sinh ra l : 0,2.3.44 + 0,2.
0,6 Khi lng kt ta sinh ra l : 0,6.100 = 60 gam. 6, 4 .18 = 37,92 gam. 2 Nh vy sau phn ng khi lng dung dch gim l : 60 37,92 = 22,08 gam. p n B.
V d 4: Hn hp kh X gm etilen, metan, propin v vinylaxetilen c t khi so vi H2 l 17. t chy hon ton 0,05 mol hn hp X ri hp th ton b sn phm chy vo bnh dung dch Ca(OH)2 (d) th khi lng bnh tng thm m gam. Gi tr ca m l : A. 5,85. B. 3,39. C. 6,6. D. 7,3. Hng dn gii t cng thc chung ca cc cht trong hn hp X l C H 12 x + 4 =17.2 x = 2,5. x 4 S phn ng : Cx H 4 x
+ O 2 , to
x CO2
2H2O (1)
mol: 0,05 0,05 x 0,05.2 Khi lng dung dch Ca(OH)2 tng bng tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O nn khi lng bnh tng thm l : m = 0,05.2,5.44 + 0,05.2.18 = 7,3 gam. p n D.
Bi tp lin quan n nhiu loi phn ng Cc v d minh ha

V d 1: Hn hp X gm C2H2 v H2 c cng s mol. Ly mt lng hn hp X cho qua cht xc tc nung nng, thu c hn hp Y gm C2H4, C2H6, C2H2 v H2. Sc Y vo dung dch brom (d) th khi lng bnh brom tng 10,8 gam v thot ra 4,48 lt hn hp kh (ktc) c t khi so vi H2 l 8. Th tch O2 (ktc) cn t chy hon ton hn hp Y l : A. 22,4 lt. B. 44,8 lt. C. 26,88 lt. D. 33,6 lt. Hng dn gii Hn hp X gm C2H2 v H2 c cng s mol nn quy i hn hp X thnh C2H4 14 = 0, 5 mol. mX = mY = mbnh brom tng + mkh thot ra = 10,8 + 0,2.2.8 = 14 gam C2 H4 = 28 n Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t v khi lng ta thy, thnh phn nguyn t v khi lng trong X v Y l nh nhau nn t chy Y cng nh l t chy X : C2H4 + 3O2 2CO2 + 2H2O (1) mol : 0,5 1,5 Vy th tch O2 (ktc) cn t chy hon ton hn hp Y l 33,6 lt. p n D. V d 2: Dn V lt (ktc) hn hp X gm axetilen v hiro c khi lng l m gam i qua ng s ng bt niken nung nng, thu c kh Y. Dn Y vo lng d AgNO3 trong dung dch NH3 thu c 12 gam kt ta. Kh i ra khi dung dch phn ng va vi 16 gam brom v cn li kh Z. t chy hon ton kh Z c 2,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 4,5 gam H2O. Gi tr ca V l : A. 11,2. B. 13,44. C. 5,60. D. 8,96. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit ta suy ra Y gm H2 d, C2H2 d, C2H4 v C2H6. S mol ca cc cht :
Ag
n C H = n Br
2 4
16 = 160
= 2 0,1 mol; n 2 2 2= nC
C H d
2 = 1
240
= 0, 05 mol;
H2O
= n
C2 H 6 CO 2
4, 5
0, 25 mol; 18
n CO = 2, 24 = 0,1 mol 2 n 22, 4
= 2
= 0, 05 mol.
Phng trnh phn ng : C2 H 2 + H 2 mol: 0,1 0,1 0,1 (2)

Ni, t o Ni, t o
C2H4 (1)
C2H2 + 2H2 C2 H 6 mol: 0,05 0,1 0,05

2
C2H2 + 2AgNO3 + 2NH3 t o mol: 0,05 C2 H 6 + mol: 0,05 7 2 O2

N
C Ag
+ 2NH NO (3)
i, t o
0,05
2
2CO
3H O (4)
0,1
2H2 + O2
Ni, t o
0,15 2H2O (5)
mol: 0,1 (0,25 0,15) = 0,1 Theo cc phn ng ta thy : n H n H (1) n H (2) n H (5) 0, 3 mol; n C H nC H 2 = + + = =
2 2 2 2 2 2
(1)
2
nC H +
2 2
(2)
nC H +
2
(2)
0, 2 mol. =
2 2
Vy : V = V
X C 2H2
+ V = 0, 5.22, 4 = 11, 2 lt
H2
p n A. V d 3: Cho hn hp X gm CH4, C2H4 v C2H2. Ly 8,6 gam X tc dng ht vi dung dch brom (d) th khi lng brom phn ng l 48 gam. Mt khc, nu cho 13,44 lt ( ktc) hn hp kh X tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 36 gam kt ta. Phn trm th tch ca CH4 c trong X l : A. 40%. B. 20%. C. 25%. D. 50%. Hng dn gii S mol cc cht : n Br
2
48 = 0, 3 mol; = 160 n
X
13, 44 n 22, 4
36 = 0, 6 mol;C2 Ag2 = 240 = 0,15 mol.
Gi s mol ca CH4, C2H4 v C2H2 trong 8,6 gam hn hp X l x, y, z. Phng trnh phn ng ca 8,6 gam X vi dung dch nc brom : C2H4 + Br2 C2H4Br2 (1) mol: y y
C2H2 + 2Br2 C2H2Br4 (2) mol: z 2z Phng trnh phn ng ca 13,44 lt kh X vi dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 : C2H2 + 2AgNO3 + 2NH3
to
C2Ag2 + 2NH4NO3 mol: 0,15 0,15 Theo gi thit v cc phn ng (1), (2), (3) ta c h : + 28y + 26z = 8, 6 16x y + 2z = 0, 3 0,15 z = (%so mol C H trong hon hp) 0, 6
2 2
(3)
x = 0, 2 y = 0,1 = z 0,1
x+y+z
Phn trm th tch ca CH4 c trong X l : %CH4 = p n D.
0, 2 .100 = 50%. 0, 2 + 0,1+ 0,1
V d 4: Mt hn hp X gm C2H2, C3H6, CH4. t chy hon ton 11 gam hn hp X thu c 12,6 gam H2O. Nu cho 11,2 lt hn hp X (ktc) qua dung dch brom d thy c 100 gam brom phn ng. Thnh phn % th tch ca cc cht trong X ln lt l : A. 50% ; 25% ; 25%. B. 25% ; 25% ; 50%. C.16% ; 32% ; 52%. D. 33,33% ; 33,33% ; 33,33%. Hng dn gii S mol cc cht : 12, 6 100 11, 2 = 0, 7 mol; = = 0, 626 mol. nH O = = = 0, 5 mol;Br2 160 2 n n 22, 3 X 18 Gi s mol ca C2H2, C3H6, CH4 trong 11 gam hn hp X ln lt l x, y, z. Phng trnh phn ng t chy 11 gam hn hp X : 5 N i, t o C2 H 2 + O2 2 2CO 2 + H O (1) 2 mol: x C3 H 6 + mol: y 9 2 O2
N
x i, t o 3CO 2 2 2 3y CO2 + 2z 2H2O (3) + 3H O (2)
CH4 + 2O2 mol: z
Ni, t o
Phng trnh phn ng ca 11,2 lt hn hp X vi nc brom : C2H2 + 2Br2 C2H2Br4 (4) C3H6 + Br2 C3H6Br4 (5) Theo cc phng trnh phn ng v gi thit ta c h : x + 3y + 2z = 0, 7 x = 0, 2
26x + 42y + 16z = 11 y = 0,1 2x + y z = 0,1 0, 626 x +y+z 0, 5 Thnh phn % th tch ca cc cht trong X ln lt l : 0, 2 %C H = .100% =
= 50
%; %C H
= %CH = p n A.
0,1
2 2
.100% = 25%.
3 6 4
0, 2 + 0,1 + 0,1
0, 2 + 0,1 + 0,1
V d 5: t chy hon ton m gam hirocacbon th kh, mch h thu c 7,04 gam CO2. Sc m gam hirocacbon ny vo nc brom d n khi phn ng hon ton, thy c 25,6 gam brom phn ng. Gi tr ca m l : A. 2 gam. B. 4 gam. C. 2,08 gam. D. A hoc C. Hng dn gii t cng thc phn t ca hirocacbon l CnH2n+2-2a (a l s lin kt pi trong phn t). Cc phn ng : CnH2n+2-2a + 3n + 1 t o nCO + (n+1-a)H2O 2 a O2 2
to
(1)
mol: mol:
x CnH2n+2-2a + x
nx (2)
aBr2 CnH2n+2-2aBr2 ax
Theo gi thit v phng trnh phn ng ta thy : 7, 04 nx = = 0,16 n 1 44 = (3) ax = 25, 6 = 0,16 a 1 [ 160 V hirocacbon th kh nn n 4 v t (3) suy ra n 2 (v hp cht c 1 C khng th c lin kt pi). Nu n = 2, a = 2 th hirocacbon l C2H2 (CH CH). n C H = 0,16 = 0, 08 mol H = 0, 08.26 = 2, 08 gam. C2 2 2 2 m2 nC
4 H2
Nu n = 3, a = 3 th hirocacbon l C3H2 (loi). Nu n = 4, a = 4 th hirocacbon l C4H2 (CH CC CH). = 0,16 m4

C = 0, 04 mol 4 H2 = 0, 04.50 = 2 gam.
p n D.
C. BI TP TRC NGHIM
Cu 156: Ankin l hirocacbon : A. c dng CnH2n-2, mch h. B. c dng CnH2n, mch h. C. mch h, c 1 lin kt ba trong phn t. D. A v C u ng. Cu 157: Dy ng ng ca axetilen c cng thc chung l : A. CnH2n+2 (n 2). B. CnH2n-2 (n 1). C. CnH2n-2 (n 3). D. CnH2n-2 (n 2). Cu 158: Cu no sau y sai ? A. Ankin c s ng phn t hn anken tng ng. B. Ankin tng t anken u c ng phn hnh hc. C. Hai ankin u dy khng c ng phn. D. Butin c 2 ng phn v tr nhm chc. Cu 159: Trong phn t ankin hai nguyn t cacbon mang lin kt ba trng thi lai ho : 2 3 3 2 A. sp. B. sp . C. sp . D. sp d . Cu 160: Trong phn t axetilen lin kt ba gia 2 cacbon gm : A. 1 lin kt pi () v 2 lin kt xch ma ( ). B. 2 lin kt pi () v 1 lin kt xch ma ( ). C. 3 lin kt pi (). D. 3 lin kt xch ma ( ). Cu 161: Cc ankin c ng phn v tr lin kt ba khi s cacbon trong phn t ln hn hoc bng : A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5. Cu 162: Cc ankin bt u c ng phn mch C khi s C l : A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5. Cu 163: Mt trong nhng loi ng phn nhm chc ca ankin l : A. ankan. B. anken. C. ankaien. D. aren. Cu 164: C4H6 c bao nhiu ng phn mch h ? A. 5. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4. Cu 165: C bao nhiu ankin ng vi cng thc phn t C5H8 ? A. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4. Cu 166: Trong phn t ankin X, hiro chim 11,111% khi lng. C bao nhiu ankin ph hp ? A. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4. Cu 167: A, B l 2 ankin ng ng th kh, trong iu kin thng. T khi hi ca B so vi A bng 1,35.Vy A, B l : A. etin ; propin. B. etin ; butin. C. propin ; butin. D. propin ; pentin. Cu 168: A, B, C l 3 ankin k tip nhau trong dy ng ng c tng khi lng 162 vC. Cng thc A, B, C ln lt l : A. C2H2 ; C3H4 ; C4H6. B. C3H4 ; C4H6 ; C5H8. C. C4H6 ; C3H4 ; C5H8. D. C4H6 ; C5H8 ; C6H10.
Cu 169: Cho ankin X c cng thc cu to sau: Tn ca X l : A. 4-metylpent-2-in. C. 4-metylpent-3-in.
CH3C C CH CH3 CH3 B. 2-metylpent-3-in. D. 2-metylpent-4-in.
CH3 | Cu 170: Cho hp cht sau : CH 3 C C CH | CH 3 Tn gi ca hp cht theo danh php IUPAC l : A. 2,2-imetylbut-1-in. B. 2,2-imetylbut-3-in. C. 3,3-imetylbut-1-in. D. 3,3-imetylbut-2-in. Cu 171: Mt cht c cng thc cu to : CH3 2 C CH C CH(CH3) 3 CH Tn gi ca hp cht theo danh php IUPAC l : A. 5-metylhex-3-in. B. 2-metylhex-3-in. C. Etylisopropylaxetilen. D. C A, B v C. Cu 172: Cht c cng thc cu to : CH3 C(CH3)=CH CH c tn gi l : C A. 2-metylhex-4-in-2-en. B. 2-metylhex-2-en-4-in. C. 4-metylhex-3-en-1-in. D. 4-metylhex-1-in-3-en. Cu 173: Cho hp cht sau : CH3 C C CH(CH3) 3 CH Tn gi ca hp cht theo danh php IUPAC l : A. 2-metylpent-3-in. B. 2-metylpent-3-in. C. 4-metylpent-2-in. D. C A, B v C u ng. Cu 174: Theo IUPAC ankin CH3C C 2 3 c tn gi l : CH CH A. etylmetylaxetilen. B. pent-3-in. C. pent-2-in. D. pent-1-in. Cu 175: Theo IUPAC ankin CH C 2 CH CH(CH3) 3 c tn gi l : CH A. isobutylaxetilen. B. 2-metylpent-2-in. C. 4-metylpent-1-in. D. 2-metylpent-4-in. Cu 176: Theo IUPAC ankin CH3C C CH(CH3) CH(CH3) 3 c tn gi l : CH A. 4-imetylhex-1-in. B. 4,5-imetylhex-1-in. C. 4,5-imetylhex-2-in. D. 2,3-imetylhex-4-in. Cu 177: Theo IUPAC ankin CH3CH(C2H5) C C CH(CH3) 2 2 3 c tn gi l : CH CH CH A. 3,6-imetylnon-4-in. B. 2-etyl-5-metyloct-3-in. C. 7-etyl-6-metyloct-5-in. D. 5-metyl-2-etyloct-3-in. Cu 178: Ankin CH CCH(C2H5) CH(CH3) 3 c tn gi l : CH A. 3-etyl-2-metylpent-4-in. B. 2-metyl-3-etylpent-4-in. C. 4-metyl-3-etylpent-1-in. D. 3-etyl-4-metylpent-1-in. Cu 179: chuyn ho ankin thnh anken ta thc hin phn ng cng H2 trong iu kin c xc tc : o o o o A. Ni, t . B. Mn, t . C. Pd/ PbCO3, t . D. Fe, t .
Cu 180: Hn hp A gm hiro v cc hirocacbon no, khng no. Cho A vo bnh c niken xc tc, un nng bnh mt thi gian ta thu c hn hp B. Pht biu no sau y sai ? A. t chy hon ton hn hp A cho s mol CO2 v s mol nc lun bng s mol CO2 v s mol nc khi t chy hon ton hn hp B. B. S mol oxi tiu tn t hon ton hn hp A lun bng s mol oxi tiu tn khi t hon ton hn hp B. C. S mol A S mol B = S mol H2 tham gia phn ng. D. Khi lng phn t trung bnh ca hn hp A bng khi lng phn t trung bnh ca hn hp B. Cu 181: Cht no trong 4 cht di y c th tham gia c 4 phn ng : Phn ng chy trong o oxi, phn ng cng brom, phn ng cng hiro (xc tc Ni, t ), phn ng th vi dung dch AgNO3 /NH3 ? A. etan. B. etilen. C. axetilen. D. xiclopropan. A Cu 182: Cho phn ng : C2H2 + H2O A l cht no di y ? A. CH2=CHOH. B. CH3CHO. C. CH3COOH. D. C2H5OH. Cu 183: Cho dy chuyn ho sau : CH4 A B C Cao su Buna. Cng thc phn t ca B l : A. C4H6. B. C2H5OH. C. C4H4. D. C4H10. Cu 184: Cho s phn ng (cc cht to ra trong s l sn phm chnh) : (Y) (X) (Y) (Z) (T) Axeton X, Y, Z, T ln lt l : A. CH3CH2CH2Cl, CH3CH=CH2, CH3CHBrCH2Br, CH3C CH. B. CH3CH2CH2Cl, CH3CH2CH3, CH3CHBrCH2Br, CH3C CH. C. C2H4, C2H4Br2, C2H2, CH3C CH. D. CH3CHClCH3, CH3CH=CH2, CH3CHBrCH2Br, CH3C CH. Cu 185: C chui phn ng sau: N + H2
t o , xt
B H E (spc) D Cl
OH
Xc nh N, B, D, E bit rng D l mt hirocacbon mch h, D ch c 1 ng phn. A. N : C2H2 ; B : Pd ; D : C2H4 ; E : CH3CH2Cl. B. N : C4H6 ; B : Pd ; D : C4H8 ; E : CH2ClCH2CH2CH3. C. N : C3H4 ; B : Pd ; D : C3H6 ; E : CH3CHClCH3 . D. N : C3H4 ; B : Pd ; D : C3H6 ; E : CHCH2CH2Cl. Cu 186: Ankin B c cha 90% C v khi lng, mch thng, c phn ng vi AgNO3/NH3. Vy B l : A. axetilen. B. propin. C. but-1-in. D. but-2-in. Cu 187: Ankin C4H6 c bao nhiu ng phn cho phn ng th kim loi (phn ng vi dung dch cha AgNO3/NH3) ? A. 4. B. 2. C. 1. D. 3.
Cu 188: C bao nhiu ng phn ankin C5H8 tc dng c vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 to kt ta? A. 3. B. 2. C. 4. D. 1.
Cu 189: Ankin C6H10 c bao nhiu ng phn phn ng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 ? A. 3. B. 4. C. 5. D. 6. Cu 190: Trong s cc hirocacbon mch h sau : C4H10, C4H6, C4H8, C3H4, nhng hirocacbon no c th to kt ta vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 ? A. C4H10 ,C4H8. B. C4H6, C3H4. C. Ch c C4H6. D. Ch c C3H4. Cu 191: Cho s phn ng sau : CH3CCH + AgNO3/NH3 X + NH4NO3 X c cng thc cu to l ? A. CH3CAgCAg. B. CH3CCAg. C. AgCH2CCAg. D. A, B, C u c th ng. Cu 192: Cho cc phng trnh ha hc : + CH3 CH + C H2 O CH3 2CHO (spc) CH
to Hg2 , t o
(1)
C CH3 CH + AgNO3 + NH3 CH3 CAg + NH4NO3 (2) C CH3 CH + 2H2 C

xt , t 0 , p Ni, t o
CH3CH2CH3
CH3
(3)
3CH3 CH C

H3C CH3
(4)
Cc phng trnh ha hc vit sai l : A. (3). B. (1). Cu 193: Cho cc phn ng sau : (1) CH4 + Cl2
t o , xt
C. (1), (3). (2) C2H4 + H2

t o , xt
D. (3), (4).
t , xt
o
1:1
skt
(3) 2C2H2
to
(4) 3C2H2
t o , xt
(5) C2H2 + AgNO3/NH3 S phn ng thuc loi phn ng th l : A. 4. B. 3. Cu 194: Cho phn ng :
(6) Propin + H2O
C. 2.
D. 5.
CH CH + KMnO4 KOOCCOOK + MnO2 + KOH + H2O H s cn bng trong phng trnh ha hc ca phn ng trn ln lt l : A. 3; 8; 3; 8; 2; 4. B. 3; 8; 2; 3; 8; 8. C. 3; 8; 8; 3; 8; 8. D. 3; 8; 3; 8; 2; 2. Cu 195: Cho phn ng : R CR + KMnO4 + H2SO4 RCOOH + RCOOH + MnSO4 + K2SO4 + C H2O H s cn bng trong phng trnh ha hc ca phn ng trn ln lt l :
A. 5; 6; 7; 5; 5; 6; 3; 4. C. 5; 6; 8; 5; 5; 6; 3; 4.
B. 5; 6; 9; 5; 5; 6; 3; 4. D. 5; 6; 9; 5; 5; 6; 3; 5.
Cu 196: Phn ng sau : CH3 CH + KMnO4 + H2SO4 C Cho sn phm l : A. CH3 CHOH 2OH, MnSO4, K2SO4, H2O. CH B. CH3COOH, CO2, MnSO4, K2SO4, H2O. C. CH3 CHOH 2OH, MnO2, K2SO4, H2O. CH D. CH3COOH, MnSO4, K2SO4, H2O. Cu 197: phn bit cc kh propen, propan, propin c th dng thuc th l : A. Dung dnh KMnO4. B. Dung dch Br2. C. Dung dch AgNO3/NH3. D. Dung dch Br2, dung dch AgNO3/NH3. Cu 198: phn bit but-1-in v but-2-in ngi ta dng thuc th sau y ? A. Dung dch hn hp KMnO4 + H2SO4. B. Dung dch AgNO3/NH3. C. Dung dch Br2. D. C A, B, C. Cu 199: phn bit 3 kh C2H4, C2H6, C2H2 ngi ta dng cc thuc th l : A. dung dch KMnO4. + B. H2O, H . C. dung dch AgNO3/NH3 sau l dung dch Br2. D. C B v C. Cu 200: nhn bit cc bnh ring bit ng cc kh khng mu sau y : SO2, C2H2, NH3 ta c th dng ho cht no sau y ? A. Dung dch AgNO3/NH3. B. Dung dch HCl. C. Qu tm m. D. Dung dch NaOH. Cu 201: lm sch etilen c ln axetilen ta cho hn hp i qua dung dch no sau y ? A. Dung dch brom d. B. Dung dch KMnO4 d. C. Dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d. D. cc cch trn u ng. Cu 202: Hn hp X gm 3 kh C2H4, C2H6, C2H2. thu c C2H6, ngi ta cho X ln lt li chm qua : A. dung dch KMnO4. B. dung dch AgNO3/NH3; dung dch Br2. C. dung dch Br2. D. C A, B, C. Cu 203: Cht no sau y khng iu ch trc tip c axetilen ? A. Ag2C2. B. CH4. C. Al4C3. D. CaC2. Cu 204: Bit 8,1 gam hn hp kh X gm : CH3CH2C CH v CH3C CCH3 c th lm mt mu va m gam Br2 trong dung dch. Gi tr ca m l : A. 16 gam. B. 32 gam. C. 48 gam. D. 54. Cu 205: Mt hn hp gm etilen v axetilen c th tch 6,72 lt (ktc). Cho hn hp qua dung dch brom d phn ng xy ra hon ton, lng brom phn ng l 64 gam. Phn % v th tch etilen v axetilen ln lt l : A. 66% v 34%. B. 65,66% v 34,34%. C. 66,67% v 33,33%. D. Kt qu khc. Cu 206: X l hn hp gm 2 hirocacbon mch h (thuc dy ng ng ankin, anken, ankan).
Cho 0,3 mol X lm mt mu va 0,5 mol brom. Pht biu no di y ng ? A. X c th gm 2 ankan. B. X c th gm 2 anken. C. X c th gm1 ankan v 1 anken. D. X c th gm1 anken v mt ankin.
Cu 207: Mt hn hp X gm 1 ankin A v H2 c V = 15,68 lt (ktc) cho qua Ni nung nng, phn ng hon ton cho ra hn hp Y c V = 6,72 lt (Y c H2 d). Th tch ca A trong X v th tch H2 d (ktc) l : A. 4,48 lt ; 2,24 lt. B. 4,48 lt ; 4,48 lt. C. 3,36 lt ; 3,36 lt. D. 1,12 lt ; 5,6 lt. Cu 208: Hn hp A gm C2H2 v H2, t khi ca A so vi hiro l 5,8. Dn A (ktc) qua bt Ni nung nng cho n khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton ta c hn hp B. Phn trm th tch mi kh trong hn hp A v t khi ca B so vi hiro l : A. 40% H2; 60% C2H2; 29. B. 40% H2; 60% C2H2 ; 14,5. C. 60% H2; 40% C2H2 ; 29. D. 60% H2; 40% C2H2 ; 14,5. o Cu 209: Cho 10 lt hn hp kh CH4 v C2H2 tc dng vi 10 lt H2 (Ni, t ). Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 16 lt hn hp kh (cc kh u o cng iu kin nhit p sut). Th tch ca CH4 v C2H2 trc phn ng l : A. 2 lt v 8 lt. B. 3 lt v 7 lt. C. 8 lt v 2 lt. D. 2,5 lt v 7,5 lt. o Cu 210: Hn hp X gm ba kh C3H4, C2H2, H2. Cho X vo bnh kn dung tch 9,7744 lt 25 C, p sut trong bnh l 1 atm, cha mt t bt Ni. Nung nng bnh mt thi gian thu c hn hp kh Y vi dX/Y = 0,75. S mol H2 tham gia phn ng l : A. 0,75. B. 0,3. C. 0,15. D. 0,1. Cu 211: Hn hp A gm H2, C3H8, C3H4. Cho t t 12 lt A qua bt Ni xc tc. Sau phn ng c 6 lt kh duy nht (cc kh o cng iu kin). T khi hi ca A so vi H2 l : A. 11. B. 22. C. 26. D. 13. Cu 212: Hn hp ban u gm 1 ankin, 1 anken, 1 ankan v H2 vi p sut 4 atm. un nng bnh vi Ni xc tc thc hin phn ng cng sau a bnh v nhit ban u c hn hp Y, p sut hn hp Y l 3 atm. T khi hn hp X v Y so vi H2 ln lt l 24 v x. Gi tr ca x l : A. 18. B. 34. C. 24. D. 32. Cu 213: Hn hp X gm hiro v mt hirocacbon. Nung nng 14,56 lt hn hp X (ktc), c Ni xc tc n khi phn ng hon ton thu c hn hp Y c khi lng 10,8 gam. Bit t khi ca Y so vi metan l 2,7 v Y c kh nng lm mt mu dung dch brom. Cng thc phn t ca hirocacbon l : A. C3H6. B. C4H6. C. C3H4. D. C4H8. Cu 214: Dn 17,4 gam hn hp kh X gm propin v but-2-in li tht chm qua bnh ng dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d thy c 44,1 gam kt ta xut hin. Phn trm th tch ca mi kh trong X l : A. C3H4 80% v C4H6 20%. B. C3H4 25% v C4H6 75%. C. C3H4 75% v C4H6 25%. D. Kt qu khc. Cu 215: Cht hu c X c cng thc phn t C6H6 mch thng. Bit 1 mol X tc dng vi AgNO3 d trong NH3 to ra 292 gam kt ta. CTCT ca X c th l : A. CH CCCCH2CH3. C. CHCCH2 CH=C=CH2. B. CHCCH2CCCH3. D. CHCCH2CH2CCH. Cu 216: Mt hirocacbon A mch thng c CTPT l C6H6. Khi cho A tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d thu c hp cht hu c B c MB MA= 214 vC. CTCT ca A c th l : A. CHCCH2CH2CCH. B. CH3C CCH2CCH. C. CHCCH(CH3)CCH. D. CH3CH2CCCCH. Cu 217: Mt mol hirocacbon X t chy cho ra 5 mol CO2, 1 mol X phn ng vi 2 mol
AgNO3/NH3. Xc nh CTCT ca X ? A. CH2=CHCH=CHCH3. C . HC CCH2C CH.
B. CH2=CHCH2C CH. D. CH2=C =CHCH=CH2.
Cu 218: t chy 2 gam hirocacbon A (kh trong iu kin thng) c CO2 v 2 gam H2O. Mt khc 2,7 gam A tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d c m gam kt ta. Gi tr m l : A. 8,05 gam. B. 7,35 gam. C. 16,1 gam. D. 24 gam. Cu 219: Dn 4,032 lt (ktc) hn hp kh A gm C2H2, C2H4, CH4 ln lt qua bnh 1 cha dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3 ri qua bnh 2 cha dung dch Br2 d trong CCl4. bnh 1 c 7,2 gam kt ta. Khi lng bnh 2 tng thm 1,68 gam. Th tch ( ktc) ca cc kh trong hn hp A ln lt l : A. 0,672 lt ; 1,344 lt ; 2,016 lt. B. 0,672 lt ; 0,672 lt ; 2,688 lt. C. 2,016 ; 0,896 lt ; 1,12 lt. D. 1,344 lt ; 2,016 lt ; 0,672 lt. Cu 220: un nng hn hp kh gm 0,06 mol C2H2 v 0,04 mol H2 vi xc tc Ni, sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp kh Y. Dn ton b hn hp Y li t t qua bnh ng dung dch brom (d) th cn li 0,448 lt hn hp kh Z (ktc) c t khi so vi O2 l 0,5. Khi lng bnh dung dch brom tng l : A. 1,20 gam. B. 1,04 gam. C. 1,64 gam. D. 1,32 gam. Cu 221: Cho 4,96 gam gm CaC2 v Ca tc dng ht vi nc c 2,24 lt (ktc) hn hp kh X. Dn X qua bt Ni nung nng mt thi gian c hn hp Y. Cho Y qua bnh ng brom d thy thot ra 0,896 lt (ktc) hn hp Z. Cho t khi ca Z so vi hiro l 4,5. tng khi lng bnh nc brom l A. 0,4 gam. B. 0,8 gam. C. 1,2 gam. D. 0,86 gam. Cu 222: un nng hn hp X gm 0,1 mol C3H4 ; 0,2 mol C2H4 ; 0,35 mol H2 vi bt Ni xc tc c hn hp Y. Dn ton b Y qua bnh ng dung dch KMnO4 d, thy thot ra 6,72 lt hn hp kh Z (ktc) c t khi so vi H2 l 12. Bnh ng dung dch KMnO4 tng s gam l : A. 17,2. B. 9,6. C. 7,2. D. 3,1. Cu 223: Hn hp X gm C2H2 v H2 ly cng s mol. Ly mt lng hn hp X cho i qua cht xc tc thch hp, un nng c hn hp Y gm 4 cht. Dn Y qua bnh ng nc brom thy khi lung bnh tng 10,8 gam v thot ra 4,48 lt kh Z (ktc) c t khi so vi H2 l 8. Th tch O2 (ktc) cn t chy hon ton hn hp Y l : A. 33,6 lt. B. 22,4 lt. C. 16,8 lt. D. 44,8 lt. Cu 224: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol ankin c 3,6 gam H2O. Nu hiro ho hon ton 0,1 mol ankin ri t chy th lng nc thu c l : A. 4,2 gam. B. 5,2 gam. C. 6,2 gam. D. 7,2 gam. Cu 225: t chy hon ton V lt mt ankin thu c 10,8 gam H2O. Nu cho tt c sn phm chy hp th ht vo bnh ng nc vi trong th khi lng bnh tng 50,4 gam. Gi tr ca V l : A. 3,36 lt. B. 2,24 lt. C. 6,72 lt. D. 4,48 lt. Cu 226: Mt hn hp gm 2 ankin khi t chy cho ra 13,2 gam CO2 v 3,6 gam H2O. Khi lng brom c th cng vo hn hp trn l : A. 16 gam. B. 24 gam. C. 32 gam. D. 4 gam. Cu 227: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp C2 H6, C3H4, C3H8, C4H10 thu c 35,2 gam CO2 v 21,6 gam H2O. Gi tr ca m l : A. 14,4. B. 10,8. C. 12. D. 56,8. Cu 228: t chy 1 hirocacbon A c 22,4 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 27 gam H2O. Th tch O2 (ktc) (l) tham gia phn ng l : A. 24,8. B. 45,3. C. 39,2. D. 51,2.
Cu 229: Hn hp X gm 0,1 mol C2H2 ; 0,15 mol C2H4 ; 0,2 mol C2H6 v 0,3 mol H2. un nng X vi bt Ni xc tc mt thi gian c hn hp Y. t chy hon ton hn hp Y c s gam CO2 v H2O ln lt l : A. 39,6 v 23,4. B. 3,96 v 3,35. C. 39,6 v 46,8. D. 39,6 v 11,6. Cu 230: Chia hn hp gm C3H6, C2H4, C2H2 thnh 2 phn u nhau. -Phn (1) : em t chy hon ton thu c 22,4 lt CO2 (ktc). -Phn (2) : em hiro ho hon ton ri t chy th th tch CO2 thu c l : A. 22,4 lt. B. 11,2 lt. C. 44,8 lt. D. 33,6 lt. Cu 231: Hn hp X c t khi so vi H2 l 21 gm propan, propen v propin. Khi t chy hon ton 0,1 mol X, tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O thu c l : A. 18,60 gam. B. 18,96 gam. C. 20,40 gam. D. 16,80 gam. Cu 232: Hn hp X c t khi so vi H2 l 21,2 gm propan, propen v propin. Khi t chy hon ton 0,1 mol X, tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O thu c l : A. 18,60 gam. B. 18,96 gam. C. 20,40 gam. D. 16,80 gam. Cu 233: t chy hon ton mt th tch gm C2H6 v C2H2 thu c CO2 v nc c t l s mol l 1 : 1. Phn trm th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp u l : A. 50% v 50%. B. 30% v 70%. C. 25% v 75%. D. 70% v 30%. Cu 234: t chy hon ton hn hp M gm mt ankan X v mt ankin Y, thu c s mol CO2 bng s mol H2O. Thnh phn % v s mol ca X v Y trong hn hp M ln lt l : A. 35% v 65%. B. 75% v 25%. C. 20% v 80%. D. 50% v 50%. Cu 235*: Dn V lt (ktc) hn hp X gm axetilen v hiro c khi lng l m gam i qua ng s ng bt niken nung nng, thu c kh Y. Dn Y vo lng d AgNO3 trong dung dch NH3 thu c 12 gam kt ta. Kh i ra khi dung dch phn ng va vi 16 gam brom v cn li kh Z. t chy hon ton kh Z c 2,24 lt kh CO2 (ktc) v 4,5 gam H2O. a. Gi tr ca V l : A. 11,2. B. 13,44. C. 5,60. D. 8,96. b. Gi tr ca m l : A. 5,6 gam. B. 5,4 gam. C. 5,8 gam. D. 6,2 gam. Cu 236*: Cho hn hp X gm CH4, C2H4 v C2H2. Ly 8,6 gam X tc dng ht vi dung dch brom (d) th khi lng brom phn ng l 48 gam. Mt khc, nu cho 13,44 lt ( ktc) hn hp kh X tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3 trong NH3, thu c 36 gam kt ta. Phn trm th tch ca CH4 c trong X l : A. 40%. B. 20%. C. 25%. D. 50%. Cu 237*: Mt hn hp X gm C2H2, C3H6, CH4. t chy hon ton 11 gam hn hp X thu c 12,6 gam H2O. Nu cho 11,2 lt hn hp X (ktc) qua dung dch brom d thy c 100 gam brom phn ng. Thnh phn % th tch ca X ln lt l : A. 50% ; 25% ; 25%. B. 25% ; 25% ; 50%. C.16% ; 32% ; 52%. D. 33,33% ; 33,33% ; 33,33%. Cu 238*: A l hn hp gm C2H6, C2H4 v C3H4. Cho 6,12 gam A tc dng vi lng d dung dch AgNO3/NH3 c 7,35 gam kt ta. Mt khc 2,128 lt A (ktc) phn ng va vi 70 ml dung dch Br2 1M. % C2H6 ( theo khi lng) trong 6,12 gam A l : A. 49,01%. B. 52,63%. C. 18,3%. D. 65,35%. Cu 239: Khi iu ch axetilen bng phng php nhit phn metan c hn hp A gm
axetilen, hiro, metan. Bit t khi ca A so vi hiro l 5. Vy hiu sut chuyn ha metan thnh axetilen l: A. 60%. B. 70%. C. 80%. 1 D. 90%.
Cu 240: Cho canxi cacbua k thut (ch cha 80% CaC2 nguyn cht) vo nc d, th thu c 3,36 lt kh (ktc). Khi lng canxi cacbua k thut dng l : A. 9,6 gam. B. 4,8 gam C. 4,6 gam. D. 12 gam Cu 241: C 20 gam mt mu CaC2 (c ln tp cht tr) tc dng vi nc thu c 7,4 lt kh o axetilen (20 C, 740 mmHg). Cho rng phn ng xy ra hon ton. tinh khit ca mu CaC2 l : A. 64%. B. 96%. C. 84%. D. 48%. Cu 242: Cho s chuyn ha: CH4 C2H2 C2H3Cl PVC. tng hp 250 kg PVC theo s trn th cn V m3 kh thin nhin ( ktc). Gi tr ca V l (bit CH4 chim 80% th tch kh thin nhin v hiu sut ca c qu trnh l 50%) : A. 224,0. B. 448,0. C. 286,7. D. 358,4. Cu 243: Hn hp kh X gm anken M v ankin N c cng s nguyn t cacbon trong phn t. Hn hp X c khi lng 12,4 gam v th tch 6,72 lt ( ktc). S mol, cng thc phn t ca M v N ln lt l : A. 0,1 mol C2H4 v 0,2 mol C2H2. B. 0,1 mol C3H6 v 0,2 mol C3H4. C. 0,2 mol C2H4 v 0,1 mol C2H2. D. 0,2 mol C3H6 v 0,1 mol C3H4. Cu 244: X, Y, Z l 3 hirocacbon th kh trong iu kin thng, khi phn hu mi cht X, Y, Z u to ra C v H2, th tch H2 lun gp 3 ln th tch hirocacbon b phn hu v X, Y, Z khng phi l ng phn. CTPT ca 3 cht l : A. C2H6, C3H6, C4H6. B. C2H2, C3H4, C4H6. C. CH4, C2H4, C3H4. D. CH4, C2H6, C3H8. Cu 245: X l mt hirocacbon khng no mch h, 1 mol X c th lm mt mu ti a 2 mol brom trong nc. X c % khi lng H trong phn t l 10%. CTPT X l : A. C2H2. B. C3H4. C. C2H4. D. C4H6. Cu 246: A l hirocacbon mch h, th kh (kt), bit 1 mol A tc dng c ti a 2 mol Br2 trong dung dch to ra hp cht B (trong B brom chim 88,88% v khi lng. Vy A c cng thc phn t l : A. C5H8. B. C2H2. C. C4H6. D. C3H4. Cu 247: 4 gam mt ankin X c th lm mt mu ti a 100 ml dung dch Br2 2M. CTPT X l : A. C5H8. B. C2H2. C. C3H4. D. C4H6. o Cu 248: 25 C v p sut 1atm, 4,95 gam hn hp kh gm hai hirocacbon thuc cng mt dy ng ng k tip chim th tch 3,654 lt. Nu cho 4,95 gam hn hp kh X hp th vo bnh ng dung dch brom d th c 48 gam Br2 b mt mu. Hai hirocacbon l : A. C2H2 v C3H4. B. C4H6 v C5H8. C. C3H4 v C4H6. D. C A, B, C. Cu 249: X l mt hirocacbon kh (ktc), mch h. Hiro ho hon ton X thu c hirocacbon no Y c khi lng phn t gp 1,074 ln khi lng phn t X. Cng thc phn t X l : A. C2H2. B. C3H4. C. C4H6. D. C3H6. Cu 250: Cho 28,2 gam hn hp X gm 3 ankin ng ng k tip qua mt lng d H2 (t , Ni) phn ng xy ra hon ton. Sau phn ng th tch th tch kh H2 gim 26,88 lt (ktc). CTPT ca 3 ankin l : A. C2H2, C3H4, C4H6. B. C3H4, C4H6, C5H8. C. C4H6, C5H8, C6H10. D. C A, B u ng.
o
Cu 251: Mt hn hp X gm 1 ankan A v 1 ankin B c cng s nguyn t cacbon. Trn X vi H2 c hn hp Y. Khi cho Y qua Pt nung nng th thu c kh Z c t khi i vi CO2 bng 1 (phn ng cng H2 hon ton). Bit rng VX = 6,72 lt v VH = 4,48 lt. CTPT v s mol A, B trong hn hp X l (Cc th tch kh o kc) :
2
A. 0,1 mol C2H6 v 0,2 mol C2H2. B. 0,1 mol C3H8 v 0,2 mol C3H4. C. 0,2 mol C2H6 v 0,1 mol C2H2. D. 0,2 mol C3H8 v 0,1 mol C3H4. Cu 252: Mt hn hp X gm 1 ankin v H2 c V = 8,96 lt (ktc) v mX = 4,6 gam. Cho hn hp X i qua Ni nung nng, phn ng hon ton cho ra hn hp kh Y, c t khi d Y = 2. S mol H2
X
phn ng ; khi lng ; CTPT ca ankin l : A. 0,16 mol ; 3,6 gam ; C2H2. C. 0,2 mol ; 4 gam ; C2H2.
B. 0,2 mol ; 4 gam ; C3H4. D. 0,3 mol ; 2 gam ; C3H4.
Cu 253: Hn hp X gm 1 ankin th kh v hiro c t khi hi so vi CH4 l 0,425. Nung nng hn hp X vi xc tc Ni phn ng hon ton thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi hi so vi CH4 l 0,8. Cho Y i qua bnh ng dung dch brom d, khi lng bnh tng ln bao nhiu gam ? A. 8. B. 16. C. 0. D. 24. Cu 254: Hn hp X gm propin v mt ankin A c t l mol 1:1. Ly 0,3 mol X tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3 d thu c 46,2 gam kt ta. A l : A. But-1-in. B. But-2-in. C. Axetilen. D. Pent-1-in. Cu 255: Mt hn hp 2 hirocacbon thuc cng dy ng ng (ankan, anken, ankin) t chy cho ra 26,4 gam CO2 v 8,1 gam H2O. Dy ng ng, tng s mol ca 2 hirocacbon v th tch H2 (ktc) dng bo ha hai hirocacbon trn l : A. Ankin ; 0,2 mol ; 8,96 lt H2. B. Anken ; 0,15 mol ; 3,36 lt H2. C. Ankin ; 0,15 mol ; 6,72 lt H2. D. Anken ; 0,1 mol ; 4,48 lt H2. Cu 256: Trong mt bnh kn cha hirocacbon A th kh (kt) v O2 (d). Bt tia la in t chy ht A a hn hp v iu kin ban u trong % th tch ca CO2 v hi nc ln lt l 30% v 20%. Cng thc phn t ca A v % th tch ca hirocacbon A trong hn hp l : A. C3H4 v 10%. B. C3H4 v 90%. C. C3H8 v 20%. D. C4H6 v 30%. Cu 257: t chy hon ton V lt (ktc) mt ankin thu c 7,2 gam H2O. Nu cho tt c sn phm chy hp th ht vo bnh ng nc vi trong d th khi lng bnh tng 33,6 gam. a. V c gi tr l : A. 3,36 lt. B. 6,72 lt. C. 2,24 lt. D. 4,48 lt. b. Ankin l : A. C3H4. B. C5H8. C. C4H6. D. C2H2. Cu 258: t chy hon ton mt ankin X th kh thu c H2O v CO2 c tng khi lng l 23 gam. Nu cho sn phm chy i qua dung dich Ca(OH)2 d, c 40 gam kt ta. Cng thc phn t ca X l : A. C3H4. B. C2H2. C. C4H6. D. C5H8. Cu 259: t chy mt hirocacbon M thu c 17,6 gam CO2 v 3,6 gam H2O. Xc nh dy ng ng ca M, CTPT, CTCT ca M. Lng cht M ni trn c th lm mt mu bao nhiu lt nc brom 0,1M ?
A. Anken, C3H6, CH3CH=CH2 ; 2 lt. C. Anken, C2H4, CH2=CH2 ; 2 lt.
B. Ankin, C3H4, CH3C CH ; 4 lt. D. Ankin, C2H2, CH CH ; 4 lt.
Cu 260: t chy mt hirocacbon M thu c s mol nc bng
3 s mol CO2 v s mol CO2 4
nh hn 5 ln s mol M. Xc nh CTPT v CTCT ca M bit rng M cho kt ta vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3. A. C4H6 v CH3CH2C CH. B. C4H6 v CH2=C=CHCH3. C. C3H4 v CH3C CH. D. C4H6 v CH3C CCH3. Cu 261: t chy hon ton 5,4 gam mt hirocacbon A ri cho sn phm chy i qua bnh 1 ng dung dch H2SO4 c, d ; bnh 2 ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 5,4 gam; bnh 2 tng 17,6 gam. A l cht no trong nhng cht sau ? (A khng tc dng vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3) A. But-1-in. B. But-2-in. C. Buta-1,3-ien. D. B hoc C. Cu 262: t chy mt hirocacbon A thu c s mol nc bng 4/5 s mol CO2. Xc nh dy ng ng ca A bit A ch c th l ankan, ankaien, ankin v A c mch h. C bao nhiu ng phn ca A cng nc c xc tc cho ra 1 xeton v bao nhiu ng phn cho kt ta vi dung dch AgNO3/NH3. Cho kt qu theo th t A. Ankin, ankaien, C5H8 ; 3 v 2 ng phn. B. Ankin, C4H6 ; 1 v 1 ng phn. C. Ankin, C5H8 ; 2 v 1 ng phn. D. Anken, C4H10 ; 0 v 0 ng phn. Cu 263: t chy mt hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon ng ng k tip thu c 22 gam CO2 v 5,4 gam H2O. Dy ng ng, CTPT v s mol ca A, M l : A. ankin ; 0,1 mol C2H2 v 0,1 mol C3H4. B. anken ; 0,2 mol C2H4 v 0,2 mol C3H6. C. anken ; 0,1 mol C3H6 v 0,2 mol C4H8. D. ankin ; 0,1 mol C3H4 v 0,1 mol C4H6. Cu 264: t chy hon ton 2 hirocacbon mch h lin tip trong dy ng ng thu c 44 gam CO2 v 12,6 gam H2O. Hai hirocacbon l : A. C3H8, C4H10. B. C2H4, C3H6. C. C3H4, C4H6. D. C5H8, C6H10. Cu 265: Hn hp kh X gm hai hirocacbon k tip nhau trong dy ng ng. Oxi ho hon ton m gam hn hp X, sn phm chy cho i qua bnh (1) ng dung dch H2SO4 c. Bnh (2) ng dung dch NaOH d th thy khi lng bnh (1) tng 9 gam v bnh (2) tng 30,8 gam. Phn trm th tch ca hai kh l : A. 50%; 50%. B. 25%; 75%. C. 15%; 85%. D. 65%; 65%. Cu 266: t chy m gam hirocacbon A th kh trong iu kin thng c CO2 v m gam H2O. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hirocacbon B l ng ng k tip ca A ri hp th ton b sn phm chy vo bnh nc vi trong d thy khi lng bnh tng x gam. Gi tr x l : A. 29,2 gam. B. 31 gam. C. 20,8 gam. D. 16,2 gam. Cu 267: Trong mt bnh kn dung tch 6 lt c cha hn hp X gm hai hirocacbon thuc o cng dy ng ng, H2 v mt t bt Ni c th tch khng ng k 19,68 C v 1atm. Nung nng bnh mt thi gian thu c hn hp kh Y. Bt tia la in t chy ht Y thu c 15,4 gam CO2 v 7,2 gam nc. Phn trm th tch ca mi kh trong X l : A. C3H4 : 20%, C4H6 : 20% v H2 : 60%. B. C2H2 : 10%, C4H6 : 30% v H2 : 60%. C. C2H2 : 20%, C3H4 : 20% v H2 : 60%. D. C A hoc B u ng. Cu 268: t chy hon ton 1 lt hn hp kh gm C2H2 v hirocacbon X sinh ra 2 lt kh CO2 v 2 lt hi H2O (cc th tch kh v hi o trong cng iu kin nhit v p sut). Cng thc phn t ca X l : A. C2H4. B. CH4. C. C2H6. D. C3H8.
Cu 269: X l hn hp kh gm 2 hirocacbon. t chy 1 lt hn hp X c 1,5 lt CO2 v 1,5 lt hi H2O (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin). CTPT ca 2 hirocacbon l : A. CH4, C2H2. B. C2H6, C2H4. C. C3H8, C2H6. D. C6H6, C2H4. Cu 270: t chy mt s mol nh nhau ca 3 hirocacbon K, L, M ta thu c lng CO2 nh nhau v t l s mol nc v CO2 i vi K, L, M tng ng l 0,5 ; 1 ; 1,5. CTPT ca K, L, M (vit theo th t tng ng) l : A. C2H4, C2H6, C3H4. B. C3H8, C3H4, C2H4. C. C3H4, C3H6, C3H8. D. C2H2, C2H4, C2H6. Cu 271: Trong bnh kn cha hirocacbon X v hiro. Nung nng bnh n khi phn ng hon ton thu c kh Y duy nht. cng nhit , p sut trong bnh trc khi nung nng gp 3 ln p sut trong bnh sau khi nung. t chy mt lng Y thu c 8,8 gam CO2 v 5,4 gam nc. Cng thc phn t ca X l : A. C2H2. B. C2H4. C. C4H6. D. C3H4. Cu 272: Cho 17,92 lt hn hp X gm 3 hirocacbon kh l ankan, anken v ankin ly theo t l mol 1:1:2 li qua bnh ng dung dch AgNO3/NH3 ly d thu c 96 gam kt ta v hn hp kh Y cn li. t chy hon ton hn hp Y thu c 13,44 lt CO2. Bit th tch o ktc. Khi lng ca X l : A. 19,2 gam. B. 1,92 gam. C. 3,84 gam. D. 38,4 gam. Cu 273: Cho 4,48 lt hn hp X (ktc) gm 2 hirocacbon mch h li t t qua bnh cha 1,4 lt dung dch Br2 0,5M. Sau khi phn ng hon ton, s mol Br2 gim i mt na v m bnh tng thm 6,7 gam. CTPT ca 2 hirocacbon l : A. C3H4 v C4H8. B. C2H2 v C3H8. C. C2H2 v C4H8. D. C2H2 v C4H6. Cu 274: Dn 1,68 lt hn hp kh X gm hai hirocacbon vo bnh ng dung dch brom (d). Sau khi phn ng hon ton, c 4 gam brom phn ng v cn li 1,12 lt kh. Nu t chy hon ton 1,68 lt X th sinh ra 2,8 lt kh CO2 (ktc). CTPT ca hai hirocacbon l : A. CH4 v C2H4. B. CH4 v C3H4. C. CH4 v C3H6. D. C2H6 v C3H6. Cu 275: t chy hon ton m gam hirocacbon th kh, mch h, nng hn khng kh thu c 7,04 gam CO2. Sc m gam hirocacbon ny vo nc brom d n khi phn ng hon ton, thy c 25,6 gam brom phn ng. Gi tr ca m l : A. 2 gam. B. 4 gam. C. 10 gam D. 2,08 gam. Cu 276: t chy hon ton m gam hirocacbon th kh, mch h thu c 7,04 gam CO2. Sc m gam hirocacbon ny vo nc brom d n khi phn ng hon ton, thy c 25,6 gam brom phn ng. Gi tr ca m l : A. 2 gam. B. 4 gam. C. 2,08 gam. D. A hoc C.
Ti sao ti Giu m anh li Ngho?

Ti sao c c cng nhn dt lm sut 4 nm, nh cng ln xung m vn khng c tng lng, cn mt c cng nhn khc ch sau 2 nm kp tr thnh b ch mt xng may? i ngi ta thng hi Lm giu th no? ch t ai chu hi V sao ti ngho?. Chnh v vy nhiu ngi khng bao gi nhn thy nhng nhc im ca mnh t khc phc v cui cng ngho vn hon ngho. Chuyn anh nng dn C anh nng dn tn Ngho, ng b li cho 3 tha rung. Mi nm ba v bn mt cho t bn lng cho tri, sau khi tr tin ging, tin phn, tin phi v khng b l lt, su ry th ch kim tin chi tiu n ung. Nm ngoi x m ng nha qua rung Ngho, tin n b cng c kha kh, nhng ch n c hn nm th lingho. Mt anh nng dn khc tn Giu, nh cng 3 tha rung, cng lm qun qut nh anh Ngho. Cui v p la xong anh ht tru v om bp, xin ngi ta rm r ri b li thu xe th n bn cho nh ngi xm trn nui b. Ti nm vt tay ln trn anh cht ngh, sao nng dn th c phi bn thc nh? Th ri anh hc ngi ta ly go lm si bn, em b mi ngoi th x. Anh thy ht go ch ch bin cht thi bn c gi gp 5 ln. Thy Ngho mt rung, Giu cho thu rung cy, mua go ca Ngho v lm bn bn, khng lm rung na. Chuyn c th dt C th dt tn Ngho, lm cng nhn trn tnh, mt ngy p my 12h, 4 nm nay c ch may ci ti vo o. Vt gi leo thang, tin lng vn th, kh sng qu, c r ch em nh cng i tng lng, ch bo 4 nm c cng ch lm c tng y vic, sao ti phi tng lng? Mt c th may khc tn Giu, lm cng khu vi c Ngho. Giu lm c 3 thng bit vic ri l xin sang t khc, c th 2 nm sau tho lm ht cc khu. Ch a c ln lm trng ca, lo ch bo n c ch em trong xng. Cui nm ri Giu xin ngh v qu 3 thng, dy ch em trong lng x kim may o, vay tin mua my ri ln tnh ni vi ch ch giao o cho em may, th em nh khng phi n cm tr nn em giao hng gi r hn cho ch. Cn Ngho u bit v c nhng ngi nh Giu m Ngho ch c tng lng. Chuyn anh ha s Mt anh ha s tn Ngho, lm cng xng chp tranh. Ngho kho tay v p, tranh ca danh ha no v cng ging mt chn mt mi. Nhng su nm ri, Ngho vn c chp tranh. Cn anh ha s tn Giu, chp tranh ch p bng Ngho, ch bn khng c nn cho ngh vic. Giu ngm tranh chp cng l gi m li t, ch bn trc ph mi mua. Giu phng tranh thnh nh, lng khung sang trng ri bn gi ch bng 1/4 tranh ca ng ch ni Ngho lm vic. Thy Giu pht nhanh Ngho hi cch no, Giu bo ti t bn khung m ngi th li mua tranh.
Ngm i ngi ta thng hi Lm giu th no? ch t ai chu hi V sao ti ngho?
CHUYN 4 :
HIROCACBON THM
BI 1 : BENZEN V ANKYLBENZEN (AREN)

A. L THUYT
I. CU TRC, NG NG, NG PHN V DANH PHP 1. Cu trc ca phn t benzen a. S hnh thnh lin kt tr ong phn t benzen 2 Su nguyn t C trong phn t benzen trng thi lai ho sp (lai ho tam gic). Mi nguyn t C s dng 3 obitan lai ho to lin kt vi 2 nguyn t C bn cnh n v 1 nguyn t H. Su obitan p cn li ca 6 nguyn t C xen ph bn vi nhau to thnh h lin hp chung cho c vng benzen. Nh vy m lin kt benzen tng i bn vng hn so vi lin kt anken cng nh nhng hirocacbon khng no khc. Su nguyn t C trong phn t benzen to thnh mt lc gic u. C 6 nguyn t C v 6 o nguyn t H cng nm trn 1 mt phng (gi l mt phng phn t). Cc gc ho tr u bng 120 . b. Biu din cu to ca benzen C hai cch biu din cu to ca benzen : 2. ng ng, ng phn v danh php Khi thay cc nguyn t hiro trong phn t benzen (C6H6) bng cc nhm ankyl, ta c cc ankylbenzen. V d : C6H5CH3 Metylbenzen (toluen) C6H5CH2CH3 etylbenzen C6H5CH2CH2-CH3 propylbenzen
Cc ankylbenzen hp thnh dy ng ng ca benzen c cng thc chung l CnH2n-6 vi n 6. Khi coi vng benzen l mch chnh th cc nhm ankyl nh vi n l mch nhnh (cn gi l nhm th). Ankylbenzen c ng phn mch cacbon. gi tn chng, phi ch r v tr cc nguyn t C ca vng bng cc ch s hoc cc ch ci o, m, p (c l ortho, meta, para).
II. TNH CHT VT L Benzen v ankylbenzen l nhng cht khng mu, hu nh khng tan trong nc nhng tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c, ng thi chnh chng cng l dung mi ho tan nhiu cht khc. Chng hn benzen ho tan brom, iot, lu hunh, cao su, cht bo Cc aren (benzen v ankylbenzen) u l nhng cht c mi. Chng hn nh benzen v toluen c mi thm nh, nhng c hi cho sc kho, nht l benzen. III. TNH CHT HO HC 1. Phn ng th a. Phn ng halogen ho Khi c bt st, benzen tc dng vi brom khan to thnh brombenzen v kh hiro bromua.
Toluen phn ng nhanh hn benzen v to ra hn hp hai ng phn ortho v para.
(41%)
(59%)
Nu khng dng Fe m chiu sng (as) th Br th cho H nhnh. Nhm C6H5CH2 gi l nhm benzyl, nhm C6H5 gi l nhm phenyl. b. Phn ng nitr o ho Benzen tc dng vi hn hp HNO3 c v H2SO4 m c to thnh nitrobenzen :
Nitrobenzen tc dng vi hn hp axit HNO3 bc khi v H2SO4 m c ng thi un nng th to thnh m-initrobenzen.
Toluen tham gia phn ng nitro ho d dng hn benzen v to thnh sn phm th vo v tr ortho v para :
(58%)
2 4 + HO NO 2
H 2 O
(42%)
c. Quy lut th vng benzen Khi vng benzen c sn nhm ankyl (hay cc nhm OH, NH2, OCH3 ), phn ng th vo vng s d dng hn v u tin xy ra v tr ortho v para. Ngc li, nu vng benzen c sn nhm NO2 (hoc cc nhm COOH, SO3H, CHO ) phn ng th vo vng s kh hn v u tin xy ra v tr meta. 2. Phn ng cng Benzen v ankylbenzen khng lm mt mu dung dch brom (khng cng vi brom) nh cc hirocacbon khng no. Khi chiu sng, benzen cng vi clo thnh C6H6Cl6. Khi un nng, c xc tc Ni hoc Pt, benzen v ankylbenzen cng vi hiro to thnh xicloankan, v d : C6 H 6 + 3H 2 3. Phn ng oxi ho Benzen khng tc dng vi KMnO4 (khng lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4). Cc ankylbenzen khi un nng vi dung dch KMnO4 th ch c nhm ankyl b oxi ho. V d : Toluen b KMnO4 oxi ho thnh kali benzoat, sau tip tc cho tc dng vi axit clohiric th thu c axit benzoic. C6H5CH3
KMnO , H O 4 2 Ni, t o C H 6
C 6 H5 C OK O
||
H Cl
C 6 H5 C OH O
||
80100 0 C
Cc aren khi chy trong khng kh thng to ra nhiu mui than. Khi aren chy hon ton th to ra CO2, H2O v to nhiu nhit. Th d : 15 C6H6 + O2 6CO2 + 3H2O H = -3273kJ 2 Nhn xt chung : Benzen tng i d tham gia phn ng th, kh tham gia phn ng cng v bn vng vi cc cht oxi ho. cng l tnh cht ho hc c trng chung ca cc hirocacbon thm nn c gi l tnh thm. IV. IU CH V NG DNG 1. iu ch Benzen, toluen, xilen x C H CH3[CH2]4CH3 0 t, t 6 6 thng tch c bng cch 2 4H x t, t 0 chng ct du m v nha than CH C H 6 5 3 CH3[CH2]5CH3 4H . Chng cn c iu ch t
2
ankan, hoc xicloankan : Etylbenzen c iu ch t benzen v etilen : 2. ng dng
C6H6 + CH2=CH2
t, t 0 6 5 C H CH CH 2 3
Benzen l mt trong nhng nguyn liu quan trng nht ca cng nghip ho hu c. N c dng nhiu nht tng hp cc monome trong sn xut polime lm cht do, cao su, t si (chng hn polistiren, cao su buna - stiren, t capron). T benzen ngi ta iu ch ra nitrobenzen, anilin, phenol dng tng hp phm nhum, dc phm, thuc tr dch hi,... Toluen c dng sn xut thuc n TNT (trinitrotoluen). Benzen, toluen v cc xilen cn c dng nhiu lm dung mi.
BI 2 : STIREN V NAPHTALEN
L THUYT STIREN
1. Cu to Stiren l mt cht lng khng mu, nh hn nc v khng tan trong nc. T kt qu phn tch nguyn t v xc nh phn t khi, ngi ta thit lp c cng thc phn t ca stiren l C8H8. Khi un nng stiren vi dung dch kali pemanganat ri axit ho th thu c axit benzoic (C6H5COOH). iu cho thy stiren c vng benzen vi 1 nhm th : C6H5-R v R l C2H3. Stiren lm mt mu nc brom v to thnh hp cht c cng thc C8H8Br2. iu chng t nhm C2H3 c cha lin kt i, l nhm vinyl : CH2 = CH Vy cng thc cu to ca stiren l : CH=CH2 stiren (vinylbenzen, phenyletilen), tnc: -31 C ; ts : 145 C
o o
2. Tnh cht ho hc a. Phn ng cng C 6 H5 CH= CH 2 +Br2 C 6 H5 CH 2 CH

|
Br Br
Halogen (Cl2, Br2), hiro halogenua (HCl, HBr) cng vo nhm vinyl stiren tng t nh cng vo anken.
C 6 H5 CH= CH 2 +HCl C 6 H5 CH 3 CH | Cl b. Phn ng tr ng hp v ng tr ng hp

CH= C H n C 6 H5
| 2
o CH
xt, t
...CH CH CH CH CH CH CH
| 2
... CH CH
| C 6 H5 2 n
C 6 H5
C6 H5
C6 H 5
C6 H5
polistiren Phn ng trng hp ng thi 2 hay nhiu loi monome gi l phn ng ng trng hp. V d : o , t o xt
nCH 2= CH CH= CH 2 +n CH = CH 2 C6 H5
|
...CH
CH ... CH= CHCH2 CH 2 C6 H5 = CH 2 CH CH CH 2

|
CH CH C 6 H5
|
2
poli(butaien-stiren) c. Phn ng oxi ho
Ging nh etilen, stiren lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4 v b oxi ho nhm vinyl, cn vng benzen vn gi nguyn. 3. ng dng ng dng quan trng nht ca stiren l sn xut polime. Polistiren l mt cht nhit do, trong sut, dng ch to cc dng c vn phng, dng gia nh (thc k, v bt bi, eke, cc, hp mt ko...).
Poli(butaien-stiren), sn phm ng trng hp stiren vi butaien, cn gi l cao su bunaS, c bn c hc cao hn cao su buna.
II. NAPHTALEN
1. Tnh cht vt l v cu to Naphtalen l cht rn mu trng, t 218 C, thng hoa ngay nhit thng, c mi nc 80 C, ts
3
c trng (mi bng phin), khi lng ring 1,025 g/cm (25 C) ; Khng tan trong nc, tan trong C dung mi hu c. Cng thc phn t C10H8, cu to bi hai nhn benzen c chung 1 cnh. 2. Tnh cht ho hc Naphtalen c th c coi nh gm 2 vng benzen gip nhau nn c tnh thm tng t nh benzen a. Phn ng th
CH3COOH
Naphtalen tham gia cc phn ng th d hn so vi benzen. Sn phm th vo v tr 1 (v tr ) l sn phm chnh.
b. Phn ng cng hir o (hir o ho)
c.
Phn ng oxi ho
Naphtalen khng b oxi ho bi dung dch KMnO4. Khi c xc tc V2O5 nhit cao n b oxi ho bi oxi khng kh to thnh anhirit phtalic. 3. ng dng Naphtalen dng sn xut anhirit phtalic, naphtol, naphtylamin... dng trong cng nghip cht do, dc phm, phm nhum. Tetralin v ecalin c dng lm dung mi. Naphtalen cn dng lm cht chng gin (bng phin).
PHNG PHP GII BI TP V HIROCACBON THM

Phn ng th (phn ng clo ha, br om ha, nitr o ha) Phng php gii
Nhng lu khi lm cc bi tp lin quan n phn ng th ca hirocacbon thm : o + Phn ng clo ha, brom ha (t , Fe) hoc phn ng nitro ha (H2SO4 c) i vi hirocacbon thm phi tun theo quy tc th trn vng benzen. + Phn ng clo ha, brom ha c th xy ra phn mch nhnh no ca vng benzen khi iu kin phn ng l nh sng khuch tn v un nng (i vi brom). + Trong bi ton lin quan n phn ng nitro ha th sn phm thu c thng l hn hp cc cht, v vy ta nn s dng phng php trung bnh tnh ton.
Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: Lng clobenzen thu c khi cho 15,6 gam C6H6 tc dng ht vi Cl2 (xc tc bt Fe) vi hiu sut phn ng t 80% l : A. 14 gam. B. 16 gam. C. 18 gam. D. 20 gam. Hng dn gii 15, 6 .80% = 0,16 mol. n C H (p ) = 6 6 78 Phng trnh phn ng : C6 H 6 + Cl2 C6H5Cl + HCl (1)
t o , Fe
mol: 0,16 0,16 Vy khi lng clobenzen thu c l : 0,16.112,5= 18 gam. p n C. V d 2: Hn hp gm 1 mol C6H6 v 1,5 mol Cl2. Trong iu kin c xc tc bt Fe, t , hiu sut 100%. Sau phn ng thu c cht g ? bao nhiu mol ? A. 1 mol C6H5Cl ; 1 mol HCl ; 1 mol C6H4Cl2. B. 1,5 mol C6H5Cl ; 1,5 mol HCl ; 0,5 mol C6H4Cl2. C. 1 mol C6H5Cl ; 1,5 mol HCl ; 0,5 mol C6H4Cl2. D. 0,5 mol C6H5Cl ; 1,5 mol HCl ; 0,5 mol C6H4Cl2. Hng dn gii n T l mol Cl 2 = 1, 5 phn ng to ra hn hp hai sn phm l C H Cl v C H Cl . H Phng trnh phn ng :
C 6H 6 t o , Fe
C6 H 6 +
Cl2
C6H5Cl +
HCl
(1)
mol:
x 2Cl2
t o , Fe
C6 H 6 + mol: y
C6H4Cl2 +2HCl (2) y 2y
2y
x + y = 1 x = 0, 5 Theo gi thit ta c : x + 2y = 1, 5 y = 0, 5
Vy sau phn ng thu c 0,5 mol C6H5Cl ; 1,5 mol HCl ; 0,5 mol C6H4Cl2. p n D. V d 3: Mt hp cht hu c X c vng benzen c CTGN l C3H2Br v M = 236. Gi tn hp cht ny bit rng hp cht ny l sn phm chnh trong phn ng gia C6H6 v Br2 (xc tc Fe). A. o- hoc p-ibrombenzen. B. o- hoc p-ibromuabenzen. C. m-ibromuabenzen. D. m-ibrombenzen. Hng dn gii t CTPT ca hp cht X l (C3H2Br)n suy ra (12.3+2+80).n = 236 n = 2. Do cng thc phn t ca X l C6H4Br2. V hp cht X l sn phm chnh trong phn ng gia C6H6 v Br2 (xc tc Fe) nn theo quy tc th trn vng benzen ta thy X c th l o- ibrombenzen hoc p-ibrombenzen. p n A. V d 4: Hirocacbon X l ng ng ca benzen c phn trm khi lng cacbon bng 90,56%. Bit khi X tc dng vi brom c hoc khng c mt bt st trong mi trng hp ch thu c mt dn xut monobrom duy nht. Tn ca X l : A. Toluen. B. 1,3,5-trimetyl benzen. C. 1,4-imetylbenzen. D. 1,2,5-trimetyl benzen. Hng dn gii t cng thc phn t ca X l CnH2n-6 (n > 6). 12n Theo gi thit ta c : = 90, 56 n = 8 Vy X c cng thc phn t l C H . 2n 6 100 90, 56
8 12
V X tc dng vi brom c hoc khng c mt bt st trong mi trng hp ch thu c mt dn xut monobrom duy nht nn tn ca X l: 1,4-imetylbenzen. p n C. V d 5: t chy hon ton a gam hirocacbon X thu c a gam H2O. Trong phn t X c vng benzen. X khng tc dng vi brom khi c mt bt Fe, cn khi tc dng vi brom un nng to thnh dn xut cha 1 nguyn t brom duy nht. T khi hi ca X so vi khng kh c gi tr trong khong t 5 n 6. X l A. Hexan. B. Hexametyl benzen. C. Toluen. D. Hex-2-en. Hng dn gii t cng thc phn t ca X l CxHy. Phng trnh phn ng : y o ot C H + (x + )O xCO
x y 2 2
HO
(1)
mol:
12x + y Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : a . y
2 a
12x + y 2 x 2 = 12x + y 2 18 y 3 = a
Vy cng thc n gin nht ca X l C2H3, cng thc phn t ca X l (C2H3)n. V t khi hi ca X so vi khng kh c gi tr trong khong t 5 n 6 nn ta c : 29.5 < 27n < 29.6 5,3 < n < 6,4 n = 6 cng thc phn t ca X l C12H18. Trong phn t X c vng benzen. X khng tc dng vi brom khi c mt bt Fe, cn khi tc dng vi brom un nng to thnh dn xut cha 1 nguyn t brom duy nht nn tn ca X l : Hexametyl benzen.
p n B. V d 6: TNT (2,4,6- trinitrotoluen) c iu ch bng phn ng ca toluen vi hn hp gm HNO3 c v H2SO4 c, trong iu kin un nng. Bit hiu sut ca ton b qu trnh tng hp l 80%. Lng TNT (2,4,6- trinitrotoluen) to thnh t 230 gam toluen l A. 550,0 gam. B. 687,5 gam. C. 454,0 gam. D. 567,5 gam. Hng dn gii Phng trnh phn ng :
H c 2 4 C6H5CH3 + 3HNO3 SOa, t C6H2(NO2)3CH3 + 3H2O (1)
o
gam: 92 227 gam: 230.80% x Theo phng trnh v gi thit ta thy khi lng TNT (2,4,6-trinitrotoluen) to thnh t 230 gam toluen vi hiu sut 80% l : x= p n C. V d 7: Nitro ha benzen c 14,1 gam hn hp hai cht nitro c khi lng phn t hn km nhau 45 vC. t chy hon ton hn hp hai cht nitro ny c 0,07 mol N2. Hai cht nitro l: A. C6H5NO2 v C6H4(NO2)2. B. C6H4(NO2)2 v C6H3(NO2)3. C. C6H3(NO2)3 v C6H2(NO2)4. D. C6H2(NO2)4 v C6H(NO2)5. Hng dn gii t cng thc phn t trung bnh ca hai hp cht nitro l C 6 H 6 n (NO 2 )n .
230.80%. 227 = 454 gam. 92
S phn ng chy : CH
6 6n
o2 o (NO ) t 6CO
O , 2 n 2
6 n
HO+
2
N
2
(1)
2 n
mol:
.x 2 (78 + 45n).x = 14,1 x = 0,1
Theo (1) v theo gi thit ta c : n .x = 0, 2 07
n = 1, 4
Theo gi thit hn hp hai cht nitro c khi lng phn t hn km nhau 45 vC nn phn t ca chng hn km nhau mt nhm NO2. Cn c vo gi tr s nhm NO2 trung bnh l 1,4 ta suy ra hai hp cht nitro c cng thc l C6H5NO2 (nitrobenzen) v C6H4(NO2)2 (m-initrobenzen). p n A. V d 8: Nitro ho bezen thu c hn hp 2 cht hu c X v Y, trong Y nhiu hn X mt nhm NO2. t chy hon ton 12,75 gam hn hp X, Y thu c CO2, H2O v 1,232 lt N2
(ktc). Cng thc phn t v s mol X trong hn hp l : A. C6H5NO2 v 0,9. B. C6H5NO2 v 0,09. C. C6H4(NO2)2 v 0,1. D. C6H5NO2 v 0,19. Hng dn gii t cng thc phn t trung bnh ca hai hp cht nitro l C6 H6 n (NO2 )n .
S phn ng chy :
CH
6 6n
o 2 (NO ) t 6CO
6 n
HO+
(1)
2 n
2 n
mol:
.x 2 (78 + 45n).x = 12, 75
x = 0,1
Theo (1) v theo gi thit ta c : n .x = 0, 2 055
n = 1,1
Theo gi thit hn hp hai cht nitro hn km nhau mt nhm NO2. Cn c vo gi tr s nhm NO2 trung bnh l 1,1 ta suy ra hai hp cht X v Yc cng thc l C6H5NO2 v C6H4(NO2)2. p dng s ng cho : 2 1,1 = 0,9 1 n C H NO n C H NO 6 5 2 0, 9 9 1,1 n C6H 4 (NO2 )2 Vy s mol ca n
C6 H 5 NO2
n C 6 H 4 ( NO2 )2
0,1
= 1
2 9 0
1,1 1= 0,1
.0,1 = 0, 09 mol.
p n B.
II. Phn ng tr ng hp
V d 1: Tin hnh trng hp 10,4 gam stiren c hn hp X gm polistiren v stiren (d). Cho X tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch Br2 0,15M, sau cho dung KI d vo thy xut hin 1,27 gam iot. Hiu sut trng hp stiren l : A. 60%. B. 75%. C. 80%. D. 83,33%. Hng dn gii 1, 27 10, 4 = 0, 005 mol. nC H = 0,15.0, 2 = 0, 03 mol; II = = 0,1 mol; Br2 8 8 = 254 n n 104 2 Phng trnh phn ng :
n CH= CH 2
|
CH 2
|
xt, t o
CH
(1) 0,075
C6 H5
mol:
C 6 H 5 CH = CH 2
C 6 H5
+ Br2 C 6 H 5 CH CH
2 | |
(2)
Br
Br
mol:
0,025 KI + Br2
0,025
+ I2
mol:
KBr 0,005
(3)
0,005
Theo (3) ta thy s mol Br2 d l 0,005 nn s mol brom phn ng (2) l 0,025 mol v bng s mol ca stiren d. Vy s mol stiren tham gia phn ng trng hp l 0,075 mol, hiu sut phn 0, 075 ng trng hp l .100 = 75%. 0,1 p n B.
V d 2: hiro ho etylbenzen ta c stiren; trng hp stiren ta c polistiren vi hiu sut chung 80%. Khi lng etylbenzen cn dng sn xut 10,4 tn polisitren l : A.13,52 tn. B. 10,6 tn. C. 13,25 tn. D. 8,48 tn. Hng dn gii S phn ng :
H t t nC6H5CH2CH3 2 , , x nC6H5CH=CH2
o
t o , p,xt
CH CH 2 | C 6 H5 n
gam: 106n 104n tn: x.80% 10,4 Vy khi lng etylbenzen cn dng sn xut 10,4 tn polisitren vi hiu sut 80% l : 10, 4.106n x= = 13, 25 tn. 104n.80% p n C.
Phn ng oxi ha Phng php gii

Nhng lu khi lm cc bi tp lin quan n phn ng oxi ha hirocacbon thm : + Phn ng oxi ha khng hon ton : Benzen khng b oxi ha bi dung dch KMnO4, cc ng ng ca benzen b oxi ha bi KMnO4 khi un nng. V d :
KMnO , H O
4
C6H5CH3
C 6 H5 C OK O
||
80100 0 C
H Cl
C 6 H5 C OH O
||
5H3C-C6H4-CH3 + 12KMnO4 + 18H2SO4 5HOOC-C6H4-COOH + 6K2SO4 + 12MnSO4 +28H2O C6H5-CH2-CH2-CH3 + 2KMnO4+3H2SO4 C6H5COOH + CH3COOH + K2SO4 + 2MnSO4 + 4H2O + Phn ng oxi ha hon ton : Trong phn ng oxi ha hon ton benzen v cc ng n n ng ca benzen ta c nC H = CO2 H2O n 2 n 6 3 .
Cc v d minh ha
V d 1: oxi ho ht 10,6 gam o-xylen (1,2-imetylbenzen) cn bao nhiu lt dung dch KMnO4 0,5M trong mi trng H2SO4 long. Gi s dng d 20% so vi lng phn ng. B. 0,48 lt. B. 0,24 lt. C. 0,12 lt. D. 0,576 lt. Hng dn gii Phng trnh phn ng : 5H3C-C6H4-CH3 + 12KMnO4 + 18H2SO4 5HOOC-C6H4-COOH + 6K2SO4 + 12MnSO4 +28H2O 0,1 mol 0,24 mol Theo phng trnh v gi thit ta c : n = 0, 24 + 0, 24.20% = 0, 288 mol
KMnO 4
Vy Vdd KMnO = 4 4
0, 288 0, 5
= 0, 576 lt.
Ch : Nu dng phng php bo ton electron th nhanh hn.

+7 +2
Mn + 5e Mn +3 3 2C 2C + 12e Nn 5.n KMnO = oxilen , t suy ra kt qu. 4 12.n p n D. V d 2: t chy hon ton mt th tch hi hp cht hu c A cn 10 th tch oxi (o cng iu kin nhit v p sut), sn phm thu c ch gm CO2 v H2O vi m : m = 44 : 9. Bit
CO 2 H2 O
MA < 150. A c cng thc phn t l : A. C4H6O. T gi thit m

CO 2
B. C8H8O. n :m n = 1 : 1.
H2 O
C. C8H8. Hng dn gii = 44 : 9 suy ra : n

CO2 H2 O C
D. C2H2. :n
H
= 1 : 0,5 n :
A c th c hoc khng c oxi, t cng thc phn t ca A l CxHxOy. Phng trnh phn ng : x t 5x y ) O2 o xCO + CxHxOy + H2 O (1) 2 ( 4 2 2 mol: 1 5x y ( 4 2 )
x = 8 5x y ) =10 y= 0 4 2 Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C8H8. p n C. Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : ( V d 3: t chy hon ton hirocacbon X cho CO2 v H2O theo t l mol 1,75 : 1 v th tch. Cho bay hi hon ton 5,06 gam X thu c mt th tch hi ng bng th tch ca 1,76 gam oxi trong cng iu kin. Nhn xt no sau y l ng i vi X ? A. X khng lm mt mu dung dch Br2 nhng lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4 un nng. B. X tc dng vi dung dch Br2 to kt ta trng. C. X c th trng hp thnh PS. D. X tan tt trong nc. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit t chy hon ton X cho p : n = 1,75 : 1 n : n = 1,75 : 2 = 7 : 8. o
CO 2 H2O C H
t cng thc phn t ca X l (C7H8)n. Theo gi thit ta c : 2 2 n
= nO
= M
1, 76 32
= 0, 055 mol
X
5, = 92 gam / mol (12.7 + 8)n = 92 n = = 1 06 0, 055
Vy cng thc phn t ca X l C7H8. Nhn xt ng i vi X l : X khng lm mt mu dung dch Br2 nhng lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4 un nng (X l toluen: C6H5CH3). p n A.
V d 4: t chy ht 9,18 gam 2 ng ng ca benzen A, B thu c 8,1 gam H2O v V lt CO2 (ktc). Gi tr ca V l : A. 15,654. B. 15,465. C. 15,546. D. 15,456. Hng dn gii t cng thc phn t trung bnh ca A v B l : C H
n
2 n6
Theo gi thit ta c : 8,1 = 0, 45 mol = 0, 45.2 = 0, 9 gam nH O = 2 m H = 9,18 0, 9 = 8, 28 gam 18 n m

C CO2
= n =
C
8, 28
= 0, 69 mol.
12
Vy th tch CO2 thu c l : 0,69.22,4=15,456 lt. p n D. V d 5: t chy ht m gam 2 ng ng ca benzen A, B thu c 4,05 gam H2O v 7,728 lt CO2 (ktc). Gi tr ca m v s tng s mol ca A, B l : A. 4,59 v 0,04. B. 9,18 v 0,08. C. 4,59 v 0,08. D. 9,14 v 0,04. Hng dn gii t cng thc phn t trung bnh ca A v B l : C H
n
2 n6
7, 728 = 0,345 mol. Theo gi thit ta c : nH O = 4, 05 = 0, 225 mol;CO = 2 2 22, 4 n 18 Khi lng ca hai cht A, B l : m = m C + m H = 0, 225.2 + 0, 345.12 = 4, 59 gam. Phng trnh phn ng : CH
n 2 n6
3n 3
O2
o n CO + 2
(n 3) H2 O
(1)
2 Theo phng trnh phn ng ta thy tng s mol ca hai cht A, B l : n n CO 2 H2 O 0,345 0, 225 n = = = 0, 04 mol.
A, B
p n A.
V d 6: t chy ht 9,18 gam 2 ng ng k tip thuc dy ca benzen A, B thu c H2O v 30,36 gam CO2. Cng thc phn t ca A v B ln lt l : A. C6H6 ; C7H8. B. C8H10 ; C9H12. C. C7H8 ; C9H12. D. C9H12 ; C10H14. Hng dn gii t cng thc phn t trung bnh ca A v B l : C H .
n 2 n6
Phng trnh phn ng : CH + 3n 3 O2 o n CO + 2

t
(n 3) H2 O 2
(1)
2 n6
mol:
xn
n = 8, 625 (14n 6)x = 9,18 Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : x = 0, 08 nx = 0, 69 Vy Cng thc phn t ca A v B ln lt l C8H10 v C9H12.
p n B. V d 7: A, B, C l ba cht hu c c %C, %H (theo khi lng) ln lt l 92,3% v 7,7%, t l khi lng mol tng ng l 1: 2 : 3. T A c th iu ch B hoc C bng mt phn ng. C khng lm mt mu nc brom. t 0,1 mol B ri dn ton b sn phm chy qua bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong d. a. Khi lng bnh tng hoc gim bao nhiu gam ? A. Tng 21,2 gam. B. Tng 40 gam. C. Gim 18,8 gam. D. Gim 21,2 gam. b. Khi lng dung dch tng hoc gim bao nhiu gam ? A. Tng 21,2 gam. B. tng 40 gam. C. gim 18,8 gam. D. gim 21,2 gam. Hng dn gii Theo gi thit ta thy A, B, C c cng cng thc n gin nht. 92, 3 7, 7 : = 1 :1 . Cng thc n gin nht ca A, B, C l CH. nC : n H = 12 1 T A c th iu ch B hoc C bng mt phn ng; C khng lm mt mu nc brom nn A l C2H2, B l C4H4; C l C6H6 (benzen). S t chy B :
2 C4 H 4 4CO2 + 2H2O (1) mol: 0,1 0,4 0,2 Dn ton b sn phm chy vo bnh ng nc vi trong d th xy ra phn ng : CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2 O (2) mol: 0,4 0,4 Khi lng bnh nc vi trong tng bng tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O = 0,4.44 + 0,2.18= 21,2 gam. Khi lng kt ta bng 0,4.100 = 40 gam. Nh vy khi lng kt ta tch ra khi dung dch ln hn khi lng nc v CO2 nn khi lng dung dch gim l 40 21,2 =18,8 gam. p n AC.
,t
V d 8: Trn a gam hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon C6H14 v C6H6 theo t l s mol (1:1) vi m 94,5a 275a gam H2 O. gam mt hirocacbon D ri t chy hon ton th thu c gam CO2 v 82 82 a. D thuc loi hirocacbon no ? A. b. Gi tr m l : A. CnH2n+2. 2,75 gam. B. CmH2m2. B. 3,75 gam. Hng dn gii C. CnH2n. C. 5 gam. D. CnHn. D. 3,5 gam.
a. Chn a = 82 gam. t X v m gam D (CxHy) ta c : n CO2
= 6, 25 mol; n
275
44
H2 O
94, 5 18
= 5, 25 mol .
S phn ng : C6H14
C6 H 6
6CO2 + 7H2O o O o 2,t 6CO2 + 3H2O
O o 2, C H xCO + t x y 2
HO
2
t n C H 6 14 = n C6H 6
2 = b mol ta c:
86b + 78b = 82 b = 0,5 mol. t 82 gam hn hp X thu c: n CO2 = 0, 5. ( 6 + 6 ) = 6 mol ; 2 O = 0, 5. ( 7 + 3) = 5 mol H n t chy m gam D thu c: n CO2 = 6,25 6 = 0,25 mol ; n2 H O = 5,25 5 = 0, 25 mol Do n CO = n H O D thuc CnH2n. 2 2 p n C. b. mD = mC + mH = 0,25.(12 + 2) = 3,5 gam. p n D. V d 9: Hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon A v B c khi lng a gam. Nu em t chy hon ton 132a gam CO2 v 45a gam H2O. Nu thm vo X mt na lng A c trong X ri X th thu c 41 41 t chy hon ton th thu c 60, 75a gam H O. Tm cng thc phn t ca 165a gam CO2 2 v 41 41
A v B. Bit X khng lm mt mu dung dch nc brom v A, B thuc loi hirocacbon hc. a. Cng thc phn t ca A l : A. C2H2. B. C2H6. C. C6H12. D. C6H14. b. Cng thc phn t ca B l : A. C2H2. B. C6H6. C. C4H4. D. C8H8. Hng dn gii Gi s a = 41. 132 45 Khi t chy X: n CO 2 = = 3 mol ; H2O = = 2, 5 n 44 mol 18 Khi t chy X + 1 165 60, 75 A: n CO 2 = = 3, 75 mol ; H2 O = = 3,375 2 n 44 mol 18 A ta thu c: n = 0, 75 mol ; n = 0, 875 mol
Vy khi t chy
1 2
CO 2
H2O
V n
CO2
< n
H2O
A l hirocacbon no.
Gi cng thc ca A l CnH2n + 2 S phn ng :

2 CnH2n + 2 nCO2 n
,t
+ (n+1)H2O
Ta c
= 6 Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C6H14 Khi t chy B ta thu c s mol ca H2O v CO2 l :
n CO =
2
H2 O
2(n + 1)
0, 875 = n 2n 0, 75
n CO = 3 0, 75.2 = 1, 5 mol 1, 5 mol 2 nC = n H O = 2, 5 0,875.2 = 0, 75 mol 1, 5 mol 2 2 nH = nC : nH = 1,5 : 1,5 = 1 : 1 Vy cng thc n gin nht ca B l (CH)n = CnHn Theo gi thit B khng lm mt mu dung dch nc brom B ch c th l aren CnH2n-6 s nguyn t H = 2.s nguyn t C 6 Hay n = 2n 6 n = 6 Vy cng thc ca B l C6H6. p n DB.
Cnh ca khng bao gi kho

C gi mi c 18 tui, c - nh hu ht cc thanh nin ngy nay - chn sng chung trong mt gia nh nn np. C chn li sng khun php ca gia nh. C mun ri khi gia nh : Con khng mun tin ng tri ca ba m. Con mc k, con i y! Th l c quyt tm b nh i, quyt nh ly th gii bao la lm nh mnh. Tuy nhin, chng bao lu, c b rung b, khng tm ra vic lm, c phi lm gi ng ng, em thn xc, hnh hi mnh ta lm th mua bn, i chc. Nm thng c th tri qua, cha c qua i, m c gi i v c con gi ngy cng sa a trong li sng ca mnh. Khng cn cht lin lc no gia hai m con trong nhng nm thng y. B m nghe n v li sng ca con gi mnh, b i tm con trong khp thnh ph. B n tm nhm cu tr vi li thnh cu n gin : Lm n cho ti chng tm hnh y! l tm hnh mt b m tc mui tiu, mm ci vi hng ch: "M vn yu con... Hy v nh i con!". Vi thng li tri qua, vn khng c g xy ra. Ri mt ngy, c gi n ton cu tr n nhn mt ba n cu i. C chng bun ch n nhng li gio hun, mt l nh nhn nhng tm hnh v t hi: "C phi m mnh khng nh?". C khng cn ln d no ch cho ht bui l. C ng ln, ra xem k bc nh. ng ri, ng l m c v c nhng iu b vit na: "M vn yu con... Hy v nh i con!". ng trc tm hnh, c bt khc. Lc tri ti nhng bc hnh lm c gi xc ng n mc c quyt nh phi i b v nh. V n nh tri sng t. C s hi khp np khng bit s phi ni ra sao. Kh g ca, c thy ca khng kho. C ngh chc c trm vo nh. Lo lng cho s an ton ca m mnh, c gi tr chy vi ln bun ng ca b v thy b vn ang ng yn. C nh thc m mnh dy: M i, con y! Con y! Con v nh ri!
Khng tin vo i mt mnh, b m lau nc mt ri hai m con m chm ly nhau. C gi ni vi m: M , con lo qu. Thy ca khng kho, con c ngh nh c trm! B m nhn con u ym: - Khng phi u con ! T khi con i, ca nh mnh cha bao gi kho. M s lc no con tr v m m khng c y m ca cho con! V c gi li gc u vo lng m, bt khc!
BI TP TRC NGHIM
Cu 1: Trong phn t benzen, cc nguyn t C u trng thi lai ho : 2 3 2 A. sp. B. sp . C. sp . D. sp d. Cu 2: Trong phn t benzen : A. 6 nguyn t H v 6 nguyn t C u nm trn 1 mt phng. B. 6 nguyn t H nm trn cng mt mt phng khc vi mt phng ca 6 nguyn t C. C. Ch c 6 nguyn t C nm trong cng mt mt phng. D. Ch c 6 nguyn t H nm trong cng mt mt phng. Cu 3: Trong vng benzen mi nguyn t C dng 1 obitan p cha tham gia lai ho to ra : A. 2 lin kt pi ring l. B. 3 lin kt pi ring l. C. 1 h lin kt pi chung cho 6 C. D. 1 h lin kt xigma chung cho 6 C. Cu 4: Cho cc cng thc :
H
(1)
(2)
(3)
Cu to no l ca benzen ? A. (1) v (2). B. (1) v (3). C. (2) v (3). D. (1) ; (2) v (3). Cu 5: Ankylbenzen l hirocacbon c cha A. vng benzen. B. gc ankyl v vng benzen. C. gc ankyl v hai vng benzen. D. gc ankyl v mt vng benzen. Cu 6: Dy ng ng ca benzen (gm benzen v ankylbenzen) c cng thc chung l : A. CnH2n+6 (n 6). B. CnH2n-6 (n 3). C. CnH2n-8 (n 8). D. CnH2n-6 (n 6). Cu 7: Trong cc cu sau, cu no sai ? A. Benzen c CTPT l C6H6. B. Cht c CTPT C6H6 phi l benzen. C. Cht c cng thc n gin nht l CH khng ch l benzen. D. Benzen c cng thc n gin nht l CH. Cu 8: Cu no ng nht trong cc cu sau y ? A. Benzen l mt hirocacbon. B. Benzen l mt hirocacbon no. C. Benzen l mt hirocacbon khng no. D. Benzen l mt hirocacbon thm. Cu 9: Stiren c cng thc phn t C8H8 v c cng thc cu to : C6H5CH=CH2. Cu no ng khi ni v stiren ? A. Stiren l ng ng ca benzen. B. Stiren l ng ng ca etilen. C. Stiren l hirocacbon thm. D. Stiren l hirocacbon khng no. Cu 10: Cht no sau y c th cha vng benzen ? A. C10H16. B. C9H14BrCl. C. C8H6Cl2. D. C7H12. Cu 11: Cht no sau y khng th cha vng benzen ? A. C8H10. B. C6H8. C. C8H10. D. C9H12.
Cu 12: Cng thc tng qut ca hirocacbon l CnH2n+2-2a. i vi stiren (C8H8), gi tr ca n v a ln lt l : A. 8 v 5. B. 5 v 8. C. 8 v 4. D. 4 v 8. Cu 13: Cng thc tng qut ca hirocacbon l CnH2n+2-2a. i vi naphtalen (C10H8), gi tr ca n v a ln lt l : A. 10 v 5. B. 10 v 6. C. 10 v 7. D. 10 v 8. Cu 14: C 5 cng thc cu to :
CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3 CH3
l cng thc ca my cht ? A. 1 cht. B. 2 cht. C. 3 cht. D. 4 cht. Cu 15: Cho cc cht : (1) C6H5CH3 (2) p-CH3C6H4C2H5 (3) C6H5C2H3 (4) o-CH3C6H4CH3 Dy gm cc cht l ng ng ca benzen l : A. (1) ; (2) v (3). B. (2) ; (3) v (4). C. (1) ; (3) v (4). D. (1) ; (2) v (4). Cu 16: C7H8 c s ng phn thm l : A. 1. B. 2. C. 3. D. 4. Cu 17: ng vi cng thc phn t C8H10 c bao nhiu cu to cha vng benzen ? A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5. Cu 18: ng vi cng thc C9H12 c bao nhiu ng phn c cu to cha vng benzen ? A. 6. B. 7. C. 8. D. 9. Cu 19: S lng ng phn ch cha vng benzen ng vi cng thc phn t C9H10 l : A. 7. B. 8. C. 9. D. 6. Cu 20: A l ng ng ca benzen c cng thc nguyn l: (C3H4)n. Cng thc phn t ca A l : A. C3H4. B. C6H8. C. C9H12. D. C12H16. Cu 21: C 4 tn gi : o-xilen; o-imetylbenzen; 1,2-imetylbenzen; etylbenzen. l tn ca my cht ? A. 1 cht. B. 2 cht. C. 3 cht. D. 4 cht. Cu 22: m-Xilen c cng thc cu to nh th no ? CH3 CH2 CH3 A.
CH3
B.
CH3
CH3
CH3
C.
D.
Cu 23: CH3C6H4C2H5 c tn gi l :
CH3
A. etylmetylbenzen. C. p-etylmetylbenzen.
B. metyletylbenzen. D. p-metyletylbenzen.
Cu 24: Cht (CH3)2CHC6H5 c tn gi l : A. propylbenzen. C. iso-propylbenzen. Cu 25: Iso-propylbenzen cn gi l : A.Toluen. B. Stiren. Cu 26: Cho hirocacbon thm :
CH3
B. n-propylbenzen. D. imetylbenzen. C. Cumen. D. Xilen.
Tn gi ca hirocacbon trn l : A. m-etyltoluen. C. 1-etyl-3-metylbenzen. Cu 27: Cho hirocacbon thm :
C 2H5
B. 3-etyl-1-metylbenzen. D. A, B, C u ng.
CH=CH2
CH3
Tn gi ca ca hirocacbon trn l : A. m-vinyltoluen. C. m-metylstiren. Cu 28: Cht B. 3-metyl-1-vinylbenzen. D. A, B, C u ng. c tn l g ?
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3
CH3 CH2 CH3

A. 1-butyl-3-metyl-4-etylbenzen. C. 1-etyl-2-metyl-4-butylbenzen. Cu 29: Cht CH3 CH2 CH3 B. 1-butyl-4-etyl-3-metylbenzen. D. 4-butyl-1-etyl-2-metylbenzen. c tn l g ?
CH3 A. 1,4-imetyl-6-etylbenzen. C. 2-etyl-1,4-imetylbenzen. Cu 30: Cu to ca 4-cloetylbenzen l :

C 2 H5
C 2H 5
B. 1,4-imetyl-2-etylbenzen. D. 1-etyl-2,5-imetylbenzen.
C2H5
C2H5
Cl
A.
Cl
B.
Cl
C.
D.
Cl
Cu 31: iu no sau u khng ng kh ni v 2 v tr trn 1 vng benzen ? A. v tr 1,2 gi l ortho. B. v tr 1,4 gi l para. C. v tr 1,3 gi l meta. D. v tr 1,5 gi l ortho. Cu 32: Mt ankylbenzen A c cng thc C9H12, cu to c tnh i xng cao. Vy A l : A. 1,2,3-trimetyl benzen. B. n-propyl benzen. C. iso-propyl benzen. D. 1,3,5-trimetyl benzen. Cu 33: Mt ankylbenzen A (C12H18) cu to c tnh i xng cao. Tn gi ca A l : A. 1,3,5-trietylbenzen. B. 1,2,4-tri etylbenzen. C. 1,2,3-tri metylbenzen. D. 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexaetylbenzen. Cu 34: Cho cc cht (1) benzen ; (2) toluen; (3) xiclohexan; (4) hex-5-trien; (5) xilen; (6) cumen. Dy gm cc hirocacbon thm l : A. (1) ; (2) ; (3) ; (4). B. (1) ; (2) ; (5) ; (6). C. (2) ; (3) ; (5) ; (6). D. (1) ; (5) ; (6) ; (4). Cu 35: Gc C6H5CH2 v gc C6H5 c tn gi l : A. phenyl v benzyl. B. vinyl v anlyl. C. anlyl v vinyl. D. benzyl v phenyl. Cu 36: Hot tnh sinh hc ca benzen, toluen l : A. Gy hi cho sc khe. B. Khng gy hi cho sc khe. C. Gy nh hng tt cho sc khe. D. Ty thuc vo nhit c th gy hi hoc khng gy hi. Cu 37: Tnh cht no sau y khng phi ca ankylbenzen ? A. Khng mu sc. B. Khng mi v. C. Khng tan trong nc. D. Tan nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c. Cu 38: Phn ng chng minh tnh cht no; khng no ca benzen ln lt l : A. th, cng. B. cng, nitro ho. C. chy, cng. D. cng, brom ho. Cu 39: Phn ng no sau y khng xy ra ? o A. Benzen + Cl2 (as). B. Benzen + H2 (Ni, p, t ). C. Benzen + Br2 (dd). D. Benzen + HNO3 ()/H2SO4 (). Cu 40: Tnh cht no khng phi ca benzen ? A. D th. B. Kh cng. C. Bn vi cht oxi ha. D. Km bn vi cc cht oxi ha. Cu 41: Tnh cht no khng phi ca benzen ? o A. Tc dng vi Br2 (t , Fe). B. Tc dng vi HNO3 ()/H2SO4 (). C. Tc dng vi dung dch KMnO4. D. Tc dng vi Cl2 (as). Cu 42: Phn ng ca benzen vi cc cht no sau y gi l phn ng nitro ha ? A. HNO3 m c. B. HNO3 c/H2SO4 c. C. HNO3 long/H2SO4 c. D. HNO2 c/H2SO4 c. Cu 43: Tnh cht no khng phi ca toluen ? o A. Tc dng vi Br2 (t , Fe). B. Tc dng vi Cl2 (as). o C. Tc dng vi dung dch KMnO4, t . D. Tc dng vi dung dch Br2.
Cu 44: Mt ankylbenzen A (C9H12), tc dng vi HNO3 c (H2SO4 c) theo t l mol 1:1 to ra 1 dn xut mononitro duy nht. Vy A l : A. n-propylbenzen. B. p-etylmetylbenzen. C. iso-propylbenzen D. 1,3,5-trimetylbenzen. Cu 45: Khi trn vng benzen c sn nhm th X, th nhm th hai s u tin th vo v tr o- v p-. Vy X l nhng nhm th no ? A. CnH2n+1, OH, NH2. B. OCH3, NH2, NO2. C. CH3, NH2, COOH. D. NO2, COOH, SO3H. Cu 46: Khi trn vng benzen c sn nhm th X, th nhm th hai s u tin th vo v tr m - . Vy X l nhng nhm th no ? A. CnH2n+1, OH, NH2. B. OCH3, NH2, NO2. C. CH3, NH2, COOH. D. NO2, COOH, SO3H. Cu 47: Cho s :
Nhm X, Y ph hp s trn l : A. X( 3), Y( 2). CH NO C. X( 2), Y( 3). NH CH Cu 48: Cho s :
B. X( 2), Y( 3). NO CH D. A, C u ng.
Nhm X, Y ph hp s trn l : A. X ( 3), Y ( CH Cl). B. X ( 3), Y ( 2). CH NO C. X ( Cl), Y ( 3). CH D. A, B, C u ng. Cu 49: C2H2 A B m-bromnitrobenzen. A v B ln lt l : A. Benzen ; nitrobenzen. B. Benzen ; brombenzen. C. Nitrobenzen ; benzen. D. Nitrobenzen ; brombenzen. Cu 50: C2H2 A B o-bromnitrobenzen. Cng thc ca A l : A. Benzen ; nitrobenzen. B. Benzen ; brombenzen. C. Benzen ; aminobenzen. D. Benzen ; o-ibrombenzen. C 0 ,60 0 C H NO c/ 3 a o Cu 5 1: Cho s : Axetilen X CTCT ph hp ca Z l : A. N O 2 2
Cl
C.
N O2
E.
NO2
G. A, B u ng.
B.
Cl Cl
F.
D.
Cu 52: So vi benzen, toluen + dung dch HNO3()/H2SO4() : A. D hn, to ra o nitro toluen v p nitro toluen. B. Kh hn, to ra o nitro toluen v p nitro toluen. C. D hn, to ra o nitro toluen v m nitro toluen. D. D hn, to ra m nitro toluen v p nitro toluen. Cu 53: Cho cc cht sau :
Kh nng ca phn ng th trn vng benzen tng theo th t : A. (I) < (IV) < (III) < (V) < (II). B. (II) < (III) < (I) < (IV) < (V). C. (III) < (II) < (I) < (IV) < (V) D. (II) < (I) < (IV) < (V) < (III). Cu 54: Tin hnh th nghim cho nitrobenzen tc dng vi HNO3 ()/H2SO4 (), nng ta thy : A. Khng c phn ng xy ra. B. Phn ng d hn benzen, u tin v tr meta. C. Phn ng kh hn benzen, u tin v tr meta. D. Phn ng kh hn benzen, u tin v tr ortho. H 2 SO 4 Cu 55: 1 mol nitrobenzen + 1 mol HNO3 B + H O. B l :
to
A. m-initrobenzen. B. o-initrobenzen. C. p-initrobenzen. D. B v C u ng. Cu 56: Nitro ho benzen bng HNO3 c/H2SO4 c nhit cao nhn c sn phm no l ch yu? A. 1,2-initrobenzen. B. 1,3-inotrobenzen. C. 1,4-initrobenzen. D. 1,3,5-trinitrobenzen. Cu 57: Chn nguyn liu iu ch hp cht 1,3,5-trinitrobenzen trong s cc dy nguyn liu sau : A. Benzen, HNO3 c, H2SO4 c. B. Toluen, HNO3 c, H2SO4 c. C. Benzen, HNO3. D. Cu A, B ng. Cu 58: Toluen + Cl2 (as) xy ra phn ng : A. Cng vo vng benzen. B. Th vo vng benzen, d dng hn. C. Th nhnh, kh khn hn CH4. D. Th nhnh, d dng hn CH4.
a s Cu 59: 1 mol Toluen + 1 mol Cl2 A . A l :
A. C6H5CH2Cl. B. p-ClC6H4CH3. C. o-ClC6H4CH3. D. B v C u ng. Cu 60: Cho benzen + Cl2 (as) ta thu c dn xut clo A. Vy A l : A. C6H5Cl. B. p-C6H4Cl2. C. C6H6Cl6. D. m-C6H4Cl2.
Cu 61: A + 4H2
Cu
Cu
Cu
Cu
etylxiclohexan. Cu to ca A l : A. C6H5CH2CH3. B. C6H5CH3. C. C6H5CH2CH=CH2. D. C6H5CH=CH2. + 62: Sn phm chnh khi oxi ha cc ankylbenzen bng KMnO4 /H l : A. C6H5COOH. B. C6H5CH2COOH. C. C6H5CH2CH2COOH. D. CO2. 63: Stiren khng phn ng c vi nhng cht no sau y ? o A. dung dch Br2. B. khng kh H2, Ni, t . C. dung dch KMnO4. D. dung dch NaOH. 64: Phn ng no sau y khng dng iu ch benzen ? A. tam hp axetilen. B. kh H2 ca xiclohexan. C. kh H2, ng vng n-hexan. D. tam hp etilen. 65: Phn ng no khng iu ch c toluen ? A. C6H6 + CH3Cl 3 C. Tch hiro t metylxiclohexan.
A
o
i, p, t o
lCl
,t
B. Tch hiro chuyn n-heptan thnh toluen. D. tam hp propin. B. metylxiclohexen. D. n-heptan.
Cu 66: A o toluen + 4H . Vy A l : 2 A. metylxiclohexan. C. n-hexan.

+
xt ,t
H Cu 67: Benzen + X etylbenzen. Vy X l :
A. axetilen.
B. etilen.
t ru ng hp
C. etyl clorua.
D. etan.
Cu 68: Cho phn ng A 1,3,5-trimetylbenzen. A l : A. axetilen. B. metylaxetilen. C. etylaxetilen. D. imetylaxetilen. Cu 69: ng dng no benzen khng c : A. Lm dung mi. B. Tng hp monome. C. Lm thuc n. D. Dng trc tip lm dc phm. Cu 70: Thuc n TNT c iu ch trc tip t : A. benzen. B. metylbenzen (toluen). C. vinyl benzen. D. p-xilen. Cu 71: phn bit benzen, toluen, stiren ta ch dng 1 thuc th duy nht l : A. dung dch brom. B. Br2 (Fe). C. dung dch KMnO4. D. dung dch Br2 hoc dung dch KMnO4. Cu 72: phn bit c cc cht hex-1-in, toluen, benzen ta dng 1 thuc th duy nht l : A. dung dch AgNO3/NH3. B. dung dch brom. C. dung dch KMnO4. D. dung dch HCl.
Cu 73: Mt hn hp X gm 2 aren A, R u c M < 120, t khi ca X i vi C2H6 l 3,067. CTPT v s ng phn ca A v R l : A. C6H6 (1 ng phn) ; C7H8 (1 ng phn). B. C7H8 (1 ng phn) ; C8H10 (4 ng phn). C. C6H6 (1 ng phn) ; C8H10 (2 ng phn). D. C6H6 (1 ng phn) ; C8H10 (4 ng phn). Cu 74: Khi lng ring ca ancol etylic v benzen ln lt l 0,78 g/ml v 0,88 g/ml. Kh i lng ring ca mt hn hp gm 600 ml ancol etylic v 200 ml benzen (cc gi tr c o trong cng iu kin v gi s khi pha trn th tch hn hp bng tng th tch cc cht pha trn) l A. 0,805 g/ml. B. 0,795 g/ml. C. 0,826 g/ml. D. 0,832 g/ml. Cu 75: Lng clobenzen thu c khi cho 15,6 gam C6H6 tc dng ht vi Cl2 (xc tc bt Fe) vi hiu sut phn ng t 80% l : A. 14 gam. B. 16 gam. C. 18 gam. D. 20 gam. Cu 76: Cho 100 ml bezen (d = 0,879 g/ml) tc dng vi mt lng va brom lng (xc tc bt st, un nng) thu c 80 ml brombenzen (d = 1,495 g/ml). Hiu sut brom ha t l : A. 67,6%. B. 73,49%. C. 85,3%. D. 65,35% Cu 77: Hn hp C6H6 v Cl2 c s mol tng ng l 1 v 1,5. Trong iu kin c xc tc bt o Fe, t , hiu sut 100%. Sau phn ng thu c cht g ? bao nhiu mol ? A. 1 mol C6H5Cl ; 1 mol HCl ; 1 mol C6H4Cl2. B. 1,5 mol C6H5Cl ; 1,5 mol HCl ; 0,5 mol C6H4Cl2. C. 1 mol C6H5Cl ; 1,5 mol HCl ; 0,5 mol C6H4Cl2. D. 0,5 mol C6H5Cl ; 1,5 mol HCl ; 0,5 mol C6H4Cl2. Cu 78: Mt hp cht hu c c vng benzen c CTGN l C3H2Br v M = 236. Gi tn hp cht ny bit rng hp cht ny l sn phm chnh trong phn ng gia C6H6 v Br2 (xc tc Fe). A. o-hoc p-ibrombenzen. B. o-hoc p-ibromuabenzen. C. m-ibromuabenzen. D. m-ibrombenzen. Cu 79: Nitro ha benzen c 14,1 gam hn hp hai cht nitro c khi lng phn t hn km nhau 45 vC. t chy hon ton hn hp hai cht nitro ny c 0,07 mol N2. Hai cht nitro l: A. C6H5NO2 v C6H4(NO2)2. B. C6H4(NO2)2 v C6H3(NO2)3. C. C6H3(NO2)3 v C6H2(NO2)4. D. C6H2(NO2)4 v C6H(NO2)5. Cu 80: Nitro ho bezen thu c hn hp 2 cht hu c X v Y, trong Y nhiu hn X mt nhm NO2. t chy hon ton 12,75 gam hn hp X, Y thu c CO2, H2O v 1,232 lt N2 (ktc). Cng thc phn t v s mol X trong hn hp l : A. C6H5NO2 v 0,9. B. C6H5NO2 v 0,09. C. C6H4(NO2)2 v 0,1. D. C6H5NO2 v 0,19. Cu 81: A c cng thc phn t l C8H8, tc dng vi dung dch KMnO4 nhit thng to ra ancol 2 chc. 1 mol A tc dng ti a vi : A. 4 mol H2 ; 1 mol brom. B. 3 mol H2 ; 1 mol brom. C. 3 mol H2 ; 3 mol brom. D. 4 mol H2 ; 4 mol brom. Cu 82: A l dn xut benzen c cng thc nguyn (CH)n. 1 mol A cng ti a 4 mol H2 hoc 1 mol Br2 (dd). Vy A l : A. etylbenzen. B. metylbenzen. C. vinylbenzen. D. ankylbenzen.
Cu 83: A l hirocacbon c %C (theo khi lng) l 92,3%. A tc dng vi dung dch brom d cho sn phm c %C (theo khi lng) l 36,36%. Bit MA < 120. Vy A c cng thc phn t l : A. C2H2. B. C4H4. C. C6H6. D. C8H8. Cu 84: Tin hnh trng hp 10,4 gam stiren c hn hp X gm polistiren v stiren (d). Cho X tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch Br2 0,15M, sau cho dung KI d vo thy xut hin 1,27 gam iot. Hiu sut trng hp stiren l : A. 60%. B. 75%. C. 80%. D. 83,33%. Cu 85: hiro ho etylbenzen ta c stiren; trng hp stiren ta c polistiren vi hiu sut chung 80%. Khi lng etylbenzen cn dng sn xut 10,4 tn polisitren l : A.13,52 tn. B. 10,6 tn. C. 13,25 tn. D. 8,48 tn. Cu 86: Cho benzen vo 1 l ng Cl2 d ri a ra nh sng. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 5,82 kg cht sn phm. Tn ca sn phm v khi lng benzen tham gia phn ng l : A. Clobenzen ; 1,56 kg. B. Hexacloxiclohexan ; 1,65 kg. C. Hexacloran ; 1,56 kg. D. Hexaclobenzen ; 6,15 kg. Cu 87: Dng 39 gam C6H6 iu ch toluen. Khi lng toluen to thnh l : A. 78 gam. B. 46 gam. C. 92 gam. D. 107 gam. Cu 88: iu ch benzen bng cch trng hp hon ton 5,6 lt axetilen (ktc) th khi lng benzen thu c l : A. 26 gam. B. 13 gam. C. 6,5 gam. D. 52 gam. Cu 89: Th tch khng kh (ktc) cn dng t chy hon ton 0,1 mol benzen l (bit trong khng kh O2 chim 20% th tch) : A. 84 lt. B. 74 lt. C. 82 lt. D. 83 lt. Cu 90: t chy ht m gam 2 ng ng ca benzen A, B thu c 4,05 gam H2O v 7,728 lt CO2 (ktc). Gi tr ca m v s tng s mol ca A, B l : A. 4,59 v 0,04. B. 9,18 v 0,08. C. 4,59 v 0,08. D. 9,14 v 0,04. Cu 91: t chy ht 9,18 gam 2 ng ng ca benzen A, B thu c 8,1 gam H2O v V lt CO2 (ktc). Gi tr ca V l : A. 15,654. B. 15,465. C. 15,546. D. 15,456. Cu 92: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol CxHy thu c 20,16 lt CO2 (ktc) v 10,8 gam H2O (lng). Cng thc ca CxHy l : A. C7H8. B. C8H10. C. C10H14. D. C9H12. Cu 93: 1,3 gam cht hu c A chy hon ton thu c 4,4 gam CO2 v 0,9 gam H2O. T khi hi ca A i vi oxi l d tha mn iu kin 3 < d < 3,5. Cng thc phn t ca A l : A. C2H2. B. C8H8. C. C4H4. D. C6H6. Cu 94: t chy hon ton 1,3 gam A (CxHy) to ra 0,9 gam H2O. Cng thc nguyn ca A l : A. (CH)n. B. (C2H3)n. C. (C3H4)n. D. (C4H7)n. Cu 95: Cho a gam cht A (CxHy) chy thu c 13,2 gam CO2 v 3,6 gam H2O. Tam hp A thu c B, mt ng ng ca ankylbenzen. Cng thc phn t ca A v B ln lt l : A. C3H6 v C9H8. B. C2H2 v C6H6. C. C3H4 v C9H12. D. C9H12 v C3H4. Cu 96: t 0,13 gam mi cht A v B u cng thu c 0,01 mol CO2 v 0,09 gam H2O. T khi hi ca A so vi B l 3; t khi hi ca B so vi H2 l 13. Cng thc ca A v B ln lt l : A. C2H2 v C6H6. B. C6H6 v C2H2. C. C2H2 v C4H4. D. C6H6 v C8H8.
Cu 97: t chy hon ton hi A (CxHy) thu c 8 lt CO2 v cn dng 10,5 lt oxi. Cng thc phn t ca A l : A. C7H8. B. C8H10. C. C10H14. D. C9H12. Cu 98: t chy hon ton 6 gam cht hu c A, ng ng ca benzen thu c 10,08 lt CO2 (ktc). Cng thc phn t ca A l : A. C9H12. B. C8H10. C. C7H8. D. C10H14. Cu 99: t chy ht 2,295 gam 2 ng ng ca benzen A, B thu c CO2 v 2,025 gam H2O. Dn ton b lng CO2 vo 250 ml dung dch NaOH 1M thu c m gam mui. Gi tr ca m v thnh phn ca mui l : A. 16,195 (2 mui). B. 16,195 (Na2CO3). C. 7,98 (NaHCO3) D. 10,6 (Na2CO3). Cu 100: t chy ht 9,18 gam 2 ng ng k tip thuc dy ca benzen A, B thu c H2O v 30,36 gam CO2. Cng thc phn t ca A v B ln lt l : A. C6H6 ; C7H8. B. C8H10 ; C9H12. C. C7H8 ; C9H12. D. C9H12 ; C10H14. Cu 101: t chy hon ton m gam A (CxHy), thu c m gam H2O. Cng thc nguyn ca A l : A. (CH)n. B. (C2H3)n. C. (C3H4)n. D. (C4H7)n. Cu 102: t chy hon ton m gam hirocacbon A, thu c m gam H2O. Cng thc phn t ca A (150 < MA < 170) l : A. C4H6. B. C8H12. C. C16H24. D. C12H18. Cu 103: A (CxHy) l cht lng iu kin thng. t chy A to ra CO2 v H2O v m CO2 : m H2 O = 4,9 : 1. Cng thc phn t ca A l : A. C7H8. B. C6H6. C. C10H14. D. C9H12. Cu 104: t X thu c mCO : = 44 : 9 . Bit X lm mt mu dung dch brom. X l : H2 O 2 m A. C6H5C2H3. B. CH CCH=CH2. C. CH CH. D. A hoc B hoc C. Cu 105: t chy hon ton mt th tch hi hp cht hu c A cn 10 th tch oxi (o cng iu kin nhit v p sut), sn phm thu c ch gm CO2 v H2O vi m : m = 44 : 9. Bit
CO 2 H2 O
MA < 150. A c cng thc phn t l : A. C4H6O. B. C8H8O. C. C8H8. D. C2H2. Cu 106: t chy hon ton hirocacbon X cho CO2 v H2O theo t l mol 1,75 : 1 v th tch. Cho bay hi hon ton 5,06 gam X thu c mt th tch hi ng bng th tch ca 1,76 gam oxi trong cng iu kin. Nhn xt no sau y l ng i vi X ? A. X khng lm mt mu dung dch Br2 nhng lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4 un nng. B. X tc dng vi dung dch Br2 to kt ta trng. C. X c th trng hp thnh PS. D. X tan tt trong nc. Cu 107: A, B, C l ba cht hu c c %C, %H (theo khi lng) ln lt l 92,3% v 7,7%, t l khi lng mol tng ng l 1: 2 : 3. T A c th iu ch B hoc C bng mt phn ng. C khng lm mt mu nc brom. t 0,1 mol B ri dn ton b sn phm chy qua bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong d. Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing 171 Download ti liu hc tp, xem bi ging cc mn ti : http: //d iendan .shpt .in fo
a. Khi lng bnh tng hoc gim bao nhiu gam ? A. Tng 21,2 gam. B. Tng 40 gam. Gim 21,2 gam. b. Khi lng dung dch tng hoc gim bao nhiu gam ? A. Tng 21,2 gam. B. tng 40 gam. gim 21,2 gam.
C. Gim 18,8 gam. D.
C. gim 18,8 gam.
D.
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Cu 108: Chn cu ng nht trong cc cu sau : A. Du m l mt cht. B. Du m l mt hn hp nhiu cht. C. Du m l mt hn hp t nhin ca nhiu loi hirocacbon. D. Du m si nhit cao v xc nh. Cu 109: Thnh phn chnh ca kh thin nhin l kh no trong s cc kh sau ? A. H2. B. CO. C. CH4 . D. C2H4. Cu 110: Vin than t ong c to nhiu l nh vi mc ch no sau y ? A. Trng p mt. B. c th treo khi phi. C. gim trng lng. D. than tip xc vi nhiu khng kh gip than chy hon ton. Cu 111: Nhin liu no dng trong i sng hng ngy sau y c coi l sch nht ? A. Du ha. B. Than. C. Ci. D. Kh (gas). Cu 112: t 100 lt kh thin nhin cha 96% CH4, 2% N2, 2% CO2 (v s mol). Th tch kh CO2 thi vo khng kh l : A. 94 lt. B. 96 lt. C. 98 lt. D. 100 lt. Cu 113: Khi t 1,12 lt kh thin nhin cha CH4, N2, CO2 cn 2,128 lt oxi. Cc th tch kh o cng iu kin. Phn trm th tch CH4 trong kh thin nhin l : A. 93%. B. 94%. C. 95%. D. 96%. Cu 114: t chy V lt kh thin nhin cha 96% CH4, 2% N2, 2% CO2 v th tch. Ton b sn phm chy c dn qua dung dch Ca(OH)2 d thy to ra 4,9 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca V (ktc) l : A. 1,12 lt. B. 2,24 lt. C. 3,36 lt. D. 4,48 lt. Cu 115: Bit 1 mol kh etilen chy hon ton to ra mt nhit lng l 1423 kJ. Nhit lng to ra khi t chy 1 kg etilen l : A. 50821,4 kJ. B. 50281,4 kJ. C. 50128,4 kJ. D. 50812,4 kJ. Cu 116: Bit 1 mol kh axetilen chy hon ton to ra mt nhit lng l 1320 kJ. Nhit lng to ra khi t chy 1 kg axetilen l A. 50769,2 kJ. B. 50976,2 kJ. C. 50697,2 kJ. D. 50679,2 kJ.
Mnh nhm khc s

Sau mt thi gian kh di khi ngi b mt, ngi con gi mi vo phng b, c thy mt chic hp mu en, c trm tr mt cch rt cng phu, c ch: Tng con gi. C gi m chic hp v ngc nhin khi thy trong hp ch l mt mnh nhm xu x co khc s 23. C rt ly lm ngc nhin, ti sao b c li gi mt vt khng c gi tr trong mt chic hp p nh th. Ri bng i mt thi gian c con gi qun i thc mc y. Cho n khi c sinh a con u lng. Lc t bnh vin c thy nt mt ca chng rt mng. C hi c chuyn g th anh? Ngi chng tr li anh va nht c mt bu vt, ni ri ngi chng lin rt ti mnh ra mt mnh nhm xu x c khc s 23, anh bo l mnh nhm ngi ta eo vo c chn con gi anh khng nhm ln vi con gi ngi khc. y l vt m ch c con gi anh mi c.....V by gi th c hiu vi sao b c li chn trng mnh nhm th.
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Cu chuyn v chic bnh nt

Hi y, bn tu c mt ngi gnh nc, mang hai chic bnh hai u mt ci n gnh trn vai. Mt trong hai bnh y b vt nt, cn bnh kia th tuyt ho, lun mang v y mt bnh nc. Cui on ng di, t con sui v nh, chic bnh nt lc no cng ch cn mt na bnh nc. Sut hai nm trn, ngy no cng vy, ngi gnh nc ch mang v c mt bnh ri nc. D nhin, ci bnh nguyn vn rt t ho v thnh tch ca n. N lun hon thnh tt nht nhim v m n c to ra. Cn ti nghip chic bnh nt, n xu h v khuyt im ca mnh, n kh s v ch hon tt c mt na cng vic m n phi lm. Trong hai nm n phi chu ng ci m n cho l tht bi chua cay. Mt ngy n, chic bnh nt bn ln ting vi ngi gnh nc bn b sui: Con tht l xu h v vt nt bn hng lm r mt nc sut dc ng i v nh bc. Ngi gnh nc tr li: Con khng thy ch c hoa mc bn ng pha ca con ?. l v ta lun bit khuym khuyt ca con nn gieo ht hoa dc ng bn pha ca con v mi ngy i v con ti nc cho chng. Hai nm nay, ta vn hi c nhiu hoa p trn bn. Nu m con khng phi l con nh th ny, th trong nh u thng xuyn c hoa p thng thc nh vy. Mi ngi trong chng ta u c nhng nhc im rt ring bit. Ai cng l chic bnh nt c. Nhng chnh vt nt v cc nhc im mi khin cho i sng chung ca chng ta tr nn phong ph, tr nn th v v lm chng ta tho mn. Chng ta phi bit chp nhn c tnh ca tng ngi trong cuc sng v tm cho ra ci tt ca h.
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PHN 2 :
CHUYN 1 :
1B 11D 21A 31C 41B 51B 61A 71C 81A 91B 101B 111A 121B 131B 141C 151B 2A 12B 22B 32A 42B 52A 62C 72B 82B 92C 102D 112C 122D 132B 142A 152C 3B 13D 23B 33C 43D 53B 63C 73C 83A 93C 103A 113C 123B 133B 143B 153B
P N
I CNG HA HC HU C
4B 14C 24D 34C 44A 54B 64D 74C 84A 94C 104A 114A 124C 134D 144A 154B 5A 15C 25C 35A 45A 55A 65C 75B 85D 95A 105D 115C 125C 135D 145C 155C 6C 16D 26C 36D 46A 56D 66D 76D 86B 96C 106D 116C 126B 136C 146D 7B 17A 27C 37D 47C 57C 67D 77B 87C 97D 107A 117B 127C 137A 147C 8D 18B 28D 38C 48D 58B 68B 78C 88D 98B 108B 118D 128A 138B 148B 9B 19D 29D 39B 49A 59B 69A 79A 89C 99A 109B 119A 129C 139D 149B 10C 20D 30B 40C 50D 60B 70C 80C 90C 100B 110D 120B 130A 140A 150B
CHUYN 2 :
1D 11B 21A 31C 41B 51C 61B 71A 81A 91B 101B 111D 121D 131C 141C 2A 12B 22C 32D 42C 52B 62B 72B 82A 92D 102A 112DA 122C 132B 142A 3C 13C 23B 33B 43C 53B 63B 73C 83D 93A 103A 113B 123A 133B 143D 4B 14C 24D 34B 44D 54A 64C 74D 84A 94C 104B 114B 124B 134B
HIROCACBON NO
5D 15B 25B 35B 45C 55B 65A 75B 85D 95A 105D 115D 125B 135A 6D 16D 26B 36D 46A 56B 66D 76C 86A 96B 106BD 116A 126D 136B 7D 17A 27D 37B 47B 57D 67C 77D 87C 97A 107BD 117D 127D 137A 8A 18A 28C 38C 48D 58A 68B 78C 88B 98CC 108B 118B 128B 138C 9D 19B 29C 39A 49B 59D 69A 79A 89B 99C 109D 119B 129C 139B 10D 20D 30A 40D 50A 60B 70BC 80D 90C 100B 110D 120D 130D 140B
175
CHUYN 3 :
1B 11A 21A 31B 41B 51B 61A 71B 81A 91A 101C 111C 121A 131B 141D 151B 161C 171B 181C 191B 201C 211A 221B 231A 241B 251D 261D 271A 2B 12C 22C 32B 42C 52B 62A 72A 82AA 92D 102A 112A 122D 132C 142A 152C 162D 172C 182D 192B 202D 212D 222D 232B 242B 252B 262A 272A 3C 13D 23A 33A 43D 53A 63A 73A 83A 93B 103C 113D 123A 133C 143B 153C 163C 173C 183C 193C 203C 213C 223A 233A 243D 253C 263A 273C
HIROCACBON KHNG NO
4C 14C 24C 34A 44C 54C 64D 74BB 84A 94C 104C 114D 124C 134C 144B 154D 164D 174C 184D 194D 204C 214C 224D 234D 244A 254A 264C 274C 5D 15B 25A 35D 45B 55C 65C 75D 85C 95D 105B 115A 125A 135A 145C 155A 165C 175C 185C 195B 205C 215D 225C 235AC 245B 255C 265A 275A 6C 16A 26C 36C 46D 56A 66A 76D 86A 96B 106C 116D 126C 136A 146B 156C 166B 176C 186B 196B 206D 216A 226C 236D 246D 256A 266A 276D 7C 17A 27B 37D 47B 57A 67A 77C 87D 97A 107D 117A 127A 137B 147B 157D 167C 177A 187C 197D 207A 217C 227C 237A 247C 257DA 267D 8C 18D 28A 38D 48C 58D 68B 78D 88C 98C 108B 118C 128A 138A 148A 158B 168B 178D 188B 198B 208D 218A 228C 238A 248A 258C 268C 9D 19D 29B 39C 49B 59B 69B 79D 89A 99A 109D 119C 129C 139D 149B 159A 169A 179C 189B 199C 209C 219A 229A 239A 249C 259D 269A 10B 20C 30C 40B 50A 60B 70C 80B 90B 100C 110B 120A 130A 140B 150D 160B 170C 180D 190B 200C 210D 220D 230A 240D 250D 260A 270D
176
CHUYN 4 :
1B 11B 21B 31D 41C 51C 61D 71C 81A 91D 101B 111D 2A 12A 22B 32D 42B 52A 62A 72C 82C 92D 102D 112C 3C 13C 23A 33A 43D 53B 63D 73D 83D 93B 103B 113C 4D 14C 24C 34B 44D 54C 64D 74A 84B 94A 104D 114A
HIROCACBON THM
5D 15D 25C 35D 45A 55A 65D 75C 85C 95C 105C 115A 6D 16A 26D 36A 46D 56D 66D 76A 86C 96B 106A 116A 7B 17C 27D 37B 47B 57A 67B 77D 87B 97B 107AC 8D 18C 28D 38A 48D 58C 68B 78A 88C 98A 108C 9C 19A 29C 39C 49A 59A 69D 79A 89A 99A 109C 10C 20C 30A 40D 50B 60C 70B 80B 90A 100B 110D
177
CHUYN 5 : DN XUT HALOGEN PHENOL ANCOL

1B 11BA 21D 31B 41D 51B 61D 71C 81B 91D 101C 111D 121C 131C 141B 151C 161D 171C 181A 191B 201A 211A 221A 231B 241D 251A 261A 271A 281D 291D 301C 311B 2C 12B 22D 32D 42B 52B 62D 72B 82C 92D 102A 112A 122C 132A 142B 152B 162C 172B 182A 192C 202A 212B 222C 232A 242A 252B 262D 272B 282C 292D 302A 312C 3B 13D 23D 33C 43D 53C 63C 73B 83A 93D 103B 113A 123B 133B 143D 153D 163B 173A 183D 193D 203C 213B 223A 233A 243D 253A 263A 273B 283D 293D 303B 313A 4B 14A 24D 34B 44D 54A 64C 74B 84D 94A 104A 114D 124C 134B 144D 154D 164C 174BA 184D 194C 204D 214C 224C 234A 244C 254C 264C 274B 284B 294D 304C 314C 5A 15D 25D 35A 45C 55A 65B 75B 85B 95D 105C 115A 125B 135D 145D 155B 165D 175B 185D 195A 205C 215A 225B 235B 245B 255B 265D 275B 285D 295B 305D 6D 16A 26C 36B 46C 56C 66A 76D 86D 96B 106C 116A 126C 136A 146A 156D 166B 176C 186C 196B 206D 216B 226C 236D 246D 256C 266A 276D 286C 296B 306B 7A 17D 27B 37B 47A 57D 67B 77C 87C 97D 107C 117D 127C 137D 147D 157D 167D 177D 187C 197C 207C 217B 227C 237D 247A 257A 257D 277B 287D 297C 307C 8B 18D 28D 38C 48D 58A 68A 78B 88D 98D 108A 118A 128C 138D 148B 158A 168C 178A 188D 198A 208D 218A 228C 238D 248B 258C 268B 278D 288D 298C 308C 9C 19A 29A 39C 49C 59C 69A 79C 89D 99C 109A 119D 129C 139B 149A 159C 169D 179D 189C 199D 209A 219C 229C 239D 249C 259C 269D 279A 289D 299B 309A 10C 20C 30B 40A 50B 60C 70B 80D 90BBA 100D 110D 120D 130C 140A 150C 160B 170D 180A 190B 200A 210C 220A 230B 240C 250B 260ACB 270B 280D 290C 300D 310B
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CHUYN 6 : ANEHIT XETON AXIT CACBOXYLIC

1B 11D 21C 31D 41A 51C 61B 71B 81B 91A 101C 111B 121D 131C 141D 151D 161A 171D 181D 191B 201B 211B 221C 231D 241D 251B 261D 271BA 281C 291B 301B 2A 12DA 22C 32C 42A 52A 62C 72A 82A 92A 102B 112B 122B 132C 142B 152C 162D 172D 182A 192B 202DAD 212D 222B 232C 242D 252D 262C 272A 282A 292C 302D 3D 13A 23C 33D 43D 53A 63B 73B 83C 93C 103A 113D 123A 133D 143A 153D 163B 173C 183D 193D 203C 213B 223C 233C 243A 253A 263B 273C 283B 293A 303A 4C 14B 24A 34D 44D 54D 64A 74A 84A 94BB 104C 114D 124C 134B 144C 154A 164D 174C 184D 194B 204D 214D 224A 234B 244A 254D 264A 274B 284D 294C 304A 5B 15C 25A 35BD 45A 55CC 65C 75D 85B 95B 105C 115AB 125B 135CA 145D 155D 165A 175C 185B 195C 205D 215D 225D 235C 245D 255A 265B 275C 285B 295A 305C 6A 16D 26B 36D 46C 56AD 66D 76A 86B 96C 106B 116A 126A 136C 146A 156A 166B 176A 186D 196A 206A 216B 226B 236B 246B 256D 266D 276A 286C 296D 306A 7C 17D 27D 37B 47A 57B 67A 77C 87A 97A 107B 117D 127D 137C 147C 157C 167C 177B 187D 197A 207C 217B 227D 237D 247C 257B 257A 277D 287D 297A 307D 8C 18B 28A 38C 48D 58B 68A 78C 88B 98C 108C 118A 128B 138C 148A 158B 168C 178C 188B 198B 208C 218B 228B 238B 248D 258C 268C 278C 288A 298B 308C 9C 19C 29D 39C 49D 59D 69C 79A 89C 99D 109C 119B 129A 139A 149C 159B 169C 179D 189D 199D 209C 219BA 229D 239B 249C 259B 269A 279B 289C 299A 309A 10C 20C 30A 40B 50B 60A 70B 80D 90B 100B 110C 120B 130A 140B 150C 160B 170C 180D 190C 200D 210B 220D 230CB 240D 250D 260A 270A 280B 290A 300A 310C
179
Xin thy hy dy con ti

(Trch th ca Tng thng M Abraham Lincoln gi thy hiu trng ngi trng ni con trai ng theo hc) Con ti s phi hc tt c nhng iu ny, rng khng phi tt c mi ngi u cng bng, tt c mi ngi u chn tht. Nhng xin thy hy dy cho chu bit c mi mt k v li ta gp trn ng ph th u s c mt con ngi chnh trc; c mi mt chnh tr gia ch k, ta s c mt nh lnh o tn tm. Bi hc ny s mt nhiu thi gian, ti bit; nhng xin thy hy dy cho chu bit rng mt ng -la kim c do cng sc lao ng ca mnh b ra cn qu gi hn nhiu so vi 5 -la nhn c trn h ph... Xin thy dy cho chu bit cch chp nhn tht bi v cch tn hng nim vui chin thng. Xin hy dy chu trnh xa s k. Xin dy chu bit c b quyt ca nim vui chin thng thm lng. Dy cho chu bit c rng nhng k hay bt nt ngi khc nht l nhng k d b nh bi nht... Xin hy gip chu nhn thy th gii k diu ca sch... nhng cng cho chu c thi gian lng l suy t v s b n mun thu ca cuc sng: n chim tung cnh trn bu tri, n ong bay ln trong nh nng v nhng bng hoa n ngt bn i xanh. Xin gip chu c nim tin vo kin ring ca bn thn, d tt c mi ngi xung quanh u cho rng kin hon ton sai lm... Xin hy dy cho chu bit cch i x du dng vi nhng ngi ho nh v cng rn vi nhng k th bo. Xin to cho chu sc mnh khng chy theo m ng khi tt c mi ngi u ch bit chy theo thi th. Xin dy cho chu bit phi lng nghe tt c mi ngi cng nh xin thy dy cho chu bit cn phi sng lc nhng g nghe c qua mt tm li chn l chu ch n nhn nhng g tt p... Xin dy cho chu bit cch mm ci khi bun b, xin hy dy chu bit rng khng c s xu h trong nhng git nc mt. Xin hy dy cho chu bit ch giu nhng k ym th v cn trng trc s ngt ngo y cm by. Xin hy dy cho chu rng c th bn c bp v tr tu cho ngi ra gi cao nht, nhng khng bao gi cho php ai ra gi mua tri tim v tm hn mnh... Xin hy dy cho chu ngonh mt lm ng trc mt m ng ang go tht... v ng thng ngi bo v nhng g chu cho l ng... Xin hy i x du dng vi chu nhng ng vut ve nung chiu chu bi v ch c s th thch ca la mi ti luyn nn c mt con ngi cng rn. Xin hy dy cho chu bit rng chu phi lun c nim tin tuyt i vo bn thn mnh, bi v khi Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing 180 Download ti liu hc tp, xem bi ging cc mn ti : http: //d iendan .shpt .in fo
chu s lun c nim tin vo nhn loi. y l qu l mt yu cu qu ln, ti bit, tha thy. Nhng xin thy c gng ht sc mnh, nu c vy, con trai ti qu tht l mt cu b hnh phc v may mn.
181

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Bin son v ging dy : Gio vin Nguyn Minh Tun T Ha Trng THPT Chuyn Hng Vng Ph Th

Li gii thiu Phn 1: Gii thiu cc chuyn ha hu c 11

2 9 9 49 87 147 173 239

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Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

B ti liu n thi i hc, cao ng mn ha hc

Nhng iu thy mun ni :

Chng tr nh n thi i hc cao ng mn ha hc Mn ha hc lp 10

Phng php gii nhanh bi tp ha hc

luyn thi tr c nghim mn ha hc

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Cu chuyn ca hai v nhn

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

PHN 1: GII THIU CC CHUYN HA HU C 11

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Tn phn nh chc CH3 CH2 - O - CH3 (etyl metyl || ete)

CH3CH2 -O-COCH3 (etyl || axetat )

H3C -CH2Cl (clo + et + an) cloetan

H2C =CH2 (et + en) eten

HC CH (et + in) etin

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

Trn bc ng thnh cng khng c du chn ca k li bing

%H %O M.%C T ta c : x = ; M.%H M.%O y= ; z= 12.100 1.100 16.100

lp ngoi cng (Quy tc bt t), (i vi H ch cn t 2 electron). V d :

ng phn lp th ca CHCl = CHCl

HC CH + 2H2 xt, H3C - CH3

t b tch ra khi phn t.

Hng dn gii t cng thc phn t ca X l (C3H4O3)n (n N ).

(12.5 + 11 + 16.2 + 14).n = 4,034.29 n = 1 Vy cng thc phn t ca A l C5H11O2N.

Lp cng thc phn t ca hp cht hu c da vo kt qu ca qu tr nh phn tch nh lng.

Phng php gii

1, 47 0, 049.12 0, 098 = 0, 049 16 mol

= 1,88 + 0, 085.32 = 46 gam

Theo phng trnh (2)

Khi lng bnh tng ln: p = m m V n

= 16,8 0, 3.44 = 3, 6 gam

= = = = n H 2.n H 2O 0, 4 mol n C : n H 0, 3 : 0, 4 3 : 4. Vy CTPT ca X l C3H4. p n C.

Theo (2), (3): n

= 2.n = 2.n = 0,1 mol BaCO3 3 Ba(HCO 2

Cch 2 : p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t

Phng php gii

- Nu khng tnh c z h trn th ta tnh z bng cng thc: z =

1 6 4 5 p dng inh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi cc nguyn t C, H, O ta c : 1.x = 4.1

y = 10 z= 1 Vy cng thc phn t ca X l C4H10O. p n A.

x= 4 = 1.y 1.z5.26.2 = + 4.2 + 5.1

Hng dn gii = 2 lt ; V (d) = 0,5 lt ; V

Cng thc ca hirocacbon l C3 H 8 . p n A.

II. Lp CTPT ca hp cht hu c da tr n s thay i p sut tr c v sau khi t

Phng php gii

: mol n (n+1) : mol

: mol n n n n : mol : mol

2 218,4 C nc th hi v gy p sut ln bnh cha. y

Do nhit trc v sau phn ng thay i i nn : y 1+x+ = n1 p 1 2 p (218, 4 + 273) T 4 = 0, 9 0, 2y 0,1x = 1 x 2 1 = = = 0, 9

Bin lun tm cng thc ca hp cht hu c Phng php gii

Nu z = 2 12x + y = 26 A l C3H6O y= 2 A l C2H2O2 p n C.

2 Theo (1), gi thit v p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi oxi ta c : z + 5, 5.2 = 2x x= 4 y + 2 y = 10

Theo (1) v gi thit ta c : 15x 7, 5y 12x + y + 16z + 12x + y + 16z

7, 5y 15x 12x + y + 16z 12x + y + 16z

44 1 .0, 025 = 0, 005 mol;

.0, 025 = 0, 02 mol 5

Phng trnh phn ng : CHON

Theo gi thit v (1) ta c h : y z 0, 01.(x + ) = 0, 0275 4 2

0, 01x = 0,02 2 t 0, = 0, 005 01.