2.3.1. Grap ni dung bi 37: Luyn tp Ankan v xicloankan.

ANKAN V XICLOANKAN

Mch h ANKAN: CnH2n+2 ( n 1)

Phn t ch c lin kt n: C-H , C-C

Phn ng c trng th, tch v oxh

Mch vng XICLOANKAN CnH2n ( n 3 )

P th CH3-CH2-CH2- CH3+ Cl2 CH3-CHCl-CH2- CH3 spc CH2Cl-CH2-CH2- CH3 Spp Spc u tin th vo H ca C c bc cao hn P oxh CH4 + O2 HCHO + H2O Y

P cng m vng + Br2 CH2Cl- CH2- CH2Cl + H2 CH3- CH2- CH3

. Th
CH3-CH3+ Cl2 CH3-CH2Cl+ HCl - Tch CH3-CH2-CH2- CH3H2 + CH2 = CH-CH= CH2 O Oxihoa

TCVL C1 C4 : Kh khng mu, tnc, ts tng theo M, nh hn nc, khng tan trong nc, tan trong cc dung mi hu c.

ng dng - Nhin liu quan trng nht - Lm nguyn liu cho cng nghip ha cht. - Lm vt liu tiu dng.

iu ch - Tch t du m - T anken, ankin + H ankan

2.3.2.Bi 49: Luyn tp so snh c im cu trc v tnh cht ca hidrocacbon thm vi hidrocacbon no v khng no
HIDROCACBON NO c im - Lin kt n cu to - Cc ha tr ca cacbon bo phn t ha Cht tiu biu Phn ng th Ankan: CnH2n+2 ( n 1) Xicloankan: CnH2n+2 ( n 3) Phn ng th l phn ng c trng Th halogen CnH2n+2 + Cl2 CnH2n+1Cl + HCl Phn ng cng HIDROCACBON KHNG NO - C lin kt bi ( i hoc ba ) - Mch h HIDROCACBON THM - C vng bezen ( mch vng, ni i xen k ni n ) Aren: CnH2n-6 ( n 6) Aren d tham gia phn ng th Quy tc th vo vng bezen

as

Xiclopropan v xiclobutan c phn ng cng m vng + Br2 BrCH2- CH- CH2Br

Phn ng trng hp Phn ng OXH - Phn ng chy to ra CO2 v H2O. - Khng lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4

Anken: CnH2n ( n 2) Ankaien : CnH2n-2 ( n 3) Ankin : CnH2n-2 ( n 2) Ank- 1-in c P th H lin kt ba bng cc nguyn t kim loi HC CH + 2 [Ag(NH3)2]OH Ag- C C- Ag + 4NH3 + 2H2O RC CH + 2 [Ag(NH3)2]OH RC C- Ag +4NH3 + 2H2O ( 4000C 5000C ) CH2= CH- CH3 + Cl2 CH2= CH- CH2Cl + HCl Phn ng cng l phn ng c trng C th cng Cl2,Br2, H2, HX ( Theo quy tc : H u tin cng vo C mang ni i c nhiu H hn, X cng vo C mang ni i c t H hn). Ankin c th cng theo hai giai on Ankaien lin hp c th cng theo 2 kiu 1,2 hoc 1,4 Nhiu hidrocacbon khng no tham gia phn ng trng hp n CH2=CH2

Aren kh tham gia phn ng cng

Xt, t0

CH2 - CH2

n
- Phn ng chy to ra CO2 v H2O. - Khng lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4 iu kin thng

- Phn ng chy to ra CO2 v H2O. - Lm mt mu dung dch KMnO4

1. CnH2n+2 + X2 2. T anken CnH2n + X2 CnH2nX2 CnH2n + HX CnH2n+1X 3. T ankin (hoc ankaien) 2.3.3. Grap ni dung bi 52: Luyn tp Dn xut halogen C H + kX2 CnH2n-2X2k DN XUT HALOGEN n 2n-2 C H + kHX CnH2n-2+kXk CxHyXz hay CnH2n+2-2k-z(X)z n 2n-2 (k=1 hoc 2) X: F, Cl, Br, I. 4. T aren CnH2n-6 + X2 CnH2n-7X + HX PHN LOI - Theo bn cht (hoc s lng) ca X. askt (to) - Theo cu to gc(no,khng no,thm) - Theo bc dn xut halogen.

IU CH CnH2n+1X + HX

TNH CHT HA HC 1. Phn ng th nguyn t halogen bng nhm OH CnH2n+1X + OH o CnH2n+1OH + X t RCH=CHCH2X + H2O RCH=CHCH2OH + HX to C6H5X + 2NaOHc 300oC, 200atmC6H5ONa + NaX + H2O 2. Phn ng tch HX CnH2n+1X + KOH QT: Zaixep nH2n + KX + H2O C 3. Phn ng vi Mg RX + Mg
Ete khan Ancol

T TNH CHT HA HCAncolPhenol1. Phn ng th H ca nhm A Th nhn(hoc OH th nhnh) a) R(OH)n+ nNa R(ONa)n + H2 b)Ring poliancol (t nht 2 -OH lin k) phc tan,xanh da tri. NG DNG c) P. este ha. dung mi. - Lm 2. Phn ng th nhm OH cho tng hp hu c. - Lm nguyn liu - Cc R-A + H O a) R-OH + H-A ng dng khc (hp cht c hot tnh sinh hc a dng) 2 / / b)RO-H+HO-R ROR +H2O 3. Phn ng tch nc CnH2n+1OH CnH2n + H2O 4. Phn ng oxi ha R-CH2OH R-CHO

R Mg X

R-CHOH- R R -CO- R OXH hon ton CO2 + H2O

2.3.4. Grap ni dung bi 56: Luyn tp Ancol, phenol

ANCOL, PHENOL

KHI NIM, CU TRCA T AncolPhenolCnH2n+2-2k-x(OH)x hay R(OH)x (n 1; x 1)CnH2n-6-x(OH) IU- CHAncolPhenol1.CnH2n+ H2O x CnH2n+1OH A n O x 1 6; C lin kt hiro 2.RXn+nNaOHR(OH)n+nNaX . . +v vi nc. lin ph.t O H H 3. R Thy phn este. 4. Hiro ha anehit; xeton. 5.(C6H10O5)n C6H12O6
H2SO4 140oC H2SO4,170oC QT: Zaixep

+2Na -H2 +NaOH -H2O +CO2 +H2O -NaHCO3

C6H12O6 2C2H5OH 6. CH4 CO+H2 CH3OH O 1. T Benzen C6H6 C6H5CH(CH+H O/enzim ) 3 2

2 enzim C6H5OH - 2CO2 +H2O Xt,to +CH3COCH3 o Xt, t +O /Xt, to

H to

+CH2=CHCH3 H+ 1)O2(kk) 2)H2SO4 Trng

NG DNGAncol: Nguyn liu SX anehit, axit, este, dung mi, dc phmPhenol: SX cht do, thuc n, dc phm, phm nhum

2. Tch t nha 2 t than .

2.3.5. Grap ni dung bi 59: Luyn tp Anehit v xeton yu (P. nhm OH) 1.Tnh axit
2C6H5OH 2C6H5ONa ANEHIT, XETON C6H5OH
KHI NIM, CU TRCAnehitXetonCnH2n+2-2k-x(CHO)x T A R(CHO)x(n 0; x 1)LK hiro: dd c (

C6H5ONa C6H5OH ancol tng ng. a

C6H5ONa

T TNH CHT VT LTos hirocacbon < Tos Anehit, Xeton < Tos

l lin kt +hiro- vi nc.

-Khng lm i mu qu tm. T TNH CHT HA HCAnehitXeton1. Phn ng cng (H2 , A 2 2.Phn ng th vng thm H HCN)RCH=O + H2 RCH2OH RCOR/+H2 RCHOHR/ 2 2. Phn ng oxi haRCH=O
Ni to

RCOOH

Ni to

IU CHAnehitXeton1.T ancol bc 1 A
RCH2OH RCH=O 1.T ancol bc 2 RCHOHR/ RCOR//2.T hirocacbon CH4 + O2 HCH=O
o CH2=CH2 +CuO, t CH3CHO

RCH=O RCOOH D bOXH bi KMnO34;O2(Mn2+)....RCOR/+2[Ag(NH3)2]OH +AgNO3/NH

- 2Ag +Br +H O RCOR/ + 2Br2 2+ H2O

Kh bOXH biKMnO4;O2(Mn2+)..... Oxi ha hon ton CO2 + )
+ CuO, to - (Cu+H2O) - 2HBr

CHCH+H2O C6H6

- (Cu+H2O)

CH3CHO2.T hirocacbon

H2O3. 3.Phn ng th gc hirocacbon: Ng.t H d tham gia P. th. CH3COCH3 + Br2

CH3COOH

C6H5CH(CH3),2

xt to

C6H5OH+CH3COCH3 H+
to

+ O2/xt, 2+o; Hg t

+CH2=CHCH3 1)O2(kk) H+ 2)H2SO4

CH3 CO CH2Br + HBr B

NG DNGAnehit: sx cht do, dc phm, cht bo qun

Axeton: sx cht do, dc phm, lm dung mi

2.3.6. Grap ni dung bi 62: Luyn tp Axit cacboxylic.

CTTQ: CU TRC: CnH2n+2-2k-x(COOH)x R(COOH)x (n 0;x 1) AXIT CACBOXYLIC

R C

O .OH .

LIN KT HIRO. TNH CHT VT L Dng nguyn cht: lin kt Hiro dng polime v ime. To lin kt hiro vi nc v nhiu cht khc. Tos cao hn anehit, xeton v ancol c cng s ng.t cacbon. IU CH
Hiro-cacbon ROH

TNH CHT HA HC 1. Tnh cht ca nhm COOH a) Tnh axit yu: b) P. este ha: RCOOH + HOR/ RCOOR/ + H2O c) P. tch nc: 2RCOOH P O (RCO)2O + H2O 2 5 2. Phn ng gc hirocacbon a) P. th gc no: RCH2COOH + Cl2 RCHClCOOH +HCl P b) P. th COOH gc thm: COOH +HNO3/H2SO4
H ,t
+ o

RCH=O

[O]/to,xt

RCOOH H O+RCN RX KCN 3

to

Sn xut axit axetic trong cng nghip: C2H5OH +O2/Men gim

(25-30oC);(-H2O)

CH3CH=O

+O2 / xt,to

CH3COOH

+ CO xt,to

CH3OH

NO2 p. sy ra kh khn hn,sn phm nh hng meta.

c) P. cng vo gc khng no: Cng H2, X2, HX

- H2O

NG DNG - Axit axetic: sx cc cht dng iu ch cht dit c, phm nhum - Cc axit khc: sx dc phm, nng dc, t si tng hp

2.4.1. Lp lc t duy ni dung kin thc cn nh bi 32: Luyn tp Ankan v xicloankan

2.4.2.Lp lc t duy ni dung kin thc cn nm vng Bi 49

2.4.3. Lp lc t duy ni dung kin thc cn nm vng 52 : Luyn tp Dn xut halogen

2.4.4. Lp lc t duy ni dung kin thc cn nh bi 56 : Luyn tp Ancol, Phenol

2.4.3. Lp lc t duy ni dung kin thc cn nm vng bi 59 : Luyn tp Anehit, xeton

2.4.4. Lp lc t duy ni dung kin thc cn nh bi 62 : Luyn tp Axit cacboxylic