TM HIU CCH NI PH NH TRONG QUC M THI TP CA NGUYN TRI

on Xun Kin

Abstract: Quc m Thi Tp (Colledted Poems written in national language) is now considered the oldest literary text written in demotic scripts by a Vietnamese writer that survives the time. Although edited and published late in the XIXth century, the text still reflects some of the features of the Vietnamese language in the XV th century when Nguyen Trai lived and wrote his poems. Grammatically the Vietnamese still express the negation the same ways as in five centuries ago albeit the changes of negative words. By examining the ways of expressions of negation in Quc m Thi Tp, we have found various means of expressions that undoubtedly indicates the literary capabilities of our language in early days. This research examines in detail how the Vietnamese in Nguyen Trais era expressed the negation. The result of our observations is that the category of negation in Quc m Thi Tp can be found in two different forms of negative expressions, according to the semantic features annotated within each utterance: the first category of negative predicatives is genuinely grammatical, which used the negative words chng/chng, ma ch, khn, cha/cha; and the other is considered as a stylistic negation, which involved the negative words such as no, ko, khi, chi/g, ai, u, my, h l, n, s. It is also noticeable that the negative words could be manipulated for the purpose of confirming a negation or an affirmation.

1 Trong tnh trng th tch c hin nay, Quc m Thi Tp (QTT) l mt tc phm ln vit bng quc vn ca vn hc thnh vn nhng thi k u m ta cn may mn gi c. Lai lch tc phm kh phc tp. Vn bn hin hnh ch l nhng bi tp hp li non ba mi nm sau khi Nguyn Tri b n tru di. Bn khc in ln u tin l do Trn Khc Kim thu thp t nm 1467 n nm 1480. V sau, lon lc my trm nm lin, b sch c Trai Di Tp (trong quyn 7 l Quc m Thi Tp) b tht truyn. Mi n i vua Minh Mng, T c i nh Nguyn, cc nh nho Nguyn Nng Tnh, Dng B Cung, Ng Th Vinh cng chung sc su tp li v em khc in nm 1868. Thi im hai ln

su tp v khc in cch nhau 400 nm hn l c ngha v mt vn bn hc. Tht vy, ngoi 20 bi trng hp vi Bch Vn Quc Ng Thi ca Nguyn Bnh Khim, ngi nghin cu d dng nhn ra mt s bi c cch hnh vn, cch dng t, c n cch cu t na, c v mi, chng t rng nu khng v nhm ln ca ngi su tp th c th l c tnh trng: th l ca Nguyn Tri nhng li vn th b ngi i sau sa i i 1 . Tuy vy, mt chng mc no , QTT l mt du mc quan trng trong lch s ting Vit, v qua n ta c th nhn dng t nhiu tnh trng ting Vit - t na cng l ting Vit vn hc- th k XV. V mt ngn ng, c th ghi nhn iu ny: cu trc ng php ting Vit vn hc trong QTT khng xa vi ting Vit vn hc nhng thi k sau ny, nht l v mt c php ( trt t cc thnh phn cu, cu trc cm t). Ngy nay chng ta vn c th hiu c li th trong QTT ch khng phi qua mt ln phin chuyn trung gian. Ni th khng phi l khng nh trong tp th khng c nhng cu ni l tai, chng hn: 1 2 Chng khn ngay kho y ng th no ni chng thp cao (bi 25) (b. 47)

Tuy th, xt v c php, cu 1 l cu khuyn lnh vi mt thnh phn v ng; cu 2 l cu tng thut c hai thnh phn ch ng (no ni) v v ng (chng thp cao), u cu c thnh phn khi ng (ng th). Hai cu ny u c cu trc quen thuc ca ting Vit. Nhng cu th gi l kh hiu nh trn chng phi do cu trc xa l m phn ln l li dng t c ca thi Nguyn Tri; thng hoc mi c trng hp o v tr cc t trong cu (nh ting no trong cu 2, ng l v tr sau t ni ). C nhiu cch ni quen thuc thi Nguyn Tri nhng tr nn khng ph bin thi i chng ta na; c nhng t dng thng thng thi trung c nhng n by gi th hoc ri mt ngha c, hoc thay i cch t hp ( u, ngho, l, miu nay ch cn dng lm thnh t ca t ghp), thm ch c khi khng cn dng na (ma, tua, cc...). Trong bi ny, chng ti bn v mt phong cch ring ca ting Vit vn hc th k XV: tm hiu cch ni ph nh trong tp th QTT.

2 din t ph nh, QTT dng nhiu cch ni khc nhau, ty theo tnh cch ph nh, ty theo sc thi tnh cm ngi ni trong mi ng cnh khc nhau. Ph nh ng php c th hin qua li dng cc ph t ph nh chng/chng, ma, ch, khn, cha/cha. Bn cnh cng c li ph nh tu t, c th hin qua li dng cc ph t no, ko, khi, chi, u, ai, my, h, n, l, s. PH NH NG PHP Li ni ph nh trong ting Vit c th hin qua phng tin t vng. Cc ph t ph nh l nhng cng c ng php chnh. Khi pht biu nhng cu ni ph nh, ngi ni hon ton ph nhn mt s kin, mt hnh vi thi no . QTT dng kh nhiu ph t ph nh: trong trng hp bnh thng, khng th hin sc thi tnh cm no c bit,

QTT thng dng t ph nh chng/chng; khi ni ph nh km theo khuyn lnh th dng t ph nh ma, ch; ph nh mt kh nng no th dng t khn, cha, cha. Ngoi ra cn mt vi ph t ph nh khc nh no, ko, khi cng c dng ph bin trong ting Vit thi Nguyn Tri ri. Chng - chng Ph bin nht l li ni ph nh vi Chng/Chng. Theo bn phin m o Duy Anh th trong QTT li ni ny xut hin 178 ln, gm c 74 t chng , 104 t chng . Tuy vy, trong s cc ting vit vi c 13 ting c hn l chng; ngc li c th nhn ra 14 ting vit bng nhng c th c l chng. Ngoi ra cn c th nht ra 28 trng hp hai ting chng/chng c th i ln nhau, ty theo m lut cho php, ta c theo ging bng hay ging trc. Chng hn: Triu quan chng/chng phi, n chng/chng phi (b. 1) Thuyn mn cn cho, chng/chng khng (b. 14) Trn th chng/chng cho bn mi ho (b. 52) Chng/Chng thng ng trc ng t v tnh t. Ch c mt s t trng hp ng trc danh t. Nhng d trong trng hp no i na, ngha ca chng/chng u c ngha l khng, mang tnh ph nh dt khot. V ngha v v tr, hai t ny tng ng vi ph t khng trong ting Vit hin i. 1 2 3 No u l chng t nh quan (b. 17) Tr tham nguyt hin chng bung c (b. 28) Li chng phi vun khn nghe (b. 44)

Trong c ba cu, danh t, ng t v tnh t i sau chng/chng ch nhng s vt, hnh ng, trng thi b ph nh: khng phi t nh quan, khng th c, khng ng. T chng/chng trong QTT ch l hai bin th ca mt t ph nh m thi. Nhng ch hai trm nm sau c s phn bit ranh gii gia hai t ny: chng dng hi trong cu nghi vn; chng dng din khng c g ht ch trong cu ph nh2. Bc th ca Bento Thin vit nm 1659 c 36 t chng vi ngha ph nh, v 4 t chng dng din hoi nghi trong cu hi 3 : 4 5 6 7 Song le chng bit l c ai gi cho n thy hay chng. Chng bit l ti c c gp Thy na chng. ...ti gi hai th cho, chng bit l c n cng chng. Chng bit c ai n y chng m gi.

C bn t chng trong bc th trn u l ting cui cu hi t vn, nhng cu hi di y rt ra t mt ti liu in nm 1631 r rng l mt cu hi i thoi 4 : 8 Con gno muan bau tlom laom Hoalaom chiam ? (Con nh mun vo trong lng Ho Lan chng ?)

S phn bit chng (ph t nghi vn) v chng (ph t ph nh) nh th xy ra sau thi Nguyn Tri, v chm lm l n th k XVII th n nh cho n nay. V ngha, mc dt khot ca t chng trong QTT v trong bc th ca Bento Thin u nh nhau, v tng ng vi khng ca ting Vit hin i. Nhng chng trong ting Vit hin i c ngha dt khot trit hn c cc ph t ph nh khc. Trong QTT cn mt hin tng c bit l chng/chng kt hp vi v th thnh mt cm t c nh: chng (xut hin 5 ln) c ngha l khng ngoi, v chng th (xut hin 1 ln) ngha lkhng thm: 9 10 Chng khn ngay kho y (b. 25) o ngi v ngha mc chng th (b. 39)

Cu 9 c hiu l [Ci g cng] khng ngoi chuyn khn ngoan tht th v s kho lo mt cch phc hu. Cu 10: Khng thm mc o ca ngi bt ngha. Ngy nay, hai cm t trn khng cn ngha v cch dng nh trong QTT na: chng nay kt hp trong cm t cc chng ngha l khng th ng, cn chng th chuyn thnh th/chng th cng vi ngha nhn mnh vo mt hnh vi chn la biu th nhm t ng sau n: 11 Chng th chu vt v cn hn n bm ngi khc

Ph t ph nh khng trong ting Vit hin i thay th vai tr ca cc ph t ph nh chng/chng. Trong tnh hnh vn liu lu tr ti th vin Ban Ngn Ng VKHXH thnh ph HCM u nhng nm 1980 th c th l ph t khng xut hin ln u tin trong mt vn bn do gio s Majorica ch bin, hon tt vo nm 1680, nhan l Cc thnh truyn. Cu y nh sau: Ai nghe truyn ny, cha xem s trc, khng phi xem s sau vi. Nh vy c th l ph t ph nh khng xut hin trong ting Vit mun lm l t th k XVII 5. Bng 1 di y dng d kin ngn ng trong cc tc phm vn hc c t th k XV (Quc m Thi Tp [QTT] ca Nguyn Tri v Hng c Quc m Thi Tp [HQTT] i L Thnh tng), th k XVI (Bch Vn Quc Ng Thi [BVQNT] ca Nguyn Bnh Khim), th k XVII ( Ch nam ngc m gii ngha [CNNGN]ca Hng Chn Php Tnh, 17 vn bn cc sch truyn vit bng ch quc ng v ch nm cu Bento Thin, Vn Tn, v Majorica [Majorica] 6, bn dch nm Pht thuyt i bo ph mu n trng kinh [PMTK] 7), th k XVIII (In t o vn [ITV], Truyn Lan [YL]) , Truyn Song Tinh 8 ca Nguyn Hu Ho [ST], Cung On Ngm Khc ca Nguyn Gia Thiu [CONK], n th k XIX (on Trng Tn Thanh [TTT] ca Nguyn Du), cho thy xu hng gim tn s s dng ca chng/chng song songvi s gia tng tn s s dng ca ph t khng trong cc tc phm vn hc qua cc thi k t th k XV n th k XIX:

Bng 1 Chng/Chng 178 154 11 51 121 6297 33 94 56 13 107 Khng 0 0 0 0 0 1 2 18 (?) 1 3 23

QTT (th.k.XV): HQTT (th.k. XV): BVQNT (th.k.XVI): CNNGN (th.k. XVII) PMTK (th.k. XVII) Majorica (th.k. XVII ) YL (th.k. XVIII) ST (th.k. XVIII) ITV (th. k. XVIII): CONK (th. k. XVIII): TTT (th. k. XIX):

Ma - Ch din t ph nh trong cu khuyn lnh, ngoi cm t chng th ni trn, QTT thng dng ph t ma (33 ln) v ch (34 ln). Sc thi ng ngha ca hai t ny u ging nhau, cng c tnh cch dt khot mnh v nht l c tnh cch khuyn bo v ra lnh: 1 Ma cy sang, ma cy ti (b. 91) 2 Bt ngha lng no ma n toan (b. 144) 3 Thy c ai han ch i ng (b. 23) 4 Ch ngi trc trc, ch ta thanh (b. 156) C bn cu trn u c khuyn bo nn trnh nhng hnh vi, nhng thi xu. Cu 1 ngha l ng cy mnh giu, ng mnh c ti, c khuyn rng hy c x khim tn; cu 2 khuyn ng toan tnh lm iu bt ngha; cu 3 khuyn khng nn hn h xui lng khi c hi han n; cu 4 khuyn khng nn hm mnh. khuyn rn hin r qua cch ni ph nh vi ph t ma v ch. Ma v ch l hai t ph nh ph thng trong ting Vit thi trung c. Trong bi ph C trn lc o (khong th k XIII - XVI), Ch nam ngc m gii ngha (trong khong th k XV-XVII), v Bch Vn quc ng thi (th k XVI) u dng ph t ma: 5 6 7 Chn tnh sng, ma lc t o Ma ci rng mt nt th qu Ma ch ngi vn, cy ta di (CTL) (CNNGN) (BVQNT)

n th k XVIII th li dng m gim nhiu. Truyn Lan ch ghi c 1 trng hp dng ph t ph nh ny: 8 Tam tng t c tc t m lm (YL)

T in A.de Rhodes (th. k. XVII), J.M. Gnibrel, Hunh Tnh Ca (th.k. XIX), Khai Tr Tin c, G. Hu (th.k. XX) u c ghi t ma. Nhng n cc t in ting Vit ra i gia th k XX t ny thnh mt t c. Tr mt s nhng a phng thuc Bnh-Tr-

Thin, ngy nay ta khng cn ni ma na m ch cn dng ch vi ngha ph nh khuyn lnh nh trong QTT. V sau ny, ting Vit c xu hng dng ng lm ph t ph nh khuyn lnh. Bng k di y cho thy tn s s dng cc t ph nh Ma Ch -ng trong cc tc phm vn hc c nh bng 1 trn y: Bng 2 Ma 33 6 2 11 1 1 0 Ch 27 13 2 0 25 0 5 ng 1 (?) 3 (?) 0 0 0 0 5

QTT: HQTT: BVQNT: CNNGN ITV: YL: TTT:

Xu hng chung l ph t Ma vng bng dn nhng thi k sau. Ting ng th ch thy trong vn Nguyn Du (th. k. XIX) m khng thy cc th k trc; do vy, s xut hin ng trong vn Nguyn Tri v i Hng c l chuyn kh nghi v mt vn bn hc 9 . Khn - Cha/Cha Cui cng, nhm ph t ph nh Khn - Cha/Cha cng c tnh dt khot. Nhm ny c nhng nt ngha khc cc nhm trn ch l chng din t ph nhn mt kh nng no . QTT dng khn (20 ln) vi ngha l khng th, hoc kh c th: 1 2 3 Ao bi hp hi khn th c (b. 1) Lng khn un lc nn t (b. 36) Lng xun nhn ng t khn gn (b. 201)

Trong hai cu u, khn phi hiu l khng th; khn trong cu 3 hiu l kh c th. ph nh trong c ba cu u dt khot, r rng. T ph nh khn kh ph bin trong ting Vit sut t thi trung c n thi cn i. cc tc phm nm t th k XVI ( Bach Vn Quc Ng Thi) sang th k XVII (nh l Ch nam ngc m gii ngha) n th k XIX ( chng hn on Trng Tn Thanh ca Nguyn Du, Chinh ph ngm din m tn khc [CPNDTK] ca Phan Huy ch) u c t ny vi ngha l khng d, khng th: 4 5 6 7 Cy cao ngn ngt th khn rung (BVQNT) Ngi thiu hc khn bit, khn xem (CNNGN) Git chu l ch khn cm (TTT) B khn bng nga, thy khn bng thuyn (CPNDTK)

Ngy nay, khn khng cn dng trong cu ni ph nh na.

Cha/Cha (xut hin 27 ln) ch khi nim ph nh dt khot, nhng khc vi chng/chng, n mun nhn mnh n mt kh nng no khng c thc trong lc ni nhng c th s xy ra v sau; ngha ny ca cha/cha din t khi nim ngc vi ca ph t : 1 N qun thn cha bo c (b. 12) 2 T ho cha bo hng cn u (b. 30) 3 Hu i li cha bit ng (b. 100) thi im ngi ni pht biu ba cu trn, ba s kin i sau ph t cha/cha (bo p n qun thn, bo n qun thn, bit ng i) u khng xy ra . ngha ph nh ca cu ni r rng l dt khot. Cn phn bit l trong Quc m Thi Tp c nhm t cha d (xut hin 3 ln) mang ngha l khng chc, khng hn, tc l mt khi nim hoi nghi, khng chc chn: 4 5 6 Cha d bng ai n my o (b.20) Xun xanh cha d hai phen li (b. 201) Cha d ai ba by mi (b. 203)

Mt chi tit ng ch na l trong QTT khng c cha/cha dng lm ph t nghi vn 10 . PH NH TU T Ngoi cc nhm ph t ph nh trn y, QTT cn mt s nhng ph t ph nh khc dng trong nhng tnh hung khng dt khot, khi mt pht biu cn chen ln hoi nghi, phn vn. Nhng cu ph nh khng trit ny thng th hin di dng mt cu hi, hay mt cu tn thn. Nhng cu hi loi ny thng khng phi l nhng cu hi i thoi m ch l nhng cu hi t vn, hoc cu hi tu t 11 . QTT s dng kh nhiu cch ni ph nh ny bng cc ph t no, ko, khi, chi, u, ai, my, h, l, n, s. Da trn sc thi ng ngha ca cc t ny, chng ta c th tm xp cc t ph nh trn vo hai nhm: nhm cc t no, ko, khi, chi, u, ai, my, v nhm cc t h, l, n, s. Mt iu kh d thy l: cc ph t dng din ph nh trong trng hp ny u khng hon ton l nhng ph t ph nh thun ty. Chng c dng trong nhng ng cnh nht nh, v sc thi ph nh khng phi l dt khot hay n thun. Vi tnh cch nhng cng c ng php, nhng ph t ny thng c hn mt vai tr. Ph t ai chng hn l i t phim ch, nhng cng ng vai tr ph t ph nh trong nhng ng cnh nht nh. Trong bi ny, chng ta ch tm hiu vai tr ph t ph nh ca cc t ni trn. L tt nhin l chng ti ch gii hn vic phn tch trong phm vi ng ngha v tu t l chnh. No

QTT cn dng no (45 ln) din ph nh. C 5 ln no ng pha sau b phn cn ph nh: 1 i th vy, d hn no (b. 89) 2 Bt ngha lng no ma n toan (b. 144) Cn li l 40 ln ph t ph nh no t trc danh t hay ng t ch s vt hay s vic cn ph nh: 3 Bng ti no thu ch chng dn (b. 37) 4 Quan cao no n dng ngi ngy (b. 137) Nhng d ng trc hay sau, no vn c th hiu l khng. Mc ngha dt khot ca no cng tng ng nh chng, nhng n cn thm mt sc thi ng ngha khc: khi din ph nh vi ph t no, ngi ni khng t ra l k phn quyt m ch khim tn pht biu kin nh phn trn, thuyt phc m thi; d vy vn khng thiu tnh xc quyt. Nh vy, cu 3 hiu l nh ti y khng c ch g cho dn c, v cu 4: khng c k ngy di no m lm quan to c c. V sau, chm lm l n th k XVII, no c khuynh hng pht trin thnh mt ph t nghi vn cng tn ti song song vi ph t ph nh. Nhng no ph nh sau ny khng c ngha dt khot nh trong QTT, m thng chen ln nghi vn, nn c nh nghin cu xem y l mt ph t thm ch quan 12 : 5 No thy ? (A. de Rhodes) 6 No ai c bit ni ny chng ? (Lm Tuyn K Ng) 7 No ngi phng ch loan chung ? (Kiu) 8 a no vu oan cho my, h ? (Hc Phi) 9 Vic quan no phi vic tr con ? (Nguyn Cng Hoan) 10 No ai hi vo lc no c ? (Ng Tt T) Trong su cu trn, no u c hoi nghi, v cc cu ni c no l cc cu hi. hai cu 9 v 10, no cn c nt ngha ph nh nh tng c trong QTT, nhng thiu dt khot m xen ln hoi nghi t nhiu nn ph nh c che y di hnh thc cu nghi vn-ph nh. Cu 10 chng thc rng no trong ting Vit hin i cng tn ti song song hai cch dng: va hi (no th hai), va dng din hoi nghi-ph nh (no th nht). Ko - Khi Trong QTT cn c hai t mang nt ngha ph nh, l ko v khi. Trc ht, ko xut hin 7 ln, biu th khi nim v s chm dt mt tnh trng b ng, v nh vy n c ngha l thot khi, khng (b): 1 Dng ngi cho ko nhc chn tay (b. 146) 2 Hay hay ng mi ko u (b. 153) 3 Khi quyn ko ly chng danh (b. 156) M hnh ng ngha ca c ba cu trn l: hnh ng a --- ko (khng b) --- hnh ng b. Cu 1 c ngha l ngi ta c gio ho gii th khng phi nhc nhn tm thn.

Cu 2: Bit lc no nn ng li th khng phi lo u. Cu 3: Ra khi ch quan quyn th khng b ly v ci danh. Khi (3 ln) ch khi nim ph nh v mt iu kin, v c ngha l khng ht: 1 2 3 Nu khi tiu nhn, qun t nhc Cha rn no khi tan con ngh Khi quyn ko ly chng dn (b. 133) 13 (b. 150) (b. 156)

Cu 1 c ngha l: Nu khng c ngi thp km th k cao sang s phi mt. Cu 2: Ngi chn dt bit ro du th ngh khng phi xa n. Cu 3: Ht ch quyn th th khng b ly v danh. Cch dng ph t khi trong QTT khng khc my vi ting Vit hin i. So snh cu di y: 4 Th gi v to son khi dn tem. Chi/G - u - Ai - My Chi/G c dng 40 ln vi ngha l khng, v thng i sau ng t: 1 2 o mc ni chi gm l ! (b. 4) Bn tit ngc k chi sng ! (b. 217)

Ng iu ca hai cu trn c th pht trin theo hng cu hi hay cu tn thn, nhng v mt ng ngha th chi/g c hai cu hi u hiu l khng + (ng t) + chi/g. Nh th, cu 1 hiu l: o mc khng i hi chi gm vc la l. Cu 2: Gi chc danh tit ca mnh, khng k chi sng tuyt. iu ng ch l y, ph nh khng trc tip nh khi ni chng hay khn, bi v khi ni cu ph nh vi chi, ngi ni khng h c xc quyt lp trng, hoc l lng l, phn vn, hoc na cng l lm ra v khim cung, lm cho nh li ph quyt. Chnh kha cnh ny m cc cu ph nh c ph t chi c th xem l nhng cu hi: 3 4 n c l chi thnh th na th tin g ming i bi (b. 17) (b. 106)

ngha c hai cu l mun t thi ph nhn c hai s kin (khng k g thnh th, khng tin tng g ni ming li i bi), nhng li din t li khng dng dc anh thp m ch nh nhng nh khng c mun thuyt phc ngi nghe. QTT dng 12 ln ph t u vi ngha ph nh lng trong cu hi tu t 14: 1 2 3 4 5 No u l chng t ng Nghiu ? Lng lng tri t cht u ? Qua ngy thng ly u nhiu ? Nghip Lu Qu thnh u truyn bu? Ngy khc hay u cn vic khc ? (b.24) (b.40) (b. 67) (b. 130) (b. 189)

Trong c nm cu u u c ngha l khng c...u. Cu 1 chng hn c ngha l: Khng c ni no khng l t ng Nghiu. Cu 4: C ca Lu Qu khng c truyn li ngi cho con chu. V tr ca u c khi l trc ng t (cu 4), nhng thng khi t sau cc ting mun ph nh. Ai Trong QTT c hai t ai: mt l t phim ch, mt l t ph nh. T ai th nht (16 ln) c ngha l ngi no , mi ngi. 1 Tay ai th li lm nui ming (b. 149)

T ai th nh l mt t ph nh (18 ln), c ngha l khng c ai. 2 3 4 5 Gi khng khng ai n ph ? Phong nguyt du ta ai k on ! Bng rng n ai phen kp ! Qun t ai chng mng danh ? (b. 87) (b. 114) (b. 180) (b.221)

Cu 2 hiu l: [Nu] bn lng gn gi th khng ai n ph. Cu 3: Ta hng th gi trng tha ch, khng ai bit c. Cu 4: Nui ch ln nh rng th khng ai theo kp. Cu 5: Khng ai l khng bit ting ngi qun t. T my trong QTT c khi l lng t (7 ln), c khi l gii t (4 ln). din ph nh, QTT cng dng li ni vi t my ( 3 ln). 1 2 3 My k cng danh nhn lng ng Thc xun k c my phen ti ng lng ti c my bng my (b. 121) (b. 203) (b. 219)

Trong c bn cu, my c ngha l khng bao nhiu. Cu 1 ngha l: Khng c bao nhiu k eo ui cng danh m c nhn nh. Cu 2: K v v Xun ti p th khng c my. Cu 3: Khng my ngi c ti cn nh my. H QTT cn dng cc t h, l, n, s din ph nh tu t. H xut hin 16 ln, u c nt ngha l khng nhng c che giu di hnh thc mt cu hi. 1 2 3 4 Bt y l lng bt h cu ! Nguyt xuyn h d thu lng trc! H chng bin di cng th thi! Kh dng ho h c t ai ! (b. 30) (b. 49) (b. 96) (b. 230)

Cc t in u khng xem h l ph t ph nh, nhng u phi dng khi nim ph nh gii ngha t ghp vi H. J.M. Gnibrel gii ngha l Dieu ne plaise que.

Comment ?. T in Hunh Tnh Ca gii ngha H l l u, c l no. Nhng khi gii ngha cc t ghp vi H, ng phi dng n khi nim ph nh: H d: u d H dm: u dm -H n: u n, u khng, u nh. n quyn t in mi nht cng khng lm sng t hn vic gii ngha t H ny: H (c): T biu th nh mun hi, nhng tht ra l khng nh rng khng c l no li nh th. 15 . Nhng nh ngha trn y d cch ny hay cch khc, u tha nhn nt ngha ph nh ca ph t H trong mt s ng cnh nht nh. V nhng ng cnh c trong QTT. Cu 1 ngha l: Bt trong lng ta ch khng th cu m thy c. Cu 2: Trng chiu khng soi ti lng cy trc. Cu 3: Khng l khng bin di theo th thi. Cu 4: Kh lnh khng c t v ai. N N xut hin 11 ln trong QATT. 1 2 3 4 Gi khng khng ai n ph ! Qu c chng v n hoang ! Ngi kia ph qu n qun lng ! Bin xanh n ph ci u bc ? (b.87) (b. 117) (b. 178) (b. 202)

T in gii ngha N l yn vy, chu vy, nh vy (HTCa, Sd, T.II, tr. 152). Gnibrel gii ngha l permettre, tolrer (Gnibrel, Sd, tr. 500). T in Vin Ngn Ng th gii ngha l N: (thng dng c km ph nh) Bng lng lm ci vic bit rng ngi c tnh cm khng th lm (VNN, Sd, tr. 769). Nhng hiu nh th th khng th gii ngha c cu th Nguyn Tri. Cu 4 chng hn, tc gi mun ph nh vic ngi tr tui ci ch giu ngi u bc, ch khng c bng lng (tolrer) thi nh vy. Khi Paul Schneider ct ngha cu th ny ca Nguyn Tri l Que les cheveux noirs ne rien pas des cheveux blancs !, chnh l ng nhn ra nt ngha ph nh ca N. Nhng cu trn c th gii ngha nh sau: (1) Bn lng gi (o) th khng ai b qun mnh; (2) Khng v qu c nh t hoang ha; (3) Ngi kia ph qu khng nh lng qun; (4) Tui tr khng dm ci nho k tc trng. L L xut hin trong QTT 17 ln, tt c u mang nt ngha l khng cn, khng k g. 1 L phi chon chn n ca quyn (b. 53) 2 Cnh thanh l c cnh non Bng (b. 62) 3 L chi tin bt nhc tm phng (b. 82) 4 Ngi xa n c l lm tuyn (b. 103) Hunh Tnh Ca gii ngha La l: no phi, can chi phi (Hunh Tnh Ca, Sd, T. I, tr. 593). Gnibrel cng hiu tng t: L = La l: quoi bon, Pourquoi. (Gnibrel, Sd, tr. 405 v 426.) T in Vin Ngn Ng : L: (c) 1. Hung na, hung chi. 2. Cn g, chng cn g. (Vin Ngn Ng, Sd, tr. 597). Gii ngha nh th th mc nhin cc tc gi u tha nhn nt ngha ph nh ca l, bi v cc cu ni dng ph t l u khng phi l nhng cu nghi vn m ch l nhng cu ph nh tu t m thi. V chng,

cng nh n, t l thng i km ph t ph nh (chng, chng) lm gia tng ph nh. Cc cu th Nguyn Tri ghi trn s hiu nh sau: (1) Chng cn phi chen chc n ca quyn; (2) Cnh tr thanh t th ny th chng cn m g cnh non Bng na; (3) Chng cn chi tin vi pht m phi i tm cho mt; (4) Nhng n s cao o ngy xa chng cn g cnh lm tuyn. S S xut hin trong QTT kh nhiu ln, vi nhng ngha khc nhau. S 1 c ngha l nn, ly lm trng: S lnh thn nhn thu vic ri (b. 2). S 2 c ngha l hy, nh: Nc cn nguyt hin s thi cho (b. 32). Cui cng cn mt ch S 3 mang nt ngha ph nh, c ngha l sao li, khng nn: 1 2 3 S tic mnh chi a thy vn S thuyn cho nguyt ch nh S ma cho ai quy n bn (b. 29) (b. 108) (b. 193)

Cu 1 ngha l Khng nn tic mnh m chi sng nc, my tri. Cu 2: Khng nn thuyn cho trng ch h. Cu 3: Ch ai em n gn. S trong t in Hunh Tnh Ca thy c: Bao s: chng k chi (Sd, T.II, tr. 276). Gnibrel cng gii ngha tng t: S: 1. Estimer grandement.- S bao: Quelle estime faire de? Quel cas faire de ? quoi bon? Faire peu de cas; Et quimporte... Ne compter pour rien; Estimer fort peu; Se mettre peu en peine de. (Sd, tr. 677). T in Vin Ngn Ng: S 1: (c; dng c km ph nh, hn ch trong mt s t hp). K n. S g gian lao. S chi. S no. 2: (c; dng ph trc ng t, trong mt s t hp). T biu th ph nh dt khot, ngha nh u. S k. S qun. (Sd, tr. 872). nh ngha 2 ca Vin Ngn Ng t ra khng nm c nt ngha v cch s dng ca t c ny. Trn y l nhng trng hp ph nh c ghi nhn trong QTT. Nhng cu ph nh hoc c vit ra di dng mt cu c ph t ph nh, hoc mt cu hi hay cu tn thn c dng cc t khng hon ton l ph t ph nh nhng vn mang nt ngha ph nh. V mt ng php, cc cu c dng ph t ph nh l nhng cu ph nh c tnh cch dt khot; cc cu ph nh tu t ngc li thng km tnh dt khot nu khng c kt hp vi mt ph t ph nh trong cu ni. PH NH KP Trong QTT c mt s tnh hung dng hnh thc ph nh kp din t khng nh. y l nhng trng hp dng hai ph t ph nh. Cn phn bit hai cch t hp khc nhau v s dn n hai ngha khc nhau: (1) nu hai ph t ph nh cng t hp vi nhau th ngha cu ni l s khng nh v mt khng nh; (2) nu mt ph t ph nh t hp vi mt ph t mang nt ngha ph nh tu t th ngha cu ni l s khng nh v mt ph nh. 1. Trc ht l nhng cu khng nh v mt khng nh:

1 2 3 4

C chng c ti dng chng n (b. 137) Phu ph o thng chng c ch (b. 190) m m no hoa chng tt ti (b. 196) No chn no chng gi xun (b. 211)

Cu 1 c ngha l: [Xa nay] khng ai c ti m khng c dng n, tc l c khng nh rng h c ti th c ch dng. Cu 2 c ngha l: o v chng khng c khng nh, hay ni cch khc, o v chng l vic cn phi nh thng xuyn. Cu 3 khng nh v mt s vt/hin tng i km sau no v chng: khng c hoa no m chng tt ti, ngha l mi th hoa u ti tt c. Cu 4 khng nh mt hin tng thin nhin khc: khng c ni no khng c gi xun. Dng hai ph t ph nh trong mt pht biu ngn ng l mt bin php thng thng trong mi ngn ng ch chng ring g trong ting Vit, v y l mt kiu phn on trong lun l ngn ng m thi: ph nh ca ph nh l mt khng nh. 2. Khc vi trng hp trn, khi QTT dng mt ph t ph nh t hp vi mt ph t mang nt ngha ph nh, th ngha cu ni li l mt khng nh v ph nh: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Th gian ng him h chng hay ? (b. 112) Bt ngha lng no ma n toan ! (b. 144) Ca y no ai tng c chy ? (b. 171) Tit lnh ma n cho qua (b. 189) Cm n chng l kn mi ngon (b. 192) S ma cho ai quy n bn (b. 193) Trung cn h n tr cn xng (b. 188) Nng niu ai n tay khng ? (b. 253)

Cc cu 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 v 6 dng hai t ph nh, mt l ph t ph nh (chng, ma, no), cn t kia l mt ph t mang nt ngha ph nh (h, n, ai). ngha ph nh s mang thm sc thi ca nt ngha ca t ph nh th nh. Cu 1 c ngha l: ng i nguy him, khng l li khng bit hay sao ?. Cu 2 hiu l: Khng c bng d no m nh on lm chuyn bt ngha. Cu 3: Ca ci y khng c ai m gi c bn lu. Cu 4: Ch nh lng b l tit lnh. Cu 5: Cm n khng n h g phi kn chn thc ngon. Cu 6: Ch nh lng cho ai em li bn mnh. Cu 7 v 8 kt hp hai ph t mang nt ngha ph nh. Sc thi ng ngha ca c hai t ph nh ny s lm nn c sc ca cu ni. Cu 7 hiu l: o trung cn khng th nh tr ni php cng bng. Cu 8: [Khi thi cu n tay] ai cng nng niu ch khng nh tm tay khng. Ngy nay, ting Vit thay i vi t ph nh, nhng cch ni ph nh kp mang sc thi tnh cm vn c duy tr. 9 Ai chng bit chn i l phi Nhng vi g mi ln tin ! (Nguyn Khuyn - th. k. XIX) 10 No ai hi vo lc no c ! (Ng Tt T - th. k. XX)

3 Tm li, ting Vit th k XV -qua tc phm QTT- s dng nhiu bin php din t ph nh, ty theo tnh hung v ng cnh khc nhau. V mc ph nh, cc t ph nh khc nhau s mang nt ngha ring ca chng. Cc ph t ph nh chng/chng, khn c dng trong nhng ng cnh thng thng; khi c mun khuyn lnh, ngn cm, th dng ma, ch; t cha c dng trong trng hp mun ph nhn mt kh nng no . Trong rt nhiu trng hp ni nng, bin php tu t c th lm nn sc thi tnh cm cho cu ni. Cc ph t mang nt ngha ph nh nh chi, u, ai, my, h, n, l, s c dng din t ph nh nhng c km theo sc thi tu t. Ngoi ra cn c cc ph t no, ko, khi cng biu th ph nh kh dt khot, r rng. Nhng phn tch trn y v cch ni ph nh ca ting Vit trong mt tc phm vn hc th k XV cho php chng ta i n kt lun l c php ting Vit khng thay i qu nhiu trong vng nm trm nm qua. Tht ra rt d nhn thy mt s thay i v cch ni ph nh gia thi Nguyn Tri v chng ta: trc ht l n thi hin i, tr ba t ma, khn, v l nay khng cn s dng trong ngn ng hng ngy, cc t khc cn gi hu nh nguyn vn sc thi ng ngha v chc nng ng php nh trong th Nguyn Tri. Sau na l s thay i xy ra i vi t no: No thi i km trc danh t khi din ph nh na, m ch cn i vi ng t. Tuy vy, s thay i ny khng gy tr ngi ln no, tri li ngi c hm nay vn hiu ngha ca cu ni c trong QTT. t vn cch ni ph nh trong lch s ting Vit, c th thy ngay l s i thay xy ra lnh vc t vng l ch yu. Nguyn Tri ni ma trong khi ngy nay chng ta ni ng. c sc ca mt tc phm vn hc l tnh cch uyn t ca n. Ngn ng vn hc trong QTT c xy dng kh phong ph v a dng, ni ln tnh cch t nh ca ting Vit vn hc tri qua mt lch s lu di. Tm hiu phong cch ngn ng ca Nguyn Tri ni ring v ca thi k trung c ni chung s gip chng ta nhn ra tnh cch lin tc v pht trin ca bn sc ngn ng dn tc. Hm nay y, chng ta ni nhiu v nim t ho dn tc v t ho c k tha v giu p ca ngn ng cha ng. V s k tha tt p nht l ch pht trin ting ni dn tc thm giu p, thm trong sng. ON XUN KIN
1

Mt s bi nh Th Tic Cnh (bi 202, 207), Tng (b. 219, 220), Cy Thin Tu (b. 235), Cy a Gi (b. 239) chng hn, c cch hnh vn mi qu so vi vn phong th k XV . 2 Xem A.de Rhodes (1651), T in An Nam-Lusitan-La Tinh (bn dch ca Thanh Lng, Hong Xun Vit v Quang Chnh). Si gn: Nxb. KHXH, 1991, tr. 97. 3 Theo bn chp in trong Quang Chnh (1972), Lch s ch quc ng 1620-1659. Si gn: Nxb. Ra Khi, tr. 100, 105, 106. 4 Quang Chnh, Sd, tr. 30.

L. Cadire cho l ph t khng xut hin kh mun, th k XIX. Xem: Lopold Cadire (1958), Syntaxe de la Langue Vietnamienne. Paris: EFEO, tr. 190. 6 Theo ti liu thng k ti th vin Ban Ngn Ng, Vin Khoa Hoc X Hi Tp. HCM. 7 Theo Hong Th Ng (1999), Ch nm v ting Vit qua bn gii m Pht thuyt i bo ph mu n trng kinh. H Ni: nxb. KHXH. 8 Chng ti dng bn phin m ca Hong Xun Hn, Truyn Song Tinh. H Ni: Nxb. Vn Hc, 1987. Nn ch l vn bn hin cn ch l bn sao li vo khong th k sau, cho nn cn c vo vn bn ny c th khng chnh xc lm. S lng 18 ph t khng ghi nhn c trong bn vn Truyn Song Tinh xc nhn gi thuyt ca Hong xun Hn rng vn bn ny phn no i mi khi sao li. V chng, mt truyn nm khc vit ra vo na sau th k XVIII (1759), Truyn Lan, ch c 2 trng hp dng ph t ph nh khng. Xem bn phin m cu Hong Xun Hn, in trong Tp san Khoa Hc X Hi s 12 (th. 1-1986), tr. 48-84. 9 Theo bn phin m ca o Duy Anh: R s chim xanh ng chuc li (b. 228). Bn phin mi nht ca Paul Schneider: D s chim xanh ng chuc l (P. Schneider (1987), Nguyn Tri et son receuil de pomes en langue nationale. Marseille: Ed. CNRS, tr. 339). Tuy cch phin ny c v thun ngha, nhng v mt vn bn, ph t ng duy nht ng lc lng trong QTT l hin tng ng ch . Ch ny vit nm l , c th c l dng, ng, nh, v rnh [cch c cht ny tm thy trong bn tho ca Mairica, ngha l sp sa]. Chng ti thy nu c cu th trn y l R s chim xanh nh chuc li cng thun ngha. Li xt ton th su bi th Hoa o (b.227-232), c t ra l bn bi vn phong kh mi, hn l ging vn ca thi k su tp ln th nh (th k XIX), hoc na l do ngi sao chp bn ghi c nhng c sa i theo ring. Chng ti nu ra y mt nghi vn thuc v kho nh vn bn: theo tnh hnh ting Vit nh ghi nhn Bng 2 trn y, c th no ting Vit thi QTT v Hng c (sau Nguyn Tri non 50 nm) xut hin ph t ng cha ? 10 Th m trong bn HQTT -l mt tuyn tp th ca i Hng c- cng th k XV li c ba trng hp ph t cha/cha l ph t nghi vn (b. 17, b. 33, b. 224). y l mt hin tng lc lng, hay s phin chp sai lc, hay l kt qu ca s thay i ting ni trong khong thi gian 50 nm? Chng ti nghing v gi thuyt sau. 11 Cu hi tu t l nhng cu hi nhng khng phi hi, v ni dung cu hi bao hm tr li ri. Khng phi ngu nhin m c tc gi gi chng l nhng cu hi h vn. Thc cht nhng cu hi tu t ny l nhng cu ph nh hay khng nh. Ng php ting Hn gi loi cu hi ny l phn vn c. Xem: inh Thanh Thu (1963), Hin i Hn ng ng php ging thoi. Bc kinh: Thng v n th qun, tr. 206 . 12 Trng Vn Chnh (1970), Structure de la Langue Vietnamienne. Paris:Nxb. Paul Geuthner, tr. 410-411. 13 Mt s bi th thy chp trong c QTT ln BVQNT. Cu 1 ny c trong BVQNT (b. 69), nhng ch khi c thay bng chng. 14 Ngoi ra cn t u th nh, l mt ph t nghi vn, ngha l ni no: Tri ban ti c v u? (b. 14). 15 Hunh Tnh Paulus Ca (1895), i Nam Quc m T V. Saigon: Impri. Rey, Curiol & Co, Tome I, tr. 385 - J.M. Gnibrel (1898), Dictionnaire Annamite-Francais. Saigon: Impri. de la Mission Tn nh, tr. 282. - Vin Ngn Ng Hc (1988), T in Ting Vit. H Ni: Nxb. KHXH, tr. 437.