Sn xut acid lactic

I. Gii thiu

pK = 3.86 INS 270 ADI: khng gii hn M s C.A.S: 50-21-5 Cng thc phn t: C3H6O3 Cm quan: acid lactic l hp cht dng lng, khng mu hoc dng bt, mu trng n vng nht, mi nh, tan trong nc v trong cn.

II. -

Tc nhn vi sinh vt a. Cc vi khun thuc lactic Thuc h Latobacilliaceae: o Vi khun gram dng, khng di ng, khng to bo t o L loi vi khun k kh ty nghi, vi hiu kh o Khng c enzyme catalase, oxydase v nitratoreductase c chia lm 2 h: o Streptococeae Streptococcus Leuconostoc o Lactobacileae

III.

Ln men lactic:

Ln men lactic l qu trnh chuyn ha ng thnh axit lactic nh vi sinh vt, in hnh l vi khun lactic. Ln men lactic l mt trong nhng loi hnh ln men pht trin nht trong thin nhin, c hai kiu ln men lactic chnh l ln men ng hnh v ln men d hnh. a. Ln men lactic ng hnh (in hnh)

Trong trng hp ny axit pyruvic c to thnh theo s Embden-Mayerhorf-Parnas (EMP). Sau axit pyruvic s to thnh axit lactic di tc dng ca enzyme lactatdehydrogenase.

Lng axit lactic to thnh chim hn 90%. Ch mt lng nh pyruvat b kh cacbon to thnh axit axetic, etanol, CO2 v axeton. Lng sn phm ph to thnh ph thuc vo s c mt ca oxy. b. Ln men lactic d hnh (khng in hnh) Xy ra trong trng hp vi khun lactic khng c cc enzyme c bn ca s Embden Mayerhorf Parnas (aldolase v triozophotphatizomerase), v vy xilulose 5-photphat s c to thnh theo con ng pento-photphat (PP). Trong trng hp ny ch c 50% lng ng to thnh axit lactic, ngoi ra cn c cc sn phm ph khc nh: axic axetic, etanol, CO2. Cc sn phm ph tng tc vi nhau to thnh ester c mi thm. Phng trnh tng qut: C6H12O6 CH3CHOHCOOH+CH3COOH +C2H5OH+COOH(CH2)2COOH+CO2 Glucose axit lactic (40%) axit acetic etanol axit sucxinic Lng sn phm ph to thnh hon ton ph thuc vo ging vi sinh vt, vo mi trng dinh dng v iu kin ngoi cnh, ni chung th axit lactic thng chim 40% lng ng c phn hy, axit sucxinic 20%, ru etylic chim 10%, axit axetic 10% v cc loi kh gn 20%. IV. Cng ngh sn xut acid lactic

a. Cng ngh sn xut acid lactic truyn thng: 1. Tc nhn vi sinh vt: Lactobacillus delbruckii - Trc khun di, kch thuc 0,5 0,8 m; 2-9 m; khng di ng, vi khun gram dng - C kh nng ln men c cc loi ng glucose, maltose, fructose, galactose, v dextrin - Khng c kh nng ln men xylose, arabinose, rhamnose, lactose, raffinose, trehalose, inulin, mannital - iu khc nhau c bn ca Lactobacillus delbruckii vi cc vi khun khc l n khng ln men c lactose, v vy khng c dng trong cng nghip sa. Nhng n li ln men mnh cc ng glucose, maltose, saccharose nn c dng trong sn xut acid lactic. Tch t c 2.2% acid lactic trong mi trng. - Khong nhit pht trin ca n l: tmax=55oC, tmin=18oC v topt=45-50oC. - Trong dch nui cy trc khun ny c th to thnh acid lactic vi hiu sut chuyn ho so vi ng l 70%. - Trc khun ny thng gp cc loi ht cc, c bit l i mch. - pH t 5.0-6.5 2. Cc giai on chnh: - Chun b mi trng ln men o Nguyn liu: mt r ng, Trong cng nghip ng thng thu c mt r l dch ng sau khi kt tinh. Cc loi mt r gm c:

- Mt r hydrol: dch thu c sau khi kt tinh glucose cc x nghip thy phn bt bng acid sn xut glucose. Trong hydrol c ti 40 - 50% glucose v c mt hm lng ng k NaCl. - R ng: cc nh my ng sn xut saccharose c mt ph phm vi t l kh ln, l r ng. y l mt loi nc ct c tch ra sau khi kt tinh ng. C hai loi r ng l r ng c ci v r ng ma (ty thuc vo ngun nguyn liu ca nh my ng). o c tnh cht c trng: Mu nu sm kh tch trong qu trnh ln men, thu nhn acid lactic ( do b c c nhiu ln, nn to ra nhiu caramen, melanoid) H keo ca mt r lm gim kh nng ha tan Oxy, tng p sut thm thu, dn n lm gim hiu sut trao i cht ca vi khun lactic. Ngoi ra keo l nguyn nhn chnh to ra mt lng bt ln trong mi trng nui cy vi sinh vt, gim hiu sut s dng thit b. Cc cht thnh phn Saccharose Cht hu c phi ng Cht tro K2O CaO MgO SiO2 SO3 Cl2 Na2O+Fe2O3+Al2O3 P2O5 N tng N amin Hm lng (%) 32 10 8 3,5 1,5 0,1 0,5 1,6 0,4 0,2 0,2 0,5-2,2 0,2-0,5

Bng 1: thnh phn dinh dng ca mt r ng

Vitamin Thiamin Pyridoxin Acid pantotenic Biotin Riboflavin Nicotinamit Acid foleic Inozit

Hm lng (mg%) 0,5 0,9 7,0 0,15 0,12 1,5 0,02 500

Bng 2: thnh phn vitamin trong mt r ng o X l: Ty mu: thng dng than hot tnh. u tin, mt r c pha long vi t l 1:3, sau cho chy qua ct than hot tnh, than hot tnh s hp ph bt cc cht mu, mt r s sng hn H keo: mt r sau khi c ty mu s tip tc c pha long sao cho nng cht kh cn 15%. Dng H2SO4 5% acid ha mi trng. un dung dch 90 95 oC trong 6 gi. Sau ngi ta tip tc pha long dung dch t 5-10% ng, iu chnh pH 6,3 -6,5 v lm ngui dung dch xung 50oC. Ly tm thu dch trong

Hnh : my lc ly tm thu dch

Dung dch mt r sau khi c x l qua cc bc trn mi c cho ln bn ln men

o Vai tr ca H2SO4: iu ha pH Ph v h keo Chuyn ha ng saccharose thnh ng nghch o gip cho qu trnh ln men cho hiu sut cao Vi sinh vt b tiu dit do pH gim xung thp iu khin qu trnh ln men o Vi khun lactic c nui cy ring, sau khi m bo v s lng ( khong 106 t bo/ml) th ngi ta chuyn ging vo thng ln men vi t l 2,5 3% o Duy tr nhit ln men l 50oC, pH 5 6, thi gian ln men t 7 10 ngy. o Trong qu trnh ln men, ngi ta thng dng vi mn vi mc ch va trung ha acid, trnh hin tng acid ha dung dch ln men, va to ra calci lactate. Mi ngy, c th cho 3 4 ln vi lng ty thuc vo lng acid lactic to thnh. o Trong qu trnh ln men, tin hnh khut trn lin tc mi trng, nhiu trng hp c tin hnh thi kh th lng acid lactic to ra cao hn nhiu so vi khng thi kh. To calci lactate v thu nhn acid lactic o Sau khi ln men, un nng n 80 90oC ( ha tan lng calci lactate to thnh trc ), dng CaCO3 iu chnh pH ca dch ln men n 10 11 trong 3 5 gi. Cc cht lng v sinh khi vi sinh vt s lng xung y, loi cht lng, lc nhit 70 80oC o a dch ln men qua thit b to kt ta calci lactate trong 10 16 gi o Thu dch lc, kt ta. Dch lc c c c v to ta 1 ln na thu ht acid lactic. o Thu nhn acid lactic bng cch cho H2SO4 vo phn kt ta. Dch acid lactic c em i ty mu bng than hot tnh v c c c chn khng thu acid lactic tinh khit.

Cc yu t nh hng: nh hng ca pH mi trng Mi loi vi sinh vt thch hp vi mt gi tr pH nht nh ca mi trng nui cy. pH ti u cho s pht trin ca vi khun Lactobacillus delbruekii nm trong khong 5-6 , qu trnh ln men b c ch mnh pH di 4.5. nh hng ca nhit Nhit ca mi trng c nh hng su sc n hot ng sng ca t bo vi khun. Nu nhit qu thp s gy c ch n s sinh trng ca t bo, thi gian ln men chm, hiu sut ln men thp. Nu nhit qu cao ngoi vic gy c ch cn c th gy cht t bo.

 nh hng ca oxy khng kh Vi khun lactic thuc nhm c bit. Khi t bo tip xc vi oxy khng kh n s sinh ra H2O2, mt cht c i vi t bo. Cht loi b H2O2 hu hiu nht l enzyme catalase. Tuy nhin, rt t loi vi khun c kh nng to ra enzyme ny, chng thng ch c enzyme peroxydase nhng hiu qu km hn. Do chng pht trin tt nht khi nng oxy c mt trong mi trng thp hoc hon ton khng c O2. Trong qu trnh ln men lactic ta cn thc hin qu trnh ln men ym kh thu nhn sn phm t hiu qu cao nht. nh hng ca nng acid Acid lactic l sn phm chnh ca qu trnh ln men lactic do hot ng sng ca vi khun lactic to nn. Cc vi khun ny chu c acid, tuy nhin vi lng acid tch ly trong mi trng ngy cng nhiu s lm c ch s pht trin ca chng. iu ny gii thch c s thay i hnh thi ca vi khun lactic khi chua thc n hay chua rau qu. gip vi khun lactic pht trin bnh thng, khng b chnh cc sn phm do chnh bn thn chng to ra c ch, ngi ta cho vo mi trng cc cht m thch hp vi mt lng va trung ho lng acid sinh ra.iu ny c ng dng trong sn xut acid lactic. Ngi ta dng cht m l CaCO3 chuyn acid lactic sang dng lactate calcium, sau l qu trnh x l lactate calcium thu hi acid lactic.

b. Cng ngh sn xut acid lactic hin i: 1. Tc nhn vi sinh vt: Lactobacillus acidophilus - Trc khun, kch thc: 0,6 0,9m; 1,5 6 m, gram dng, c kh nng chuyn ng, c th ni vi nhau thnh 1 chui ngn - C kh nng ln men Glucose, fructose, galactose, mannose, maltose, lactose, saccharose - Khng c kh nng ln men xylose, arabinose, rahamnose, glycerol, mannitol, sorbitol, dulcitol, inositol. - Trong qu trnh ln men, to ra c 2 ng phn quang hc acid lactic - Nhit ti u: 45 50 oC

Tn vi sinh vt pHcc tiu Thiobaccillus thiooxidant 0,5 Bacillus acidocaldarius 2,0 Lactobacilus acidophilus 4,0 Staphylococcus aureus 4,2 Echerichia coli 4,4 Clostridium sporogenes 5,0 5,8 Erwinia caratovora 5,6 Pseudomonas aeruginosa 5,6 Nm mc 1,2 Saccharomyces cerevisiae 4

pHti thch pHcc i 2,0 2,8 4,0 6,0 4,0 6,0 5,2 6,8 7,0 7,5 9,3 6,0 7,0 9,0 6,0 7,6 8,5 9,0 7,1 9,3 6,6 7,0 8,0 1,7 7,7 9,2 11,1 5,8 6,8

2. Cc giai on chnh - Chun b mi trng ln men: o Dung dch cha ng 40 100g ng trong 1000ml

o 1% du bp th o 1 4% nc chit bp o B sung cc loi khong vi lng vo mi trng ln men iu khin qu trnh ln men o Ging cho vo ln men l 5% so vi dch ln men o Nhit lun gi 40 50oC o iu chnh pH trong sut qu trnh 4,8-5 bng NaOH Thu nhn acid lactic o Dng NaCO3 a pH dch ln men n 6,5 v thc hin cc bc to calci lactate nh phng php truyn thng. o Ton b dch ln men gm calci lactate, sinh khi c a vo thit b thm tch in thu nhn calci lactate dng lng v sinh khi. Sinh khi cn kh nng ln men s c chuyn ngc li ln men tip o Calci lactate c c c chn khng, chuyn vo my thm tch in trch ly thu nhn acid lactic tinh khit o Dung dch acid lactic c a qua ct trao i ion th nht tch Na+ v cc cation khc, sau c a qua ct trao i ion th 2 tch SO42- v nhng hp cht cha nit o tinh khit c th t n 99%

V. ng dng ca acid lactic trong cng nghip thc phm Acid lactic c dng nhiu trong thc phm nh l 1 cht iu chnh pH. Acid lactic c th lm tng kh nng to bt ca lng trng trng ( pH thch hp nht t 4,8 5,1), tng mi v ca ung, da chua, ngn cn s i mu ca tri cy, rau qu v to mui calcium lactate ( 1 cht ph gia trong bt sa ) 1. Sn xut da chua, qu chua: Acid lactic c a vo cc sn phm da chua, qu chua nhm mc ch gim pH ca dch, chng li hin tng thi rau, qu, lm tng hng v ca khi chua rau, qu. Acid lactic c dng thay th acid acetic v n t ra hiu qu hn trong vic gi c mu t nhin ca rau qu m vn m bo cht lng rau, qu ngm chua. 2. Sn xut u ph: Dng trong giai on kt ta protein ca u. Ta dng dung dch acid lactic a pH ca dung dch v pI ca protein u nnh lm cho protein kt ta. Trong phng php sn xut u ph truyn thng, ngi ta thng dng nc chua c cha vi khun lactic. 3. Sn xut cc sn phm sa v sn phm ln men t sa: - Acid lactic thng c dng b sung vo sa di dng calci lactate nhm lm tng lng khong calci v tng hp thu calci cho ngi dng. - Nh acid lactic m casein c kt ta, to nn s a dng cho sn phm ch bin t sa.

Bng 1.3: Gii hn ti a trong thc phm ca acid lactic ca b Y t Vit Nam Nhm thc phm Sa ln men (nguyn kem) Du v m khng cha nc B v b c c (ch s dng i vi b) Du trn, gia v (bao gm cc cht tng t mui) (ch s dng i vi cc cht thay th cho dc tho v mui ) Thc n cho tr em di 1 tui Thc n b sung cho tr ang tng trng Ru vang

ML (mg/kg) GMP GMP GMP GMP GMP 15000 GMP

CC CH TIU VI SINH VT THC PHM

Do acid lactic c b sung vo thc phm di dng cht ph gia nn ty loi thc phm c b sung vo m c 1 bng ch tiu vi sinh vt ring cho tng i tng thc phm.