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Trn Anh Bnh

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NG DNG ETABS TRONG TNH TON THIT K NH CAO TNG Extended 3D Analysis of Building Systems
Version 8.5.0

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Cp nht th 7 ngy 07/0707

LI NI U

Li cm n
- Ti xin chn thnh cm n ti b mn Tin Hc Xy Dng, x nghip kt cu cng ty t vn xy dng CDC, mt s bn sinh vin gip ti hon thin tp ti liu ny.

Mc ch :
- Cung cp nhng kin thc nng cao v Etabs. - Sch ch l ti liu tham kho, tc gi khng chu trch nhim v ni dung trong sch ! - Cc k nng cn bn s c cp n trong tng v d.

i tng :
- Ti liu tham kho cho sinh vin, cc k s bit s dng phn mm Sap2000.

Gii hn
- Ti liu gii hn trong vic gii cc bi ton trong gii hn n hi tuyn tnh (Linear). (L thuyt n hi tuyn tnh c xy dng trn c s gi thit bin dng nh, l thuyt n hi phi tuyn da trn gi thuyt bin dng ln). - Cc v d v l thuyt tnh ton cung cp cho phin bn Etabs 8.54.

Ti liu tham kho

- Phng php s trong c hc kt cu (Gs. Pts. Nguyn Mnh Yn). 1

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- Tnh kt cu theo phng php phn t hu hn (GS. TSKH. V Nh Cu). - Manual Etabs (CSI). - Three Dimensional Static and Dynamic Analysis of Structures (Edward L.Winlson) - CSI Analysis Reference Manual (CSI) - Mt s bng tnh ca Cng ty T Vn Thit K Xy Dng CDC (Consultants Designer & Constructors Corporation).

Lin H
- K s Ging vin Trn Anh Bnh, B mn Tin hc Xy dng Khoa Cng ngh Thng tin trng i Hc Xy Dng. Mail anhbinh0310@yahoo.com, in thoi 0983039940.

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LI NI U ............................................................................................................. 1 PHN I : CC KHI NIM C BN ......................................................................... 6 CHNG 1 : TNG QUAN ...................................................................................... 6

I. II.
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

H ta .................................................................................................................... 6 Nt ............................................................................................................................... 6
Tng quan v nt (Joint) ........................................................................................................6 H ta a phng............................................................................................................7 Bc t do ti nt ......................................................................................................................7 Cc ti trng ti nt ................................................................................................................8 Khi lng ti nt (Mass) ........................................................................................................8

III.

1. 2. 3.

Cc loi lin kt ..................................................................................................... 9

Retraints ....................................................................................................................................9 Springs.....................................................................................................................................10 Lin kt Constraints ...............................................................................................................11

IV.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Vt liu................................................................................................................... 13
Tng quan v vt liu............................................................................................................13 H trc ta a phng ..................................................................................................13 ng sut v bin dng ca vt liu (stresses and strains)...............................................14 Cc thng s khai bo vt liu ...........................................................................................14

V.

1. 2.

Ti trng v t hp ti trng .................................................................................... 15

Ti trng...................................................................................................................................15 T hp ti trng ......................................................................................................................16

VI.

1. 2.

Bi ton phn tch ............................................................................................... 17

Cc dng phn tch kt cu...............................................................................................17 Modal Analysis.......................................................................................................................17

VII. I.

Diaphragm Centers of Rigidity, Centers of Mass.............................................. 18 Tng quan v phn thanh ....................................................................................... 21
Phn t thanh (Frame Element) .........................................................................................21 H trc ta a phng (Local Coordinate System) .................................................21 Bc t do (Degree of Freedom).........................................................................................22 Mass ........................................................................................................................................22

CHNG 2 : KT CU H THANH......................................................................... 21
1. 2. 3. 4.

II.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Tit din (Frame Section)......................................................................................... 23

Khai bo tit din ..................................................................................................................23 Thanh c tit din thay i (Non-Prismatic Sections) ......................................................23 Tit din khng c hnh dng xc nh (General)...........................................................23 Thay i thng s tit din ...................................................................................................24

III.

1.

Lin kt gia hai phn t .................................................................................... 27

im chn (Insertion point) .................................................................................................27

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2. 3.

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im giao (End offsets) ........................................................................................................29 Lin kt Release (Frame Releases and Partial Fixity) .......................................................31

IV. V. VI. I.

T ng chia nh phn t (Automatic Frame Subdivide) .............................. 32 Cc loi ti trng (Load) ......................................................................................... 33 Ni lc (Internal Force Ouput) ........................................................................... 33 Phn t Area ............................................................................................................ 34
Phn t Area (Area Element)..............................................................................................34 H trc ta a phng (Local Coordinate System) .................................................35 Tit din ...................................................................................................................................37 Bc t do (Degree of Freedom).........................................................................................37 Mass ........................................................................................................................................38 Ni lc v ng sut ...............................................................................................................38

CHNG 3 : KT CU TM V............................................................................. 34
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

II.

1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

Vch cng (Pier and Spandrel)............................................................................. 40

Pier and Spendrel..................................................................................................................40 H trc ta a phng ..................................................................................................42 Tit din ...................................................................................................................................43 Ni lc phn t Pier v Spandrel ........................................................................................47 Kt qu thit k vch ............................................................................................................47

III. IV. I.

Chia nh phn t (Area Mesh Options) ............................................................ 47 Cc loi ti trng (Load) ..................................................................................... 50 Section Designer...................................................................................................... 51
Tng quan ..............................................................................................................................51 Cn bn v Section Designer .............................................................................................51 Chng trnh Section Designer...........................................................................................53 Section Properties .................................................................................................................58 V d ........................................................................................................................................59

CHNG 4 : PH LC ........................................................................................... 51
1. 2. 3. 4. 5.

II.

1. 2. 3. 4.

Li (Grid) ................................................................................................................ 62
Hp thoi Building Plan Grid System and Story Data Definition.....................................63 Hp thoi Grid Labeling Options ........................................................................................63 Hp thoi Define Grid Data.................................................................................................64 Hp thoi Story Data.............................................................................................................65

III.

1. 2.

Ti trng (Load) .................................................................................................... 66

Wind Load ..............................................................................................................................66 Quake Lad .............................................................................................................................68

PHN III : CC BI TP THC HNH .................................................................... 71

I.
1. 2.

Phng php chung :............................................................................................. 71

Xc nh n v tnh .............................................................................................................71 Xy dng h li...................................................................................................................71

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3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

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nh ngha vt liu ................................................................................................................71 nh ngha tit din...............................................................................................................71 Xy dng m hnh hnh hc ................................................................................................71 Gn tit din ..........................................................................................................................71 Gn iu kin bin................................................................................................................71 nh ngha cc trng hp ti trng, t hp ti trng....................................................71 Gn ti trng ..........................................................................................................................71 nh ngha cc thng s khc.......................................................................................71 Thc hin phn tch .........................................................................................................71 Nhp cc ti trng ng cho cng trnh......................................................................72 Thc hin li qu trnh phn tch kt cu v ly cc thng tin cn thit.................72 Thc hin bi ton thit k..............................................................................................72 Kim tra li kt qu tnh ton thit k .............................................................................72

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PHN I : CC KHI NIM C BN CHNG 1 : TNG QUAN

I.

H ta
H trc ta Decard X,Y,Z

Quy i h ta Decard sang h ta tr

II.

Nt
1. Tng quan v nt (Joint) C th hiu nt nh sau : - L im lin kt cc phn t. 6

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L im ti ta gn chuyn v cng bc hoc gn cc iu kin bin L im xc nh iu kin bin L im cn gn lc tp trung L im gn khi lng tp trung Tt c ti trng (load) v khi lng (mass) gn cho phn t c quy i v cc ti trng tp trung ti cc nt Cc cch to ra nt - Cc nt c to t ng khi to phn t. - Ngoi ra ta c thm nt ti bt k v tr no. 2. H ta a phng H to ring ca nt 1(), 2(trng), 3(xanh). Phng v chiu ca cc trc ta a phng ly theo phng v chiu ca cc h trc ta tng th X,Y,Z. Khng nh Sap, Etabs khng cho ta php xoay h ta a phng ca nt. 3. Bc t do ti nt nh ngha bc t do : S lng ti thiu cc thng s hnh hc c lp biu th chuyn v ca mi khi lng trn h gi l bc t do. S bc t do ca h ph thuc s tnh c chn cho cng trnh thc t khi tnh dao ng, chuyn v v phn lc ca cng trnh. - Mt nt c 6 bc t do: U1, U2, U3 (thng); R1, R2, R3 (Xoay). - Chiu dng qui c ca cc bc t do tng ng vi 6 thnh phn trong h to tng th.

- Mi mt bc t do trong s kt cu s thuc mt trong cc loi sau : o Active : chuyn v s c tnh n trong qu trnh phn tch kt cu. o Restrainted : chuyn v c xch nh trc, tng ng vi n chng trnh s tnh phn lc ti im trong qu trnh phn tch kt cu. o Constrained : chuyn v s c xc nh t chuyn v ti mt s bc t do khc. o Null : chuyn v khng nh hng n kt cu v s b b qua trong qu trnh phn tch kt cu. Cc nt ny khng c chuyn v, khng c ni lc, khng c cng, khng restraint, khng contrains,. (v d nh nt ng c lp) o Unavaible : chuyn v c loi tr t qu trnh phn tch kt cu. - Avaiable and Unavailable Degrees of Freedom. iu khin ny nm trong Analysis Options

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o Cc nt c gn Unavailable Degrees of Freedom th tt c cng, ti trng, khi lng, Restrains hoc Constraints gn cho kt cu c b quan trong qu trnh phn tch kt cu. o Tt c cc bc t do ca kt cu, Etabs u quy v h trc ta tng th (Global Coordinate System) 4. Cc ti trng ti nt Ti nt c cc ti trng tp trung (concentrated forces) bao gm moment v lc. Ngoi ra cn c cc chuyn v cng bc ti nt. Phng php nhp ti trng tp trung ti nt : - Chn nt cn gn ti trng - Menu Assign Joint/Point Loads Force.

o Force Global X, Y, Z : lc tc dng vo nt theo phng v chiu ca cc trc ta tng th X, Y, Z. o Moment Global XX, YY, ZZ : vector moment tc dng vo nt theo phng v chiu ca cc trc ta tng th X, Y, Z. Gii thch v Vector moment.

Ti im c s hiu (Label) l 5, c Mzz = -10. C ngha l chiu ca vector moment ngc vi chiu dng ca trc Z. Nh vy vi tc dng ca ti trng nh trn, thanh 5-6 s b un trong mt phng song song vi mt phng X,Y, chiu un t Y sang X (th cng nh hnh v) 5. Khi lng ti nt (Mass)

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Trong cc bi ton phnt tch ng (Dynamic Analysis), khi lng ca kt cu c dng tnh lc qun tnh. Thng thng, chng trnh s tnh khi lng ca cc phn t da trn khai bo khi lng ring ca vt liu v vic tnh ton khi lng ca phn t, sau chng trnh s quy i v nt. Khi lng ca tng phn t s c tnh cho 3 phng tng ng vi 3 chuyn v thng ca nt. Chng trnh s b qua moment qun tnh Trong mt s trng hp, khi tnh ton dao ng ca cng trnh, ta khng dng khi lng m Etabs t tnh. Khi , ta c th khai bo khi lng tp trung hoc khi lng moment qun tnh ti bt k nt no. Phng php khai bo khi lng tp trung nh sau : - Chn nt cn gn thm ti trng tp trung - Menu Asign Joint/Point Additional Point Mass.

- Direction X, Y, Z : khi lng tp trung ti nt theo ba phng X,Y,Z trong h ta tng th. - Direction X, Y, Z : khi lng moment qun tnh tp trung ti nt theo ba phng X,Y,Z trong h ta tng th. III.

Cc loi lin kt
1. Retraints

Khi nim chung

Nu chuyn v ca mt im theo mt phng no c c nh trc, ta ni im b rng buc lin kt Restraint. Gi tr chuyn v ti im c th bng khng hoc khc khng, ty thuc vo nt c chu chuyn v cng bc hay khng. Nt c lin kt Restraint s c phn lc. Gi tr phn lc ny c xc nh trong bi ton phn tch kt cu. Lin kt Restraint thng c m hnh ha cc kiu lin kt ni t ca kt cu. Hnh v di y m t mt s kiu lin kt ni t

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Phng php gn
Phng php gn lin kt Restraint - Chn im cn gn lin kt Restraint - Vo menu Assign Joint/Point Restraints (Supports)

- Nhp cc bc t do b khng ch vo o Translation : chuyn v thng o Rotation : chuyn v xoay 2. Springs

Khi nim chung

Spring l lin kt n hi. Bt k mt trong su bc t do ca mt nt u c th gn lin kt n hi. Lin kt c m hnh ha bng cc l so. cng ca lin kt n hi chnh l cng ca l so. Lin kt n hi c th bao gm chuyn v cng bc. im c lin kt n hi s c phn lc n hi. ln ca phn lc ph thuc vo cng ca lin kt v c xc nh trong bi ton phn tch kt cu. Lin kt Spring thng c s dng trong cc bi ton : - Dm trn nn n hi (mng bng) - Tm trn nn n hi (B nc, i mng,.)

Phng php khai bo lin kt Spring

10

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Phng php gn lin kt Spring - Chn im cn gn lin kt Restraint - Vo menu Assign Joint/Point Point Springs

Nhp cc bc t do b khng ch vo
o Translation X, Y, Z : cng ca lin kt n hi theo phng X, Y, Z o Rotation about XX, YY, ZZ : cng ca lin kt n hi xoay quanh trc XX, YY, ZZ 3. Lin kt Constraints

Khi nim chung

Cc im c cng chung mt constraint s c mt s chuyn v nh nhau. S lng chuyn v cng nhau ph thuc vo loi constraint. Khi khai bo constraint, s lng phng trnh tnh ton s gim. Do vy tc tnh ton s tng ln. Di y trnh by mt s dng Contraint thng dng. Diaphragm, rng buc chuyn v theo mt mt phng. Tt c cc im c gn cng mt Diaphragm u c hai chuyn v trong mt phng ca Diaphram v mt chuyn v xoay vung gc vi mt phng nh nhau. M hnh ny thng c s dng m hnh ha sn l tuyt i cng trong mt phng khi tnh ton nh cao tng. Body constraint, dng m t mt khi hay mt phn ca kt cu c xem nh l mt khi cng (Rigid body). Tt c cc nt trong mt Body u c chuyn v bng nhau. Plate Constraint, lm cho tt c cc nt b rng buc chuyn v cng vi nhau nh l mt tm phng c cng chng un ngoi mt phng bng v cng (ngc vi Diaphram). Beam Constraint, tt c cc nt gn cng mt Beam Contraint c chuyn v cng nhau nh l mt dm thng c cng chng un bng v cng (khng nh hng n bin dng dc trc v bin dng xon ca dm). 11

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Ch : Sap2000 cung cp tt c cc loi Contraint ni trn cn Etabs ch cung cp chc nng Diaphram Constraint.

Cc khai bo
- Chn im cn gn lin kt Restraint - Vo menu Assign Joint/Point Rigid Diaphragm

ng dng
- Gip ngi dng m hnh chnh xc s lm vic ca kt cu.

12

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IV.

Vt liu
1. Tng quan v vt liu

Trang Etabs, ta c th khai bo nhiu loi vt liu, cc phn t trong s kt cu c th nhn cc loi vt liu khc nhau. Etabs cho php ta khai bo cc loi vt liu b tng, thp, nhm, Vt liu ng hng, trc hng v d hng. 2. H trc ta a phng

13

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Mi mt vt liu u c mt h trc ta a phng ring, c s dng nh ngha tnh n hi v bin dng nhit theo cc phng. H thng ta a phng vt liu ch p dng cho loi vt liu trc hng (orthotropic) v d hng (anisotropic). Vt liu ng hng (Isotropic material) l c lp i vi cc h trc ta vt liu. 3. ng sut v bin dng ca vt liu (stresses and strains)

Stress
ng sut c nh ngha l lc trn mt n v din tnh dc theo cc trc vt liu ca mt phn t n v ca mt phn t bt k. Khng phi lc no cng tn ti 6 ng sut trn cc phn t. V d, ng sut 22, 33, 23 s bng khng i vi phn t thanh (Frame Element), ng sut 33 s bng khng i vi phn t tm v (Shell Element)

Strain

4. Cc thng s khai bo vt liu khai bo vt liu, bn vo menu Define Material. Material Properties Add New

14

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Cc thng s : - Material Name - tn loi vt liu. Do ngi dng t, nn t tn theo loi vt liu s dng, v d: b tng mc 200 ta k hiu BT200. - Type of Material - loi vt liu, chng ta c cc loi vt liu sau : o Isotropic - ng hng (mc nh). o Ortho - trc hng. o Anisotropic - d hng. - Mass Volume: khi lng ring dng tnh khi lng ring ca phn t trong bi ton ng. - Weight Volume: trng lng ring tnh trng lng ring ca phn t trong cc trng hp ti trng, hay cn gi l ti trng bn thn. - Modulus of Elastic E - M un n hi, dng xc nh cng ko nn v un. E thay i theo mc BT. Tham s E cng vi tit din quyt nh bin dng ca kt cu. - Poisson Ratio factor - h s Pot Xng (): 0.1-0.3. Dng xc nh G = E/2/(1+) quyt nh bin dng trt v xon. o B tng=0.18-0.2; o Thp=0.3 V.

Ti trng v t hp ti trng
1. Ti trng

Khi phn t bin b bin dng di tc ng ca ngoi lc, cc phn t vt cht trong phn t chuyn ng, pht sinh ra gia tc chuyn ng v km theo l lc qun tnh. Nu gia tc l nh, lc qun tnh b th c th b qua lc qun tnh so vi cc ti trng khc. Khi bi ton c gi l bi ton tnh (Static) Ngc li khi gia tc ln, lc qun tnh ln th ta khng th b qua lc qun tnh. Lc , ta gi l bi ton ng (Dynamic) Ngoi ti trng tnh v ng ta cn c ti trng thay i theo thi gian (Time history) i vi bi ton tnh, ta c cc trng hp ti trng sau - Dead Load : tnh ti 15

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Cu hi
Ti sao ti trng ng t v ti trng gi ng li nm trong mc Static Load Case (ti trng tnh) ? - V chng ta tnh ton ti trng ng t v gi ng theo phng php ta tnh (c ngha l quy v cc lc tnh ri t n vo kt cu, sau tnh ton ra moment v chuyn v,) H s Self Weight l g, ly bng bao nhiu ? - H s Self Weight l h s tnh n ti trng bn thn ca phn kt cu c v trong Sap (Etabs). Gi s trng hp ti c tn l TT c khai bo l Dead Load, h s Self Weight ly bng 0.5, khi ngoi cc ti trng m ta gn vo cho TT n cn bao gm ti trng bn thn ca kt cu, nhn vi h s 0.5 ni trn. - Ti trng bn thn ca mt phn t tnh bng trng lng trn mt n v th tch ca vt liu (khai bo trong phn Define Materials) nhn vi th tnh ca phn t. - Ti trng bn thn ca kt cu c khai bo theo cch va ni, lun c hng theo chiu m ca trc Z (Global Coordinates) - Thng thng, h s ny ly bng n = 1.1 (n l h s vt ti i vi phn kt cu c lm bng b tng ct thp). 2. T hp ti trng

Cc cch t hp ti trng
- T hp ngi dng ngi dng t nh ngha tn t hp, thnh phn to nn cc t hp v h s ca chng. V d, theo TCVN mt trong cc t hp c bn th hai l TT+0.9HT+0.9GX (TT tnh ti, HT hot ti, GX : Gi thi theo phng X) - T hp t ng (Defaut Combo). Cc t hp ny s t ng sinh ra khi chng ta tin hnh bi ton thit k thp theo tiu chun c sn m Sap (Etabs) cung cp. S cc trng hp t hp v h s ca cc trng hp ti trng tham gia vo t hp ph thuc vo tiu chun thit k m ta chn. Cc t hp ti trng ny thng c tn l DCom1, DCom2,. DSTL,

Cc loi t hp ti trng
ADD : t hp theo phng php cng tng thnh phn ca t hp . ENVE : t hp bao ni lc. SRSS : cn ca tng bnh phng cc trng hp ti trng. ABS : tr tuyt i ca cc trng hp ti.

Cu hi
Kiu ti trng Live Load, Wind Load, c ngha g khng. - i vi bi ton s dng t hp ngi dng v trong bi ton tnh (Static), th vic khai bo cc kiu ti trng ny khng c ngha g c. - i vi bi ton s dng t hp ti trng t ng. Cc kiu ti trng ny s gip Sap (Etabs) nhn bit c tnh ti, hot ti, t Sap (Etabs) s cung cp cc trng hp t hp ti trong v cung cp cc h s ca cc trng hp ti trng 16

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trong tng trng hp t hp ti trong tng ng vi tiu chun thit k m bn chn. Bn cht ca t hp trong Etabs (Sap) l t hp ti trng hay t hp ni lc ? - Bn cht ca kiu t hp Add trong Sap (Etabs) l t hp ti trng. Biu bao (t hp Enve) l biu bao ni lc ca cc trng hp ti hay l biu ni lc trong trng hp bao ca cc trng hp ti trng ?. - L phng n th nht : biu bao ni lc ca cc trng hp ti trng khai bo trong Enve Nu khai bo vt liu lm vic trong giai on n hi tuyn tnh, th ti trng v ni lc t l tuyn tnh vi nhau. Khi t hp ti trng v t hp ni lc c g khc nhau khng ? - Khc nhau, v bn cht ca t hp ni lc theo TCVN khng n gin l cng tng cc thnh phn ni lc. VI.

Bi ton phn tch

1. Cc dng phn tch kt cu 2. Modal Analysis 2.1. Tng quan

Bi ton phn tch Modal l bi ton gii quyt cc vn lin quan n dao ng ring ca cng trnh nh tnh ton chu k, tn s, chuyn v ca cc dng dao ng ring ca cng trnh. Modal analysis c nh ngha trong Analysis Case, bn c th nh ngha nhiu bi ton Modal Analysis trong mt cng trnh. C hai loi bi ton Modal Analysis - Eigenvertor, dng xc nh cc dng dao ng ring v tn s dao ng ring ca chng. Chng ta thng s dng cch ny tnh ton kt cu cng trnh. - Ritz-vertor, dng tm dng dao ng khi ch r cc lc thnh phn to nn dao ng. Ritz-vertor c th cho ta kt qu tt hn i vi cc bi ton v ti trng ph hoc ti trng thay i theo thi gian (response-spectrum or time-history analyses) 2.2. Eigenvertor Analysis

Phng trnh Eigenvertor :

Trong - K l ma trn cng. - M l ma trn khi lng. - l ma trn Eigenvalue (gi tr ring). - l ma trn eigenvertors (Vector ring) tng ng gi tr ring, n biu thi cho dng dao ng. Eigenvalue l bnh phng ca tn s gc . Cc gi tr tn s v chu k c tnh nh sau :

Number of modes
17

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Number of modes l s dng dao ng cn tnh ton do ngi dng t khai bo cho phn mm bit.

Frequency Range
Frequencey Range l gii tn s. Gii tn s c khai bo vo trong Sap (Etabs) qua cc thng s sau : - Shift : Gi tr trung tm ca gii chu k cn tnh (center of cyclic frequency range) - Cut : Bn knh ca gii chu k cn tnh (Radius of the cyclic frequency range) iu c ngha l

Convergence Tolerance
Dung sai hi t trong trng hp c khai bo Shift hoc Cut - Gi 0 l gi tr ban u th 0 = 2 Shift - tm c s c dng - Khi dung sai hi t s tol s c dng nh sau Dung sai hi t trong trng hp khng khai bo Shift v Cut, khi Tol c 2 dng sau: hoc

Participation Factors

VII. Diaphragm Centers of Rigidity, Centers of Mass Khai bo tnh ton tm cng : Analyze menu Calculate Diaphragm Centers of Rigidity. Khi Menu ny c nh du, Etabs s tnh ton tm cng trong qu trnh phn tch kt cu. Tm cng c xc nh bng cch tnh ton ta tng i (X,Y) ca tm cng vi mt im no , thng thng ngi ta la chn im bt k ny l tm khi lng (Center of mass). Ngi ta tnh ton tm cng ca mt diaphragm da trn ba trng hp ti trng sau, ti trng n v tc dng vo tm khi lng : - Trng hp 1 : Lc n v tc dng vo tm khi lng theo phng Global X. Lc ny gy ra moment xon Diaphram l Rzx. - Trng hp 2 : Lc n v tc dng vo tm khi lng theo phng Global Y. Lc ny gy ra moment xon Diaphram l Rzy. - Trng hp 3 : Vector moment xon n v tc dng vo tm khi lng theo phng Global Z. Lc ny gy ra moment xon Diaphram l Rzz. Khi ta (X,Y) s c xc nh nh sau : X = -Rzy / Rzz and Y = Rzx / Rzz. im ny l mt thuc tnh ca kt cu, khng ph thuc vo bt k ti trng no. Nh vy, vic xc nh tm cng ca tng tng (i vi kt cu nh cao tng) s c Etabs tnh ton da trn ba trng hp ti trng trn.

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Hnh 1 : Ba trng hp ti trng

xem kt qu phn tch, vo Display menu Set Output Table Mode, sao tch vo Building Output trong hp thoi Display Output Tables. Sau xem bng The Centroids of Cumulative Mass and Centers of Rigidity (Bng tm khi lng tch ly v tm cng)

- MassX : Khi lng Diaphram theo phng X. - XCM : Ta tm khi lng. - XRC : Ta tm cng.

Cu hi
Tm cng ca floor c lin quan n vch khng ? - Theo phng php tnh nh trn th c. Tm cng ca tng c b nh hng bi cng ca tng trn v di n khng ? - Theo phng php tnh nh trn th c. Tm cng ca mt floor diaphragm c b nh bi vch cng ca nh khng ? - Theo phng php tnh nh trn th c. Khi lng ca mt diaphragm c bao gm ct, dm, sn v vch khng ? - Ty theo cch khai bo diaphragm : o Diaphragm c khai bo thng qua phn t Area, th khi lng ca mt diaphragm s bao gm c ct, dm, sn, vch v khi lng tp trung ti nt (ni cch khc l bao gm Joint, frame, area). o Diaphragm c khai bo thng qua phn t Joint, th khi lng ca mt diaphragm s ch bao gm ct, dm v khi lng tp trung ti nt (ni cch khc l bao gm Joint, Frame, Area). - Cn lu thm cch tnh khi lng ca Etabs l cc Frame, Area (ty theo hai cch khai bo trn) s c quy i v cc nt. Khi lng ca mt diaphragm s bng tng khi lng cc nt ca diaphragm . - Cng tng t nh khi lng, cng ca mt diaphragm cng c tnh da trn hai phng php khai bo trn.

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CHNG 2 : KT CU H THANH
I.

Tng quan v phn thanh

1. Phn t thanh (Frame Element)

Khi nim
- Phn t c kch thc mt chiu ln hn nhiu kch thc hai chiu cn li c gi l phn t thanh. - Phn t thanh (Frane) trong Etabs l mt on thng ni hai im, im u (Start) gi l im i, im cui (End) gi l im J.

ng dng
- Phn t thanh thng c s dng m hnh ha dm, ct, 2. H trc ta a phng (Local Coordinate System) Mi phn t frame u c mt h trc ta a phng xc nh tit din, ti trng v ni lc. H trc ta a phng gm ba trc ta : trc 1 mu , trc 2 mu trng, trc 3 mu xanh.

Mc nh
Mc nh, trc 1 dc theo on thng v hng t I sang J. Mc nh trc 2 v trc 3 ph thuc vo loi phn t Frame (Column, Beam hay Brace) - Phn t Frame thng ng (Vertical Line Objects) o Trc 1 dc theo on thng. Chiu dng ca trc 1 l chiu dng ca trc Z (hng ln trn). o Trc 2 vung gc vi on thng. Chiu dng ca trc 2 l chiu dng ca trc X. o Trc 3 vung gc vi on thng. Chiu dng ca trc 3 xc nh theo quy tc bn tay phi. - Phn t Frame nm ngang (Horizontal Line Objects) o Trc 1 dc theo on thng. Hnh chiu chiu dng ca trc 1 ln trc OX trng vi chiu dng ca trc X. Nu hnh chiu ca on thng ln trc OX bng khng, c ngha l on thng song song vi trc OY, khi chiu dng ca trc 1 s trng vi chiu dng ca trc OY. o Trc 2 vung gc vi on thng. Chiu dng ca trc 2 trng vi chiu dng ca trc Z (hng ln trn). 21

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o Trc 3 vung gc vi on thng v nm ngang. Chiu dng ca trc 3 tun theo quy tc bn tay phi. - Frame khng thng ng v cng khng nm ngang (Other - neither vertical nor horizontal) o Trc 1 dc theo on thng. Chiu dng ca trc 1 hng ln trn. C ngha l hnh chiu ca trc 1 ln trc OZ c chiu dng trng vi chiu dng ca trc OZ. o Trc 2 vung gc vi on thng. Mt phng trc 1-2 thng ng. Chiu dng ca trc 2 hng ln trn. C ngha l hnh chiu ca trc 2 ln trc OZ c chiu dng trng vi chiu dng ca trc OZ. o Trc 3 vung gc vi on thng v nm ngang. Chiu dng ca trc 3 tun theo quy tc bn tay phi.

Hiu chnh
Ging nh Sap, Etabs cho php ta nh ngha li hng trc 2 v trc 3 ca on thng bng cch xoay quanh trc 1 mt gc no . Cch lm nh sau : - Chn i tng frame. - Vo Assign menu Frame/Line Local Axes Hp thoi Axis Orientation hin ln nh sau :

- Chn mt trong cc Option sau : o Angle : quay trc 2 so vi trc 2 mc nh i mt gc cho trc. o Rotate by Angle : quay trc 2 so vi trc 2 hin ti i mt gc cho trc. o Column Major Direction (local 2-axis) is X (or Radial) (tham kho phn Major Direction) o Column Major Direction (local 2-axis) is Y (or Tangential) (tham kho phn Major Direction) 3. Bc t do (Degree of Freedom) Mc nh Frame c 6 bc t do ti hai im lin kt ca n. Nu bn mun m hnh ha frame thnh Cable, bn c th lm theo mt trong hai cch sau : - Cho cng chng xon (J) v cng chng un (I22 v I33) bng khng - Gii phng moment un (R2, R3) v moment xon (R1) ti hai u ca frame. 4. Mass Trong tnh ton bi ton ng, khi lng ca kt cu c s dng tnh ton lc qun tnh. Khi lng phn b ca phn t Frame c quy v hai im I v J ca frame. Trong phng php phn t hu hn, khng c lc qun trong phn t frame. 22

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Etabs ch quy i khi lng cho ba bc t do UX, UY v UZ. Khng tnh ton khi lng moment qun tnh co ba bc t do xoay. II.

Tit din (Frame Section)

1. Khai bo tit din Vo Menu Define Frame Section. Chng ta c cc cch sau khai bo tit din. - Nhp t file *.Pro (Import). Thng thng file *.Pro cha cc tit din thp hnh c sn xut t cc nh my (n l tng hp cc catalogue thp hnh) theo tiu chun nc ngoi nh Ero.Pro, AISC3.Pro, Tuy nhin ta cng c th to ra cc file ny bng chng trnh CSI Section Builder. - Chng ta nh ngha tit din da trn vic thay i cc thng s ca mt s hnh dng tit din m Etabs cung cp sn (Add I/Wide Flage, ). - S dng chc nng Add SD Section (Section Designer) t v ra tit din m ta mong mun. (xem thm ph lc Section Designer) 2. Thanh c tit din thay i (Non-Prismatic Sections)

Cng nh Sap, Etabs cho php ta nh ngha thanh c tit din thay i. Chc nng ny c cung cp trong menu Assign Frame Section Add Nonprimastic. khai bo thanh c tit din thay i, u tin bn phi c t nht hai loi tit din khai bo. Tit din thay i c th bin i u hoc git bc V d mt thanh c tit din thay i trong 3 on thng. Thng s cho tit din S1, S2 Cc la chn cho EI : - Linear: gi tr EI thay i tuyn tnh theo chiu di ca on. - Parabolic: gi tr 2 EI thay i tuyn tnh theo chiu di ca on. - Cubic: gi tr 3 EI thay i tuyn tnh theo chiu di ca on. Khi bn v phn t Frame c tit din va khai bo nh trn. Mt cch trc quan bn c th thy n ging nh ct gia ca nh cng nghip b tng ct thp. Nu bn mun to ra tit din ct bin. Bn c th xem thm Bi Tp 1. 3. Tit din khng c hnh dng xc nh (General) Khi chng ta gp mt tit din phc tp, khng th v bng Section Builder hoc Section Designer. Bn c th khai bo n l tit din General. Tit din General l tit din khng c hnh dng xc nh, bn s phi khai cc c trng hnh hc nh mmen qun tnh, mmen xon cho chng. Tit din General thng dng trong bi tp c hc kt cu, kt cu m tit din l t hp ca nhiu tit din c bn. Khai bo tit din General nh sau :

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Vo Menu Define Frame Section chn Add General. Hp thoi hin ln nh trn hnh. Cc thng s nh sau - Corss Section (Axial) Area : din tch tit din ct ngang ca frame (A) - Tosional Constant : m men qun tnh chng xon. (J) - Momen of Inertial About: m men qun tnh quay quanh(3 =trc3) (I33, I22) - Shear Area: din tch chu ct (As). Do s phn b khng u ca ng sut tip nn As khc vi A. - Section Modulus About 3(2) Axis: m men chng un (W=I/ymax; Ch nht W=bh2/6) - Plastic Modulus About 3(2) Axis: m men do (Wp=W/1.3) - Radius of Gyration About3(2) : bn knh qun tnh (r2=I/A) (Xem thm quyn Sap2000 ca bi c vinh) 4. Thay i thng s tit din

Thng s hnh hc v c hc ca tit din

Khai bo vt liu. cc thng s v c hc ca tit din ph thuc vo khai bo vt liu nh chng ta ni trong phn trc : - Modulus of elasticity, e1, module n hi, dng cho cng dc trc v c cng chng un - Shear modulus, g12, module chng ct, dng cho cng chng xon v cng chng ct ngang. g12 c tnh t h s Poisson u12 v e1 - Mass density : khi lng ring (khi lng trn mt n v th tch), m, dng tnh khi lng ca phn t (element mass) - Weight density : trng lng ring (trng lng trn mt n v th tch), w, dng n tnh ti trng bn thn (Self- Weight Load). - Design-type indicator, ides, (ch s kiu thit k), dng quy nh kiu phn t s c thit k l thp (steel), b tng (concrete), nhm (aluminum), cold-formed steel, hoc khng thit k (no design). Khai bo tit din, cc thng s v c hc s ph thuc vo hnh dng tit din (nu s dng loi tit din c sn) hoc ph thuc vo cc thng s khai bo nu s dng tit din dng general. V c bn chng ta c 6 thnh phn c hc sau : 24

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- Cross-sectional area, a, din tch mt ct ngang. Khi cng dc trc ca tit din c dng a.e1 - Moment of inertia, i33, moment qun tnh trc 3 dng xc nh kh nng chng un ca thanh trong mt phng 1-2. The moment of inertia, i22, moment qun tnh trc 2 dng xc nh kh nng chng un ca thanh trong mt phng 1-3. Tng ng vi n ta c cng chng un c xc nh theo cng thc i33.e1 v i22.e1; - Torsional constant, j, moment qun tnh chng xon. cng chng xon c xc nh theo cng thc j.g12. Ch rng moment qun tnh chng xon ch ging moment qun tnh cc (polar moment of inertia) trong trng hp tit din trn, tt c cc loi tit din khc hai thng s ny l khc nhau. - Shear areas, as2 v as3, dng xc nh cng chng ct ngang trong mt phng 1-2 v 1-3. Tng ng vi n ta c cng chng ct ngang as2.g12 v as3.g12. V ng sut ct ngang ca tit din c dng parabole v t max ti ng trung ha ca tit din, do vy khi tnh ton bin dng ct ngang chng ta phi nhn vi mt h s iu chnh (theo sc bn vt liu). Trong Sap v Etabs ngi ta tch hp vo trong din tch chng ct ngang. Do vy as2 v as3 khc a. V as2, as3 c xc nh nh sau (theo ti liu ca sap):

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Thay i cc thng s hnh hc v c hc

Property Modifiers, cc thng s c hc c th c nhn vi mt t l iu chnh scalefactors to modify . N c s dng rt hu hiu trong nhiu trng hp. V d ta c thanh thp tit din t hp bi 2 thanh thp hnh ch I t song song theo trc 2, nh vy ta khai bo tit din ch I, sau iu chnh moment qun tnh theo trc x ln 2 ln, din tch ct ngang tng 2 ln,.. Sap v Etabs cho php ta hiu chnh cc thng s nh sau : - Axial stiffness a.e1 ( cng dc trc). 26

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- Shear stiffnesses as2.g12 and as3.g12 ( cng chng ct ngang). - Torsional stiffness j.g12 ( cng chng xon). - Bending stiffnesses i33.e1 and i22.e1 ( cng chng un). - Section mass a.m + mpl. - Section weight a.w + wpl (trong wpl v mpl l phn khi lng hoc trng lng s cng thm vo, n v l trong lng, khi lng trn mt n v di, s dng i vi dng thanh c tit din thay i. Mc nh, cc gi tr ny bng khng i vi mi tit din) Ta c 2 cch gn t s ny - Cho tt c cc thanh c cng tit din - Cho mt s tit din no . III.

Lin kt gia hai phn t

1. im chn (Insertion point)

Mc nh, trc 1 ca phn t chy dc theo trc trung ha ca tit din (hay trng tm ca tit din i vi tit din di xng). Do vy, ti giao im ca dm mi v ct, dm mi s b nh ln trn. Etabs cho php ta chnh li giao im ny bng chc nng Intersection Point. Chc nng ny s gip ngi dng thit lp m hnh mt cch chnh xc. Cardinal Point c th l mt trong 11 im di y.

Hnh v di y m t cch chnh Cardinal Point ca dm v ct sao cho tm ca dm v ct khng trng khp vi nhau.

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Phng php
- Chn Frame cn thay i Intersection Point - Chn Assign menu Frame/Line Insertion Point, hp thoi Frame Insertion Point hin ln

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Khi bn ch nh im chn, Etabs s tnh ton li h ta a phng ca phn t. Mt cch tng t, ti trng gn vo phn t cng s da trn chiu di sau khi tnh li h ta a phng. Hnh v di y th hin s tnh ton li h ta a phng cng nh chiu di thc ca cu kin.

Nu bn khng tch vo nt Do not transform frame stiffness for offsets from centriod th s dch chuyn s khng nh hng g n kt qu ni lc. Nu tch vo th - cng ca thanh s thay i. - Tng ti trng tc ng vung gc vi thanh thay i (do chiu di ca thanh thay i) Chi tit xem thm trong phn bi tp, bi tp m hnh nh cng nghip 2. im giao (End offsets)

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End Offsets
Phn t thanh trong kt cu c m t bi ng trc ni hai nt ca thanh. Mt iu t ra l ti im giao gia cc phn t Frame (v d nh dm v ct), phn tit din ca hai Frame ti im giao (cross-sections) s b chng ln nhau (overlap). Etabs cung cp chc nng End Offsets cho php ta nh ngha li on tit din b chng nn nhau ny. Mc nh chiu di ca thanh tnh c phn thanh b giao vi ct (nh hnh v). Vic tr phn giao nhau ca gim vi ct c kch thc ln s lm gim chiu di tnh ton ca thanh dm mt cch ng k. Do vy Etabs cho php ta k n chiu di vng cng ca dm giao vi ct thng qua 2 tham s (End-I) v (End-J). Khi chiu di tnh ton ca dm s c tnh theo cng thc sau. Lc = L - Rigid * (EndI + EndJ) Trong - Lc : chiu di tnh ton ca thanh - L : Chiu di thc ca thanh - Rigid : H s cng (ly gi tr t 0-1). H s ny dng thay i kch thc Ioff, Joff (cng thc tnh : Joff=EndI*Rigid. Joff=EndJ*Rigid).

Phng php khai bo

- Vo menu Assign Frame/Line End (Length) Offsets

o Automatic from Connectivity : Etabs s t ng tnh li chiu di tnh ton ca Frame. 30

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i vi ct (Columns), End offset s tnh da trn kch thc ln nht ca cc dm ni vi ct. i vi dm (Beams), End offset s tnh da trn kch thc ln nht ca cc ct ni vi dm. o Define Lengths : Bn c th nhp trc tip End-I v End J thng qua la chn ny. o Rigid-zone factor : L h s cng, h s ny cho php ngi dng c th iu chnh li End-I v End J (xem cng thc tnh trong mc trn). 3. Lin kt Release (Frame Releases and Partial Fixity)

Frame Releases and Partial Fixity

Nh ta bit, mi u ca Frame u c su bc t do. Ti nhng v tr ny, Etabs cho php ta gii phng bt bc t bin n thnh cc loi lin kt khc (khp, ngm xoay) nh hnh v di y.

Nhn trn hnh v, thanh xin (diagonal element) lin cng ti im I v lin kt khp ti im J. Hay ni cch khc ta gii phng lin kt xoay (R2, R3) ti im J. Khi moment ti im J s bng khng. Etabs chia vic gii phng lin kt lm 2 loi - Unstable End Releases : Gii phng lin kt khng n nh gy ra h bin hnh (thanh c tch ra khi h hoc mt s chuyn v no ) - Stable End Releases : Gii phng lin kt vn m bo h bt bin hnh.

Phng php khai bo :

Chn phn t Assign menu Frame/Line thoi Assign Frame Release hin ln nh sau : Frame Releases/Partial Fixity. Hp

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- Start, end : lin kt ti im u (I), cui (J) ca thanh. - Vi chc nng Frame Partial Fixity Springs, bn c th thay lin kt cng bng lin kt n hi ti u I v J ca thanh. n v in vo l force/length hoc moment/radian. Mun gn lin kt n hi vo u thanh, trc tin phi gii phng lin kt ti u thanh . IV.

T ng chia nh phn t (Automatic Frame Subdivide) Automatic Frame Subdivide

Trong qu trnh phn tch, Etabs t ng chia nh phn t Frame nu cn thit. Trong mt s trng hp, bn c th khng mun t Etabs t ng chia nh phn t. Chc nng Line Object Auto Mesh Options cho php bn kim sot ch t ng chia nh ny. Lu rng, chc nng ny hon ton khc vi chc nng Edit menu Divide Line

Phng php khai bo

Chn phn t Line cn kim sot chn Assign menu Frame/Line Frame Subdivide, hp thoi hin ln nh sau Line Object Auto Mesh Options : Automatic

Thng s chi tit trong form in t nh sau : - Auto Mesh at Intermediate Points : chia nh phn t c chn ti nhng im nm dc trn phn t, cc im ny l cc im ca cc phn t khc hoc l cc im mesh ca phn t Area (xem thm Area Mess Options). - Auto Mesh at Intermediate Points and Intersecting Lines/Edges : chia nh phn t c chn ti nhng im nm trn phn t v ti giao im ca cc phn t. Mc 32

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nh, Etabs p dng ch chia nh ny trong qu trnh phn tch tnh ton ni lc. - No Auto Meshing : Etabs khng chia nh phn t c chn trong qu trnh thc hin bi ton phn tch. V.

Cc loi ti trng (Load)

Trong mc ny chng ta nghin cu cc loi ti trng sau : - Ti trng phn b khng u trn phn t - Ti trng phn b u trn phn t - Ti trng tp trung trn phn t ( ngh t nghin cu, xem thm trong Sap)

VI.

Ni lc (Internal Force Ouput)

( ngh xem trong Sap, hoc c th xem trong Help)

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CHNG 3 : KT CU TM V
I.

Phn t Area
1. Phn t Area (Area Element)

Khi nim chung

Phn loi kt cu tm v trong Etabs : - Deck : kt cu g vy nh. - Slab : kt c bn sn. - Wall : kt cu tng b tng, vch. Phn loi theo tnh cht chu lc - Membrane - phn t mng, ch chu ko hoc nn trong mt phng, moment theo phng php tuyn c th c b qua. - Plate - phn t tm, ch chu un v chu ct. - Shell - phn t tm v, chu un ngoi mt phng, ko hoc nn trong mt phng. L tng hp ca hai phn t Membrane v Plate.

Thickness Formulation (Thick Thin)

Sap cung cp hai dng thickness formulations cho php ta k n hoc khng k n hiu ng bin dng ct trong phn t plate hoc shell element: - Dng thick-plate (Mindlin/Reissner), bao gm hiu ng bin dng ct ngang - Dng thin-plate (Kirch hoff), b qua hiu ng bin dng ct ngang Bin dng ct s tr ln quan trng khi b dy ca shell ln hn 1/10 1/5 nhp. Chng cn c th c k n ti nhng v tr c moment un tp trung nh gn nhng v tr c s thay i t ngt v b dy hoc ti v tr gn gi hoc nhng v tr gn l thng, Vic phn bit r rng 2 trng hp tm dy v mng rt nhy cm. v n cn ph thuc vo hnh dng tm, t s b dy/cnh v ph thuc vo vic chia li (mesh shell). Do vy, ngi ta khuyn co rng bn nn s dng thick-plate formulation tr phi bn khng nh rng bin dng ct l nh (shearing de formations will be small), hoc bn mun th nghim l thuyt tnh ton tm mng hoc bn ang s dng li chia mo m (v s chnh xc ca l thuyt tnh ton Thick-Plate b nh hng bi s chia li mo m (mesh distortion) hn l Thin-Plate. Ch : Thickness formulation khng c tc dng i vi phn t mng (membrane), ch xy ra i vi tm chu un (plate or shell)

Thickness
Mi mt ct shell u c hng s b dy mng (constant membrane thickness) v hng s b dy un (constant bending thickness). Hng s b dy mng th c s dng tnh ton : - cng mng (ko nn trong mt phng v xon ngoi mt phng) cho phn t shell (full-shell) v phn t mng thun ty (pure membrane) 34

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- Th tch phn t cho trng lng bn thn ca phn t v khi lng phn t cho bi ton tnh ton dao ng (Dynamic analyse) Hng s b dy un thb dng tnh ton : - cng chng un ca tm chu un (plate- bending stiffness) cho phn t shell (full-shell) v phn t tm (pure plate) Thng thng th hai b dy trn l bng nhau. Tuy nhin, i vi mt s ng dng nh m hnh ha b mt nhn, hoc n c nh vic thin v an ton, ta ly thb=h0=h-a (h l b dy sn, a l lp bo v) trong bi ton tnh ton b tng ct thp. Ch : chiu dy Membrane (mng) v Bending (un) ni chung l ging nhau, tuy nhin trong

Material Angle
H ta vt liu v h ta phn t shell c th khc nhau. Trc 3 ca hai h ta ny lun lun trng nhau tuy nhin trc 1 v trc 2 c th khc. Ty theo yu cu ca bi ton m ta c gc a nh hnh v :

Ch : Gc vt liu khng c ngha trong bi ton vt liu ng hng (isotropic material properties) 2. H trc ta a phng (Local Coordinate System)

Mc nh
Mi mt phn t shell u c mt h trc ta a phng (element local coordinate system), c dng nh ngha vt liu, ti trng v xut kt qu. Phng php xc nh h trc ta a phng cho phn t tm v phng (phng php xc nh h trc ta a phng cho tm v cong xin c trong sch Sap Reference trang 137 mc Advanced Local Coordinate System). - Trc 3 lun vung gc vi mt phng ca phn t. Chiu dng ca trc 3 hng theo quy tc vn inh vt, chiu vn inh l chiu v phn t. V d v theo J1 J2 J3 th chiu dng trc 3 nh trn hnh v.

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- Trc ta 1,2 lun nm trong mt phng ca phn t v c xc nh da trn s tng quan ca trc 3 so vi trc Z. o Mt phng 3-2 lun lun thng ng, c ngha l song song vi trc Z. o Trc 2 theo chiu dng ca trc Z tr trng hp phn t nm ngang, trong trng hp ny trc 2 hng theo chiu dng ca trc Y. o Trc 1 hp vi trc 2,3 theo quy tc bn tay phi.

Bin i
Ta c th xoay h trc ta a phng ca phn t area, phng php xoay nh sau : - Chn i tng area cn thay i h ta a phng - Chn Assign menu Area Local Axes command bt hp thoi Area Local Axis.

o Angle in Degrees : gc quay ca trc ta th 2 quanh trc 3 ca phn t. Gc dng c ngha l trc 2 quay theo chiu kim ng h nu nh trc 3 36

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hng v pha ngi dng. Gc xoay l gc hp bi trc 2 mc nh (default) vi trc 2 mi.

o Rotate by Angle : gc quay ca trc ta th 2 quanh trc 3 ca phn t. Gc dng c ngha l trc 2 quay theo chiu kim ng h nu nh trc 3 hng v pha ngi dng. Gc xoay l gc hp bi trc 2 hin ti (current) vi trc 2 mi. o Normal to Selected Beam : vo hp thoi ny, bn phi chn mt dm v mt Area trc khi quay h ta a phng. Khi chc nng ny c chn, Etabs s quay trc 2 ca phn t area vung gc vi phn t dm c chn. o Reverse Normal of Vertical Areas : lt ngc h trc ta 3. Ch : H trc ta a phng ca Pier v Spandrel khng trng vi h trc ta a phng ca Area v Frame to ln chng. Do vy ta khng th s dng phng php ny xoay h trc ta a phng ca Pier v Spandrel. 3. Tit din Khai bo tit din, ta vo menu Define Wall/Slab/Deck Sections. Nhn chn Combo box Add New nh ngha mi tit din. Cc thng s c cp n trong mc 1.1. Khi khai bo xong tit din, ta c th chn chc nng Modify/Show Section chnh sa cc thng s tit din. c bit bn c th s dng chc nng Set modifiers. c trng tit din mi s bng cc thng s trong hp thoi ny s c nhn vi c trng tit din c. 4. Bc t do (Degree of Freedom) Mt phn t Shell lun lun c su bc t do ti cc nt ca n. Bc t do ca phn t Plate, Membrane, Shell c m t nh hnh v di y.

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5. Mass Trong tnh ton bi ton ng, khi lng ca kt cu c s dng tnh ton lc qun tnh. Khi lng phn b ca phn t Area c quy cc nt ca n. Khi lng ca phn t Area c tnh da trn din tch b mt, b dy th v khi lng ring m ca vt liu. Etabs ch quy i khi lng cho ba bc t do UX, UY v UZ. Khng tnh ton khi lng moment qun tnh co ba bc t do xoay. 6. Ni lc v ng sut

Ni lc
Ni lc c tnh bng cch tch phn ng sut theo chiu dy ca phn t. Phn t Shell c nhng thnh phn ni lc nh sau : - Lc ko nn theo phng 1 v 2 (Membrane direct forces)
+ th / 2

o o

F11 =
F22 =

th / 2

11

dx3
dx3

+ th / 2

th / 2 + th / 2

22

- Lc ct (Membrane shear force) o

F11 =
th / 2

12

d3

- Moment un (Plate bending moments)

+ thb / 2

o o o

M 11 = M 22 = M 12 =

thb / 2

11

dx3 dx3

+ thb / 2

thb / 2 + thb / 2

22

thb / 2

12

dx3

- Moment 38

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ng sut
F11 12M 11 x3 th thb 3 F 12M 22 x3 22 = 11 th thb 3 F 12M 12 x3 12 = 12 th thb 3 V 13 = 13 thb V 23 = 23 thb 33 = 0

11 =

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II.

Vch cng (Pier and Spandrel)

1. Pier and Spendrel

Khi nim
Hnh v di y l mt ct qua cu thang my, vch c l ca. Pier l vch chu lc chnh, Spandrel l vch ging ngang.

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Mt phn t Pier v Spandrel c th bao gm nhiu tit din Wall v cc tit din Frame kt hp li vi nhau.

t tn phn t
Vic t tn phn t vch s gip ta nh ngha tit din vch trong bi ton thit k mt cch nhanh chng hn v xem kt qu ni lc ca vch mt cch d dng. Cc t tn vch nh sau : - i vi Pier o Chn area v frame cn gn tn. o gn tn pier cho phn t frame, chn Assign Frame/Line Pier Labels. o gn tn pier cho phn t area, chn Assign Shell/Area Pier Labels.

- i vi Spandrel o Chn area v frame cn gn tn. o gn tn spandrel cho phn t frame, chn Assign Frame/Line Spandrel Labels. o gn tn pier cho phn t area, chn Assign Shell/Area Spandrel Labels.

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- gn tn cho Spandrel v Pier c cha c Frame v Wall, chng ta nht thit phi gn hai ln theo hai phng php trn. Tuy nhin, thay i hoc xa tn, chng ta khng nht thit phi lm c hai ng tc trn.
2. H trc ta a phng

Phn t Pier
Trong khng gian ba chiu, h ta a phng ca phn t wall pier c nh ngha nh sau: - Trc 1 ko di t pha di ln pha trn Pier. Chiu dng ca trc mt cng chiu vi chiu dng ca trc Z. - Trc 2 song song vi cnh di ca phn t Pier. Hnh chiu chiu dng ca trc ln trc OX trng vi chiu dng ca trc OX. Nu trc 2 song song vi trc OY th chiu dng ca trc 2 s cng chiu vi chiu dng ca trc OY. - Phng v chiu ca trc 3 c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay phi.

Phn t Spandrel
Quy tc xc nh h ta a phng ca phn t Spandrel nh sau : - Mt phng 1-2 nm trn mt phng ca wall spandrel. Trc 1 nm ngang v hnh chiu chiu dng ca n ln trc OX trng vi chiu ca trc OX. Nu mt phng spandrel song song vi mt phng Y-Z plane, trc 1 s song song v cng chiu vi trc OY. - Trc 2 s hng ln trn v cng chiu vi trc OZ. - Trc 3 lun nm ngang v vung gc vi mt phng spandrel. Chiu dng ca trc 3 c xc nh theo quy tc bn tay phi. Trong trng hp wall spandrel c to t nhiu phn t (c wall v frame), khi h trc ta a phng ca spandrel vn c xc nh theo quy tc trn. V lu rng, h trc ta a phng ca phn t spandrel lun lun c lp vi h ta a phng ca cc wall v frame to nn n.

Hin th h ta a phng
Vo menu View Set Building View Options Pier Axes v Spandrel Axes. Vo mc Pier and Spandrel v Chn

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3. Tit din

Cc bc gn tit din cho Pier v Spandrel - t tn phn t Pier v Spandrel - Khai bo tit din cho phn t Pier. - Gn tit din cho phn t Pier. i vi Spandrel, chng ta ch c mt bi ton thit k. Do vy ta ch cn khai bo Spandrel Name m khng cn khai bo tit din.
3.1. t tn phn t Pier v Spandrel

Pier Labeling
Bn c th t tn, xa tn, hoc thay i tn ca Pier bng h thoi Pier Names. Phng php nh sau : - Chn phn t cn gn tn. - gn phn t Line thnh mt Pier, chn menu Assign Frame/Line Pier Labels. - gn phn t Area thnh mt Pier, chn menu Assign Shell/Area Pier Labels. - Trong hp Pier Name : chn tn Pier cn gn cho phn t Line, Area.

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Chi tit hp thoi : - Add New Name : thm mt tn phn t Pier mi. - Change Name : thay i tn phn t Pier. - Delete Name : xa tn phn t Pier.

Spandrel Labeling
Bn c th t tn, xa tn, hoc thay i tn ca Spandrel bng h thoi Spandrel Names. Phng php nh sau : - Chn phn t cn gn tn. - gn phn t Line thnh mt Spandrel, chn menu Assign Frame/Line Spandrel Labels. - gn phn t Area thnh mt Spandrel, chn menu Assign Shell/Area Spandrel Labels. - Trong hp Pier Name : chn tn Spandrel cn gn cho phn t Line, Area.

Chi tit hp thoi : - Add New Name : thm mt tn phn t Spandrel mi. - Change Name : thay i tn phn t Spandrel. - Delete Name : xa tn phn t Spandrel.
3.2. nh ngha tit din Pier

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Chn Design menu Shear Wall Design Define General Pier Sections For Cheking, hp thoi Pier Sections hin ln. to mi mt tit din, nhn Add Pier Section.

- Section Name : Tn ca tit din Pier - Base Material : vt liu c s ca Pier (ging nh Base Material ca Frame Section) - Add Pier : thm mt Pier mi (xem phn bi tp hiu hn v hai la chn ny). o Add New Pier Section : to mi mt Pier. o Start from Existing Wall Pier : nh ngha mi mt Pier t mt hnh dng Pier c sn. Hp thoi Combo box th xung nh hnh bn tri xc nh tng cha Pier c sn. Hp thoi Combo box th xung nh hnh bn phi xc nh tn Pier c sn. - Define/Edit/Show Section bm vo nt Section Designer bt u chnh sa, hoc nh ngha mi tit din. (chi tit tham kho thm phn Section Designer - Ph lc) Ch : cng nh cc bi ton thit k khc, chng ta c hai bi ton i vi vch 45

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- Bi ton thit k thp cho vch (Reinforcement to be Checked). - Bi ton kim tra thp cho vch (Reinforcement to be Designed).
3.3. Gn tit din Pier

Sau khi nh ngha xong tit din vch, ta gn tit din cho vch. Phng php thc hin nh sau : - Chn Pier cn gn tit din. - Chn Design menu Shear Wall Design Assign Sections for Checking. Chn mt trong cc chc nng sau : o General Reinforcing Pier Section, hp thoi Assign General Reinforcing Pier Section hin ln.

Section at Top : tit din bn trn ca mt tng. Section at Bottom : tit din bn di ca mt tng. o Uniform Reinforcing Pier Sections, hp thoi Uniform Reinforcement Assignment to Pier hin ln.

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Pier Material: Vt liu lm ln tit din. Distributed Bars: distributed bar size (ct thp dc theo cnh ca Pier), spacing and clear cover of the bar (khong cch ct thp v lp bo v). End/Corner Bar Size: thp gc ca Pier. Check/Design: chn hai dng bi ton thit k.
4. Ni lc phn t Pier v Spandrel

Ni lc ca phn t wall pier v wall sprandrel tng t nh ni lc ca phn t Frame. Chng bao gm : - P, lc dc. - V2, lc ct trong mt phng 1-2. - V3, lc ct trong mt phng 1-3. - T, lc xon dc trc. - M2, moment xon trong mt phng 1-3 (quanh trc 2). - M3, moment xon trong mt phng 1-2 (quanh trc 3).
5. Kt qu thit k vch

Pier result Design

Spandrel Result Design

- Flexural Design - Shear Design Bn c th OverWrites, ti hp thoi ny, ta c th khai bo li tt c cc thng s tnh ton (chiu dy, chiu su, tiu chun, lp bo v,)
III.

Chia nh phn t (Area Mesh Options)

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Area Object Auto Mesh Options

Trong qu trnh phn tch, Etabs t ng chia nh i tng Area (Deck v Slab). Vic chia nh phn t Area gip phn b ti trng ln cc kt cu mt cch chnh xc hn. V d :

Ging nh Subdivide Frame. Area Subdivide cho php chia nh sn mt cch t ng trong qu trnh tnh ton. Ti mi im chia nh, sn v dm s c chuyn v cng nhau. Vic chia nh sn s lm cho kt qu tnh ton ni lc dm m sn truyn ti ln mt cch chnh xc hn.

Hnh v : 1 S truyn ti trng t sn vo dm bin

Hnh v 1 : Chn shell Assign Area Automatic Area Mesh. Hnh v 2 : S dng No Auto meshing (mc nh khi v area) Hnh v 3 : L kt qu khi s dng hnh 1. Hnh v 4 : L kt qu khi s dng hnh 2.

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Phng php chia nh

Chn i tng Area cn tc ng, chn Assign menu Shell/Area Mesh Options, hp thoi Area Object Auto Mesh Options hin ln nh sau : Area Object

Cc chc nng t ng chia nh c din gii nh sau : - Floor Mess Options o Default : Etabs s chia nh i tng ti dm v vch, khi ti trng cng s c truyn vo vch v dm ti nhng im chia nh nm trn dm v vch. Lu , la chn ny ch c tc dng i vi phn t mng (membrance). o For Defining Rigid Diaphragm and Mass Only. Khng cng hoc ti trng ng truyn cng vi i tng c chn. o No Auto Meshing : i tng khng c t ng chia nh trong qu trnh tnh ton. o Auto Mesh Object into Structural Elements. Cho php iu chnh s chia nh ca i tng theo : Mesh at Beams and Other Meshing Lines : ging nh Default Option. Mesh at Wall and Ramp Edges. Chia nh ti vch v dc. Mesh at Visible Grids : chia nh ti ni giao vi cc ng li. Further Subdivide Auto Mesh with Maximum Element Size of. : t ng chia nh phn t Area thnh cch phn t nh hn c kch thc ln nht bng. o Ramp and Wall Meshing Options No Subdivision of Object. Etabs khng chia nh phn t. Subdivide Object into {Specify Number} vertical and {Specify Number} horizontal. Bn s khai bo s lng phn t c chia bng cch khai bo s ng chia theo phng thng ng v theo phng ngang. Subdivide Object into Elements with Maximum Size of {Specify Number}. Nhp vo kch thc ln nht ca cc Area con.

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Cc loi ti trng (Load)

- Ti trng bn thn (Self-weight Load) - Ti trng trng lc (Gravity Load) - Ti trng phn b u (Uniform Load) - Ti trng p lc (Surface Pressure Load) - Ti trng nhit (Temperature Load) (Tham kho thm trong quyn Sap2000.)

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CHNG 4 : PH LC
I.

Section Designer
1. Tng quan

Section Designer l chng trnh chy tch hp vo trong Etabs. Chc nng c bn ca Section Designer : - nh ngha cc tit din b tng ct thp phc tp (khng i xng) cho Etabs. - nh ngha cc tit din vch chu lc (pier wall) b tng ct cho Etabs.
2. Cn bn v Section Designer 2.1. Khi ng Section Designer

Tng ng vi hai chc nng c bn ni trn, ta c hai cch khi ng Section Designer trong Etabs :

Section Designer For Frame Sections

Khi ng Section Designer cho Frame Sections, ta lm theo cc bc sau : - Chn Define menu Frame Sections trong Etabs, hp thoi Define Frame Properties hin ln. - nh ngha thm mt tit din mi, nhn vo Combo box v chn Add SD Section

- Hp thoi SD Section Data xut hin. Cc thng s trong hp thoi ny s c cp c th trong phn 2.1 - Nhn vo nt Section Designer trong hp thoi SD Section Data khi ng chng trnh Section Designer.

Section Designer For Wall Piers

khi ng Section Designer cho Wall Piers ta lm theo cc bc sau : - Vo Design menu Shear Wall Design Define Pier Sections for Checking trong Etabs, khi hp thoi Pier Sections s hin ln. - nh ngha mi mt tit din ta bm vo nt Add Pier Section, thay i tit din c sn bm vo nt Modify/Show Pier Section. 51

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- Hp thoi Pier Section Dat hin ln. Cc thng s ca hp thoi nn s c cp n trong mc 2.3. - Bm vo nt Section Designer trn hp thoi Pier Section Data khi ng chng trnh Section Designe.
2.2. Hp thoi Pier Section Data

Mc ny trnh by chi tit cc thng tin trong hp thoi Pier Section Data.

- Section Name : Tn ca tit din Pier - Base Material : vt liu c s ca Pier (ging nh Base Material ca Frame Section) - Add Pier : thm mt Pier mi (xem phn bi tp hiu hn v hai la chn ny). o Add New Pier Section : to mi mt Pier. o Start from Existing Wall Pier : nh ngha mi mt Pier t mt hnh dng Pier c sn. - Define/Edit/Show Section bm vo nt Section Designer bt u chnh sa, hoc nh ngha mi tit din.
2.3. Hp thoi SD Section Data

Mc ny trnh by chi tit cc thng tin trong hp thoi Pier Section Data.

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- Section Name : Tn tit din. - Base Material : vt liu c s. S lng loi vt liu trong Combo Box ph thuc vo s lng loi vt liu ta khai bo trong Etabs. Vic khai bo vt liu c s phc v cho hai mc ch : o Xc nh loi bi ton thit k (Thit k b tng ct thp, hay thit k thp). o Nu tit din c lm t nhiu loi vt liu, khi tnh ton cc c trng hnh hc v c trng c hc ca tit din, Etabs s quy i tt c cc loi vt liu v vt liu c s v a ra bo co (report) v cc c trng tit din (Section Properties). - Design Type : Mc ny ch nh r kiu tit din. - Concrete Column Check/Desgin : Ch nh loi bi ton thit k o Reinforcement to be Checked : Bi ton kim tra (xem thm chng thit k thp trong Sap2000). o Reinforcement to be Designed : Bi ton thit k. - Define/Edit/Show Section bm vo nt Section Designer bt u chnh sa, hoc nh ngha mi tit din.
3. Chng trnh Section Designer 3.1. Giao din chng trnh Section Designer

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3.2. H trc ta

H trc ta trong CSISD (CSI Section Designer) bao gm hai trc ta X v Y. Trc X lun nm ngang v Y lun thng ng, chiu dng ca chng c th hin nh hnh v.

H trc ta a phng ca Frame

Mc nh trc 2 v 3 nh hnh v, trc 1 tun theo quy tc bn tay phi (hng t gc ta ra pha ngi dng, vung gc vi mt phng mn hnh) i vi h trc ta a phng ca Frame, ta c th xoay chng quanh trc 1.

H trc ta a phng ca Pier

H trc ta a phng ca Pier nh hnh v. Khng ging nh h trc ta a phng ca frame, h trc ta a phng ca Pier khng th xoay c. H trc ta a phng ca Pier trong Etabs c cp n trong chng
3.3. Tit din v hnh dng (Sections and Shapes)

Chng ta cn phn bit hai khi nim section v shape trong Section Designer. Mt Section khng ch c th cha mt shape m n cn c th cha nhiu shape.

Tit din (Section)

Section l mt tit din trn vn c nh ngha trong Section Designer. H trc ta a phng ca section c k hin l trc 2 v 3. Gc ca ta a phng l trng tm ca tit din. 54

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Hnh dng (Shape)

Hnh dng hnh hc (geometric shapes) gip ta thit k tit din mt cch nhanh chng. Section Designer cung cp rt nhiu shape c sn - Draw menu Draw Structural Shape : Dng v cc hnh dng kt cu nh hnh dng ch I/wide flange, channel, tee, angle, double angle, box/tube, pipe v plate. - Draw menu > Draw Solid Shape: Dng v bn hnh dng c l rectangle, circle, circular segment and circular sector. - Draw menu > Draw Poly Shape : Cho php ngi dng v mt hnh a gic mt cch ty . Vi mi Shape ta c th hiu chnh thuc tnh ca chng bng cch nhn phi chut. - Material : hiu chnh vt liu. Mi mt Shape ch c lm t mt loi vt liu. S lng loi vt liu c th gn cho Shape ty thuc vo s lng loi vt liu m ta khai bo trong Etabs. - Dimensions and Location (Kch thc v v tr) o V tr ta tm (X,Y Center). o Kch thc chiu rng v chiu cao (Height, Width). o Mt s thuc tnh khc ty thuc vo hnh dng shape. o Gc quay (Rotation). - Mu ca shape (color) - Nu vt li l b tng, ta c thm mc Reinforcing, Combo box ny cho php ngi dng nh ngha ct thp gia cng cho shape. o Bar Cover - lp bo v ct thp, chnh l Clear Cover (xem phn ct thp gia cng). o Bar Size - kch thc ct thp. o Corner Point Reinforcement - thp gia cng gc. Mt trong cc chc nng kh c bit ca Shape l ta c th hiu chnh kch thc mt cch trc tip trn hnh v thng qua cc Grip bng chc nng Reshape - Chc nng Reshape : Draw menu Reshape Mode

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- Grip :
3.4. Ct thp gia cng

Khai bo ng knh ct thp

Etabs cung cp cc loi ng knh ct thp theo tiu chun nc ngoi, do vy s thiu mt s ng knh nu ta dng tiu chun Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, ta c th thm loi thp vo bng cch vo Etabs, chn Options menu Preferences Reinforcement Bar Sizes.

- Bar ID k hiu thp, v d 26d l 26 - Bar Area din tch thp. - Bar Diameter ng knh ct thp.

Ct thp gia cng

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Phn loi - Loi bm dnh cng vi Shape (hnh a). Loi ny c t ng to ra khi tai khai bo reinforcement trong thuc tnh ca shape. - Thp gia cng thm ti mt v tr bt k. - Thp di u trn mt ng thng (Line Pattern) dc theo cc ng bin ca shape (Edges) (hnh b). - Thp ti cc gc (coner bar) (hnh c) - Thp gia cng trn Line Pattern dc theo cc ng bin ca shape (hnh d). Chng ta c hai loi Line Pattern nh sau

: - Thp gia cng ti gc v thp gia dc theo ng bin ca shape. Clear Cover l lp bo v thc ca thp.
3.5. Phng php v

Chng ta c th v ring tng Shape, sau v cc ng Line Pattern, hoc ta c th v Shape sau chn Reinforcement cho chng. Mun hin chnh hnh dng hoc v tr ca cc i tng, chng ta phi nhn vo biu tng ReShape tn Toolbars hoc vo vo Draw menu ReShape Mode kt thc vic thit k tit din, cc bn nhn vo nt Done pha bn di phi ca ca s chng trnh. 57

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BM. Tin Hc Xy Dng HXD HN

Mc ch ca Section Properties
Cc thng s tit din chng ta c th tm thy trong Display menu Show Section Properties. Chc nng ca lnh ny : - Hin th cc c trng tit din. - Cho php ta xem (khng sa c) vt liu c s ca tit din (Base Material) - i vi Frame, n cho php ta thay i c h trc ta a phng ca tit din.

Thng s thit din

Cng thc tnh s quy i tit

din Trong - ASection din tch quy i (n v di bnh phng). - AShape din tch thc ca cc shape trong section (khng bao gm ct thp gia cng), n v chiu di bnh phng). - EBase modul n hi ca vt liu c s (lc/chiu di bnh phng). - EShape modul n hi ca vt liu to nn shape (lc/chiu di bnh phng). - n s lng shape trong mt section. Ch : din tch thp gia cng (reinforcing) khng c k n trong qu trnh tnh ton Secion Properties. Section Properties ch c tnh ton da trn thng s hnh hc ca tt c cc shape c mt trong section v vt liu lm ln chng.

A : din tch ca tit din (ASection). J : Moment chng xon (n v chiu di m 4). I33 : Moment qun tnh quanh trc 3 (n v chiu di m 4). I22 : Moment qun tnh quanh trc 2 (n v chiu di m 4). I23 : Moment qun tnh, cng thc nh trn (n v chiu di m 4). As2 : din tch chng ct song song vi trc 2 (n v chiu di m 2). As2 : din tch chng ct song song vi trc 3 (n v chiu di m 2).

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- S33(+face): Section modulus about the 3-axis at extreme fiber of the section in the positive 2-axis direction, length3. - S22(+face): Section modulus about the 2-axis at extreme fiber of the section in the positive 3-axis direction, length3. - S33(-face): Section modulus about the 3-axis at extreme fiber of the section in the negative 2-axis direction, length3. - S22(-face): Section modulus about the 2-axis at extreme fiber of the section in the negative 3-axis direction, length3. - r33 : Bn knh qun tnh quanh trc 3 (n v chiu di). - R22 : Bn knh qun tnh quanh trc 2 (n v chiu di). - Xcg, Ycg : ta ca trong tm tit din (Center Gravity) trong h ta XOY.
5. V d

To mt tit din ct C100x100 bng b tng mc 300. Ct cng hnh ch I kch thc l 0.8 x 0.6 x 0.05, ct mm l thp AII. bt chng trnh Section Designer. Ta vo menu Define Define Frame Section SD Section Data. in cc thng s cho ct nh di y :

Draw Solid Shape Rectangle, kch vo gc ta XOY. Bn vo menu Draw Kch phi chut vo tit din hnh vung, chnh cc thng s nh trong hp thoi Shape Properties Solid.

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Draw Structural Shape I/Wide Flange, kch vo gc ta Sau vo menu Draw XOY. Kch phi chut vo tit din hnh ch I, chnh cc thng s nh trong hp thoi Shape Properties I/Wide Flange.

Sau khi hiu chnh xong, tit din c v c dng nh sau.

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Bm phi chut vo bt k thanh thp trn cnh ca hnh vung (khng bm vo thp gc), hp thoi Edge Reinforcing hin ln, chnh cc thng s nh hnh di. Bm phi chut vo bt k thanh thp gc, hp thoi Cornet Point Reinforcing hin ln, chnh cc thng s nh hnh di.

Vo Menu Display Show Section Properties. Chng ta c bng thng s tit din nh hnh di. ng Section Designer v nhn nt OK kt thc vic nh ngha khai bo tit din.

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Tit din ct va khai bo c hnh dng nh hnh trn.

II.

Li (Grid)
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1. Hp thoi Building Plan Grid System and Story Data Definition

Grid Dimensions (Plan) : cc thng s ca li trn mt bng - Uniform Grid Spacing : Li c khong cch gia cc ng li u nhau - Number Lines in X Direction : s lng ng li theo phng X - Number Lines in Y Direction : s lng ng li theo phngY - Spacing in X Direction : khong cch gia cc ng li theo phng X - Spacing in Y Direction : khong cch gia cc ng li theo phng Y Story Dimensions - Simple Story Data : D liu cho tng tng - Number Stories : s tng - Typical Story Height : chiu cao tng in hnh - Bottom Story Height : chiu cao tng trt

2. Hp thoi Grid Labeling Options

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- Beginning X,Y ID : tn trc bt u theo phng X,Y - Label Left to Right : tn trc c nh s t tri sang phi theo phng X. - Label Bottom to Top : tn trc c nh s t di ln trn theo phng Y.
3. Hp thoi Define Grid Data

X,Y Grid Data : li theo phng X,Y Grid ID : tn trc Ordinate : ta ca li Line Type : Loi ng trc o Primary : li chnh o Secondary : li ph o Li chnh s c tn li. Tri li, li ph s khng c tn li. chuyn qua li di li chnh v li ph, ta ch vic nhp p chut vo ch Primary(Secondary) ca li . Visibility : iu khin s n hin ca li : o Show : hin li o Hide : n li o chuyn qua li gia Show v Hide ta nhn p chut vo ch show( hide) ca li Bubble Loc (Bubble Location) : iu khin v tr tn li o Top / Bottom : trn/di o Left/Right : tri/phi o chuyn qua li gia Top/Bottom v Left/Right ta nhn p chut vo ch Top/Bottom v Left/Right ca li Grid Color : iu khin mu ca li Units : n v Display grids as : hin th grid di dng o Ordinates : ta ca cc li o Spacing : khong cch gia cc ng lui Hide All Grid Lines : n tt c cc ng li Glue to Grid Lines : cc im trn li s c bn dnh ly li. C ngha l khi ta hiu chnh li th tt c cc im nm trn li s c dch chuyn cng vi li. Bubble Size : kch thc ca text ghi tn li. 64

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4. Hp thoi Story Data

Label : tn ca tng Height : chiu cao tng Elevation : cao ca tng Master Story : tng chnh Similar To : khai bo tng s tng t nh

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III.

Ti trng (Load)
1. Wind Load

Mc ny xin gii thiu mt s tnh nng nhp ti thng qua kiu ti trng l ti gi (Wind Load). Vo Define menu Static Load Cases. Khai bo cc thng s nh trong bng Define Static Load Case Names nh di y (Type wind, Auto Lateral Load User Defined).

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Sau khi Add New Load, nhn vo nt Modify Lateral Load.

FX, FY, MZ l lc t vo Diaphram. Cc ti trng ny tc ng vo diaphragm ti ta l X-Ord v Y-Ord. V d, khi bn mun nhp ti gi ng hoc ng t, bn tm ta tm khi lng v nhp vo X-Ord v Y-Ord, ti trng theo phng X th nhp vo FX, ti trng theo phng Y th nhp vo FY. 67

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Phng php ny s dng cch nhp ti vo Diaphram nn nht thit bn phi khai bo diaphragm cho cc tng.
2. Quake Lad

Mc ny xin gii thiu mt s tnh nng nhp ti thng qua kiu ti trng l ti gi (Wind Load). Vo Define menu Static Load Cases. Khai bo cc thng s nh trong bng Define Static Load Case Names nh di y (Type Quake, Auto Lateral Load User Loads).

Sau khi Add New Load, nhn vo nt Modify Lateral Load.

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FX, FY, MZ l lc t vo Diaphram. Cc ti trng ny tc ng vo diaphragm ti ta l x v y. V d, khi bn mun nhp ti gi ng hoc ng t, bn tm ta tm khi lng v nhp vo x v y, ti trng theo phng X th nhp vo FX, ti trng theo phng Y th nhp vo FY. Phng php ny s dng cch nhp ti vo Diaphram nn nht thit bn phi khai bo diaphragm cho cc tng. Ngoi ra, i vi loi ti trng ny, ta c thm la chn nhp vo tm khi lng ca Diaphram (Apply at Center of Mass). Phng php ny s dng cch nhp ti vo Diaphram nn nht thit bn phi khai bo diaphragm cho cc tng.

Ch
Khi bn khai bo ti trng, bn c khai bo loi ti trng (Type) l Dead, Live, Wind, vic khai bo ny ch c ngha khi bn s dng chc nng t hp ti trng t ng (Define Add Defaut Design Combo). Khi s dng chc nng Add Defaut Design Combo, Etabs s da vo tiu chun thit k (Options Preferences Concrete Frame Design) v cc loi ti trng (Dead, Live,) m bn khai bo t sinh ra cc t hp ti trng. Cn nu bn t khai bo cc t hp ti trng (khng s dng chc nng Add Defaut Design Combo) th vic khai bo loi ti trng khng c ngha g. Do vy bn c th tn dng cc chc nng nhp ti trng vo Diaphram ni trn nhp cc loi ti trong khc theo mong mun ca bn.

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PHN III : CC BI TP THC HNH

I.

Phng php chung :

1. Xc nh n v tnh

Xc nh n v tnh. Khuyn co nn s dng n v l Ton - m

2. Xy dng h li

S dng 2 phng php sau : - T to h li - Nhp h li t CAD

3. nh ngha vt liu

Xc nh tiu chun thit k - Theo tiu chun Vit Nam - Theo tiu chun nc ngoi (BS, ACI,)
4. nh ngha tit din

Cc phng php - T th vin mu - Nhp t catalog ly t file *.Pro Tun th cc quy tc v t tn tit din.
5. Xy dng m hnh hnh hc

- V m hnh da trn cc cng c v c sn - Nhp m hnh t AutoCAD

6. Gn tit din 7. Gn iu kin bin

Lin kt Restrain Lin kt Constrain Cc chuyn v cng bc Cc lin kt ti giao im ca cc phn tc (insertion, Release ,)

8. nh ngha cc trng hp ti trng, t hp ti trng 9. Gn ti trng

Gn ti trng cho tng phn t ca cc tng trng hp ti trng.

10. nh ngha cc thng s khc

- Cc thong s lin quan n tnh chu k giao ng ring ca cng trnh - Cc thng s cho bi ton thit k
11. Thc hin phn tch

Kim tra li m hnh - Kim tra li s hnh hc - Kim tra li s ti trng - Chy check model 71

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Thc hin chy chng trnh v ly cc thng s cn thit - Ly cc chu k giao ng ng vi tng dng dao ng theo 2 phng - Ly khi lng ring ca tng tng - Thc hin qu trnh tnh ton cc ti trng ng (gi ng va ng t) theo 2 phng da trn cc kt qu va ly c trn (tnh tay, Etabs khng h tr)
12. Nhp cc ti trng ng cho cng trnh

- Nhp ti trng ng t - Nhp tri trng gi ng

13. Thc hin li qu trnh phn tch kt cu v ly cc thng tin cn

thit
- Chy li bi ton c c ni lc v chuyn v ca cng trnh - Xut ni lc ra file Excel tnh ton theo tiu chun Vit Nam nu cn. - Thc hin qu trnh ly phn lc quy i tnh ton i di thang my.
14. Thc hin bi ton thit k

Etabs ch cung cp li gii cho bi ton thit k theo tiu chun nc ngoi (BS, ACI,.). Khng c tiu chun Vit Nam - Thc hin bi ton thit k thp cho phn t frame. - Thc hin bi ton thit k hoc kim tra vch.
15. Kim tra li kt qu tnh ton thit k

Khuyn co : ngi dung nn kim tra li kt qu tnh ton bng Etabs so vi kt qu tnh tay.
Bi tp

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