Trng i hc Bch khoa H ni Vin Cng ngh Sinh hc v Cng ngh Thc phm ------------------------------------

Cc cht ph gia dng trong sn xut thc phm (Bi ging s dng cho hc vin cao hc ngnh cng nghip thc phm)

Ngi bin son PGS TS Nguyn Duy Thnh

H ni - 2004

Mn hc : Cht ph gia thc phm Ngi son PGS PTS Nguyn Duy Thnh (Bi ging s dng cho hc vin cao hc ngnh cng nghip thc phm)

M u : Mc ch cu mn hoc Mn hc cht ph gia thc phm nhm cung cp cho ngi hc nhng ni dung sau y : 1- Gii thiu cc loi cht ph gia c php s dng trong ch bin nng sn thc phm, nhm gp phn tch cc trong vic hon thin v nng cao cht lng ca thc phm va m bo an ton v sc kho cho ngi s dng. 2 - Gii thiu phng php s dng mt cch c hiu qu cc cht ph gia trong qu trnh ch bin, bo qun v lu thng cc sn phm n ung trn th trng. 3- Gii thiu nhng yu t gy c hi ca cht ph gia thc phm v cc phng php hp l trong qu trnh s dng chng 4 - Gii thiu mt s cht tr gip thng c s dng trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm Chng I S dng cht ph gia - Lch s v lut php 1.1 Lch s - S dng cht ph gia thc phm Vit nam v trn th gii Ngi xa bit dng cc cht ph gia t lu, tuy cha bit r tc dng ca chng. Th d nc ta nhn dn t n du ho lm chui mau chn, mc du cha bit trong qu trnh t chy du ho sinh ra 2 tc nhn lm mau chn hoa qu l etylene v propylne. n u th k 19, khi bt u c ngnh cng nghip ho hc, ngi ta mi bt u tng hp cht mu aniline (1856). Sau rt nhiu cht mu tng hp khc ra i. i vi cc hng liu cng th, u tin ngi ta chit xut t thc vt, ri em phn tch v tng hp li bng ho hc. Ti nm 1990 tr vanille, tinh du chanh , cam, bc h c chit xut t thc vt, cn cc cht hng liu khc em s dng trong thc phm u c tng hp. Vic sn xut thc phm quy m cng nghip v hin , i hi phi c nhiu cht ph gia, lm d dng cho ch bin thc phm. Do s dng cc cht ph gia bo qun, trnh cho bt m mc, khi cho thm cht lindane hoc cho malathion vo bt m, cc cht bo khng b i kht khi cho thm cc cht chng oxy ho, khoai ty c th bo qun chc chn qua ma h nu cho thm propane. Trong cc nc nhit i, vn bo qun thc phm li cng tr thnh mt vn ln. Theo OMS (T chc Y t th gii) hin nay khong trn 20% ngun thc phm b hao ht trong qa trnh bo qun. Vic giao lu cc sn phm trong thi gian gn y v sau ny s tr thnh vn quc t c ngha rt ln. Khong cch v thi gian thu hoch theo ma, khng cn tr ngi chnh na. Ngi ta c th n c chua ti quanh nm, cam c th a i tt c cc lc a. chng mc cho loi qu ny, ngi ta dng diphenyl, v thy c kt qu rt tt. Nm 1975, M cc mt hng v thc phm ln ti 20.000 loi. Cc nc chu u cng t c cc sn phm ch bin trong lnh vc thc phm, vi s lng tng t Khi cc cht ph gia m bo vic ko di thi gian bo qun thc phm trn 6 thng th cc sn phm ch bin trong lnh vc thc phm, s cn tng hn na.

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Phong cch sng thay i, lm thay i cch n ca nhiu nc . Php 1962 mi s dng 55.0000 tn thc phm ch bin sn, ti nm 1969 ln ti 150.000 tn v sau nm 1975 tng ln trn 400.000 tn. Khoai ty nghin nh ng l c cc cht chng oxy ho v cht chng kh tit kim c rt nhiu lao ng v thi gian nu nng. Bnh m ct sn thnh ming mng, c bn rng ri H lan v c c th nhiu ngy vn nh mi sn xut l nh c cht propionate calcium. Cc loi mt, hoa qu hp, qu, ht, qu kh, ng bnh , b, ru.. b mt mu t nhin trong qu trnh ch bin v bo qun, c gi v hi phc li mu t nhin bng cc cht mu tng hp. Khu v cng c thay i nhanh chng, cng vi s tin b vt bc ca khoa hc k thut. Hin nay c ngi, n gi ngi vo bn n, m trong ngi khng c cm gic i, n khng thy ngon. Ba n, c lc khng phi l mt nhu cu, l s cn thit, m l mt s gii tr, hoc bt buc. Do chng ta cn cc mn n c mu v hnh dng tht hp dn, hng v tht kch thch, v khu v c th thch hp vi mi ngi trong tt c cc iu kin. Trong ch bin thc phm, do nhiu tc nhn c, l, ho, hng v t nhin ca thc phm s b gim, v chng ta khng th khng tm cch a thm cc cht c tc dng tng v vo thc phm. Vic sn xut nhiu loi thc phm mi, thay th cho cc sn phm ng vt, thc vt t nhin, cn rt nhiu cc cht ph gia. Th d ch bin gi tht b, ln, g, xc xch ... T u tng hoc men l-vuya c sinh tng hp t parafine du ho, vi mt s cht ph gia c tc dng kt dnh c tng thm mu v hng v. Trong lnh vc cc cht ph gia v hng liu, cc nh khoa hc c thnh cng ng k. Ngi ta chit tch c c f c ti trn 300 thnh phn hng liu khc nhau. Ti nay ring cc loi bnh, b, fomat, ru, qu, ngi ta pht hin c trn 800 loi hng liu, c mi c trng v vic lm gi cc sn phm ging nh thin nhin, khng phi ch b hp trong phm vi sn xut nh na.

1.2 - Cc quy nh php lut v s dng cht ph gia thc phm (PGTP) - nh ngha cht PGTP Cht ph gia l nhng cht thm vo thc phm trong qu trnh ch bin c th c hoc khng c gi tr dinh dng vi mc ch lm tng hng, v, mu sc, lm thay i nhng tnh cht l hc , ho hc to iu kin d dng trong ch bin, hoc ko di thi gian bo qun sn phm. Liu lng thng rt t. Theo quan im s dng, mi nc c cch nh ngha ca mnh 1.2.2 - C s cho php mt cht tr thnh PGTP Cc cht ph gia ( CPG ) c php s dng trong thc phm cn c 3 iu kin: 1)- C y ti liu nghin cu v k thut v cng ngh s dng CPG Cn phi a ra nhng ti liu nghin cu v nhng tnh cht ho hc, l hc v kh nng ng dng ca CPG 2)- C y ti liu nghin cu v c t hc Mun c kt lun r rng cn phi tin hnh nghin cu : - Cc cht ph gia phi c th c t nht trn 2 loi sinh vt, trong c mt loi khng phi l loi gm nhm, c th sinh vt cn c cc chc nng chuyn ho gn ging nh ngi. 1.2.1

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- Liu th c phi ln hn liu m ngi c th hp th cht ph gia vo c th khi s dng thc phm (tnh cho khi lng mt ngi ti thiu l 50-100kg). 3) - C y ti liu nghin cu v cc phng php phn tch Cn phi c cc phng php phn tch chnh xc v thch hp xc nh hm lng CPG c trong thc phm. Khi mun s dng cht ph gia mi trong sn xut thc phm, phi trnh cho Hi ng V sinh ATTP ti cao Quc gia thuc b Y t cc th tc sau: a). Tn cht ph gia, cc tnh cht l hc, ho hc v sinh vt hc .. . b). Tc dng v k thut, nng cn thit, liu ti a c). Kh nng gy c cho c th ngi (ung th, qui thai, gy t bin,...) th trn vi sinh vt v theo di trn ngi. d). Phng php th c v nh lng cht ph gia trong thc phm. - Cc vn bn php lut ca Nh nc Vit nam v ca nc ngoi v s dng PGTP Khi s dng cht ph gia trong thc phm phi c cc c quan qun l cho php Vit nam Do B Y t v Tng cc Tiu chun o lng v Cht lng qun l iu 10 v Tiu chun tm thi v sinh 505/BYT-Q ca B Y t quyt nh v vic s dng ph gia trong ch bin lng thc thc phm nh sau: 1. Khng c php s dng cc loi ph gia khng r ngun gc, mt nhn, bao b hng. Khng c php s dng cc loi ph gia ngoi danh mc cho php ca B Y t. 2. i vi cc ph gia mi, ho cht mi, nguyn liu mi, mun a vo s dng trong ch bin, bo qun lng thc thc phm, cc loi nc ung, ru v sn xut cc loi bao b thc phm th phi xin php B Y t. Trn th gii - FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization the United Notions tr s Rm - OMS : Organizotion Mondial de la Sant Tr s oqr Genev FAO v OMS l thnh phn ca lin hp quc tp hp 121 nc thnh vin EU: Eropenne Union kim tra hm lng cht ph gia c trong thc phm, c quan tiu chun ho quc t v ca cc quc gia xy dng nhng phng php phn tch - ISO Internationnal Stadadisation Organisation - AFNOR - Association Francaise de Normalisation, ca Cng ho Php - DIN - Deutsches Institut pr Normung, ca CHLB c - BS British Standard, ca Vng quc Anh - ASTM American Society f Testing and Materials, ca M - TCVN Tiu chun Vit nam, ca CHXHCN Vit nam 1.2.3

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Chng II Nhng cht ph gia thc phm 2.1 - Cht mu 2.1.1 Cht mu t nhin Cht mu t nhin ch yu thng gp trong cc nguyn liu thc vt c chia lm ba nhm chnh: - Antoxian lm hoa qu c mu v mu xanh lam; - Carotinoit c mu vng - Clorofin sc t xanh l cy. Tt c cc sc t ny l nhng hp cht ho hc phc tp v c to nn trong qu trnh sng thch ng vi cc loi thc vt. Mc bn ca chng rt khc nhau v trong qu trnh bo qun, ch bin nhit v cc gia cng khc s b thay i i theo nhng cch khc nhau. V vy lc dng ti sn phm thng c mu sc p, sau khi ch bin mu sc b km i mt phn hoc c khi mt hn.iu lm cho gi tr mt hng v gi tri s dng gim i v v hp dn bn ngoi ca thc n s b km Trong cng nghip thc phm cn phi tm ra cc bin php gi cho thc phm c mu sc p. iu ny c th t c bng nhng cch sau : - Xy dng mt quy trnh k thut gia cng nguyn liu(125) v bn thnh phm bo qun c ti a cc mu t nhin c sn trong nguyn liu. - Tch ra, c c v bo qun cc cht mu t chnh thc vt hoc t nguyn liu khc giu cht mu; cc cht mu t nhin c c c th dng cho cc sn phm khc nhau - To nn cc cht mu tng hp nhn to ging nh cc mu t nhin ca sn phm thc phm v dng n nhum cc sn phm m dng t nhin n khng mnh hoc b mt mu ban u do qu trnh ch bin. - Phi hp s dng cc phng php k trn theo nhng bin php khc nhau. Nhng bin i mu sn phm l do hng lot qu trnh ho hc xy ra trong qu trnh ch bin gy nn.i vi mi nhm cht mu, phi c nhng bin php khc nhau bo v mu t nhin ca sn phm. Clorofin - C mu xanh l cy Clorofin c hai dng: clorofin a C55H72O5N4Mg v clorofin b C55H70O6N4Mg. T l ca chng trong thc vt khong chng 3:1. bit clorofin trong qu trnh un trong mi trng axit s chuyn thnh mt hp cht ho hc mi feofitin c mu sm liu. trnh s bin mu ca clorofin trong qu trnh ch bin ngi ta s dng dng khc ca chng l dung dch clorofilin : Mu ny thu c t l rau dn, l gai v cc loi rau xanh khc, bng cch c c nc chn ca l rau dn hay l gai vi dung dch kim m c (3kg NaOH cho 100 kg l ti) trong thi gian 2-3gi. Trong thi gian nu, clorofin chuyn thnh clorofilin (theo hai dng ca clorofin l clorofin a v clorofin b). sau khi nu em p v lc ,dung dch thu c cha clorofilin. Cc clorofilin bn mu hn Liu dng 15 mg/kg khi lng c th Antoxian C mu v mu xanh lam. Cc sc t antoxian hay l antoxianin l nhng hp cht ho hc thuc nhm glucozit. Trong t nhin c nhiu hp cht loi ny v chng c rau qu vi s lng v t l khc nhau trong rau qu, hoa v cc b phn khc ca thc vt lm cho chng c nhiu mu sc khc nhau. C bn loi antoxian pelacgonidin, xianidin, denfinidin v apigenidin. Cc mu , xanh lam v cc mu khc tng t khc ca rau qu l cc este metyl ca cc antoxianidin ny. Cc sc t ca antoxian ny rt nhy cm vi phn ng ca mi trng.

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Liu dng 0,1 mg/kg khi lng c th Curcumin : C mu vng da cam. Ngi ta thu c cht ny t c ngh v c th t c nng 99% . Curcumin c dng trong sn xut bt cary, m tt, nc dng, bt canh rau, cc sn phm sa vi liu dng 0,1 mg/kg khi lng c th Riboflavin ( lactoflavin ) hoc vitamin B2 : C mu vng da cam. Ngi ta thu c cht ny t nm men, mm la m, trng v gan ng vt. Riboflavin c dng trong sn xut cc sn phm sa, kem, lm bnh ngt, mt keo vi liu dng 0,5 mg/kg khi lng c th Axit cacminic : c mu ti. Ngi ta thu c cht ny t trng v con non ca mt loi cn trng rp sy kh. Ch phm c cha 10 15% axit cacminic. Axit cacminic c dng cho cc sn phm khai v, tht chn, cc sn phm sa vi liu dng 2,5 mg/kg khi lng c th Caramel : C mu nu en. Ngi ta thu c cht ny bng cch nu ng sy sacaroza nhit cao. Caramel c dng cho cc sn phm dm, ru vang, bia, ru to, tht, c, u ph Liu dng 100 mg/kg khi lng c th Poliphenol b oxy ho : C mu nu m. Ngi ta thu c cht ny t ch en. Cht mu ny l mt hn hp nhiu cht, trong ch yu l teaflavil (TF) v tearubigin (TR), t l TF/TR < 1/12. Cht mu ny c dng cho nhiu sn phm nh nc ung, tht, c, bnh, ko. Liu dng khng hn ch tu thuc vo mu sc ca sn phm m ngi ta iu chnh hm lng cho ph hp. Tnh c hi : Tt c cc cht mu t nhin u khng c 2.1.2 Cc cht mu nhn to (hay tng hp) Cc cht mu nhn to c s dng trong phm vi tng i hp, thng s dng trong sn xut bnh ko v sn xut cc th nc ung khng c ru. sn xut hpch yu l hp rau qu,.nhiu trng hp cc c quan bo v sc kho cm dng vo trong thc phm cc cht mu hu c nhn to v cha bit ht c tc dng phc tp ca n i vi c th ngi. Cho php nhum mu thc phm bng cc cht mu tng hp Nhm cht mu vng Tatrazin : l dn xut ca axit pyrazol cacboxylic, c mu vng chanh. c dng trong sn xut bnh ko, thc phm trng ming, mt, ru, trng c mui, tm, v ngoi phomat, v ngoi tht chn. Liu dng 7,5 mg/kg khi lng c th Quinolein vng : l mui Natri ca axit Monosulphonic v Disulphonic ca Quinophtalin v quinolyindanedion, c mu vng, c dng trong sn xut bnh ko, thc phm trng ming, mt, ru, trng c mui, tm, v ngoi phomat, v ngoi tht chn. Liu dng 2,5 mg/kg khi lng c th Vng da cam S : l mui Na ca axit Naphtol- sulphonic, c mu vng da cam, c dng trong sn xut bnh ko, thc phm trng ming, mt, ru, trng c mui, tm, v ngoi phomat, v ngoi tht chn. Liu dng 0,5 mg/kg khi lng c th Nhm cht mu

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Azorubin : l mui Na ca axit Naphtol- sulphonic, c mu . Cht mu ny cn c s dng trong cng nghip nhum v in. c dng trong sn xut mt ko, sir, nc gii kht Liu dng 0,5 mg/kg khi lng c th Liu dng 4 mg/kg khi lng c th ( tm thi quy nh) Amaran : L mui c 3 nguyn t Na ca axit Naphtol- disulphonic, c mu boc . c dng trong sn xut trng c mui, nc qu, ru nho. Liu dng 0,75 mg/kg khi lng c th rp : L mui c 3 nguyn t Na ca axit Naphtol- disulphonic, c mu ging nh mu ca axit cacminic ( cht mu t nhin ) , c dng trong sn xut bnh ko, thc phm trng ming, mt, ru, trng c mui, tm, v ngoi phomat, v ngoi tht chn. Liu dng 0,75 mg/kg khi lng c th Erytrozin : L mui ca ttra-iodo-fluoresxin, c mu , c dng trong sn xut bnh ko, thc phm trng ming, mt, ru, trng c mui, tm, v ngoi phomat, v ngoi tht chn. Liu dng 2,5 mg/kg khi lng c th Nhm cht mu xanh Mu xanh l V : l mui canxi ca dn xut triphenylmetan, c mu xanh nht, c dng trong sn xut bnh ko, thc phm trng ming, mt, ru, trng c mui, tm, v ngoi phomat, v ngoi tht chn Liu dng 2,5 mg/kg khi lng c th Indigocacmin : L mui Na ca axit indigotin disunphonic, c mu xanh lam, c dng trong sn xut kem, bnh ko, mt, qu ngm ng. Liu dng 5,0 mg/kg khi lng c th Xanh l sng FCF : C cng thc C37H34N2Na2O9S3 l cht c mu xanh l sng, c php dng Canada, Anh v M cho cc sn phm bng ko, confitur, sir, hp Xanh lc sng BS : L mui Natri ca dn xut Fusinic, c mu xanh lc sng, thng c dng vi hn hp cc mu xanh khc to mu xanh lc, c dng trong sn xut qu ngm ng, siroo, nc gii kht, bnh ko, ru Liu dng 5,0 mg/kg khi lng c th Nhm cht mu en Mu en sng BN : L mui c 4 Na ca axit tetrasulphonic, c mu en sng, c dng trong sn xut bnh ko, thc phm trng ming, mt, ru, trng c mui, tm, v ngoi phomat, v ngoi tht chn. Liu dng 1,0 mg/kg khi lng c th Tnh c hi : Tt c cc cht mu tng hp u c i vi con ngi nn khi s dng phi tun theo s ch dn trong ti liu k thut 2.1.3 Cht mu v c Cc cht mu c ngun gc v c ch yu dng trang tr thc phm TT Tn cht mu S dng Liu dng mg/kg th trng

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1 2 3 4 5 6 7

Cacbonat Canxi Bioxyt Titan Oxyt St Oxyt Nhm Bc Vng Cht mu rubi

t dng t dng Mt v bnh ko Mt v bnh ko Mt v bnh ko Mt v bnh ko V phomat

Khng hn ch Cha c 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,5

Tnh c hi : Phn ln cc cht mu v c c tnh c nn cn phi thn trng khi dng trong thc phm 2.2 Cht bo qun Tc dng ca cht ph gia bo qun, s dng vi mc ch ngn cn s pht trin ca vi khun, nm mc, v ko di thi gian bo qun ca thc phm. Trn thc t, nhiu loi ph gia bo qun c tc dng bo qun, c ch s pht trin v hot ng ca nhiu loi vi khun v nm mc khi kt hp vi mt s cht c tc dng bo qun truyn thng nh ng,mui, dm v.v.. 2.2.1 - Cht bo qun ngun gc v c Cc cht clorua Cc mui clorua m ch yu l Natri clorua (NaCl) l cht bo qun truyn thng ca thc phm. n c dng trong cng nghip p mui thc phm ( tht, c) cn bo qun lu di, hoc mui chua cc loi rau qu.Nhc im c bn ca phng php ny l to nn v qu mn cho thc phm. NaCl khng c i vi ngi bnh thng nhng i vi ngi mc bnh ph th cn phi king cc sn phm c nhiu mui Nit rt v nit rt ca Natri v Kali Cng thc ho hc : KNO2, NaNO2, KNO3, NaNO3 Dng s dng : Dng dnh dung dch hoc dng tinh th Phng php s dng : s dng kh nng dit khun c bit i vi Clostridium botulinum bo qun mt s thc phm nhng ch yu dng cho cc sn phm tht nh sc xch, lp xng v mt s sn phm sa Hm lng Nitrt v Nitrit trong sn phm (mg/kg sn phm)cn phi c kim sot rt cht ch theo bng d y : TT 1 2 3 Thc phm Dnh cho tr em di 3 thng Sa n king Nc sa thu phn Hm lng mg/kg sn phm 50 30 50 50

Tnh c hi : Nitrt v Nitrit kh c v trong qu trnh ch bin chng tc dng vi cc axit amin c sn trong thc phm to thnh cc cht Nitrozamin l tc nhn gy ung th Andht sulfur v sulft : Cng thc ho hc : SO2 , H2SO3- Kh sunfur hay anhidrit sunfur Dng s dng : S dng th kh hoc dung dch nc Phng php s dng : Sunfit ho l phng php c s dng rng ri

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Kh sunfur hay anhidrit sunfur ( SO2) l loi cht st trng mnh c tc dng dit cc vi sinh vt lm h hng rau qu. Tc dng bo qun ca anhidrit sunfur nhit bnh thng th hin khi nng 0.05-0.20% tnh theo khi lng sn phm. Mt trong nhng iu kin c bn SO2 c tc dng bo qun l axit ca mi trng. Trong mi trng kim trung tnh SO2 khng c tc dng , v vy, khng nn dng SO2 bo qun nhiu loi rau khng c axit. Nhng loi qu trong thnh phn cha nhiu axit hu c t nhin chnh l i tng thch hp nht cho vic bo qun bng phng php sunfit ho. axit ca qu nguyn liu cng cao, lng SO2 s dng sunfit ho cng thp. Anhidrit sunfur l cht kh khng mu, c mi hc ca lu hunh chy, nng hn khng kh 2.25 ln. Thng SO2 c nn trong cc bnh thp thnh dy. Anhidrit sunfur d tan trong nc lnh, nhit tng th ho tan gim i rt nhanh. Nh 0OC dung dch bo ho SO2 cha khng qu 23%, 20OC khng qu 11.5% v nhit 30OC-7.8%, nhit 40OC-5.4%. Do tnh cht ca SO2 nn ngi ta ch s dng SO2 ly t bnh cha cho trc tip vo sn phm rau qu cn c bo qun ( nh rau qu nghin hay nc rau qu v cn phi lm lnh thch ng ), hoc ngi ta s dng dung dch SO2 chun b sn trong nc lnh vi nng 4.5-5.5% ho ln vo sn phm lng hay qu nghin vi s lng qui nh trong qui trnh cng ngh bo m cho sn phm nng SO2 c tc dng st trng, ngha l t dc nng 0.12-0.2% trong sn phm. Tt nhin l phng php th hai ny t kinh t hn v tn sc lao ng v khng trnh khi cn nhiu thng cha hay cc b cha ln c bit, v khi lng cha sn phm tng ln do cho thm dung dch SO2vo ( v d 35% ) khi a vo cc qu bn thnh phm cng nh khi chun b dung dch SO2ho tan trong nc, to thnh axit sunfur ( H2SO3 ). Cc phng php m t trn gi l sunfit ho t c s dng rng ri cng nh l phng php ho kh, tc l x l qu ng trong thng hay hm kh cha kh SO2 v t trong phng kn c cu to c bit. Kh SO2 c np trc tip t bnh thp hay c iu ch ti ch bng cch t lu hunh ngay trong phng. Phng php th hai ny gi l phng php xng khi. Khi xng khi, kh sunfur s chim y th tch ca phng v thm qua b mt qu vo trong, do c tc dng st trng tt Nh vy, tt c cc phng php sunfit ho k trn u c hiu qu k thut kh trng rau qu nh nhau. Anhidrit sunfur l mt loi cht bo qun c th nghim bo qun c chua nghin. Liu lng SO2 cn dng vo khong 0.15% c chua nghin bo qun trong cc thng ln trong 20-30 ngy, sau em ch bin thnh c chua bt c. Cn ch : Axit sunfur d dng kt hp vi cc sc t thc vt nht l cc sc t mu antoxian ca rau qu to thnh cc phc cht mi khng mu v vy khi sunfit ho cc qu c mu , xanh v cc mu khc, thng lm cho rau qu mt mu. Phn ng ny xy ra theo chiu thun nghch v sau khi tch SO2, mu ca sn phm qu li c khi phc. V axit sunfur l mt cht kh mnh nn ngn chn cc qu trnh oxy ho trong qu c bit l qu trnh oxy ho axit ascobic. Do SO2 l phng tin rt tt bo v vitamin C c trong sn phm. Tnh c hi : Anhydrit sunfur c hi ti sc kho: Khi xm nhp vo ng tiu ho s gy bun nn nhc u, ht phi kh SO2 v gy vim nim mc. V vy khi sunfit ho cn phi ht sc cn thn. Thng cng nhn lm vic cc khu chun b thng v bao b sunfit ho cng nh chun b dung dch SO2, lm vic ni c sn phm SO2 hay trc tip ni sunfit ho kh, cn phi mang theo mt n trong Khi ch bin bn thnh phm sunfit ho vic tch SO2 rt d dng bi v khi un si SO2 gn nh bay hi ht. V vy phng php sunfit ho thng ch dng cho cc bn thnh phm ca qu m sau em nu thu c sn phm v d nh mt. Phng php ny hon ton khng dng cho loi sn phm nc ng.

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Trong thc t khng th tch SO2 ra khi sn phm hp qu. Mt vi vt ca n s tr li trong sn phm. iu xy ra trc ht v chnh qu trnh gi l desunfit ho, tc l tch SO2 khi dun si khng c ko di y v c nhng trng hp cng cc sn phm ring bit ca mt nghin hoc nhng dng sn phm khc c ch bin cng vi lng SO2 cn li. Sau , trong thi gian sunfiit ho v bo qun cc bn thnh phm v sau, SO2tc dng vi nhng cht hu c ca qu to thnh cc phc cht phc tp ( gi l SO2 lin kt ) m cc phc cht ny mt ln na li phn hu v SO2 tch ra mi trng xung quanh. Do cn c bit ch trng khi x l cc sn phm c sunfit ho bo v sc kho. Hm lng SO2 cn li trong sn phm khng c vt qu gii hn sau y ( tnh bng mg cho 1kg sn phm ). Mt rim, qu kh, ru nho, nc qu... trc khi em s dng : 100 Mt ko v nhng sn phm ch bin t qu nghin : 20 Trong cc loi sn phm dng lm thc n cho tr em khng c cha SO2, v vy khng c dng phng php Sunfit ho sn xut cc loi thc n ny. Ngoi ra, SO2 l cht n mn kim loi cc thit b sn xut, ( ng ng ht gi, mng, bng chuyn, v thit b, dng c...b nhanh chng h hng). S dng cc dn xut Ngoi anhydrit sunfur v dung dch H2SO3 trong k thut sunfit ho ngi ta cn dng cc mui ca axit sunfur liu lng cn dng phi tng ln v phi tnh theo hm lng SO2 c trong phn t mui tng ng . Th d ng vi 1g SO2 sunfit ho qu phi dng : - Natri bisunfit NaHSO3 1.6g - Kali bisunfit KHSO3 1.8g - Canxi bisunfit Ca(HSO3)2 3.1g 2.0g - Natri sunfit Na2SO3 - Kali sunfit K2SO3 2.5g Tt c cc mui ca axit sunfur ny u dng dng dung dch. SO2 l tc nhn ho hc gy ra hin tng mt mu i vi mt s sc t thc vt v th c th s dung n gia cng nh b mt ca nhiu loi sn phm nhm nng cao hnh thc ca sn phm. Ngoi ra SO2 cn c tc dng st trng b mt . V vy trong qui trnh k thut sy rau, ngi ta s l trong thi gain ngn ( 2-3 pht ) b mt ca c lm sch v bng dung dch natri bisunfit 0.1%. Cng nh vy khoai ty ct ming ri em chn v nhng qua trong dung dch natri bisunfit 0.5% trc khi sy kh s lm cho hnh tc ca sn phm sy c tng ln nhiu ( hm lng chung ca SO2 cn li trong khoai ty sy kh khng vt qu 0.04% ). i vi m trc khi sy cng em x l nhanh ( 5-6 pht ) bng dung dch H2SO3 hay NaHSO3 0.5-0.6%. C th dng natri bisunfit x l i vi khoai ty, nu khoai ty c x l bng dung dch natri bisunfit th bo qun c lu hn v ch tiu phm cht cao hn Nho trc khi phi kh ngoi tri cng c xng qua b mt bng khs SO2. Anhydrit sufur cng c dng tng phm cht hp hoa xp l. Khi ng hp v dm dm hoa xp l thng c mu nu xu v mm.. nu c x l trc bng dung dch Anhydrit sufur 0.2% trong 2 gi , cht lng xp l rt tt tt ( rau trng v cng). Xp l c nhng trc khi chn vo dung dch 0.12-0.15% SO2 trong 2-2.5 gi, sau ra sch li cn thn. Thnh phn cn cha lng SO2 khng qu 0.002%.

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Khi dm dm bp ci, em ngm ci thi mng vo dung dch 0.23% SO2 trong 3 pht, sau em chn trong nc, s m bo gi c mu trng t nhin ca thnh phm. Andht cc b nch Cng thc ho hc : H2CO3 hoc CO2 Dng s dng : Dng kh, dng ho lng hoc dng rn ( CO2 ) Phng php s dng : Kh cc b nc c tc dng c ch hot ng ca VSV, ng thi lm gim hot ca cc enzym. Ngi ta s dng CO2 bo qun d tr nc qu trong cc xitec ln (15.000 20.000 lt ), nhit -1 n -2OC v p sut d ca CO2 l 0,5 - 1 at , thi gian bo qun c th ko di hng nn. Dng CO2 trong bo qun ng cc, gp phn gi n nh cht lng cho bia, sm panh, nc gii kht t hoa qu .v.v. Liu lng khng hn ch. Tnh c hi : CO2 d dng thot ra khi thc phm nn khng c kh nng gy ngt cho con ngi nn c coi l khng c hi 2.2.2 - Cht bo qun ngun gc hu c Axit sobic v cc sobat Cng thc ho hc : Axit sobic hay axit 2,4-hexadienic (C5H7COOH) Dng s dng : l cht kt tinh bn vng, c v chua nh v mi nh, Trong lng phn t l 112.12, nhit nng chy l 134.5OC. Axit sobic kh tan trong nc lnh (0.16%) v d tan trong nc nng ( 100OC tan 3.9%). Cc mui ca axit sobic l Sobat natri, Sobat kali v Sobat canxi Mui ca Axit sobic l kali sobat cng l bt trng kt tinh, d tan trong nc ( 20OC, 138g kali sobat ho tan trong 100ml nc). Trong cng nghip ho cht Axit sobic c sn xut bng nhiu phng php khc nhau. Nht l trong thc t thng dng phng php tng hp bng cch ngng t alhydrit crotonic v xten. Phng php s dng : Axit sobic v kali sobat c tc dng st trng mnh i vi nm men v nm mc , cc vi sinh vt ny l nguyn nhn ch yu thng gy h hng sn phm rau qu. Nhng cht st trng ny li c tc dng rt yu i vi vi khun. V vy khi s dng Axit sobic ngi ta vn c th gi c kh nng hot ng ca mt s vi khun c li nh vi khun latic iu chng t rng Axit sobic c nhiu u im trong cc loi ho cht bo qun thc phm. V l do ny nhiu nc ch ti vic nghin cu v s dng axit sobic lm cht ph gia bo qun thc phm . S dng Axit sobic em li kt qu tt trong cng nghip ch bin rau qu trong cng nghip ru nho, trong sn xut hp sa v cc sn phm sa chua, cc sn phm c, cc loi tht di, xc xch, cc sn phm bnh m... Axit sobic thm vo nc to v mt s nc qu v qu nghin khc vi lng 0.050.06% c th bo qun trong thi gian di. Axit sobic khng tiu dit c cc vi khun nn mt s vi khun c bit l vi khun lactic vn c th gy h hng nc qu khi c mt Axit sobic. V th ngi ta cn un nng s b v nhanh nc qu nhit khng cao lm. Th d nh nc to c cho Axit sobic vi liu lng 0.05% un nng trong 5 pht nhit 50OC khng b h hng trong 6 thng iu kin nhit bnh thng. Nc nho un nng ti 55OC v thm vo 0.05% Axit sobic, bo qun trong kho khng c iu chnh nhit phm cht khng b gim. Dng sobat bo qun nc qu ng trong bao b nh tin li cho ngi tiu dng cng nh bo qun nc qu tm thi trong mt thng cha ln sau em ng chai v em bn dng nc qu kh trng hay khng kh trng.

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S dng Axit sobic phi hp vi cc cht bo qun khc cng cho kt qu tt. Th d : vi khun axetic trong nc to m cc sobat khng c tc dng nn ngoi sobat c th cho thm mt lng nh natri benzoat. Tc dng ny lm cho nc qu bo qun c di hn khng c du hiu h hng To nghin c cho thm axit sobic c nng t 0.09-0.1% , em bo qun nhit khng qu 15OC vn gi c tnh cht t nhin, khng c mi v l v hon ton c th s dng ch bin mt v dng lm nhn bnh rn, lm ch bt kh hay nu cc mn n khc t qu. Phc bn t cn bo qun lu di, dng Axit sobic vi hm lng 0.05% nhit bo qun cho php 20-22OC. Phng php bo qun bng axit sobic c th s dng trong iu kin gia nh. Vic s dng Axit sobic trong sn xut hp c th gim c nhit thanh trng. Dng Axit sobic trong vic ch bin hu ht cc loi mt hng hp u c hiu qu kinh t k thut cao. Khi ch bin sn phm c chua, rau mui mn, mui chua, dm dm v rau bn thnh phm. Thm vo c chua nghin 0.05% kali sobat c th thu c sn phm c chua nghin 12% cht kh m c chua nghin khng b mc nhit bnh thng hn hai thng,. C chua nghin 18% cht kh c 0.1% kali sobat c th bo qun trong kho bnh thng trong hn 10 thng khng b h hng. S dng axit sobic s l b mt cc sn phm khng a vo ng hp, nh cc loi mt qu chng hn v cc loi sn phm ny thng hay b nhim trng trn b mt, bng cch phun axit sobic trn b mt sau khi ng gi mt vo bao b hay dng giy chng m hoc giy bng knh tm cht bo qun ny ph ln b mt ca mt. Phng php ny c s dng trong cng nghip phomat nu chy. Ngi ta phun axit sobic ln giy v dng n gi phomat. axit sobic l cht bo qun thc phm c s dng rng ri trong cng nghip thc phm. Vic s dng n khng phc tp v khng i hi vn u t thit b mi. Tnh c hi : . Axit sobic v sobat khng c vi c th con ngi, khi cho vo sn phm thc phm khng gy ra mi hay v l v khng lm mt mi v t nhin ca thc phm. Trong c th, Axit sobic b oxy ho to thnh cc cht khng c. Axt Benzoic, benzoat v dn xut Cng thc ho hc : Axit benzoic ( C6H5COOH ) Dng s dng : C dng tinh th hnh kim khng mu, t trng 1.27 g/ml. D tan trong ru v ete nhng t tan trong nc. Mui ca axit benzoic thng dng l Benzoat natri, Benzoat kali v Benzoat canxi Phng php s dng : Axit benzoic l cht st trng mnh i vi nm men v cc nm mc v c tc dng yu i vi cc vi khun. Tc dng bo qun ch xy ra mi trng axit pH = 2.5-3.5. Trong iu kin ny, nng Axit benzoic c tc dng bo qun km hm cc vi sinh vt gy ra h hng sn phm l 0.05%. Axit benzoic t ho tan trong nc ( nhit trong phng bnh thng ch tan khng qu 0.2% ) nn vic s dng cc dung dch bo qun ny rt kh. Trong cng nghip thc phm ngi ta thng s dng mui natri ca Axit benzoic l natri benzoat ( C6H5COONa) cht ny c th iu ch c khi cho tc dng Axit benzoic v soda (Na2CO3). Natri Benzoat d ho tan trong nc, nhit phng cng c th cho dung dch nng 50-60% ( thc t dung dch natri benzoat c pha sn vi nng t 5-20% ). Mun m bo hiu qu tc dng bo qun, nng natri benzoat c trong sn phm phi t ti 0.07-0.1%. Cc nng ny ca Axit benzoic v natri benzoat khng c hi i vi c th con ngi

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Khi bo qun cc loi nc qu, nng natri benzoat cho php ti a khng c qu 0.1-0.12%. K thut s dng natri benzoat khng phc tp. em ho tinh th ca mui ny vo nc nng, tt nht l vo nc qu nng ( sn phm khi b tng lng nc ), rt dung dch vo cc thng cha nc qu hay trn ln vi qu nghin. Sau khi trn ln cn thn, sn phm c ng vo bao b bo qun. Liu lng ti a cho php ca Axit benzoic v natri benzoat trong cc sn phm thc phm ch bin trong cng nghip ( tnh mg/kg ) nh sau: mt qu-700; nc qu dng lm ung 1000; qu nghin dng cho sn xut bnh ko-1000. V Axit benzoic v cc benzoat khng bay hi nn chng vn cn li sn phm m khng th tch c nhng cht bo qun ny nh phng php desunfit ho. Trong cng nghip thc phm M, ngi ta s dng nhiu benzoat trong sn xut mt, mt ng v nc qu. Liu lng natri benzoat ti a c s dng M l 0.1% (0.05-0.075% i vi nc qu chua v 0.075-0.1% i vi nc qu t chua ) Liu dng ti a cho php l 160 mg/l Tnh c hi : - Axit benzoic v cc benzoat khng gy c trong gii hn cho php s dng - nh hng ti mi v v ca sn phm khi cm quan ( natri benzoat cho d v nng 0.04%) - Nc qu v rau qu nghin bo qun bng cc benzoat thng c mu thm en so vi sn phm sunfit ho. Dn xut ca axit P- Hydroxy benzoic Cng thc ho hc : HO-C6H4COOH , c kh nng chng nm mc v vi khun trong thc phm vi liu dng 10 mg/kg th trng. Cht bo qun ngun gc benzen Cc dn xut thng dng trong bo qun thc phm l : Diphenyl , Octophenylphenol , Octophenyllat natri , Thiabelzadol Phng php s dng : c tnh khng khun mnh , thng dng vi liu lng t 0 n 0,5 mg/kg bng cch phun ln bao b bao gi cam qut Tnh c hi : khi tip xc c th lm con ngi b nn hoc gy kch thch mt v mi Axit hu c Cc axit v mui ca chng thng dng : Axit focmic , Focmiat natri , Focmiat canxi , Axit axetic , Axetat kali , Axetat natri , Axetat canxi , Axit propionic, Propionat natri , Propionat canxi , Propionat kali , Axit malic , Axit lactivc, Axit xitric, Axit tatric Phng php s dng : Cc axit ny c vai tr axit ho v kh trng thc phm v c cho vo thc phm hoc phun trn b mt sn phm. Chng c vai tr km hm s pht trin ca mt s loi vi sinh vt. Axit axetic, Axit focmic v Axit propionic c th to kh nng kh trng b mt cho tht. Ngi ta thng dng kt hp vi cc cht bo qun khc tng hiu qu s dng. Axit lactivc, Axit xitric, Axit tatric v cc mui ca chng c tc dng va lm tc nhn axit ho va lm tc nhn h tr cho cc cht chng oxy ho (BHT v BHA)

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Cht khng sinh Cc cht khng sinh thng l nhng cht tng hp t nhiu loi vi sinh vt v c kh nng tiu dit cc loi vi sinh vt khc. Trong th gii sinh vt cc cht khng sinh ging nh l phng tin bo v gia cc loi. . Lc u cc cht khng sinh c s dng rng ri trong y hc cha mt s bnh do vi khun gy bnh gy ra. Nhng cc nh chuyn mn ngnh cng nghip thc phm chng minh rng cc cht khng sinh cng c tc dng dit khun trong thc phm. Cc cht khng sinh c dng trong y hc nh penixelin, streptomixin, biomyxin c kh nng tiu dit cc loi vi khun lm h hng tht c...S pht minh ny c mt ngha to ln i vi s pht trin ca nhiu ngnh cng nghip thc phm . . Tuy nhin vic s dng rng ri cc cht khng sinh b cc nh y hc phn i v chng s gy nguy him do d lng cht khng sinh cng vi thc phm vo c th con ngi lm c th quen thuc khi c bnh thuc s khng cn tc dng na ..V vy cc nc u nghim cm dng nhng khng sinh cha bnh lm cht bo qun thc phm. Nh vy mc d c hiu qu dit trng tt , phn ln cht khng khng c php s dng trong cng nghip thc phm tr mt s ngoi l. V d cho php dng Biomyxin x l mt ngoi ca c nhm ko di thi gian bo qun. Mt s cht khng sinh khng dng cha bnh nhng c kh nng dit khun c cc nh cng ngh thc phm c bit ch nghin cu nh nizin Nizin - mt cht khng sinh dng trong CNTP Dng s dng : Nizin trong t nhin thng gp trong cc sn phm sa v trong cc loi rau mui chua. N c to thnh trong qu trnh sng ca nhm Steptococcus ln men lactic. Hin nay cu to ho hc ca nzin c nghin cu y . Trong thnh phn ca n c cha cc axit amin thng thng nh lxin, valin, alanin, glyxin, prolin, histidin, lyzin, axit glutamic, axit aspatic, serin, metionin. Nh vy, phn t nizin ( vi trong lng phn t gn 1000) gn ging nh cu to cc phn t protit. Ln u tin Anh nizin c tng hp trong cng nghip v sn xut vi quy m ln. N dng tinh th trng rt t ho tan trong nc, trong mi trng axit ho tan tng ln ( khi pH=4.2 tan c 12g/l). Bt ny dng bo qun dng kh qua nhiu nm nhit bnh thng hot tnh khng sinh ca n khng gim st bao nhiu. hot ng ca nizin l 40.106 n v trong 1 gam (theo qui nh ca h thng n v quc t Riding) . Phng php s dng Nizin hon ton khng st trng i vi nm men v nm mc m ch c tc dng vi vi khun gam dng v khng tc dng ln nhiu loi vi khun gam m. Trong c th ngi, nizin s b cc cht men ca dch tiu ho ph hu. V vy c th xem nh n khng c tc dng ln h vi sinh vt thng c trong c quan tiu ho. i vi cc vi khun gy h hng thc phm, nizin l cht khng sinh mnh. Nu dng hn hp nizin vi cht bo qun khc nh axit sobic th tc dng st trng ca chng s trong phm vi rng hn i vi cc vi sinh vt . Trong cng nghip hp vic s dng nizin cho php gim nhit v gim thi gian thanh trng do gp phn nng cao cht lng sn phm. Nizin l n c kh nng tiu dit vi sinh vt gy chua phng (gy h hng m khng lm phng hp) trong cc loi hp nht l rau hp. Ti M cng vi nizil ngi ta nghin cu dng cht khng sinh subtilin. Gn y xut hin thm mt sn phm khng sinh mi l tolyzin. V pymarixin (tc dng ln nm mc v nm men gy h hng nc cam) Cht khng sinh y hc c php dng trong bo qun c l biomyxin (clottraxyclin

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). C ct u, moi rut ( th d c thu ), ngm vo dung dch clottraxylin ( 25mg/l ) trong thi gian vi pht ( 5-8 pht), sau bo qun trong nc c cht khng sinh ny ( 5mg/l). lm tng thi gian bo qun ln hai ln. Nc khng sinh oc s dng rng ri trong ngnh nh c trn nhiu nc. Biomixin cn c s dng bo qun tht g vt ti. thi gian bo qun tht g tng ln t 5 n 10 ngy T ht la i mch ngi ta tch c mt cht khng sinh l hodexin, n cng c tnh cht st trng cao pha long 1/13000. Cc Fitonxit. Fintoxit l cc cht khng sinh sinh ra do cc thc vt thng ng. Hin nay tm thy rt nhiu cc fitonxit, bi v thc t rt nhiu cc c th thc vt sinh ra chng bo v khi s tc dng ca cc vi khun sinh vt c hi. Tc dng st trng ca cc fitonxit c tnh c hiu, bi v cng mt loi fitonxit c th tc dng mnh ln mt nhm vi sinh vt ny nhng li hon ton khng tc dng ln nhm khc. Cc fitonxit v cu to ca chng c nghin cu rt t nhng ngi ta khng nh kh nng s dng tnh st trng ca cc fitonxit ngnh cng nghip thc phm. Fitnxit ca cc loi thc vt gia v, c tnh khng khun mnh c s dng nhiu trong cng nghip hp: rau mi, c ci en, tha l , cc gia v kh v m tt .v.v.. Ti M cng p dng cc tnh cht ca fitnxit ht ci trong cng nghip rau qu. Ngi ta cho vo nc qu mt t ch phm fitnxit ht ci hn ch s h hng ca chng. Nng t 1:100000 n 1:1000000 l m bo tiu dit phn ln cc vi sinh vt lm h hng nhiu loi nc qu. 2.2 - Cht chng oxy ho Tc dng chng oxy ho: Ngn cn s i kht ca cc cht bo. S oxy ho xy ra do tc dng ca oxy vi cc axit bo trong du m. l mt phn ng giy chuyn v sn phm ca s oxy ha c thnh phn Carbonyle bay hi c tch t li, v gy mi v i kht kh chu cho sn phm. ngn nga hin tng trn, cn phi cho thm mt cht i oxygene c bit. N s thu tm trc ht oxy trong mi trng v nh vy cc axit bo c bo v. Cc cht chng oxy ho tt nhin t n cng b oxy ho. Nhng thnh phn b oxy ho ca chng cng khng c mi v g. Mt khc t l cho vo thc phm thng rt t (di 1%). Hin nay cng nghip thc phm thng s dng cc loi chng oxy ho tng hp. Nhng cng c loi, c trong thin nhin nh Vitamin C trong rau qu, hoc Vitamin E (tocophrol) trong du. Cc cht tng hp khc thng c s dng c th l BHA (Butylhydroxyanisoile). Hoc BHT (Butylhdrioxyto-luene). 2,3,1 Anhydrit sulffur v sulft ( xem phn 2.2.1 cc cht bo qun ngun gc v c) Anhydrit sulffur v sulft ngoi kh nng chng VSV n cn c kh nng chng oxy ho rt tt 2.3.2 Axit L- ascorbic ( vitamin C ) v mui ca n

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Cng thc ho hc : L- ascocbic, L- ascocbat Natri, ascocbat Canxi, axit palmityl 6L-ascocbic Dng s dng : dng dung dch hoc dng tinh th Phng php s dng : Axit L- ascorbic c s dng rt rng ri bo qun chng oxy ho cc cht trong thc phm, chng s thm en sn phm. Hin nay ngi ta tng hp c Axit L- ascorbic v th n va l cht chng oxy ho d kim va c tc dng lm tng lng vitamin C trong thc phm. Axit L- ascorbic c dng trong cng nghip ch bin rau qu bao gm cc sn phm ng hp v nc gii kht,sn xut tht hp, c hp, cc sn phm ng lnh, cc loi mt, confitur .v.v. Liu lng s dng : Khng hn ch, lng s dng thng l 0,03 n 0,05% so svi khi lng sn phm. Tnh c hi : Khng c 2.3.3 Cht chng oxy ho ngun gc phnol ( cc cht tng hp ) Hin nay cc hp cht phenol nh Butyl Hydroxy Anyzol (BHA) Butyl Hydroxy Toluel (BHT), cc galat, cc axit dihydro guairelic, nha guaicol, tocoferol, l nhng cht chng oxy ho dng ph bin nht Cng thc ho hc : - tocoferol, - tocoferol, - tocoferol (tng hp ) Propyl gallat, Octyl gallat, Dodecyl gallat, Butyl Hydroxy Anyzol (BHA), Butyl Hydroxy Toluel (BHT) Phng php s dng : bo qun cht bo thc phm, du tinh ch, pur Liu lng s dng : Khng hn ch i vi tocoferol, i vi cc cht cn li 0.5 mg/gk th trng Tnh c hi : Khi dng di nng cho php khng gy nhim c cho c th ngi

2.4 - Cht nh ho, cht n nh, cht lm ng c v to gel

2.4.1 - Cht nh tng ho Tc dng gy nh tng ho: C tc dng ho tan trn ln nc (hoc mt cht tng t nh nc) vi mt s cht bo hoc c cu trc tng t. Nh dm v du chng hn. Quy ho tan tht mnh hai cht trn, s hnh thnh mt nh tng bn vng (thnh mt hn hp c nhng git nh li ti). By gi ta cho mt cht th ba c tc dng nh mng mng ni cht gia git nh li ti ca hai cht ban u. l cht ph gia gy nh tng ho. Cc cht nh tng ho c s dng u tin trong cng nghip thc phm l ngun thin nhin: Cht bo Lcithine c dng trong sn xut nc ct c Mayonaise ( hn hp c du v trng). Lcithine c chit xut t trng v u tng. Nm 1952 Chnh ph Php chnh thc cho php s dng cht nh tng ho tng hp u tin l Nonostarste Glycerine sn xut Margarine. Khi cho 15% nc vo cht bo th c ta s c Margarine c cu trc v hnh dng ging nh b.Thao tc tin hnh s rt nhanh nu khi quy trn c thm 0,8 Starete glycerine (tnh theo t l cht bo) (iu l Php quy nh cho php s dng vi t l 2%). Ester ca axt bo Ngoi lexitin cc cht nh ho u l cc este ca cc polyol hoc axit hu c c ngun gc ng vt hoc thc vt. Cc monoglyxerit chim 75% tng s cc cht nh ho thc phm. Qu trnh este ha ca monoglyxerit v diglyxerit tin hnh vi cc axit hu c sau y : Axit axtic, axit xitric, axit lactic. Axit tactric Cc monoglyxerit c kh nng to nh tng du v nc v c th a khng kh vo nh tng to bt vi bn cao.

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Phng php s dng : dng trong qu trnh to nh tng cho sn xut bnh m, bich qui, confitur, marmelat, ch bin ht, cc mn trng ming, magarin Liu dng : Khng b gii hn Tnh c hi : Khng c Lexitin Lexitin l cht to nh cho php trn cht bo vi thc phm ho tan trong nc. Lexitin ca lng trng tham gia n nh nh ca du trong nc. Lexitin thng mi l dch chit bng dung mi ca du u tng bao gm phtphatit, triglyxerit, v glycolipit Lexitin dng trong cng nghip sn xut sa bt khan nc, nc chm, magarin, bnh ko, bich qui, ca cao, scla Liu lng s dng : khng hn ch 2.4.2 - Cht n nh, cht lm ng c v to gel Cht chit ca to Ngi ta tin hnh chit t to bin mt t hp cht bao gm Carragenan,Alginat, Aga-aga . Nhng cht ny c th s dng lm tc nhn lm ng v to gel trong sn xut thc phm. + Carragenan (chit t to ) : l mt ch phm dng bt mu trng, khng c mi v, c phn chia thnh dng k, , , , trong dng k, ho tan tt trong nc nng v c tc dng to gel rt tt cn dng , , ho tan d dng trong nc lnh v c tc dng to s n nh, tng lin kt ( pessissant ) cho thc phm. Phng php s dng : dng lm cht to gel v n nh trong cng nghip sn xut n trng ming, sa ng, sa scola, nc chm, mn n nh bp, kem, bnh ko .v.v. Liu dng : khng quy dnh tu thuc vo yu cu ca thc phm + Alginat (chit t to nu ) : Bao gm axit alginic, alginat natri, alginat kali, alginat amn, alginat canxi, alginat propylen-glycol Phng php s dng : s dng rng ri trong cng nghip sa ng, sa scola, kem, bnh ko, mn n nh bp nu bng c, cc sn phm tht chn. Liu dng : 50mg/kg th trng i vi axit alginic, alginat natri v alginat amn, 25 mg/kg th trng i vi alginat kali v alginat canxi + Aga-aga (chit t to ) : ho tan trong nc nng v c tnh chu nhit cao. Bng cch lm lnh c th to thnh gel chuyn ho nhit. Liu dng : khng quy dnh tu thuc vo yu cu ca thc phm dng lm cht to gel v n nh trong cng nghip sn xut trng ming, sa ng, sa scola, nc chm si bt, mn n nh bp, kem, bnh ko .v.v. Liu dng : khng quy dnh tu thuc vo yu cu ca thc phm Cht chit t thn cy + Gm adragan : l mt polysacarit axit polygalacturonic, xyloza, fucoza, galactoza,phn khng tan trong nc c khi lng phn t ln hn 850.000, c nht cao Phng php s dng : l tc nhn tng dy, to gel, to bt n nh. c s dng trong sn xut nc chm, mn n nh bp, kem, bnh ko Liu dng : khng quy dnh tu thuc vo yu cu ca thc phm + Gm arabic : nha ca cy acaxia, l mt polysacarit c cha cc ion K+, Ca2+, Mg2+

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Phng php s dng : l tc nhn tng dy, to gel, to bt n nh. c s dng trong sn xut nc chm, mn n nh bp, kem, bnh ko Liu dng : 0,5-0,75% khi ln sn phm Cht chit t qu Ch yu l pectin Pectin l cht hu c phc tp cu to t s lin kt gia phn t axit polygalacturonic (C6H10O7)n v mt phn c este ho bng ru metylic CH3OH. Tu theo s phn tyaxit galacturonic m to nn chiu di ca phn t pectin, khi lng phn t ca pectin thng t 20.000 n 200.000v tu thuc vo s lng ca gc metyl - CH3 c trong phn t pectin c chia thnh 2 nhm mtoxy thp v mtoxy cao. Pectin c kh nng keo ho. Kh nng ny ph thuc vo khi lng phn t ca n v mc mtoxin ho. Ngi ta thu c pectin t thc vt nh to chanh, cam, c ci ng, i hoa hng dng Phng php s dng : Trong mi trng axit (pH = 3,2 3,4 l thch hp nht) pectin v ng to thnh gel lm thc phm ng li. Ngi ta s dng tnh cht ny trong sn xut cc sn phm n trng ming, sa ng, sa scola, nc chm, mn n nh bp, kem, bnh ko, nc qu ng, nc gii kht khng cn, .v.v. Liu dng : khng quy dnh tu thuc vo yu cu ca thc phm Plysacarrit ngun gc vi sinh vt : + Gm xantan : c sn xut t VSV ging Xantomonas campestri nm 1940 ti M, n c cu trc phc tp v l hp cht bao gm s lin kt ca ng Manoza axit glucuronic manoza ( glucoza )n Phng php s dng : Ngi ta s dng Gm xantan trong sn xut cc sn phm tht ng, nc ng c chanh, hp, sa ng, nc chm xalat Liu dng : 10 mg/ kg th trng Dn xut ca xellulo Cacboxymetylcelluloza ( CMC ) : L ch phm dng bt trng thu dc do tc dng ca cacboxymetilnatrri (- CH2 COONa ) vi cc nhm hydroxyl ca xelluloza, c phn t lng t 40.000 n 200.000. CMC d phn tn trong nc lnh, nc nng v trong ru, mui natri ca CMC cng l cht to ng, n c kh nng to ng thnh khi vng chc vi m rt cao (ti 98%) Phng php s dng : chc v tc to ng ph thuc vo nng CMC, nht ca dung dch v lng nhm axetat thm vo to ng. Nng ti thiu CMC to ng l 0,2% v ca nhm axetat l 7% so vi CMC. Ngi ta s dng CMC nh tc nhn to gel, lm dy, lm phng, lm n nh, lm chm s kt tinh ng trong sn xut cc sn phm bc qui, sa, tht , hp, m n lin. Liu dng : 25 mg/kg th trng Cc ch phm c nhng tnh cht nh CMC l : Metylcelluloza, Hydrrometylcelluloza, Hydroxypropylmetylcelluloza, Metyletylcelluloza, Dn xut ca axit phtphorc Bao gm Ortophotphat natri, Ortophotphat kali, Ortophotphat canxi, Diphotphat, triphotphat, polyphotphat ca natri v kali Cc dn xut ca axit phtphorc c dng trong sn xut bnh nhn kem, mn n trng ming, sa hp Liu lng : 70 mg/kg th trng

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2.5 - Nhng cht khc 2.5.1- Cht lm axit ho v iu chnh axit Ph gia iu ho acid ( chua) Ngi ta s dung nhiu cht c tnh axits hoc tnh kim iu chnh chua cho thc phm nhm to cho thc phm c v hp dn ph hp vi khu vi ca ngi tiu dng. Trong sn xut ngi ta cot th s dng cc cht sau y. - Acid acetic, citric acid, fumaric acid, latic acid, malic acid, tartaric acid, v mui sodium, potassium calcium. Adipic acid - Carbonate v Bicarbonate sodium, potassium, calcium, ammonium v magnesium - Glucono delta-lactone - Hydroxides sodium, potassium, calcium v ammonium - Phosphoric acid (orthophosphoric acid) v mui sodium, potassium, calcium monobasic, dibasic v tribasic. - Sodium aluminium phosphate Phng php s dng : Cc cht ny c vai tr iu chnh axit ng thi c th tham gia vo qu trnh km hm VSV trong thc phm v c cho vo thc phm di dng dung dch pha long hoc dng nguyn cht. Axit lactivc, Axit xitric, Axit tatric v cc mui ca chng c tc dng va lm tc nhn axit ho va lm tc nhn h tr cho cc cht chng oxy ho (BHT v BHA) Liu dng : Tu thuc vo chc nng la chon liu dng cho ph hp, nhn chung l khng quy nh, tr mt s cht sau y : Axit tactric v cc tactrat 30 mg/kg th trng, Gluconodeltalacton ca axit gluconic 50 mg/kg th trng 2.5.2 - Nhng cht gy v V ca cc sn phm thc phm cng l cc ch s qun trng v mt cht lng thc phm. Nng cao v khng phi ch t c bng cch nu nng,lm cho thc phm to nn nhng cu t mi , c mi v thm ngon hn so vi nguyn liu ban u, m cn bng cch cho thm cc cht lm tng v ngon t ngoi vo. Cc cht c v v mi thm trong thin nhin c nhiu nhng nhim v ca chng ta l tm hiu nhng cht trong s nhng cht chng ta thu c bng con ng nhn to khi chng ta ch bin ho hc v ho sinh t cc nguyn liu khc nhau, i khi khng phi l nguyn liu thc phm m vn c th c li ch ng dng trong cng nghip thc phm Cc cht nh vy cng c kh y , nhng c mt s ln vn cha nn dng. V vy chng ta s khng cp ti cc cht mi, v nhn to c hi cho c th con ngi, hay khng c hi m cha xc nh c. Natri Glutamat ( m chnh ). Nh ta bit, mt trong nhng thnh phn c bn ca bt k mt sn phm thc phm no l protit. l v cc protit ca thc n vo trong c th ca chng ta s b phn gii thnh cc hp phn tc l cc axit amin v sau ny li xy dng thnh protit to nn tt c cc c quan ca c th ngi. Tt c s a dng ca th gii thc vt v ng vt u c to nn t 20 n 22 axit amin khc nhau. Mi axit amin c mt ngha nht nh, khi trao i cht trong c th chng ta. Nh ta bit, mt s axit amin c th to thnh trong c th

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con ngi t cc axit amin khc bng cch to li phn t ca chng, v c cc axit amin khc phi ly vo c th con ngi t thc n dng c sn ( cc axit amin ny gi l cc axit khng thay th ). Axit glutamic l mt trong 22 axit amin khc nhau c trong c th. N ng vai tr c bit trong thc phm , bi v axit glutamic v nht l mui ca n c v c trng to cho cc sn phm thc phm c v r rt ca "tht" v "rau" ph hp vi sn phm. Cng thc ho hc : HOOC-CH2-CH2-CH-COOH Axit glutamic | NH2 HOOC-CH2-CH2-CH-COONa . H2O Glutamat natri | NH2 Dng s dng : Trng lng phn t ca axit glutamic l 147.13. N c trong cc protit khc nhau v thc t l hp phn ca tt c cc sn phm thc phm Glutamat natri c trng lng phn t l 187.13 thu c bng cch thay th hyro trong mt nhm cacboxyl bng nguyn t Natri. N l dung dch bt tinh th trng c v mn, hi ngt. Natri glutamat ho tan nhiu trong nc ( 20OC trong 100 phn nc ho tan 136 phn natri glutamat tinh khit ), trong khi axit glutamic rt t ho tan trong nc Phng php s dng : Khi thm vo thc phm mt t natri glutamat n s tng cng c v ring ca mi sn phm khng lm sn phm c v l. Natri glutamat khng ch lm tng v rau ca cc mn n thc vt m cn cho sn phm c v tht hay v nm.. V ca natri glutamat c th cm thy khi pha long ca n trong nc l 1/3000. Khi sn phm c axit thp: pH=5-6.5 th v ca natri glutamat nhn thy r rt nht. Trong mi trng axit cao pH=4 v thp hn v ca n mt i. V vy khng nn s dng cho cc sn phm qu. Cc sn phm t rau , tht v c natri glutamat l mt cu t c v rt gi tr. Trong mi trng axit clohydric ca d dy n c th li chuyn thnh axit glutamic Ngi ta sn xut natri glutamat t cc nguyn liu hoc ph liu c cha protit hoc bng con ng sinh tng hp t tinh bt hoc t r ng Natri glutamat c s dng nhiu trong.cng nghip hp : hp c, tht v rau v nhiu hp hn hp, trong cng nghip sp v cc thc n c. Liu lng natri glutamat l 0.2-0.5 % i vi rau hp v 0.4-0.65 % i vi thc phm c. Lng natri glutamat thch hp cho khoai ty rn l 2% v dng cho cc loi xt dng bt kh l 0.5%. K thut s dng natri glutamat v cng n gin v khng yu cu bt k mt loi thit b mi no. Khi dng cho hp ngi ta ho tan n trong nc, khi lm cc mn n khc ngi ta trn vo dng bt kh. Khi sn xut cc sn phm c ngi ta khng a n vo hn hp sau khi trn cc thnh phn chnh. Phng php trn nh vy m bo natri glutamat c trn u v phn tn hn trong ton sn phm. Theo qui trnh hin hnh, tt c cc loi thc phm c dng natri glutamat phi vit ln nhn hiu. S ghi ch ny khng phi l s bo trc cho ngi s dng v vic cho thm vo thc phm mt cht l m n ni ln vic nng cao cht lng hp. Trong cng nghip hp ca M, natri glutamat c s dung kh rng ri cho vo khi sn xut u nguyn qu, ng ng, u xanh, mng ty, c ci ng, u h lan, xp l, bp ci, c rt, rau c l xanh, nm, hnh, rau mi, t ngt, khoai ty, khoai lang, rau dn. tht hp, xp hp. c bit khi p lnh rau v cc sn phm tht vo maidone, vo salat rau

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c cho thm maidone v cng nh khoai ty rn.Ti y cng c ghi ch trn nhn hiu ca hp v vic cho vo natri glutamat Cc dch thu phn protit. Cc dch thu phn protit thu c khi thu phn protit bng cc axit mnh hoc bng enzym. Khi xy ra s phn gii cc protit thnh cc axit amin t do, hn hp ca axit amin thu c em cho tc dng vi xt v thu c hn hp mui natri ca tt c cc axit amin tch ra khi thu phn protit. Cc sn phm thu phn c mi d chu cu nm v cu tht, chnh v vy m ngi ta sn xut cc sn phm thu phn. Nguyn liu sn xut cc dch thu phn protit l cc ph liu c cha protit : gluten ca la m, ng. la mch, nm men kh, kh du u nnh, hng dng, lc, ht ci hoc t protein ng vt nh tht b, ln, c, tm v nhng thu sn khc. Tu thuc vo loi nguyn liu khi thu phn s c hn hp gm cc axit amin khc nhau vi nhng t l khc nhau. Dch thu phn protit c s dng rt rng ri nhm ci thin mi v ca thc phm v gp phn nng cao gi tr dinh dng cho thc n Cc loi nc chm ln men c bit c v du v ngon. N cha tt c cc axit amin c trong thnh phn protit ca nguyn liu u ban u. Ti cc nc chu , nc chm ln men u tng c s dng rt rng ri, xem nh mt gia v c th cho vo tt c cc mn n. 2.5.3 . Nhng cht to mi thm Mi thm ca thc phm l do trong cc thnh phn khc nhau ca thc phm c cha nhiu loi cu t thng thuc v cc nhm hp cht ho hc hon ton khc nhau. Ta thy c rt nhiu mi v mi thm m hin nay cha c s phn loi no tho ng cho php h thng ho chng mt cch khoa hc v c ngha thc tin. Tt c cc cht lm cho sn phm c mi ny hay mi khc l do tnh cht bay hi t nhin ca cc cht v chnh tnh cht ny c kh nng to ra mt mi nht nh tc ng ln c quan khu gic ca con ngi. Mi thm ca sn phm ny hay mt sn phm khc c th ch do mt cu t bay hi to nn, cng c th do do hn hp ca mt vi cu t no vi s kt hp hon ton khc nhau. Thng hm lng ca cc cht bay hi hay cc tinh du thm u rt nh. Mc d thnh phn ho hc ca rt nhiu cht thm c khm ph v hin nay s b mt ca nhiu cht thm thin nhin tr nn rt quan trng trong thc n ca cc sn phm t ng vt v thc vt. Trong bao gm tecpen, setquitecpen, ru, este, phenol, aldehyt vv... Cc nh ho hc khng nhng ch xc nh thnh phn ca cc cht thm m cn tm ra phng php tng hp nhiu loi cht thm. iu a n bc ngot trong k thut iu ch v ch bin sn phm thc phm, nh vy l c th gy ra mi nhn to cho cc sn phm khng c mi hay b mt i do qu trnh bo qun hoc ch bin (do s bay hi ca cht thm). Tuy nhin thc t chng minh rng thng t khi to ra c mi thm ng nh mi thm lc u ca chnh sn phm, bi v mi thm ny l do kt qu tc dng tng h mt vi hoc rt nhiu cc thnh phn cht thm c cu to v c kh nng bay hi khc nhau. V vy khng th ch c mt , hai hay ba cht thm, mc du cht l thnh phn quyt nh trong tng s cc cu t bay hi, c th to ng nh mi c trng ca tng ging, tng loi rau qu. Trong vic sn xut v nghin cu cc sn phm thc phm ngi ta ch ti vic phi bo v mi thm t nhin l mt trong nhng nhim vquan trng nht. Ngi ta thng rt ch n vic thu hi, bo qun v hp th tr li vo sn phm cui cng cc cht thm t nhin cha trong nguyn liu ban u. Phn ln cc cht thm rt d tht thot do b bay hi v rt khng bn. Chng d b ph hu bi cc tc dng nhit v nhng tc nhn vt l, ho hc, v vy

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phi s dng cc k thut v thit b phc tp thu hi v tch cc cht thm t sn phm trong qu chit hoc c c chng, to iu kin gi chng li, ngng t v bo v trong trng thi n nh khng cho b phn hu v cc thay i khng tt khc. Sau nng cao dn nng ca cc cht thm, bo qun n sau ny ci thin mi thm cho thc phm. Khi sn xut nc qu c c, hu ht cc nc, ngi ta thng s dng h thng c c chn khng phc tp, c b phn thu hi cc cht thm. H thng nh th c s dng nh my sn xut hp nhiu nc khc nhau. Cc h thng c c c h thng thu hi cht thm rt ph bin trong sn xut nc qu cam chanh, nc to. Vn c c nc qu c thu hi cht thm l mt phng hng u tin trong vic dng cc cht thm trong cng nghip thc phm. Phng hng th hai l chng ct v c c t nhin t cc ngun giu cht thm v lm giu bng cch c c cht thm ny cc dng khc nhau, Th d ngi ta thu hi cht thm ca to v cho vo nc qu phc bn t , hoc cho vo cc sn phm khc thch hp vi mi to .v.v...Vic thu c cc tinh du hoa qu v s dng cho vic ch bin nc gii kht c p dng rng ri trong cng nghip cng nghip hp v cng nghip thc phm c, cc tinh du ca cc loi gia v v cc loi rau thm c s dng rng ri. Thng gp nht l vic s dng tinh du ca ht tiu, l nguyt qu, rau mi v tha l. Khi sn xut cc loi hp tht v cc rau dm dm m theo quy trnh c s dng l nguyt qu th c th thay th bng tinh du ca l nguyt qu. Theo tnh ton: mt phn khi lng tinh du thay th cho 30 phn khi lng l nguyt qu. Bi v tinh du khng ho tan trong nc nn khi dng cho hp tht, ngi ta ho tan tinh du trong du thc vt vi s tnh ton sao cho lng yu cu ca quy trnh cho vo mt hp, th d i vi tht hp cn ng 1ml du; iu cho php phn phi u lng tinh du vo trong cc hp. Khi sn xut vi hp dm dm, tinh du cho vo dng nh tng trong nc.sn xut cc thc phm c, thay th cho 1g gia v thin nhin cn phi dng du thm vi s lng nh sau (tnh bng g): ht tiu 0,021, l nguyt qu 0,01, rau mi 0,0016, tha l 0,015. Cc liu lng ny phi trn u vi thnh phn ca mt cu t chnh no y ca hn hp thc phm c v sau trn n vi tinh du (et xng) ri trn chung cho tht u hn hp. Th t tin hnh cn phi tun theo phn phi u tinh du cho ton b sn phm c. Thun tin nht l trn tinh du ca gia v vi cht bo thng c trong thnh phn ca sn phm c. Nh vy s c trn u hn, bi v tinh du ho tan trong cht bo. Cc th nghim v vic s dng cc tinh du (et xng) thay cho cc gia v thin nhin c tin hnh i vi mt s loi sn phm c (xp kh, xp thng v thc n t rau), v cho nhng kt qu tt. Vic t chc sn xut tinh du (et xng) t cc gia v c mt ngha ln cho cng nghip hp v nhng sn phm c v nhng ly do sau: - S dng tinh du cho php c kh ho vic phn phi gia v trn mi n v bao gi. - Bng cch trn, t mc cao v phn b rt u cc gia v.- S dng tinh du s loi tr nhng kh khn v thi v ca cc loi thc vt . Nh vy, hai phng hng s dng cc cht thm nu trn l nhng bin php hon chnh vic s dng cc cht thm t nhin cho nguyn liu thc phm v cc nguyn liu khc. Tuy nhin, nh ni, rt nhiu cu t ho hc thuc thnh phn ca tinh du t nhin v cc cht thm khc khng nhng c th tch c t cc nguyn liu dn xut, m cn tng hp c bng phng hng ho hc nhn to, ng thi khng nhng t cc nguyn liu thc phm m cn t cc nguyn liu khng thc phm. Ngoi ra dng phng php tng hp hu c c th thu c cc cht thm hon ton mi l khng th gp trong ngun cc cht thm t nhin ca ng vt v thc vt nhng cng c nhng tnh thm qu gi, vt hn mt s cht thm thin nhin. Cht thm tng hp cng l mt nguyn liu rt tt lm phong ph thm mi thm ca cc sn phm thc phm khc nhau. Vic tng hp ho hc cc cht thm l phng hng th ba v vic s dng cc cht thm. Rt nhiu cht thm nhn to rt ging cc cht thm thng gp trong thnh phn tinh du t nhin, trong trng hp vic s dng chng trong thc phm khng b cc c quan bo v sc kho phn i

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(ngoi vic kim tra s tinh khit ho hc, s ng nht ca cc sn phm thu c v s c mt ca cc hn hp c hi hay cha r tnh cht). Nu mt cht thm tng hp ho hc hon ton mi m vic s dng n v phng din k thut rt c trin vng, nhng cha r s nh hng ca n n sc kho con ngi th vic quyt nh s dng n vo cng nghip thc phm phi c xem xt thn trng. Khi s dng bt k cht thm tng hp no cc c quan bo v sc kho cn phi ht sc thn trng v kim tra kht khe cc sn phm thc phm bn ra khng gy tc hi cho ngi s dng. Ngi ta ch cho php s dng cht thm tng hp mi theo mt nguyn tc rt cht ch. Hin nay vic cho php s dng cht thm tng hp ch vi s lng rt hn ch. Trong s ny bao gm tinh du v este : Amyl axtat, Amyl butyrat, tyl butyrat, tyl valerianat, tyl pentacyonat v mt s cht khc nh aldehyt benzoic, nha thm pru, xitrol, vanilin, hliotropin, cumarin, mentol .v.v...Khng cho php dng este mtylic v este tylic ca naphtol, mtyl xalicilat (du gounte), cc este ca axt nitr v axit nitric, nitro benzen (du Miaban). Trong cng nghip hp ngi ta s dng kh nhiu vanilin nu mt rim t mt s loi qu (phc bn t, v, nho) mt nghin t da b v thc phm c ( cc sn phm kh bng bt, mt s bnh ko). Ngoi ra vanilin cn dng trong sn xut ch ngt kh c sa, kem v "pudin" ( 12 loi khc nhau). n nay c rt nhiu cht thm tng hp tuy c php nhng vn cha c s dng v nhiu l do khc nhau. Cc cht thm cho php k trn cng c nghin cu thn trng, khng gy nhim c cho ngi tiu dng. i vi vanilin, ngi ta c c s s dng n trong sn xut mt qu nghin, qu nc ng, nc qu, mt qu ng. nc M, cho php s dng rt nhiu cht thm tng hp. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn s dng rt nhiu hn hp cht thm c khai thc t thin nhin v c phi ch. Trong cun "Cht gia v v rau thm" Dz Merori (M) a ra vi chc n phi ch c mi ging mi thm t nhin ca rau qu v hoa ti v ca mt s thc phm thng dng khc. Sau y l cng thc phi ch ca 4 t hp lm v d : NO1 - T hp mi to 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Khi lng ( g ) 12 - Styralil axtat : 17,7 13 - Geraniol : 26,5 14 - Phenyl tylic izobutyrat : 35,4 15 - Aldehyt axtic (50%) : 35,4 16 - Este dimetylbenzyl cacbonyl ca axit axtic : 44,25 17 - Este xinamic ca axit izovalerianic : 44,25 18 - Gecolin (tn thng mi) : 167,75 19 - Amyl butirat : 212,5 20 - Amyl valerat : 221,25 Tng cng : 1000.00

- Hoa hng : 0,7 - Hoa nhi (anis) : 5,3 - Benzyl focmat : 1,4 - Geranyl axtat : 5,3 - Axit butyric : 5,3 - Palaton (tn thng mi) : 8,85 - Xitrol : 8,85 - Alhyt C10 : 17,7 - Alhyt C14 : 17,7 - tyl vanillin : 17,7 - Xitronellal : 17,7 NO2 - Mi thm da b

Khi lng ( g ) 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Tinh du chanh p ngui : 10 Este etylic ca axit focmic : 20 Axit penlacgonic : 15 Axit valerianic : 40 Axit amylic : 30 Axit butyric : 30 Propylenglycol : 531

1 Aldehyt anis : 1 2 Este metylic ca axit xinamic : 1 3 Este benzylic ca axit xinamic axit benzoic : 1 4 Metyl antranilat : 2 5 Aldehyt C10 : 2 6 Vanilin : 5

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Phenyl acetaldehyt : 2

15 Nc : 300 Tng cng 1000.00 Khi lng (g)

N03 - T hp mi thm rau ng Mi : 5 Tha l : 2,5 Alcol tylic 95% : 320 Propylen glycol : 632,5 Tng cng_ 1000,00

N04 - T hp mi thm b kem Khi lng (g) 1 Axton : 2,64 7 Benzo dihiropyron : 11,88 2 Aldehyt xinamic : 3,74 8 Vanilin : 36,74 3 Heliotropin : 4,62 9 Axit lactic : 45,54 4 Axit valerianic : 5,5 10 Axit butylic : 338,58 5 Este xinamic ca axit butyric : 8,8 11 Diaxetyl : 532,72 6 Este etylic ca axit butyric : 9,24 Tng cng : 1000.00 Trong cun sch cn a ra nhiu cng thc pha ch rt thch hp dng cho thc phm gm cc t hp mi thm ca : chui, du ty, anh o, ch l, nho, lu, chanh, phc bn t, h o, ti, c ph, cacao, scla, b rcpho, mt ong, v.v...Vic to c mt thnh phn cho ging cht thm t nhin l mt vic rt phc tp v nhiu khi thc hin ng cng thc pha ch nhng vn khng thu c kt qu tt. 2.5.4 . Nhng cht to lp bao ngoi Nhiu cht dng lm tng nht v chc ca sn phm cng c th dng lm lp bao bc bo v sn phm khi b ht m, trnh sn phm dng vo nhau, hoc chng s xm nhp oxy .v.v. Ngi ta ch to mng ph bng pectin v pectat : nhng sn phm vo dung dch pectin mtoxy thp hoc pectat natri (c th cho thm glyxerin), nhng tip vo dung dch Canxi clorua, sau dem sy ngi ta c c mang bc tt. C th cho thm cht chng oxy ho v cht mu. Th d v cng thc ca mt trong s mng bc thc phm Dung dch 1 bao gm : Pectin mtoxy thp ( MeO = 3,6% ) -730 gam, Glyxerin 292 g, Cht mu Ponxo 3K 50 g, Cht chng oxy ho BHA (Butylhydroxyanyzol) 3,7 g, Slan-20 2 g, nc 20 lit Dung dch 2 bao gm : Canxi clorua 420 gam, natri clorua 3750 g, glyxerin 450 g, , Cht chng oxy ho BHA 5,5 g, vecxen ( tylendiamin ttra axetat ) - 5,5 g, nc 30 lt. Ht hoc sn phm kh c nhng ln lt vo dung dch th nht v dung dch th 2, sau em sy kh nhit 70-75OC Mng c ch to t pc tin hoc t tragacan bc thc phm lnh ng c th trnh cho sn phm b chy nc khi lm tan gi Gluten ca bt m c cn thnh l mng 0,5-0,8 mm, lm mng bc thc phm rt tt Tinh bt c to thnh mng cng l vt liu bao gi thc phm c bit dng cho cc loi ko Ngi ta cn dng sp , paraphin, bt tan, du v c, sp m cu .v.v. lm lp bao ngoi thc phm.

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2.6 - Nhng cht c v ngt 2.6.1 - Cc loi ng Trong sn xut thc phm ngi ta thng phi cho thm ng vo sn phm vi 3 mc ch sau - Nng cao gi tr thc phm v calo ca thc phm : mi gam ng khi tiu ho trong c th s cho 17.1 kj ( 4.1kcal) nng lng - Lm cho sn phm c v ngt d chu. - S dng kh nng bo qun ca ng. Khi nng ng cao, trong dung dch s gy ra p sut thm thu ln, hn ch s pht trin ca vi sinh vt Kh nng bo qun ca loi mt rim mt mn v mt qu nghin khng qua thanh trng Dng s dng : STT 1 2 3 4 5 ng Sacaroza Fructoza Glucoza Maltoza Lactoza ngt 1 1,2 0,69 0,3 0,27

Phng php s dng : V ngt du ca sn phm ch c c vi nng ng thch hp trong sn phm; nng ny c th thay i tu thuc vo thnh phn khc c trong sn phm. axit ca thc phm cng cao th lng ng yu cu cho vo cng nhiu mi m bo c c v ngt du. Ch s ng-axit l t l thch hp gia hm lung ng v hm lng axit trong sn phm to nn v ngt du th d ch s ng-axit cho hp qu nm trong khong 15-25 Cc loi qu nc ng lm t qu chua phi ngm trong nc ng 60% lm t v chua ca nc qu. Tiu hao ng khi rt ln lm gi thnh sn phm tng ln v lm tng thm calo ca thc phm iu hon ton khng cn thit vi ngi tiu dng c bit i vi ngi cao tui, ngi mc bnh cao huyt p v bbnh nhn i ng 2.6.2 - Cc loi ng c v ngt mnh (ng ho hc) T lu ngi ta thy cn phi sn xut thc phm vi hm lng ng thp hn. Tuy nhin ch n thun l gim hm lng ng tiu tn trong cng thc ch bin th khng th cho hiu qu mong mun v th ngi ta cn phi s dng cc cht ngt khc, m bo c v du ngt cn thit ca thc phm m khng lm tng calo ca sn phm . Ba dng ng ch yu dng cho thc phm l ng saccaroza v cc sn phm thu phn ca n l glucoza v fructoza, c calo thc t nh nhau, ngt khc nhau. ng cng nghip ch yu l saccaroza c ngt l 1, th glucoza l 0.74 cn fructoza l 1,2. Nh vy 70 g ng fructoza c tht thay th 100g ng saccaroza t cng mt ngt nh nhau , hiu qu nh vy khng ln, trong khi gi thnh ca fructoza li cao hn ng ho hc - cht ngt thay th

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sacarin Cng thc ho hc : C6H4CONHSO2 - l sunfimit ca axit o-benzoic. Dng s dng : Saccarin ho tan trong nc km v c v kim loi; trong cng nghip thc phm thng s dng dng mui ca Natri Saccarin C6H4CONaSO2, d ho tan trong nc. ngt ca saccarin l 400-500 ln ln hn ngt ca saccaroza . Phng php s dng : c php s dng thay th ng trong cc sn phm thc phm cn v ngt . M v cc nc chu u , vic s dng saccarin v cc mui natri ca n c cc c quan bo v sc kho cho php v a vo tiu chun nh nc cho cc loi qu sau y: - Nc qu ng t m, anh o ngt, v, o, l, da v cc coktail hoa qu ( nc qu ng hn hp) - Mt ng ( 27 loi theo cc nguyn liu khc nhau ) - Mt qu nghin ( 21 Loi) Tnh dc hi : nhiu cng trnh nghin cu y hc trong thi gian di trn 50 nm, khng thy tc ng c hi ca saccarin i vi c th con ngi. Saccarin c bi tit khi c th vn dng ban u. Nhc im c bn ca saccarin l c v ging nh v ca kim loi nn lm gim gi tr cm quan ca thc phm Saccarin khng cung cp nng lng nn mt s nc c mc sng thp thiu dinh dng thng khng c php hoc hn ch s dng Liu dng : 0,25 mg / kg khi lng c th Xiclamat Cng thc ho hc : C6H12NHSO3Na, xyclamat l xyclohecxil sunfamat l mui thu c t xyclohecxilamin v axit sunfamic. Ngi ta bit ti natri, kali v canxi xyclamat. Dng s dng :Trong cng nghip thc phm s dng rng ri nht l natri xyclamat ( natri xyclohecxil sunfamat ). Khi lng phn t l 201.23. y l mt loi bt tinh th trng khng mi, hu nh khng ho tan trong ru, t xng, clorofoc, nhng ho tan rt tt trong nc. 25oC c th thu c dung dch vi Natri xyclamat 21%. Dung dch trong nc ca Natri xyclaamat hu nh trung tnh (PH ca dung dch 10% l 5,5 - 7,5) ngt ca Natri xyclamat ln hn 30 40 ln ngt ca sacaroza.. Natri xyclamat l mt mui khng cho nng lng. Phng php s dng Xyclamat c s dng trong cng nghip thc phm nhiu nc t gia nhng nm 1950. Natri xyclamat bn nhit v b phn hu 280-5000C. bi vy cc ch nhit c p dng trong qu trnh ch bin thc phm hon ton khng lm xyclamt b thay i. Ngoi ra xyclamt cn bn vi axit v kim Xyclamt khng lm tc hi cc men tiu ho nh diastaza, pepsin, lipaza. Ni chung Natri xyclamat c th dng trong tt c cc trng hp cn s dng ng vi t l mt phn xyclamat thay th cho 30-40 phn ng. Thng ta s dng xyclamt dng dung dch nc nng 15%. Nh vy 1ml dung dch ny c ngt tng ng 6 g ng. C th cho xyclamat trc tip vo sn phm nu c th m bo c khuy u ho tan hon ton Khi cn thit v theo yu cu, natri xyclamat c th s dng phi hp vi glatin, anginit natri, sobit, tinh bt vv.. hoc phi hp vi cc cht ngt khc nh ng saccaroza, sacarin. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp xyclamatt nhiu s lm gim bn ca keo ng v cht ng. canxi xyclamat s lm gim bn ca keo ng gelatin. Natri xyclamat khng lm gim cht lng ca keo ng colagen v cng t nh hng n cc loi keo ng khc . Natri xyclamat khng phi l mi trng dinh dng cho vi khun v nm mc, nn cc sn

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phm c s dng xyclamat d bo qun hn. Xyclamat thng c v d chu hn so vi ng saccaroza Xyclamat d quyn vi mi cc hoa qu v nhiu khi cn lm tng v t nhin ca qu. u im ln nht ca natri xyclamat l khng trch ly dch bo trong cc loi cam, chanh nh thng xy ra khi ng hp vi ng saccaroza. Tnh bn v tnh tr ho hc ca xyclamat s lm hn ch s mt mu t nhin v s sm mu ca qu trong hp khi bo qun lu di. Xyclamat khng b caramen ho do tc dng nhit trong qu trnh ch bin, nn n rt thch hp cho quay tht v dm bng Khi s dng xyclamat cng vi ng thy xut hin tc dng tng h do kt qu lm cho ngt chung tng ln c th c khi tnh bng cch cng cc nng . Cui cng khng c dng n thay th ng i vi thc phm m ng l cht bo qun nh cc loi mt c v mt st. Cn i vi tt c cc trng hp khc vic s dng n hon ton thch hp. Nht c nu ln trong tiu chun nh nc nh trn nhn hiu hng ho bt buc phi ghi thm l c s dng xyclamat. Tnh c hi :. Xyclamt khng c i vi c th ngi> N c th dng cho nhng ngi b bnh i ng v l mt cht ngt tt nht dng sn xut cc sn phm thc phm v cc nc gii kht c calo thp. Liu dng : 0,11 mg / kg khi lng c th Acesulfam kali Cng thc ho hc : C4H4NO4SK Acesulfam kali c tn ho hc l Dioxyt oxathiazin kali Dng s dng : Acesulfam kali l tinh th khng mu, th rn c t trng l 1,81 g/cm3, khng c nng chy nht nh, bt u b phn hu nhit trn 200OC, d tan trong nc c bit trong nc nng, 1000C c th ho tan 1300 g/ 1 lt nc. Phng php s dng : Acesulfam kali c ng dng trong nhiu ngnh CNTP nh trong cng nghip ung, cng nghip b sa, kem, ko v cc loi mt, cng nghip bnh nng v cc sn phm t bt m, hp rau qu, cc sn phm v sinh rng ming, v trong cng nghip dc .v.v. . Acesulfam kali c th dng ring r hoc dng phi hp vi ng hydrratcacbon v cc ng ho hc khc . Acesulfam kali c s dng bng cch trn trc tip vo thc phm hoc dng dung dch pha sn (ring r hoc vi cc loi cht to ngt khc). S lng b xung vo thc phm tu thuc vo ngt yu cu ca tng sn phm. Acesulfam kali c tnh chu nhit cao v hu nh khng b bin i tnh cht ho hc v vt l trong thi gian di nn rt thch hp vi cc sn phmt cn gia cng nhit cao Tnh c hi : Acesulfam kali khng c, gy tc nhn ung th, khng gy cc phn ng xu v m tnh i vi c th. Acesulfam kali l cht to ngt khng sinh nng lng , khng chuyn ho trong c th, Khng nhn thy nh hng xu i vi ngi mc bnh tiu ng. Liu dng : 0,9 mg/1kg khi lng c th Axit hexamic ( Axit xyclamic ) Cng thc ho hc : axit xyclamic (C6H12NHSO3H ) Dng s dng : axit xyclamic mi sut hin trong danh mc cc cht lm ngt thi gian gn y. N l mt loi bt tinh th mu trng, xp, khng ht m. Khi lng phn t l 179,24; dng thng phm c kh l 98%; nhit nng chy l 76 - 820C. ho tan (tnh bng g/100ml) 250C : trong nc 13, trong ru 25, trong axton 16, trong glyxerin 9. Phng php s dng : So vi ng saccaroza Axit hexamic ngt gp 30 ln, thc t bng ngt ca xyclamat.(110) Khc vi cc natri, canxi v kali xyclamat, axit xyclamic

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ng thi lm cho sn phm c v ngt li km theo v hi chua cho nn cho php s dng thay th ng saccaroza cng nh cc axit thc phm ng v axit thng thng l cc thnh phn quan trng. Khi so snh vi cc axit hu c v ng, ngi ta thy cho 1,5g axit hexamic tng ng vi 1g axit xitric v 1,12g xyclamat; pH ca dung dch 10% axit xyclamic l 1,3. Ngi ta cho php s dng axit xyclamic cng nh cc xyclamat lm ngt cc loi thc phm vi calo thp. Axit xyclamic dng cho cc loi mt qu trng ming, n c th c s dng trong sn xut cc loi mt qu nghin, mt mn, mt ng, bnh ko cc loi qu nghin , cho cc st qu nghin pha long, qu nc ng v nc qu cng nh cc loi rau dm dm. Tt c cc sn phm ny, khi dng axit xyclamic cn phi tnh n tc dng lm ngt ca n ng thi phi gim lng axit thc phm Tnh c hi : Khng c Manton Cng thc ho hc : Tn gi ny c t cui th k trc, vo nm 1894 c tch ra c mt cht c kh nng lm tng hng v rt nhiu ca nhiu loi sn phm thc phm. Lc u ngi ta sn xut manton t cc ph liu c ph thu c trong qu trnh rang.(111) Manton l mt hp cht thuc dy 4-piron. Cng thc ho hc: C6H6O3 Dng s dng : Khi lng phn t l 126,11; nhit nng chy l 161 1620C, nhit bt u thng hoa l 930C. lng nc cn thit ho tan 1g manton 150C l 122 ml; 200C - 95; 250C - 82; 1000C 10 ml. Manton cng ho tan trong ru, propylenglycol, clorofoc, glyxerin, polysobat. Manton thu c bng phng php ln men hoc tng hp hu c. N dng bt xp, trng, hon ton bn trong qu trnh bo qun. C.c qu trnh ch bin thc phm thng thng khng c tc dng ph hoi manton. Manton c cc c quan bo v sc kho cho php s dng Vic s dung manton rt c hiu qu cho cc sn phm scla, n cho nhng mi v rt thch hp v phong ph. Liu lng manton thch hp cho vo sn phm scla l 0,015% khi lng sn phm. Manton cng c s dng cho nc gii kht, mt ng, nc qu, kem (0.0032%) v mt qu nghin (0,005 - 0,0145%). Liu lng c gii thiu nh sau i vi cc sn phm hp (mg/kg) Mt qu nghin: Du ty v cam 50-170 Mt ng : Anh o 75-150 , Du ty 225 , Cam 150 Siro qu : 1300 Tht ln trn anh o 50 Xp : Nm kh 130-150, Vi u xanh kh 350-1500 Xp c : Rau 1600-2500, Cn ty 800, c, Trai 1600, C chua 80 Nc dng c c 800 , Nc c chua 800 Tnh c hi : Khng c Aspartam Cng thc ho hc : L-partyl- L-phenylalanin-metyl ester, c v ngt thun khit v c ngt khon 300 ln ng sy sacaroza, trong c th aspartam b thu phn thnh 3 cht thng c trong thc n l axit aspartic, phenylalanin v metyl ester, aspartam c s dng thay th ng trong thc phm n king Liu dng : 0,40 mg/kg th trng 2.6.3 . Cc loi ng him v ng ca tng lai ng Lev-O-Cal bao gm :

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L-galactoza trong to , L- fructoza v L- ramnoza trong ht ca cy m , Larabinoza trong c ci ng, L- sorboza trong qu mng 2.7 - Cc cht gi m - Polyester ca sa caroza (SPE) - Polyglyxerit - Polydestroza - Ester diacyl ca glyxerol - Destrin ca tapioca 2.8 - Chitosan c khai thc t v ca cc loi gip xc , c cng thc ho hc l amino-2-desoxy-2-D-glucoza, c s dng trong vic lamg n bng m 2.9 - Cyclo dextrin C 3 loi Cyclo dextrin l - c 6 vng glucoza - c 7 vng glucoza - c 8 vng glucoza Ngi ta sn xut Cyclo dextrin bng cch thu phn tinh bt bng VSV Cyclo dextrin c dng trong sn xut thc phm lm cht n nh, lm tng kh nng ho tan, lm cht bo v chng oxy ha v cht gi n nh v Chng III Nhng cht tr gip trong cng ngh thc phm 3.1 -Tc nhn lm trong 3.1.1 . Cht tr lng v tr lc Bao gm cc cht - Than hot tnh lm sch cht kh v cht lng - t st, kao lanh, bentonit, t st ty d dng lm cht kt ta hoc hp ph cht bn - Diatomit, khong kiesengu, dng lm cht tr lc - Silic gel ca silic dung lm cht hp ph c bit i vi proteinc phn t lng cao - Polivinylpyrrolidon (PVPP) v nylon 66 (copolyme acrrilat-acrylamit l cht khng tan , c kh nng hp ph c bit i vi cc hp cht polyphenoltrong nc gii kht - Tanin gallic l hp cht poliphenolthu c bng cch c c nc chit t cy ng bi t n c dng kt ta protein to thnh tanin-protein khng tan , to iu kin cho qu trnh lc - Abumin dng trong vic lc ru vang 3.1.2 - Cht ra v kh trng Trong CNTP ngi ta s dng cc cht sau y ty ra v kh trng : xut, mui amn ca axit bo, axit hu c, hypoclorit natri (nc Javen) photphat v polyphtphat, formaldehyt,

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3.1.3 . Cht chng to bt Nhng cht chnh l axit bo, nhng cht hot ng b mt, du ca parafin v vazlin 3.2 - Nhng tc nhn tham gia qu trnh ch bin 3.2.1- Enzym Trong CNTP ngi ta s dng rt nhiu ch phm men, l mt trong nhng tin b quan trng ca ngnh cng ngh ng dng k thut thc phm Enzym c th phn thnh 6 loi - Oydoreductaza - Transferaza - Hydrrolaza - Lyaza - Isomeraza - Ligaza Trn thc t c ti 4.000 enzym c s dng, c th thu dc enzim bng 2 cch : tch chit t ng vt hoc thc vt v thu nhn t vi sinh vt Trong CNTP thng s dng cc ch phm men sau : - v amilaza thu phn tinh bt dng sn xut mt tinh bt v trong cng nghip bia - Proteaza thu ohn protein dng trong cng nghip tht v c, sn xut nc chm giu axit amin - Pectinaza thu ohn pectin dng trong cng nghip nc gii kht t hoa qu 3.2.2 -Dung mi trch ly S dng phn ln cc dung mi hu c trch ly cht thm t thc vt thu hi hoc sn xut tinh du dng cho thc phm 3.2.3 . Nhng cht iu chnh PH S dng phn ln cc axit v baz v c v hu c trong sn xut thc phm 3.2.4 . Nha trao i ion Bao gm cc cationit v anionit lm sch cc anion v cation trong nc s dng cho sn xut thc phm 3.3- Nhng tc nhn tham gia trnh by sn phm 3.3.1 - Nhng tc nhn bao ngoi sn phm Bao gm : parafin, vi, alginat canxi, cacboxymetylcelluloza, silicat, 3.3.2 . Cc cht kh lm tng p v bo v S dng cc cht kh c tnh tr nh kh nit, kh CO2, kh N2O, octafluorocyclobutan (freon 318) v cloropentafluoroetan (freon 115) Chng IV S chiu x thc phm

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 bo qun thc phm ngi ta s dng phng php chiu x. phng php ny ang c cc nc quan tm nghin cu v n cng dang gy nhiu tranh ci v tnh cht c hi hay khng c hi ca thc phm sau khi chiu x . nhng tc dng bo qun ca phng php chiu x th gn nh c khng nh. Thc phm c th bo qun rt tt trong thi gian di hn hn khi dng bt k cht bo qun no 4.1 . Nguyn tc chiu x Ngi ta s dng cc tc nhn chiu x sau y: - Mt chm electron c gia tc ( nng lng nh hn 10 MeV) - Tia X ( nng lng nh hn 5 MeV) - Tia coban 60 ( nng lng 1,17 v 1,33 MeV) - Tia cesium 137 ( nng lng 0,66 MeV) Nhng tia x c tc dng lm km hm hon ton hot tnh ca h men c trong thc phm hoc trong vi sinh vt nn lm nh ch mi qu trnh chuyn ho do men trong thc phm. ng thi cc tia cng mt kh nng ny mm ca cc ht 4.2 - n v ion ho o bng gray (Gy) 1 Gy = 1 Jul / kg nng lng do 1 kg nguyn liu hp th tnh bng Jul o bng rad, 1 rad = 0,01 gray hoc 1 KGy = 100 Krad 4.3 - Liu s dng FDA (Food and Drug Administration) cho php s dng liu chiu ti a cho rau qu l 100 Krad (1 KGy) C quan nng lng nguyn t th gii AIEA ( Agence Internationnal de lEnergie Atomique) kt lun rng liu chiu x ti 1.000 Krad (10KGy) khng gy c hi Liu dng cho mc ch nghin cu KGy c th c ch s ny mm KGy tit trng thc phm thng mi KGy thanh trng sinh hc 4.4 - Kiu hot ng So snh gia 2 phng php x l bng nhit v bng tia x thy rng sau khi x l bng nhit thc phm b nu chn cn x l bng tia x thc phm vn gi nguyn trng thi ban u 4.5 - nh hng ca s chiu x n gi tr dinh dng ca thc phm Cn ang tip tc nghin cu cha c kt lun r rng 4.6 -Thc phm chiu x Mi ch th nghim mt s ln Vit nam nhng cha c lu hnh rng ri 4.7 - Tng lai ca vic chiu x trong lnh vc cng nghip thc phm y l mt hng c nhiu trin vng

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