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Thng 08 2007...Phm Kim Chung

Dich vu Toan hoc

H phng trnh
 I. H phng trnh dng hon v vng quanh.
" Bi 1. ( thi HSG quc gia nm 1994 )

(
(
(

)
)
)

x 3 + 3 x 3 + ln x 2 x + 1 = y

Gii h phng trnh : y 3 + 3 y 3 + ln y 2 y + 1 = z

3
2
z + 3z 3 + ln z z + 1 = x
Gii :

Xt hm s : f ( t ) = t 3 + 3t 3 + ln t 2 t + 1

2t 2 1
> 0, x R
t2 t + 1
ng bin trn R. Ta vit li h phng trnh nh sau :

Ta c : f' ( t ) = 3t 2 + 1 +
Vy hm s f ( t )
f (x) = y

f (y) = z
f ( z) = x

Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s : x = min { x, y, z} . Lc :

x y f ( x ) f ( y ) y z f ( y ) f ( z ) z x . Hay : x y z x x = y = z

Vi : x = y = z , xt phng trnh : x 3 + 2 x 3 + ln x 2 x + 1 = 0

Do hm s : ( x ) = x 3 + 2 x 3 + ln x 2 x + 1 ng bin trn R nn pt c nghim duy nht : x = 1 .

Vy h phng trnh c nghim duy nht : x = y = z = 1 .
" Bi ton tng qut 1 . Xt h phng trnh c dng :

f ( x1 ) = g ( x2 )

f ( x 2 ) = g ( x3 )

....
f (x ) = g(x )
n 1
n

f ( x n ) = g ( x1 )
Nu hai hm s f v g cng tng trn tp A v

( x1 , x2 ..., xn )

l nghim ca h phng trnh , trong

xi A, i = 1, 2,..., n th x1 = x2 = ... = xn .
Chng minh :
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s : x1 = min { x1 , x2 ..., x n } .

Lc ta c : x1 x2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) g ( x2 ) g ( x3 ) x2 x3 ... x n x1 .
Vy : x1 x2 .... xn x1
T suy ra : x1 = x2 = ... = xn .
1

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Dich vu Toan hoc

" Bi 2.

1 2 x + x

=y
4

2 y3 + y 2
1
Gii h phng trnh :
=z
4
2 z3 + z 2

=x
4

Gii:

V v tri ca cc phng trnh trong h u dng nn h ch c nghim : x, y, z > 0 .

2 t3 +t2

1
Xt hm s : f ( t ) =
, ta c : f' ( t ) = ( 2 ln 4 ) 3t 2 + t
4

Vy hm s f ( t ) nghch bin trn khong ( 0; + ) .

1
.
4

2 t3 +t2

< 0, t > 0 .

Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s : x = min { x, y, z} . Lc :

x y f ( x) f ( y) y z f ( y) f (z) z x x = z f ( x ) = f (z) y = x .

1
.
2
" Bi ton tng qut 2 . Xt h phng trnh c dng (vi n l ):

Vy h phng trnh c nghim duy nht : x = y = z =

f ( x1 ) = g ( x2 )

f ( x 2 ) = g ( x3 )

....
f (x ) = g(x )
n 1
n

f ( x n ) = g ( x1 )
Nu hm s f gim trn tp A , g tng trn A v ( x1 , x2 ..., x n ) l nghim ca h phng trnh , trong
xi A, i = 1, 2,..., n th x1 = x2 = ... = xn vi n l .
Chng minh :
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s : x1 = min { x1 , x2 ..., x n } .
Lc ta c :
x1 x2 f ( x1 ) f ( x2 ) g ( x2 ) g ( x3 ) x2 x3 ... x n x1 f ( xn ) f ( x1 ) x1 x2 .
x1 = x2
T suy ra : x1 = x2 = ... = xn .
" Bi 3.

( x 1)2 = 2 y

2
( y 1) = 2 z
Gii h phng trnh :
2
( z 1) = 2 t

2
( t 1) = 2 x
2

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Gii :

Dich vu Toan hoc

V v tri ca cc phng trnh trong h khng m nn phng ch c nghim : x, y, z, t 0 .

Xt hm s :

f ( s ) = ( s 1) , ta c : f' ( s ) = 2 ( s 1) . Do hm s tng trn khong (1; + ) v gim

2

trn [ 0; 1] ( Do f(s) lin tc trn R ).

Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s : x = min { x, y, z, t} .

+ Nu x (1; + ) x, y, z, t (1; + ) , do theo bi ton tng qut 1, h c nghim
duy nht : x = y = z = t = 2 + 3 .
+ Nu x [ 0; 1] 0 f ( x ) 1 0 2 y 1 , hay y [ 0;1] , tng t z, t [ 0; 1] .

Vy x, y, z, t [ 0; 1] . Do ta c :

x y f ( x) f ( y) y z f ( y) f (z) z x x = z .

Vi x = z f ( x ) = f ( z ) y = t .
( x 1)2 = 2 y
( x 1)2 = 2 y

x = y = 2 3
Lc h phng trnh tr thnh :
x = y
2
( y 1) = 2 x

x = y
Vy h phng trnh cho c 2 nghim : x = y = z = t = 2 + 3 v x = y = 2 3 .
" Bi ton tng qut 3 . Xt h phng trnh c dng (vi n chn ):

f ( x1 ) = g ( x2 )

f ( x 2 ) = g ( x3 )

....
f (x ) = g(x )
n 1
n

f ( xn ) = g ( x1 )

Nu hm s f gim trn tp A , g tng trn A v ( x1 , x2 ..., x n ) l nghim ca h phng trnh , trong

x = x3 = ... = x n 1
vi n chn .
xi A, i = 1, 2,..., n th 1
x2 = x 4 = ... = x n
Chng minh :
Khng mt tnh tng qut gi s : x1 = min { x1 , x2 ..., xn } .

Lc ta c :.
x1 x3 f ( x1 ) f ( x3 ) g ( x2 ) g ( x 4 )
x2 x 4

f ( x 2 ) f ( x 4 ) g ( x3 ) g ( x5 )
x3 x5 .........

f ( xn 2 ) f ( x n ) g ( x n 1 ) g ( x1 )
x n 1 x1 .........

f ( xn 1 ) f ( x1 ) g ( x n ) g ( x2 ) x n x2

Vy : x1 x3 .... xn 1 x1 x1 = x3 = ... = xn 1 ; x2 x4 .... xn x2 x2 = x4 = ... = xn

3

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Dich vu Toan hoc

Phn bi tp ng dng phng php

) 1. Gii h phng trnh :

2 x 3 7 x 2 + 8 x 2 = y
3
2
2 y 7y + 8y 2 = z
2 z3 7 z 2 + 8z 2 = x

) 2. Chng minh vi mi a R , h phng trnh :

x 2 = y3 + y + a
2
3
y = z +z+a
z2 = x 3 + x + a

) 3. Cho h phng trnh :

c mt nghim duy nht .

x2 = y + a
2
y = z + a
2
z = x + a

Tm a h phng trnh ch c nghim vi dng x = y = z .

) 4. Gii h phng trnh :
x 31 3 x1 + 2 = 2 x2
3
x 2 3 x2 + 2 = 2 x3
.........
x 3 3x + 2 = 2 x
99
100
99
3
x 100 3 x100 + 2 = 2 x1
) 5. Cho n l s nguyn ln hn 1. Tm a h phng trnh :
x 21 = x 32 4 x2 + ax2
2
3
x 2 = x 3 4 x3 + ax3

c mt nghim duy nht .

.........
x 2 = x 3 4 x + ax
n
n
n
n 1
2
3
x n = x 1 4 x1 + ax1
) 6. Cho n l s nguyn ln hn 1 v a 0 . Chng minh h phng trnh :
x 21 = x 32 4 x2 + ax2
2
3
x 2 = x 3 4 x3 + ax3
c nghim duy nht .
.........
x 2 = x 3 4 x + ax
n
n
n
n 1
2
3
x n = x 1 4 x1 + ax1
) 7. Chng minh vi mi a R , h phng trnh :
x 2 = y3 + y2 + y + a
2
3
2
y = z + z + z + a c mt nghim duy nht .
z2 = x 3 + x 2 + x + a

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Dich vu Toan hoc

 Ii. H phng trnh gii c bng phng php lng gic ho.
x 1 y 2 + y 1 x 2 = 1
" 1. Gii h phng trnh :

(1 x )(1 + y ) = 2
1 x 2 0
x 1

Gii.
K :

2
1 y 0
y 1

(1)
(2)

t x = cos ; y=cos vi , [ 0; ] , khi h phng trnh :

cos .sin + cos .sin =1 + =

2
(1 cos )(1 + cos ) = 2
sin cos sin .cos 1 = 0
1 t2
t t = sin cos , t 2 sin .cos =
2
2
1 t
1 = 0 t 2 + 2t 3 t = 1
Khi ta c : t
2
x = 0

Vi t = 1 , ta c : 2sin = 1 = = 0
4
2

y = 1
Nu : x a ( a > 0 ) , ta t x = acos , vi [ 0; ]

2 ( x y )(1 + 4 xy ) = 3
2
2
x + y = 1

( 1)
(2)

" 2. Gii h phng trnh :

Gii .

Do x 2 + y 2 = 1 x, y [ 1; 1] . t x = sin , y = cos vi [ 0; 2 ] .
Khi (1) 2 ( sin cos )(1 + 2sin2 ) = 3

2. 2sin .2. sin2 + = 3 4sin sin2 + sin = 3

4
2
4
6

8sin sin cos = 3 4cos + cos cos 2 = 3

12
3
6
4
12
12

2cos 4cos cos 2 = 3

12
12
6

2cos 2 cos 3 + cos = 3 2cos 3 = 3

12
4
12
4

0
0
= 35 + k120

cos 3 =
(k R)
0
0
4
2

= 65 + k120
T suy ra h c 6 nghim

( x, y ) = {( sin650 , cos650 ) , ( sin350 , cos350 ) , ( sin850 , cos850 ) ,

( sin5 , cos5 ) , ( -sin25 , cos25 ) , ( sin305 , cos305 ) }

0

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Dich vu Toan hoc

Nu : x 2 + y 2 = a ( a > 0 ) , ta t x = asin , y = acos , vi [ 0; 2 ]

2 x + x 2 y = y

2
" 3. Gii h phng trnh :
2 y + y z = z
2

2 z + z x = x
Gii : T cc phng trnh ca h , suy ra : x, y, z 1 . Do ta c :

2x
y = 1 x 2 (1)

2y

(2)
z =
1 y2

2z
(3)
x =
1 z2

t t x = tg vi ; (4) v sao cho tg , tg2 , tg4 1 (5).
2 2
k
2k
4k

, y = tg
, z = tg
, k = 0, 1,..., 3
Tng t bi 2. H phng trnh c 7 nghim x = tg
7
7
7

Vi mi s thc x c mt s vi ; sao cho x = tg
2 2

x 3z 2 x 3z + z 3 = 0

2
3
y 3x y 3x + x = 0
z 3y 2 z 3y + y 3 = 0

" 4. Gii h phng trnh :

Gii . Vit li h phng trnh di dng :

x 1 3z 2 = 3z z 3

2
3
y 1 3x = 3x x

2
3
z 1 3 y = 3y y

(
(
(

T , d thy nu

3z z 3
x
=

1 3z 2

3x x 3
(I) y =
1 3x 2

3y y 3
z
=

1 3y 2

( x , y, z )

)
)
)

(I)

l nghim ca h cho th phi c x, y, z

1
3

. Bi th :

(1)
(2)

(II)

(3)

1

(5).
t x = tg vi ; (4) v sao cho tg , tg3 , tg9
3
2 2
Khi t (2), (3), (1) s c : y = tg3 , z = tg9 v x = tg27

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Dich vu Toan hoc

T y d dng suy ra ( x, y, z ) l nghim ca (II) khi v ch khi y = tg3 , z = tg9 , x = tg , vi

c xc nh bi (4), (5) v tg = tg27 (6).
Li c : ( 6 ) 26 = k ( k Z )

k
vi k nguyn tho mn :
26
12 k 12 . D dng kim tra c rng, tt c cc gi tr c xc nh nh va nu u tho
mn (5).
Vy tm li h phng trnh cho c tt c 25 nghim, l :
k
3k
9 k

x = tg 26 , y = tg 26 , z = tg 26 , k = 0, 1,... 12

" 5. Gii h phng trnh :

1
1
1
3 x + = 4 y + = 5 z +
x
y
z

xy + yz + zx = 1

Nhn xt : xyz 0; x, y, z cng du . Nu ( x, y, z ) l mt nghim ca h th

Gii.

V th tho mn ng thi (4) v (6) khi v ch khi =

( x, y, z ) cng l nghim ca h, nn chng ta s tm nghim

x, y, z dng .

t x = tg ; y = tg ; z = tg 0 < , , < 90 0 .

1
1
1
3 tg +
= 4 tg +
= 5 tg +
( 1)
tg
tg
tg
H

tg tg + tg tg + tg tg = 1
(2)

1 + tg2
1 + tg2
1 + tg2
3
4
5
=
=
(1) 3
=
=
4
5

sin2 sin2 sin2
tg
tg
tg
T (2) suy ra : tg ( tg + tg ) = 1 tg tg cotg =

( tg + tg ) = tg
1 tg tg

( + )

tg = tg ( + ) + + = .
2
2

3
4
5

=
=
sin2 sin2 sin2
Do
nn 2,2,2 l cc gc ca mt tam gic c s o 3 cnh 3,4,5.
0 < , , < ; + + =

2
2
Do tam gic c 3 cnh 3,4,5 l tam gic vung nn 2 = 900 = 450 z = tg = 1
2tg
3
2x
3
1
=
= x=
2
2
1 tg 4
1 x
4
3
2tg
4
2y
4
1
=
= y=
tg2 =
2
2
1 tg 3
1 y
3
2
tg2 =

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Dich vu Toan hoc

Tuyn tp cc bi ton hay

 II . H phng trnh 2 n.
698
4
2
(1)
x +y =
" 1. Gii h phng trnh :
81

x 2 + y 2 + xy 3 x 4 y + 4 = 0
(2)
Gii : Gi s h phng trnh c nghim . Ta thy (2) tng ng vi :

x 2 + ( y 3) x + ( y 2 ) = 0
phng trnh ny c nghim i vi x ta phi c :
7
2
2
= ( y 3) 4 ( y 2 ) 0 1 y
(3)
3
Mt khc phng trnh (2) cng tng ng vi : y 2 + ( x 4 ) y + x 2 3 x + 4 = 0
phng trnh ny c nghim i vi y ta phi c :
4
2
= ( x 4) 4 x 2 3x + 4 0 0 x
(4)
3
256 49 697 698
T (3) v (4) ta c : x 4 + y 2
+
=
<
, khng tho mn (1).
81
9
81
81
Vy h phng trnh cho v nghim .
2

) 2. ( thi HSG Quc Gia nm 1995-1996.Bng A )

1
3x 1 +
=2
x+y

Gii h phng trnh :

7y 1 1 = 4 2

x+y

" 3. ( thi HSG Quc Gia nm 1995-1996.Bng A )

Hy bin lun s nghim thc ca h phng trnh vi n x, y :
x 3 y y 4 = a2
2
2
3
2
x y + 2 xy + y = b
Gii . iu kin c ngha ca h : x, y R .
Vit li h di dng :
y x 3 y 3 = a 2 ( 1)

2
y ( x + y ) = b 2
(2)
Xt cc trng hp sau :
Trng hp 1 : b = 0 . Khi :
y = 0

3
3
2
y x y = a
y = 0
v do vy : H cho
(2)
y = x
y = x

3
3
2
y x y = a

(I)

( II )

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Dich vu Toan hoc

y = x
C (II)
4
2
2 x = a
T : + Nu a 0 th (I) v (II) cng v nghim, dn n h v nghim .
+ Nu a = 0 th (I) c v s nghim dng ( x R, y = 0 ) , cn (II) c duy nht nghim

( x = 0, y = 0 ) . V

th h cho c v s nghim .

( x, y )

Trng hp 2 : b 0 . Khi , t (1) v (2) d thy , nu

phi c x, y >0 . V th

(2) x =

b
y

l nghim ca h cho th

( 3) .

3
b

y y 3 = a2
Th (3) vo (1) ta c : y

y = t > 0 . T (4) ta c phng trnh sau :

3
b

2
6

t t t = a2 t 9 b t 3
t

+ a2 t = 0 ( 5 )

Xt hm s : f ( t ) = t 9 ( b t 3 ) + a 2 t xc nh trn [ 0;+ ) c :
3

f' ( t ) = 9t 8 + 9 b t 3

t 2 + a 2 0, t [ 0; + ) .

Suy ra hm s f ( t ) ng bin trn [ 0; + ) , v v th phng trnh (5) c ti a 1 nghim trong

[ 0; + ) . M

f ( 0 ) = b < 0 v f
3

( b )= b
3

+ b a 2 > 0 , nn phng trnh (5) c duy nht

b
nghim, k hiu l t0 trong ( 0; + ) . Suy ra h c duy nht nghim x = t0 2 , y = t0 2 .
t0

Vy tm li : + Nu a = b = 0 th h cho c v s nghim .
`
+ Nu a tu , b 0 th h cho c duy nht nghim .
+ Nu a 0, b = 0 th h cho v nghim .
2 x 2 + xy y 2 = 1

" 4. Tm tt c cc gi tr ca m h phng trnh :

2
2
x + xy + y = m

Gii .

2 x 2 = 1
1
+ Vi y = 0 h tr thnh 2
. H c nghim khi m =
2
x = m
x
+ Vi y 0 , t
= t , h tr thnh
y
1
2
1
2
2 t + t 1 = y 2
2t + t 1 = y 2

(2)

t 2 + t + 1 = m 2 t 2 + t 1
t2 + t + 1 = m

y2

Vy h PT (1) c nghim

( x, y )

khi v ch khi h PT (2) c nghim

( t, y ) .

(1) c nghim .

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Dich vu Toan hoc

t < 1
1
2
Xt h (2), t 2t + t 1 = 2 suy ra 2t + t 1 > 0
. Do h (2) c nghim ( t, y )
t > 1
y

2
2
t + t +1
t2 + t + 1
1

m= 2
c nghim t ( , 1) , + . Xt hm s f ( t ) = 2
trn khong
2t + t 1
2t + t 1
2

t = 3 7
1
t 2 + 6t + 2
,
f'
t
=
0

( , 1) , + . Ta c : f' ( t ) = 2
(
)

2
2

t = 3 + 7
2t + t 1
Lp bng bin thin :
2

3 7

f(t)

3 7

-1
+

1
2

1
2
+

f(t)

14 + 5 7

1
2

28 + 11 7
Nhn vo bng bin thin ta thy h c nghim : m
x 3 ( 2 + 3 y ) = 1
" 5. Gii h phng trnh :
3
x y 2 = 3
Gii . R rng nu y = 3 2 h v nghim.

27 ( 2 + 3y )

(y

= 1 (3) . Xt hm s : f ( y ) =

Suy ra : f' ( y ) = 0 y = 1
Ta c bng bin thin :

y
f(y)
f (y)

-1
0
0

28 + 11 7

( 1)
(2)

Vi y 3 2 , t (2) suy ra x =

14 + 5 7

3
, thay vo (1) ta c :
y 2
3

27 ( 2 + 3y )

(y

1 , ta c : f' ( y ) =

81 8y 3 + 6 y 2 + 2

(y

10

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Dich vu Toan hoc

Nhn vo bng bin thin suy ra pt(3) khng c nghim trn cc khong ( ; 1) v 1; 3 2 .
Phng trnh c 1 nghim y = 1 v 1 nghim trong khong
D thy y = 2 l 1 nghim thuc khong

2, +

2, + .

1
Vy h phng trnh cho c 2 nghim : ( 1; 1) v ; 2 .
2
) 6. ( thi HSG Quc Gia nm 2004 Bng B )
x 3 + 3 xy 2 = 49
Gii h phng trnh sau : 2
2
x 8 xy + y = 8 y 17 x
" 7. ( thi HSG Quc Gia nm 1998-1999 Bng A )
(1 + 4 2 x y ) .512 x + y = 1 + 22 x y +1

Gii h phng trnh :

3
2
y + 4 x + 1 + ln ( y + 2 x ) = 0
Gii .
K: y 2 + 2 x > 0
t t = 2 x y th phng trnh th nht ca h tr thnh :
1 + 4 t 1 + 2 t +1
=
(1)
5t
5
V tri l hm nghch bin, v phi l hm ng bin trn nn t=1 l nghim
duy nht ca (1).
y +1
th vo phng trnh th hai ca h ta c :
Vy 2 x y = 1 x =
2
y 3 + 2 y + 3 + ln y 2 + y + 1 = 0 ( 2 )

(1 + 4 ) .5
t

1 t

= 1 + 2 t +1

V tri l hm ng bin do y =-1 l nghim duy nht ca (2).

p s : x = 0, y = 1 .
" 8. ( thi HSG Quc Gia nm 2000-2001 Bng B )
7 x + y + 2 x + y = 5
Gii h phng trnh :

2 x + y + x y = 2
Gii :
K c ngha ca h phng trnh : min {7 x, 2 x} y
t :

7x + y = a v

2x + y = b . T h phng trnh cho ta c h :

a + b = 5

b + x y = 2

(1 )
(2)

Nhn thy : a 2 b2 = 5 x . Kt hp vi (1) suy ra : b =

5 x
+ x y = 2 x = 2y 1
2
Th (3) vo (2) ta c :

5y 2 + y 1 = 2 y =

( 5 x ) , th vo (2) ta c :
2

( 3)
11 77
2

Th vo (3) suy ra nghim ca h l: x = 10 77,

y=

11

11 77
.
2

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Dich vu Toan hoc

) 9. Cho h phng trnh 2 n x, y :

k x 2 + 3 x 4 + 3 x 2 + 1 = yx

k 3 x 8 + x 2 + 3 x 2 + 1 + ( k 1) 3 x 4 = 2 y 3 x 4

1. Xc nh k h phng trnh c nghim .

2. Gii h phng trnh vi k = 16.

" 10. ( thi HSG Quc Gia nm 1995-1996 Bng A )

1
3x . 1 +
=2
x+y

Gii h phng trnh :

7y . 1 1 = 4 2

x+y

Gii . K c ngha ca h : x 0, y 0 v x 2 + y 2 0 .
D thy , nu ( x, y ) l nghim ca h cho th phi c x >0, y>0 . Do :
1

1
2 2
1
2
=

( 1)

1 +
=
x+y
3x
7y
3x

x + y
H cho

1 1 = 4 2
1 = 1 + 2 2
(2)

x+y
7y
3x
7y

Nhn (1) vi (2) theo v ta c :

1
1
8
=

21xy = ( x + y )( 7 y 3 x ) ( y 6 x )( 7 y + 4 x ) = 0 y = 6 x ( v x >0, y>0)

x + y 3x 7y

Thay vo (2) v gii ra ta c : x =

11 + 4 7
22 + 8 7
, y=
.Th li ta thy tho mn yu cu bt.
21
7

 Iii. H phng trnh 3 n.

) 1. ( thi HSG Tnh Qung Ngi 1995-1996)
y 3 6 x 2 + 12 x 8 = 0
3
2
Gii h phng trnh :
z 6 y + 12 y 8 = 0
x 3 6 z 2 + 12 z 8 = 0

) 4.

Gii h phng trnh :

12 x 2 48 x + 64 = y 3

2
3
12 y 48y + 64 = z
12 z 2 48z + 64 = x 3

x 19 + y 5 = 1890 z + z 2001
19 5
2001
" 5. Gii h phng trnh :
y + z = 1890 x + x
z19 + x 5 = 1890 y + y 2001

Gii . Chng ta s chng minh h phng trnh trn c nghim duy nht x = y = z = 0 .

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Dich vu Toan hoc

Gi s ( x, y, z ) l mt nghim ca h phng trnh khi ( x, y, z ) cng l mt nghim ca

h phng trnh , nn khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th gi thit : c t nht hai trong ba s x, y, z
khng m. V d x 0, y 0 . T phng trnh th nht ta suy ra z 0 .
Mt khc nu 0 < u 1 th 1890 + u2000 > 2 u18 + u4
Nu u > 1 th 1890 + u2000 > 1 + u2000 > 2. u2000 = 2.u1000 > u18 + u4
Do 1890u + u2001 > u19 + u5 vi mi u>0.
Bi vy nu cng tng v ca HPT ta suy ra x = y = z = 0 .pcm
) 6. Tm iu kin cn v ca m h phng trnh sau c nghim duy nht :
x 2 = ( 2 + m ) y 3 3y 2 + my
2
3
y = ( 2 + m ) z 3z + mz
z 2 = ( 2 + m ) x 3 3 x + mx

" 7. ( thi HSG Quc Gia nm 2004 Bng A )

x 3 + x ( y z )2 = 2

2
Gii h phng trnh sau : y 3 + y ( z x ) = 30
3
2
z + z ( x y ) = 16
x 2 ( x + 1) = 2 y 3 x

2
3
" 8. Gii h phng trnh :
y ( y + 1) = 2 z y
2
3
z ( z + 1) = 2 x z
Gii .
Vit li h cho di dng :
x 3 + x 2 + 2 x = 2 y3 + 1
3
2
3
hay
y + y + 2 y = 2z + 1
z3 + z 2 + 2 z = 2 x 3 + 1

(
(
(

) +1
) +1
) +1
f ( x) = g ( y)

f ( y ) = g ( z)
f ( z) = g ( x )

Trong f ( t ) = t 3 + t 2 + 2t v g ( t ) = 2t 3 + 1 . Nhn xt rng g(t), f(t) l hm ng bin

trn R v : f' ( t ) = 3t 2 + 2t + 2 > 0, g ( t ) = 6t 2 0, t R.

x = y = z
Suy ra h cho tng ng vi h :
( 4)
h ( x ) = 0
Trong h ( t ) = t 3 t 2 2t + 1 . Nhn xt rng h ( t ) lin tc trn R v :

h ( 2 ) < 0, h ( 0 ) > 0,

h (1) < 0, h ( 2 ) > 0 nn phng trnh h ( t ) = 0 c c 3 nghim phn bit u nm trong ( 2; 2 )

t x = 2cosu, u ( 0; ) . Khi sinu 0 v (4) c dng :

x = y = z = 2cosu, u ( 0; )
x = y = z = 2cosu, u ( 0; )
hay

3
2
3
2
8cos u 4cos u 4cosu + 1 = 0
sinu 8cos u 4cos u 4cosu + 1 = 0
x = y = z = 2cosu, u ( 0; )
Hay
(5).
sin4u = sin3u

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Dich vu Toan hoc

x = y = z = 2cosu, u ( 0; )

3 5
;
Gii h phng trnh (5) ta thu c u ;
v
3 5
7 7 7
u 7 ; 7 ; 7

" 9. Tm tt c cc b ba s dng ( x, y, z ) tho mn h phng trnh :

2 x 2004 = y 6 + z 6
2004
= z6 + x 6
2 y
2004 = x 6 + y 6
2 z
Gii :

Gi s

( x, y, z ) l mt b ba s dng tho mn h PT cho . Khng mt tnh tng qut ,

gi s 0 < x y z . Nh vy :
x 2004 x 6
2 x 2004 = y 6 + z 6 x 6 + x 6
x 1

x = y = z =1
2004
2004
6
6
6
6
6
z
= x +y z +z
z 1
z
2z
o li, d thy x = y = z = 1 l mt b ba s dng tho mn yu cu bi ton .

) 10. Tm iu kin ca m h phng trnh sau c nghim :

x 2 + y 2 z 2 + xy yz zx = 1
2 2
y + z + yz = 2
x 2 + z 2 + xz = m

x5 x 4 + 2 x2 y = 2
5
4
2
) 11. Gii h phng trnh :
y y + 2y z = 2
z5 z 4 + 2 z 2 x = 2

(
(
(

)
)
)

x 3 y 2 + 3y + 3 = 3y 2

3 2
2
) 12. Gii h phng trnh :
y z + 3z + 3 = 3z
3 2
2
z x + 3 x + 3 = 3 x
" 13. Tm tt c cc s thc a sao cho h phng trnh sau c nghim thc x, y, z :
x 1 + y 1 + z 1 = a 1

x + 1 + y + 1 + z + 1 = a + 1
Gii. K: x 1, y 1, z 1
H phng trnh tng ng vi h phng trnh :
x 1 + x + 1 + y 1 + y + 1 + z 1 + z + 1 = 2a

x +1 x 1 + y +1 y 1 + z +1 z 1 = 2

t u = x 1 + x + 1 ; v = y 1 + y + 1 ; s = z 1 + z + 1

(
(

) (
) (

) (
) (

)
)

Do x 1, y 1, z 1 nn u 2, v 2, s 2 . Ngc li nu u 2, v 2, s 2 , ta c :
1
2
1
4
2
2
x +1 x 1 =
=
x + 1 = u + x = u2 + 2 1
2
u
4
u
x +1 + x 1 u
Tng t i vi y, z .
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Dich vu Toan hoc

Do bi ton ca ta a v bi ton tng ng : Tm tt c cc s thc a sao cho h

phng trnh sau c nghim u 2, v 2, s 2 :
u + v + s = 2 a

( 1)
1 1 1
u + v + s = 1
+ iu kin cn : Gi s h phng trnh (1) c nghim . Theo bt ng thc Bunhia ta c :
9
1 1 1
2a = ( u + v + s ) + + 9 a
2
u v s
9
+ iu kin : Gi s a . Chng ta s chng minh h phng trnh (1) c nghim
2
u + v = 2a 3

Ly s = 3 ( tho mn s 2 ) . Khi (1) tng ng vi :

3 ( 2a 3)
u.v =

2
3 ( 2a 3 )
u, v l hai nghim ca tam thc bc hai : t 2 2 ( 2 a 3 ) t +
2
2a 3 ( 2a 3 )( 2a 9 )
u, v =
2

Ch : t h = 2a 9 0 h + 6 2 2

( 2a 3 ) 2

2>

( 2a 3)( 2a 9 )

> ( h + 3 ) > h ( h + 6 ) . Tc l :
2

u > 2, v > 2 .

Nh vy h phng trnh (1) c nghim u 2, v 2, s 2 .

9
Tm li cc s thc a cn tm l tt c cc s thc a .
2
" 14. Gii h phng trnh :

1
1
1
20 x + = 11 y + = 2007 z +
x
y
z

xy + yz + zx = 1

" 15. ( thi HSG Quc Gia nm 2005-2006 Bng A )

x 2 2 x + 6.log ( 6 y ) = x
3

2
Gii h phng trnh : y 2 y + 6.log3 ( 6 z ) = y
2
z 2 z + 6.log3 ( 6 x ) = z
Gii . K xc nh x, y, z < 6 . H cho tng ng vi :

x
log3 ( 6 y ) =
2

x 2x + 6

y
log3 ( 6 z ) =
2
y 2y + 6

z
log3 ( 6 x ) =

z2 2 z + 6

15

(1 )
(2)
( 3)

http://www.vnmath.com
Nhn thy f ( x ) =

Dich vu Toan hoc

x

l hm tng, cn g ( x ) = log3 ( 6 x ) l hm gim vi x<6.

x 2x + 6
Nu ( x, y, z ) l mt nghim ca h phng trnh ta chng minh x=y=z.Khng mt tnh
2

tng qut gi s x = max { x, y, z} th c hai trng hp :

1) x y z . Do g ( x ) l hm gim, suy ra : log3 ( 6 y ) log3 ( 6 z ) log3 ( 6 x )
x z y . Do y z nn z = y . T (1) v (2) suy ra : x=y=z.
2) x z y .
Tng t log3 ( 6 y ) log3 ( 6 x ) log3 ( 6 z )
z x y . Do x z nn z = x . T (1) v (3) suy ra : x=y=z.
Phng trnh f ( x ) = g ( x ) c nghim duy nht x=3.
Vy h cho c nghim duy nht : x=y=z=3.
" 16. ( thi HSG Quc Gia nm 2005-2006 Bng B )

x 3 + 3x 2 + 2 x 5 = y

Gii h phng trnh : y 3 + 3 y 2 + 2 y 5 = z

z 3 + 3z 2 + 2 z 5 = x

Gii . Gi s x = max { x, y, z} . Xt hai trng hp :

1) x y z
x3 + 3x 2 + 2 x 5 x
T h trn ta c : 3
2
z + 3z + 2 z 5 z
( x 1) ( x + 2 )2 + 1 0
x 1

2
1 z
( z 1) ( z + 2 ) + 1 0

2) x z y
x3 + 3x 2 + 2 x 5 x
T h trn ta c : 3
2
y + 3y + 2 y 5 y
( x 1) ( x + 2 )2 + 1 0
x 1

2
( y 1) ( y + 2 ) + 1 0 1 y

C hai trng hp u cho x = z = y = 1 . Th li ta thy x = z = y = 1 l nghim ca h phng trnh .

Tm li h cho c nghim duy nht : x = z = y = 1 .

) 17. Gii h phng trnh :

1
1
1
8

=
x+ y+ z
x
y
z 3

1 1 1 118
x+ y+z+ + + =
x y z
9

1
1
1
728

=
x x + y y + z z
27
x x y y z z

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Dich vu Toan hoc

" 18 . Gii h phng trnh :

x2 + y2 = y ( x + z)
2
x + x + y = 2 yz
3 x 2 + 8 y 2 + 8 xy + 8yz = 2 x + 4 z + 2

Gii . H cho tng ng vi :

x ( x + y) + y ( y + z) = 0

x ( x + 1) + y ( 2 z + 1) = 0

2
2
2
2
4 ( x + y ) + 4 ( y + z ) = ( x + 1) + ( 2 z + 1)
GG
GG
G 2 G2
G
G
G
Xt : a = ( x; y ) , b = ( x + y; y + z ) , c = ( x + 1; 2 z + 1) a.b = 0, a.c = 0, 4 b = c
G G
1
+ Nu a = 0 th x = y = 0, z = .
2
G
G G
G
G
G
1
+ Nu a 0 th b v c cng tuyn nn : c = 2 b , t ta c : x = 0, y = z = .
2
1 1 1

Tm li h c hai nghim : 0; 0; , 0; ; .
2 2 2

 iV. H phng trnh

n n. ( n >3, n N )

" 1. Gii h phng trnh :

x1 + x2 = x31996

1996
x 2 + x3 = x 4

.........
x + x = x 1996
1
1995 1996
1996
x1996 + x1 = x2
Gii : Gi X l gi tr ln nht ca cc nghim xi , i = 1,...1996 v Y l gi tr b nht ca chng.
Th th t phng trnh u ta c :
2X x1 + x2 = x31996

2X x k1996 , k = 1, 2,....,1996

T i vi cc phng trnh ca h ta c :

Hay l ta c : 2X X1996 suy ra : 2 X1995 ( v X >0 )

Lp lun mt cch tng t ta cng i n : 2 Y1995
T (1) v (2) suy ra X1995 = Y1995 = 2
Ngha l ta c : x1 = x2 = .... = x1996 = 1995 2
x a
x1 a1 x2 a2
=
= ... = n n

b2
bn
" 2. Gii h phng trnh : b1
x + x + .... + x = c
n
1 2

vi b1 , b2 ,..., bn 0,

b
i =1

17

(1)
(2)

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Gii . t :

Dich vu Toan hoc

x a
x1 a1 x2 a2
=
= ... = n n = t
b1
b2
bn
n

i =1

i =1

i =1

Ta c : xi = tbi + ai xi = ai + t bi

c
ai
n
n
c = ai + t bi t = n i =1
i =1
i =1
bi
i =1

c ai
xi = ai + bi n i =1
bi
n

i =1

18