CC TR T HP

GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 1

MT S DNG TON CC TR T HP, RI
RC V NH HNG CCH GII

Bi ton cc tr trong t hp v ri rc thng xut hin trong cc k thi
hc sinh gii v y thng l bi kh dng phn loi hc sinh. Cc bi
ton ny thng khng c mt thut gii c th. Li gii c c ch yu
da vo nng lc t duy sng to ca hc sinh. Nhm gip hc sinh c
c c s gii cc bi ton v cc tr trong t hp v ri rc, chng ti
h thng mt s bi ton v mt s nh hng cch gii quyt cc bi ton
v cc tr trong t hp v ri rc. Trong bi vit ny, chng ti a ra mt
s bi ton thng gp v nh hng gii cc bi ton .
Bi ton 1. Tm s nguyn dng k nh nht (ln nht) sao cho mi tp A
m A k u c tnh cht T no .
Vi bi ton ny, chng ta thng xt mt tp A c tnh cht c bit no
sao cho A m v A khng tha tnh cht T, t suy ra c
min
k m 1 + . Tip theo ta chng minh mi tp A m A m 1 + u c
tnh cht T, t ta tm c
min
k m 1 + .
chng minh mi tp A m A m 1 + u c tnh cht T th ta c th s
dng nguyn l Dirichlet hoc xy dng
V d 1. Gi A l tp tt c cc s t nhin l khng chia ht cho 5 v nh hn 30.
Tm s k nh nht sao cho mi tp con ca A gm k phn t u tn ti hai s chia
ht cho nhau?
Li gii.
Ta c:
{ }
A 1, 3,7,9,11,13,17,19,21, 23, 27, 29 , A 12
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 2
Xt tp
{ }
0
A 9,11,13,17,19,21, 23, 29
D thy hai phn t bt k thuc
0
A th khng chia ht cho nhau. T ta
suy ra c k 9 .
Ta chng minh k 9 tha bi.
Xt S l mt tp con bt k ca A v S 9 .
Xt ba cp
{ } { } { }
21,7 , 27,9 , 1,11 , ta thy mi cp l bi ca nhau.
Nu trong 3 cp trn c t nht mt cp thuc S th bi ton c gii quyt
Gi s trong ba cp trn khng c cp no cng thuc S, do S 9 nn S
phi cha mt s trong mi cp v cha 6 s cn li. T suy ra trong S
phi c cp
{ }
3;9 hoc
{ }
3;27 v mi cp ny l bi ca nhau. Hay ni cch
khc trong S lun tn ti hai s chia ht cho nhau.
Vy
min
k 9 .
Nhn xt:
Mu cht trong bi ton trn l chng ta pht hin ra tp
0
A t ta
khng nh c k 9 v d on
min
k 9 . tm tp
0
A , ta lit k ht
cc s trong A m khng c hai s no l bi ca nhau. Vi bi ton ny,
vic tm ra tp
0
A kh n gin.
V d 2. Cho tp A gm 16 s nguyn dng u tin. Hy tm s nguyn dng
k nh nht c tnh cht: Trong mi tp con c k phn t ca A u tn ti hai s
phn bit a, b sao cho
2 2
a b + l s nguyn t (VMO 2004).
Li gii.
Gi s k l s nguyn dng sao cho trong mi tp con c k phn t ca
tp A u tn ti hai s phn bit a, b sao cho
2 2
a b + l s nguyn t
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 3
Ta xt tp T gm cc s chn thuc tp A. Khi T 8 v vi mi a, b T
ta c
2 2
a b + l hp s, do suy ra k 9 .
Xt cc cp s sau:
{ } { } { } { } { } { } { } { }
A 1; 4 3;2 5;16 6;15 7;12 8;13 9;10 11;14
Ta thy tng bnh phng ca mi cp trn l mt s nguyn t.
Xt T l mt tp con ca A v T 9 , khi theo nguyn l Dirichlet T s
cha t nht mt cp ni trn, hay ni cch khc trong T lun tn ti hai s
phn bit a, b sao cho
2 2
a b + l s nguyn t.
Vy
min
k 9 .
Ch :
1) V gi thit
2 2
a b + l s nguyn t nn
2 2
a b + khng th l s chn hay
a, b phi khc tnh chn, l. Da vo ta xy dng c tp T.
2) tm c s phn hoch tp A thnh hp ca 8 cp ri nhau nh trn
ta lm nh sau:
Ta lit k tt c cc s
1 2 16
a A,a A,...,a A sao cho
2 2
i
i a + ( i 1,16 ) l
s nguyn t . T ta c c s phn hoch trn, s phn hoch trn
khng phi l duy nht.
V d 3. Cho mt a gic u 2007 nh . Tm s nguyn dng k nh nht tho
mn tnh cht: Trong mi cch chn k nh ca a gic, lun tn ti 4 nh to
thnh mt t gic li m 3 trong s 4 cnh ca t gic l cnh ca a gic cho
(VMO 2007).
Li gii.
Gi cc nh ca a gic l
1 2 2007
A , A ,...,A .
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 4
Ta thy t gic c 4 nh thuc cc nh ca a gic c 3 cnh trong 4 cnh
l cnh ca a gic khi v ch khi 4 nh ca t gic l 4 nh lin tip ca
a gic.
Xt tp hp
{ }
1 2 3 4 2005 2006
X A , A ,A , A ,..., A , A ( b i cc nh
4i
A v
2007
A ). Ta c X 1505 v X khng cha 4 nh lin tip ca a gic. T
suy ra k 1506 . Ta chng minh
min
k 1506 .
Gi T l tp hp cc im thuc nh ca a gic v T 1506 . Ta xt
2007 1506 501 nh cn li. Cc nh ny s chia ng trn ngoi tip
a gic thnh 501 cung, do s c mt cung cha t nht
2007
1 4
501
1
+
1
]

nh lin tip ca a gic. D nhin 4 nh ny thuc T v l 4 nh lin tip
ca a gic cho.
Vy
min
k 1506 .
Ch :
1) chng minh
min
k 1506 ta c th lm theo cch sau
t
{ } { }
1 1 2 3 4 2 5 6 7 8
T A , A ,A , A , T A , A ,A , A .

{ } { }
501 2001 2002 2003 2004 502 2005 2006 2007
T A , A , A ,A ,T A , A ,A
Nu c
i
T T,i 1, 501 th bi ton c chng minh
Gi s
i
T T,i 1, 501 , v T 1006 nn
i
T T 3, i 1, 501 v
502
T T
V
2005 2006 2007
A , A , A T nn
1 2 3 4 5
A T A , A , A T A T ta suy
ra c
2001 2002 2003 2004
A T A ,A , A T .
Do
2002 2003 2004 2005
A , A , A , A T . Bi ton c chng minh.
2) Mu cht bi ton trn l chng ta a ra c nhn xt: a gic tha
yu cu bi ton khi v ch khi 4 nh ca t gic l 4 nh lin tip ca a
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 5
gic . T chng ta xy dng tp X khng tha yu cu bi ton. Khi xy
dng tp X ta ch , cn xy dng X sao cho trong X khng cha 4 nh
lin tip v X c s phn t ln nht.
V d 4. Cho mt bng hnh vung 9 9 . Hi phi t mu t nht bao
nhiu vung n v ta lun chn c mt hnh vung 2 2 c cha t
nht ba c t mu . (S: 46)

V d 4. Trong mt cuc hi tho c 10 ngi th c ng mt ngi quen chung.
Tm s ngi quen ln nht ca mt ngi.
Li gii. T gi thit bi ton, ta suy ra c:
Mi ngi c t nht mt ngi quen.
Gi s c k ( 2 k 10 ) ngi
1 2 k
n ,n ,...,n i mt quen nhau. Khi s c
ngi th k 1 + l
k 1
n
+
quen vi k ngi
1 2 k
n ,n ,...,n , suy ra
k 1
i i 1
(n )
+

i
mt quen nhau.
Bng cch xy dng nh vy ta c c t nht 11 ngi
11
i i 1
(n )

i mt
quen nhau.
Gi s c ngi
k 1
i i 1
n (n )
+

v n quen vi t nht 1 trong 11 ngi

11
i i 1
(n )

,
ta xt cc trng hp sau:
TH 1: S ngi quen ca n khng nh hn 2.
Gi s n quen vi
1 2
n ,n trong
11
i i 1
(n )

. Khi nhm gm 10 ngi

3 11
n,n ,..., n c 2 ngi quen chung l
1 2
n ,n , suy ra v l.
TH 2: n quen ng 1 ngi trong 11 ngi
11
i i 1
(n )

.
Gi s n khng quen
2 3 11
n ,n ,..., n . Khi
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 6
4 11 1
n,n ,..., n , n c mt ngi quen chung l p v
( )
11
i
i 1
p n

Suy ra p c khng t hn 2 ngi quen trong
1 2 3 11
n , n ,n ,..., n . Ta a v
trng hp trn v dn n iu v l.
Vy s ngi quen nhiu nht ca mt ngi l 10.

Bi ton 2: Tm s phn t ln nht (nh nht ) ca tp A gm cc phn
t c tnh cht T.
gii bi ton ny, chng ta thng thc hin theo cch sau
t A k , bng cc lp lun ta chng minh k m ( k m ). Sau ta xy
dng mt tp A' tha tnh cht T v A' m .
Ch : Nu trong mt bi ton lin quan n mt phn t a thuc giao
1 2 k
A A ... A , ta c th i m b
1 k
(a, A ,..., A ) bng hai cch. T
ta thit lp c cc bt ng thc.
V d 5. Cho A l tp hp gm 8 phn t. Tm s ln nht cc tp con gm 3 phn
t ca A sao cho giao ca hai tp bt k trong cc tp con ny khng phi l tp
gm hai phn t.
Li gii.
Gi
1 2 n
B , B ,..., B l s tp con ca A tha :
i i j
B 3, B B 2 (i, j 1, 2,..., n)
Gi s c phn t a thuc vo 4 tp trong cc tp
1 2 n
B , B ,..., B (chng hn
a thuc 4 tp
1 2 3 4
B , B , B , B ). Khi :
i j
B B 1 i, j 1, 2, 3, 4
Mt khc vi i j th
i j
B B nn
i j
B B 3
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 7
Suy ra
i j
B B 1 i, j 1, 2, 3,4;i j
Do : A 1 4.2 9 + v l.
Nh vy mi phn t thuc tp A th s thuc nhiu nht ba tp trong s
cc tp
1 2 n
B , B ,..., B . Khi , suy ra 3n 3.8 n 8 .
Xt
{ }
A 1, 2,3, 4, 5,6,7,8 v cc tp
{ } { } { } { }
1 2 3 4
B 1,2, 3 , B 1,4, 5 , B 1,6,7 , B 3, 4,8
{ } { } { } { }
5 6 7 8
B 6, 2,8 , B 8,7, 5 , B 3, 5,6 , B 2, 4,7
L cc tp con gm ba phn t ca A v
i j
B B 2 .
Vy s tp con ln nht l 8.
V d 6. Trong mt cuc thi c 11 th sinh tham gia gii 9 bi ton. Hai th sinh
bt k gii chung vi nhau khng qu 1 bi. Tm k ln nht mi bi ton c t
nht k th sinh gii c.
Li gii.
Gi
i
H l th sinh th i v tp cc bi ton l
{ }
1 2 9
b , b ,..., b
Theo bi ta c:
i j
H H 1, i j . t
i
n l s th sinh gii c bi
i
b .
Ta i m b
i j l
(b ,H ,H ) , trong
i j l
b H H .
Ta c s b ny chnh bng:
i j
i j
H H
<

Mt khc: s b ny li bng
i
9
2
n
i 1
C

. Do ta c:
i
9
2
i j
n
i j i 1
H H C
<



CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 8
Suy ra
9
2 2 2
i i i j 11
i 1 i j
(n n ) 2 H H 2.C 110 9(k k) 110 k 4
<



Vi k 4 . Gi s tn ti
i
n 5 , suy ra
9
2
i i
i 1
(d d ) 8.12 20 116

v l.
Suy ra
i
n 4, i 1,9
2
i j 11
i j
H H 54 C 1
<

Do , tn ti (i; j) sao cho
i j
H H
Gi s
1 2
H H v
i j
H H 1, i j,(i; j) (1;2) <
Nu tn ti i
i
H 3, i 1, 2
{ } { }
i t
H H 1, t 1, 2,...,11 \ i
Nn tn ti mt phn t ca
i
H thuc t nht
10
1 4
3
1
+
1
]
tp
t
H , t i .
Suy ra tn ti mt phn t thuc nhiu hn 5 tp
j
H , v l.
Suy ra
11
i i 1 2
i 1
H 4 H 36 H H 36

+ + >

v l.
Do k 3 . Vi k 3 ta ch ra nh sau:
Quy c : s 1 l th sinh gii c bi
s 0 l th sinh khng gii c bi .



1
b
2
b
3
b
4
b
5
b
6
b
7
b
8
b
9
b
1
H 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0
2
H 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 9
3
H 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 0
4
H 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
5
H 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1
6
H 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 1
7
H 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0
8
H 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
9
H 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0
10
H 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0
11
H 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0

V d 7. Trong mt k thi, 8 gim kho nh gi tng th sinh ch bng hai t
ng hoc sai. Bit rng vi bt k hai th sinh no cng nhn c kt qu nh
sau: c hai gim kho cng cho ng; c hai gim kho vi ngi th nht cho
ng v ngi th hai cho sai; c hai giam kho vi ngi th nht cho sai, ngi
th hai cho ng; cui cng c hai gim kho cng cho sai. Hi s th sinh ln
nht c th bng bao nhiu?
Li gii.
Gi n l s th sinh. Ta xt hnh ch nht 8xn gm 8 hng v n ct sao cho
vung hng th I v ct th j cho s 0 (s 1) nu v gim kho th i
nh gi th sinh th j sai (ng).
T gi thit bi ta suy ra bt c hai ct no ca bng cng c tnh cht:
8 hng ca hai ct ny cha cc cp s 00,01,10,11 va mi cp s xut hin
hai ln.
Ta chng minh, khng tn ti bng gm 8 ct c tnh cht trn.
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 10
Gi s tn ti mt bng nh th.
Do trong mt ct bt k, ta i s 0 thnh s 1 v ngc li th tnh cht trn
vn c bo ton. V vy ta c th gi s hng u tin gm cc s 0. Gi
i
a l s cc s 0 nm hng th i . Ta c tng cc s 0 l 8.4 32 , hn na
s ln xut hin cacp 00 l
2
8
2.C 56 .
Mt khc s ny cng bng
i
8
2
a
i 1
C

V
1
a 8 nn ta c
8
i
i 2
a 24

. T suy ra:
i
8 8
2 2
i i
a
i 2 i 2
1
C (a a ) 30
2




Do vy:
i i
8 8
2 2 2
8
a a
i 1 i 2
56 C C C 58

+

v l.
Nn ta suy ra s th sinh nhiu nht ch c th l 7.
Bng sau chng t c th c 7 th sinh.
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 1 1 1 0 0
0 1 1 0 0 1 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1
1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 0 1 1 0 1 0
1 1 0 0 1 1 0
1 1 0 1 0 0 1

V d 8. Cho bng vung kch thc 2000x2001 (bng gm 2000 hng v 2001
ct). Hy tm s nguyn dng k ln nht sao cho ta c th t mu k vung
con ca bng tha iu kin: hai vung con no c t mu cng khng c nh
chung (VMO 2001).
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 11
Li gii.
K hiu (i; j) l vung nm hng th i v ct th j. K hiu k(T) l s
vung c t mu cch t mu T.
Xt mt cch t mu T tha yu cu bi ton
Ta thy nu (i; j) c t mu (1 i 1999) th cc (i 1; j) + v cc k
vi n trong cng mt hng khng c t mu. Ta xt php bin i sau
i vi T
Xa tt c cc (i; j) m i l v t mu cc (i 1; j) + . Khi thc hin php
bin i trn ta thu c cch t mu T' tha mn bi v:
k(T') k(T)
Tt c cc nm trn hng th 2i 1 (
3
i 1, 2,...,10 ) u khng c t
mu.
T iu kin bi, suy ra trong mt hng c khng qu 1001 c t
mu. Do
3
k(T) 1001.10 .
V vy
3
k(T) 1001.10 vi mi cch t mu T tha yu cu bi ton.
Ta xt cch t mu sau:
T cc (2i;2j 1) vi
3
i 1, 2,...,10 ; j 1, 2,...,1001 . Ta thy cch t ny tha
yu cu bi ton v s c t mu l
3
1001.10 .
Vy
3
max
k 1001.10 .

V d 9. Trn mt ng trn cho 2011 im phn bit. Gi s trong s cc im
ny c ng k im c t mu en. Mt cch t mu c gi l tt nu tn
ti t nht mt cp im mu en sao cho phn trong ca mt trong hai cung
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 12
to bi hai im cha ng 1006 im ca E. Tm k nh nht sao cho mi cch t
mu k ca im ca E u tt.
Li gii.
t
{ }
E 0,1,2,..., 2010 . Ta s xt theo mod 2011
Mt cch t tt khi v ch khi tn ti i, j sao cho
1007
i j (mod 2011)
1004

(*)
Xt mt tp T E, T 1006 . Ta s chng minh tn ti i, j tha (*)
Tht vy: vi mi i T th tn ti
1 2
i i T sao cho :
1 2
i i , i i 1007,1004
Mt khc, mi a E\ T c tnh hai ln.
Suy ra E\ T T 1005 1006 v l
Suy ra n l s tt, do
min
k 1006 .
Do 2011M3 nn
{ }
E 3k| k 1006, 1005,...,1004 (mod 2011)
Chn
{ }
T 3k| k 0,1,2,...,1004
Suy ra i j T :
i j
i j
i j
3k 3k 1007 (1)
1007
i j 3 k k (mod 2011)
1004 3k 3k 1004 (2)
+

(1)
i j i j
3(1005 k k ) 3(mod 2011) 1006 k k 2011 + + M v l.
Tng t, t (2) ta suy ra v l.
Vy
min
k 1006 .
Ch : nh gi k m ( k m ) chng ta c th thit lp cc ng thc
hoc bt ng thc. thit lp cc ng thc chng ta cn ch n cc
bt bin.
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 13
V d 10. Cho mt bng kch thc 2012 2012 c in cc s t nhin t 1
n
2
2012 theo quy tc sau: Hng th nht ta in cc s t 1 n 2012 t tri
qua phi, hng th hai ta nh cc s t 2013 n 4024 tuwg phi qua tri, cc
hng tip theo c nh theo kiu zch zc tng t nh trn. Hy tm cc ph
kn bng trn bi 1006 2012 qun c Domino sao cho tng ca tch cc s trn
mi qun c Domino ln nht.
Li gii. t
{ }
2
A 1,2,..., 2012 .
Gi
i i
a , b l hai s c ghi trn qun c Domino th i vi
{ }
i i
a , b 1, 2,...,1006 2012 ; i 1,1006 2012 v
n
i i
i 1
S a b

vi
n 1006 2012 . Ta cn tm gi tr nh nht ca S.
V
2 2 2
x y (x y)
xy
2 2
+
nn ta c:
n n
2 2 2
i i i i
i 1 i 1
1 1
S (a b ) (a b )
2 2

+


Mt khc
i i
a , b l cc s t nhin khc nhau thuc tp A nn
n 2n
2 2 2
i i
i 1 i 1
(a b ) i

+

v
2
i i
(a b ) 1
Suy ra
2n
2
i 1
1
S i n
2

_


,

. ng thc xy ra khi v ch khi

i i
a , b l hai s t
nhin lin tip.
Vy S ln nht ta ph cc qun c Domino sao cho mi qun c cha
hai s t nhin lin tip.

CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 14
V d 11. Cho s nguyn dng n. C n hc sinh nam v n hc sinh n xp thnh
mt hng ngang, theo th t ty . Mi hc sinh (trong s 2n hc sinh va nu)
c cho mt s ko bng ng s cch chn ra hai hc sinh khc gii vi X v
ng hai pha ca X. Chng minh rng tng s ko m tt c 2n hc sinh nhn
c khng vt qu
2
1
n(n 1)
3
(VMO 2012).
Li gii.
Gi
1 2 n
a ,a ,...,a v
1 2 n
b , b ,..., b l v tr ca n nam v n n trn hng.
Xt nam ti v tr
i
a , ta thy bn tri anh ta c
i
a 1 v tr, trong c i 1
v tr l nam, vy nn bn tri anh ta c
i
a i n.
Tng t, bn phi anh ta c
i
n (a i) n.
Vy nam ti
i
a c cho
i i
(a i)[n (a i)] ko.
Tng t, n ti v tr
i
b c cho
( )
i i
b i n (b i) 1
]
ko.
Nh vy tng s ko c cho bng
n
i i i i
i 1
S {(a i)(n (a i)) (b i)(n (b i))}

n
2 2 2
i i i i i i
i 1
{n(a b ) (a b ) 2ni 2i 2i(a b ))}

+ + + +

Ch l
{ } { }
1 n 1 n
a ,...,a , b ,..., b 1, 2,...,2n nn ta c
n 2n n 2n
2 2 2
i i i i
i 1 i 1 i 1 i 1
2n(2n 1)(4n 1) 2n(2n 1)
(a b ) i , (a b ) i
6 2

+ + +
+ +


Ngoi ra
n n
2
i 1 i 1
n(n 1)(2n 1) n(n 1)
i , i .
6 2

+ + +



CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 15
Thay vo biu thc tnh S, ta tm c
2
n
i i
i 1
n(7n 9n 2)
S 2i(a b )
3

+ +
+

.
T , ta a bi ton ban u v vic chng minh bt ng thc:
n
i i
i 1
n(n 1)(8n 1)
T i(a b )
6

+ +
+

Ta c:
n n
a b 2n 2n 1 4n 1 + +

n n n 1 n 1
a b a b 4n 1 4n 5

+ + + +


n n n 1 n 1 1 1
a b a b ... a b 4n 1 4n 5 ... 3

+ + + + + + + + +
p dng cng thc khai trin tng Abel, ta c

n
i i n n n n n 1 n 1
i 1
n n n 1 n 1 1 1
T i(a b ) a b (a b a b ) ...
(a b a b ... a b )

+ + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +

4n 1 (4n 1 4n 5) ... (4n 1 4n 5 ... 3) + + + + + + +

n
i 1
n(n 1)(8n 1)
i(4i 1)
6

+ +

.
Vy bi ton c chng minh.

V d 12. Gi hnh ch nht 2x3 (hoc 3x2 ) b ct b mt vung 1x1 gc
c gi l hnh ch nht khuyt n (Hnh 1). Hnh ch nht 2x3 ( hoc 3x2 )
b ct b hai hnh vung 1x1 nm hai gc i din l hnh ch nht khuyt kp
(Hnh 2). Ngi ta ghp mt s hnh vung 2x2 , mt s hnh ch nht khuyt
n v mt s hnh ch nht khuyt kp sao cho khng c hai hnh no chm ln
nhau to thnh mt hnh ch nht kch thc 1993x2000. Gi s l tng s
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 16
hnh vung 2x2 v hnh ch nht khuyt kp trong mi cch ghp ni trn. Tm
gi tr ln nht ca s (Viet nam TST 1993).
Hnh 1

Hnh 2

Li gii.
Gi y l s hnh ch nht khuyt n. Ta c ng thc v din tch
4s 5y 2000x1993 + (1)
in s 0 vo cc (2k, 2t ) vi 1 k 996,1 t 1000 , ta thy c 1000.996
s 0 c in. Da vo hnh (hnh 3) ta thy:
Hnh vung 2x2 v hnh ch nht khuyt kp cha ng mt s 0
Hnh ch nht khuyt n cha x s 0 vi x 1 hoc x 2 .
Suy ra 1000.996 1.s x.y s y + + (2)
T (1) v (2) ta suy ra c: 2000.1993 5(s y) s 5.1000.996 s +
Suy ra s 994000 .
Ta xt cch ghp sau (hnh 4) tha s 994000 .
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 17
0
0
0
0 0 0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1993
1992
1991
1
2
3
4
5
2000 1999
1998 5 4 3 2 1

(Hnh 3)

(Hnh 4)


CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 18
V d 13. Gi hnh ch nht 1x2 (hoc 2x1) l hnh ch nht n v hnh ch
nht 2x3 (hoc 3x2 ) b i hai vung n v hai gc i din l hnh ch nht
kp. Ngi ta ghp kht cc hnh ch nht n v cc hnh ch nht kp li vi
nhau c mt bng hnh ch nht 2008x2010. Tm s nh nht cc hnh ch
nht n c th dng ghp (Viet nam TST 2010).
Li gii.
Ta xt mt hnh ch nht 2008x2010 tha yu cu bi ton.
Gi x, y ln lt l s hnh ch nht n 1x2, 2x1 v z, t l s hnh ch
nht kp 2x3, 3x2 dng trong cch ph .
Cc hng l ta t mu trng, cc hng chn ta t mau en.
NX 1: Da vo ng thc din tch, ta c:
2(x y) 4(z t) 2008.2010 + + + (1)
NX 2: Trn ton bng mi hnh ch nht kp 2x3 hoc 3x2 u c cc
mu en bng cc mu trng. Hnh ch nht n 2x1 c ghp dc nn
s mu en cng bng s mu trng. Suy ra s hnh ch nht 1x2 cc
hng c t mu en bng s hnh ch nht 1x2 cc hng c t mu
trng.
Hn na c tt c 2008 hng nn ta suy ra x chn, cng vi ng thc (1)
ta suy ra c y chn. Hay ni cch khc ta c x, y chn (2).
By gi tt c cc hng th i ca hnh ch nht ta in cc s i
(1 i 2008 ) v f l hiu ca tng cc s ghi trn mu trng v tng cc
s ghi trn mu en ca cc hnh ch nht ang xt.
Ta c: f(3x2) 0,f(2x3) 2,f(2x1) 1 t t
Suy ra f(3x2) 0, f(2x3) 2z, f(2x1) y


CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 19
(trong f(3x2)

l tng tnh trn tt c cc hnh ch nht kp 3x2 c

dng, tng t cho cc k hiu cn li)
Mt khc tng cc s ghi trn x hnh ch nht 1x2 l mt s chn thuc
on 2;2.2008 1
]
, m x l s chn nn ta c nh gi sau
x
f(1x2) (2.2008 2)
2

.
Ta c
1004 1004
i 1 i 1
f(2008x2010) 2010[2i (2i 1)] 2010 2010.1004




Do : 2010.1004 f(3x2) f(2x3) f(2x1) f(1x2) + + +



( )
x
2.2008 2 y 2z 2007x y 2z
2
+ + + + (3).
Tip theo ta xt hnh ch nht 2010x2008, lp lun v cc hnh ch nht
1x2, 2x1, 2x3, 3x2 c dng tng t nh trn ta cng xy dng c
bt ng thc 2008.1005 2009y x 2t + + (4).
T (3) v (4) ta suy ra:
2010.1004 2008.1005 2008x 2010y 2(z t) + + + + (5)
Theo (1) th 2008.1004 x y 2(z t) + + + kt hp vi (5) ta c:
2010.1004 2007x 2009y 2009(x y) x y 1004 + + + >
M x y + l s chn nn ta suy ra c: x y 1006 + .
Ta chng minh tn ti cch ghp ch cn dng 1006 hnh ch nht n.
Hnh di y m t cch ghp mt hnh ch nht 10x16, trong : cc
hnh ch nht khuyt c t bng 5 mu khc nhau (, hng, xanh lam,
xanh l cy, xanh m) d dng phn bit; trn hnh cc khi c t
mu xanh l m l cc hnh ch nht n chc chn phi dng, cc khi
mu vng th ty trng hp, c th l hnh ch nht n m cng c th
l hnh ch nht khuyt.
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 20

Hnh ch nht 2010x2008 c th c to thnh t hnh trn bng quy tc
sau:
- Thm cc dng bng cch chn vo gia mi khi trn cc hnh c dng:

Mi ln ghp nh th th ta c thm c hai hng mi, do 2010 chia ht
cho 2 nn khi thc hin vic ny lin tip mt cch thch hp th khi ny
s tng v chiu di, to thnh cc khi mi c kch thc 2010 4 v
mi khi nh vy, ta ch dng ng 2 hnh ch nht mu xanh l m.
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 21
- Thm ct bng cch lp li cc khi 1, 2 , 3, 4 trn hnh (ch tnh tun
hon gia cc khi: (1) tng ng vi (3), (2) tng ng vi (4)).
Nh th th ta cn phi c tt c 502 khi dnh cho 2008 ct. ng thi,
khi u tin v khi cui cng, ta cn dng thm mt hnh ch nht n
mu vng, cc khi gia th dng cc hnh ch nht khuyt mu vng.
Tc l: hai khi u tin v cui cng, ta cn dng 3 hnh ch nht
n, cc khi gia ch cn dng 2 hnh ch nht n thi.
Khi , tng s hnh ch nht n cn dng l: 500.2 + 2.3 =1006
Xoay hnh ch nht 2010 2008 li, ta c hnh ch nht 2008 2010 cn
phi ghp, hnh ch nht c ng 1006 hnh ch nht n tha mn
bi. Do , cch ghp trn tha yu cu bi ton.
Vy gi tr nh nht cc hnh ch nht n cn dng l 1006.
V d 14. Trn mt bn c 2010x2010 t vo k hnh 1x2 sao cho khng th t
thm mt hnh no na (cc hnh 1x2 ri nhau). Tm s ln nht cc t do cn
li.
Li gii.
t n 2010 v t l s t do cn li ca bn c.
Ta chng minh
2
n 2
t
3
+
.
Gi
1
x l s t do nm trong bng

2
x l s t do nm trn bin (khng tnh gc)

2
x l s t do nm gc
x l s t do ca bng.
Ta c:
1 2 3
x x x x + + .
Gi
1
y l s hnh 1x2 nm trn bng,
2
y l s hnh 1x2 nm dnh bin
Suy ra
2
1 2
n x
y y
2

+
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 22
Ta m s cp s t do bin ca dnh vi 1 hnh ch nht 1x2
S cp ny bng
1 2 3
4x 3x 2x + +
Mt khc: s cp ny khng vt qu
1 2
4y 3y + nn ta c:
1 2 3 1 2
4x 3x 2x 4y 3y + + + (1)
Do hai t do nm trn bin lin tip th b tch bi 1 hnh ch nht 1x2
nn
2 3 2
x x y 1 + + (2).
Ly (1)+(2) ta c:
1 2 3 3 1 2
4(x x x ) x 4(y y ) 1 + + + +
Suy ra
2
2
3
3
2n 1 x
4x x 2(n x) 1 x
6
+ +
+
Do
3
x 4 nn ta suy ra c
2 2
n 2 1 n 2
x x
3 6 3
1
+ +
+ 1
1
]

Vi
2 2
n 2 n
n 2010 x 1346700
3 3
1
+
1
1
]
.
Ta xt cch ghp sau y s xy ra du =.

CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 23
V d 15. Cho 2006 im phn bit trong khng gian, khng c bn im no
thng hng. S k gi l s tt nu ta c th in ln mi on thng ni hai im
trong 2006 im cho mt s t nhin khng vt qu k sao cho vi mi tam gic
c ba nh trong 2006 im a cho th c hai cnh c in hai s bng nhau v
cnh cn li th c in s ln hn. Tm s tt c gi tr nh nht (TST Vit
Nam 2006).
Li gii.
Ta s chng minh s tt nh nht l 10 .
Trc ht ta nh ngha mt s khi nim nh sau:
Mt cch in cc s t nhin khng vt qu k ln cc on thng ni n
im trong khng gian, khng c bn im no ng phng, l mt cch
in tt nu vi mi tam gic c ba nh trong n nh cho th c hai
cnh c in hai s bng nhau v cnh cn li c in s ln hn, v
khi ta gi k l s n-tt.
K hiu s n-tt c gi tr nh nht l f(n) . Ta chng minh f(2006) 10 .
Trc ht, ta chng minh
n 1
f(n) f 1
2
_
+ 1
+

1
]
,
(1).
Vi k l > ta c f(k) f(l) nn suy ra
n 1
f(n) f
2
_
+ 1

1
]
,

chng minh (1) ta chng minh
n 1
f
2
_
+ 1

1
]
,
khng phi l s n-tt v
n 1
f 1
2
_
+ 1
+

1
]
,
l s n tt.
Gi s
n 1
f
2
_
+ 1

1
]
,
l s n tt, khi s tn ti cch in cc s t nhin
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 24
khng vt qu
n 1
f
2
_
+ 1

1
]
,
ln cc cnh ca n im l cch in tt.
Ta thy khng c tam gic no c ba nh trong cc im cho c hai
cnh bng nhau c nh s
n 1
f
2
_
+ 1

1
]
,
, suy ra hai cnh c in
n 1
f
2
_
+ 1

1
]
,
th khng c u mt chung. Do ta c th k hiu n im
cho l
1 2 n
A , A ,...,A , trong cc cnh c nh s
n 1
f
2
_
+ 1

1
]
,
l
1 2 3 4 2k 1 2k
A A , A A ,...,A A

v cc im cn li l
2k 1 n
A ,...,A
+
.
Ta xt cc im
1 3 2k 1 2k 1 n
A , A ,...., A , A ,..., A
+
( Do 2k n < nn c t nht
n 1
2
+ 1
1
]
im c chn, ta gi m l s im c chn) v cc on thng
ni cc im .
Do khng c cnh no c nh s
n 1
f
2
_
+ 1

1
]
,
nn :
n 1 n 1
f(m) f 1 f
2 2
_ _
+ 1 + 1
<

1 1
] ]
, ,

V l do
n 1
m
2
+ 1
>
1
]
.
Vy iu gi s trn l sai, suy ra
n 1
f(n) f
2
_
+ 1
>

1
]
,
.
Tip theo ta chng minh
n 1
f 1
2
_
+ 1
+

1
]
,
l s n - tt
Xt n im
1 2 n
A , A ,...,A . Ta xt cch in s nh sau:
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 25
Ta in s 0 ln cc cnh
i j
A A m i j(mod 2)
Vi cc im
1 3
A , A ,... ta c th in cc s t 0 n
n 1
f
2
_
+ 1

1
]
,
ln cc
on ni n sao cho l mt cch in tt vi cc im nn cng c th
in cc s t 1 n
n 1
f 1
2
_
+ 1
+

1
]
,
sao cho l mt cch in tt vi cc im
(2)
Tng t ta cng c th in cc s t 1 n
n 1
f 1
2
_
+ 1
+

1
]
,
ln cc cnh ni
cc im
2 4
A , A ,... sao cho l mt cch in tt vi cc im (3)
Ta chng minh cch in trn l cch in tt i vi n im nu.
Xt tam gic
i j k
A A A .
Nu i j k(mod 2) , khi theo (2) v (3) ta c tam gic
i j k
A A A c hai
cnh c in hai s bng nhau v cnh cn li c in s ln hn
Nu trong ba s c hai s cng tnh chn l v khc tnh chn l vi s cn
li, khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi s i j(mod 2),i k(mod 2), j k(mod 2)
Khi , theo cch in trn th cc cnh
i k j k
A A , A A c in s 0, cnh
cn li in s ln hn 0.
Suy ra
n 1
f 1
2
_
+ 1
+

1
]
,
l s n tt
Vy ta c:
n 1
f(n) f 1
2
_
+ 1
+

1
]
,

T suy ra : f(2006) f(4) 9 +
Ta tnh f(4).
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 26
Ta c s 0 khng phi l 4-tt v s 1 l 4 - tt vi cch in sau
Suy ra f(4) 1 .
Vy f(2006) 10 .
0
0
0
0
1 1


Bi tp
Bi 1. Gi s S l tp con ca tp
{ }
A 1;2; 3;...;14;15 tha mn: tch 3
phn t bt k thuc S khng l s chnh phng. Tm s phn t ln nht
ca S.
Bi 2. Cho tp hp P gm n im phn bit trn mt phng ( n 3 ),trong
khng c 3 im no thng hng. Mi cp im thuc P c ni bi
mt on thng t mu hoc t mu xanh.Tm s nh nht cc on
thng t mu sao cho bt k tam gic no vi 3 nh thuc P u c t
nht mt cnh mu .
Bi 3. Trong khng gian cho 2006 im m trong khng c 4 im no
ng phng. Ni tt c cc cp im cho bi cc on thng. S t nhin
m c gi l tt nu ta c th gn cho mi on thng mt s t nhin
k m sao cho tam gic to bi 3 trong s cc im cho u c hai cnh
bng nhau v cnh cn li c gn mt s ln hn hai s . Tm s tt
nh nht.
Bi 4. Trong mt gii bng c 20 i tham gia, thi u vng trn mt
lt (kt thc gii mi i vi mi i cn li ng mt trn). Tm s k
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 27
ln nht sao cho sau mi k vng u (mi i u k trn) lun tm c 3
i i mt cha vi nhau.
Bi 5. Cho mt bng vung 5x5. Gi A l tp hp cc nh ca cc hnh
vung n v tr cc nh ca bng. Hi ta c th chn c t A nhiu
nht bao nhiu im trong s cc im c chn khng c ba im
no lp thnh mt tam gic cn.
Bi 6. Trong mt phng, cho tp hp A gm
2
2010 im phn bit c
nh s t 1 n
2
2010 sao cho ba im bt k no trong chng cng
khng thng hng. Mt t gic (li hoc lm) c gi l "p" nu cc
nh ca n thuc A v c nh s bng 4 s tha mn mt trong hai
iu kin sau:
i) l 4 s t nhin cch nhau 2010 n v.
ii) l 4 s t nhin lin tip v nu trong c cha s chia ht cho 2010
th s phi l ln nht.
Ni tt c cc im thuc tp hp A li vi nhau sao cho im no thuc A
cng thuc ng mt t gic. Tm s ln nht t gic "p" c to thnh.
Bi 7. Cho mt a gic li 67 nh cc nh c ni vi nhau bi cc on
thng. Chn n on bt k v mi on c t bi mt mu trong 10 mu
cho trc. Tm s n nh nht sao cho vi bt k cch t no cng lun tm
c mt nh m c t nht 7 cnh xut pht t cng mu.
Bi 8. Gi G l tp hp cc im c ta (x; y) trn mt phng ta vi
x, y ,1 x, y 2011 . Mt tp con S ca G c gi l tp "hnh bnh hnh
t do" nu khng c 4 im no trong S to thnh hnh bnh hnh (tr
trng hp chng thng hng). Xc nh c ln nht ca S.
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 28
Bi 9. Cho n gic li ( n 4 ). Chia a gic ny thnh cc tam gic ri nhau
c cc nh l nh ca a gic, ri t cc tam gic ny bng 2 mu v
trng sao cho hai tam gic cng chung cnh th c t hai mu khc nhau.
Trong tt c cc cch chia tm s tam gic nh nht c t mu .
Bi 10. Gi s M l tp con ca tp gm tt c cc cp s t nhin i k <
khng vt qu s t nhin n (n 2) cho trc.Trong nu cp i k <
thuc M th khng c cp k m < no thuc M. Hy xc nh s cp ln nht
c th c ca tp M.
Bi 11. Cho tp
{ }
M 1, 2,..., 40 . Tm s nguyn dng k nh nht sao cho
tn ti k tp
1 2 k
A , A ,...,A tha cc iu kin sau:
i)
k
i
i 1
M A

U
v
i j
A A
ii) Khng tn ti tp
i
A sao cho tn ti ba phn t
i
a, b,c A (a,b,c khng
nht thit phn bit) sao cho a b c + .
Bi 12. Trong mt i hi c 51 i biu. i biu c chia thnh n nhm
sao cho mi i biu thuc vo ng mt nhm. Mi i biu ght ng 3
i biu khc. Bit rng nu A ght B th khng nht thit B ght A. Tm s
n nh nht sao cho ta lun c th chia n nhm sao cho khng c i biu
no ght i biu khc trong nhm ca ng hoc b .
Bi 13. Trn bn c vua kch thc 8x8 c chia thnh 64 vung n v,
ngi ta b i mt vung n v no v tr hng th m v ct th n
( )
1 m 8;1 n 8 . Gi S(m;n) l s hnh ch nht c to bi mt hay
nhiu vung n v ca bn c sao cho khng c no trng vi v tr
ca b xa b ban u. Tm gi tr nh nht v gi tr ln nht ca S(m;n).
CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 29
Bi 14. Cho tp
{ }
S 1, 2,..., 2012 . Hy tm s nguyn dng k nh nht c
tnh cht: Vi mi tp con A ca S m A k th trong A ta lun tm c
ba phn t x, y, z sao cho x a b, y b c, z c a + + + trong a, b,c l 3
phn t thuc tp S (CMO 2010)
Bi 15.(Viet nam TST 2012) Trn mt cnh ng hnh ch nht kch thc
m n vung gm m hng v n ct ngi ta t mt s my bm nc
vo cc vung. Bit rng mi my bm nc c th ti nc cho cc
vung c chung cnh vi n v cc vung cng ct vi n v cch n
ng mt vung . Tm s nh nht cc my bm nc sao cho cc my
bm nc c th ti ht c cnh ng trong 2 trng hp:
a) m 4
b) m 3












CC TR T HP
GV: Nguyn Tt Thu 30
Phn VII. Ti liu tham kho
[1] L thuyt t hp v ng dng V nh Ha
[2] Tm hiu v i s t hp Ng Thc Lanh
[3] Tuyn tp 200 bi ton v ch (Tp 7: T hp) Nguyn Qu Dy
[4] Chuyn chn lc T hp v Ri rc Nguyn Vn Mu (ch bin)
[5] Cc bi thi Olympic Ton THPT Ton hc v tui tr
[6] Cc ti liu t internet
[7] Cc trang web v ton: http://math.vn/ , http://forum.mathscope.org/