TRUYN HNH CP DY DN CATV (analog) Khi nim truyn hnh cp dy dn gm 2 yu t: l truyn hnh tr tin v cung cp tn hiu qua dy dn.

Truyn hnh cp dy dn, vit tt l CATV, do cm t ting Anh Collective Antenna Television hay Community Antenna Television, u c th hiu l anten tp th, anten cng ng, anten chung. Tuy ting Anh vn cn cm t antenna d y l thut ng ch truyn hnh khng anten, v giai on u CATV ch l phng thc ni di k thut truyn hnh pht sng trong khng gian, s dng anten pht v anten thu. LCH S PHT TRIN CATV Nhng bui truyn hnh u tin trn th gii u truyn qua dy dn, c ngha l hnh nh t a im ny c a n mt a im khc bng dy cp. Lc , u thp nin 30 ca th k XX, cha th truyn hnh bng sng bc x ra khng gian. Nhng loi truyn hnh bng dy ny cha phi l cng ngh truyn hnh cp dy dn ang ni n. Truyn hnh cp dy dn c th coi l c khai sinh vo cui nhng nm 50 Hoa K. Trong qu trnh xy dng mng truyn hnh qung b pht sng VHF, cc nh k thut truyn hnh m vp phi mt vn kh gii quyt l vng ti nhng khu vc c nhiu ni non. Gii php c tm ra lc l nn tng ca cng ngh CATV hin i: Thu sng truyn hnh ti mt im thu tt ri dn tn hiu n vng ti gn bng dy dn v cng trn nhng tn s dng cho truyn hnh. Sau khi trin khai CATV p ng nhu cu ni trn, ngi ta nhn thy CATV c u im ht sc ln lao l gii quyt c vn m truyn hnh Hoa K vp phi trn ng pht trin. l mu thun gia vic gia tng knh pht sng vi tnh trng cn kit qu tn s v vn can nhiu. Nhng knh truyn hnh mi pht qua dy dn khng lm nhiu sng cc knh truyn hnh c v truyn hnh dy dn l mt vng t mi xy dng cc i truyn hnh c nh vi mt s lng kh l tng. T y, cc nh k thut truyn hnh M lm c iu m trc y h rt lng tng. Nhiu knh truyn hnh ch pht qua dy dn c xy dng v hot ng rt hiu qu. Mng dy dn khng cn ch nhng vng ti, m n dn dn m rng ra nhng vng thu tt sng truyn hnh. V ri ngi ta khm ph mt cng nng li hi ca truyn hnh dy dn: Truyn hnh tr tin! T CATV ng ngha vi truyn hnh tr tin. Thp nin 70, cng ngh CATV pht trin nhiu quc gia, c bit l chu u v Bc M. Mnh t mu m CATV pht trin khng phi l nhng vng ti khu vc ni non

nh M nhng nm trc, m l nhng thnh ph ln ng c dn c, ni m ngi ta d dng thi cng mng cp vi gi thnh thp nht v l th trng thu bao tim nng. Ngy nay, truyn hnh cp dy dn khng cn l mt th xa x phm ca cc nc cng ngh truyn hnh pht trin. Mng truyn hnh dy dn l mng khng th thiu bn cnh mng in v in thoi cc thnh ph, th trn, thm ch huyn l, xm lng. T nm 1993, mng CATV c xy dng TPHCM v khng lu sau H Ni. T nm 2003, Trung tm Truyn hnh Cp i Truyn hnh TPHCM trin khai mng truyn hnh cp CATV TPHCM. Hin nay, nhiu a phng Vit Nam c mng CATV ( Hi Phng, Ngh An, Nng, Qui Nhn). Trong qu trnh s ho cng ngh truyn hnh, tiu chun truyn hnh s cho CATV c gii thiu vi tn gi DVB-C vo gia thp nin 90 v c khai thc thng mi. U IM CA CATV So vi truyn hnh pht sng trong khng gian, CATV c nhiu u im: - Khng b nh hng bi a hnh l u im phi k n trc tin. Ngi ta khai sinh ra CATV cng chnh t kh nng ny. CATV c bit thch hp cho th nhiu nh cao tng, ni khng th thu c sng truyn hnh pht t cc thp anten v tuyn. - Khng cn s dng anten, d l anten trong nh. Thay vo l ng dy ni vo nh v mt cm tn hiu. Ch cn ni vi cm anten TV v cp tn hiu l s c hng vi chc, thm ch vi trm chng trnh truyn hnh xem. H qu ca u im ny khng ch l s tin li m n cn gi tr nhiu mt. Trong thc t, c nhiu ni khng th lp t anten do iu kin kin trc, yu cu thm m th hoc do iu kin thi tit (nh Canada c nhng vng bng gi gi rt, rt kh lp t v bo tr anten xng c). CATV gip khn gi vn c th xem truyn hnh trong nhng hon cnh thu sng truyn hnh phc tp nht. Khng c anten, cng c ngha l, khng c nhiu vn phin toi, nh chng st, bo tr anten - Khng b nh hng bi thi tit: chu s tc ng ln ca thi tit l mt trong nhng nhc im ca truyn hnh v tuyn. Khi tri m, khng kh nhiu hi nc, vic truyn sng truyn hnh VHF, UHF c phn thun li hn so vi khi tri nng ro kh hanh. Thi im lc tri va ma xong l thi gian vng thu cc i truyn hnh xa tn hiu yu: Hnh nh r hn, s knh xem c nhiu ln hnBan m thu sng c d hn ban

ngy, lc tri sng gi th thu sng kh hn nhng ngy quang ng vng nhit i nh nc ta, p lc thi tit i vi vic xem chng trnh truyn hnh c th ni nh hn nhiu so vi nhng x lnh, ni m bng tuyt tc ng mnh n vic thu tn hiu qua anten ngoi tri. CATV gip cho vic thu xem chng trnh truyn hnh thot khi s quy ph ca thi tit. mt h thng CATV hon ho, cht lng chng trnh truyn hnh l nh nhau 24/24 gi, 7 ngy/tun v 365 ngy/nm (tuy vy, nu thi cng khng hon ho, tn hiu truyn hnh qua dy dn vn gim st nghim trng trong khi tri ma, v c th cc tip im trong h thng dy khng tip xc tt, hnh nh thu c s ph ht). - Kh nng tng s knh sng CATV ln hn nhiu so vi truyn hnh v tuyn VHFUHF. 12 knh VHF v gn 50 knh UHF l gii hn cui cng cho vic pht sng truyn hnh v tuyn mt t (analog). Tuy nhin, trong thc t, s knh khai thc ch khong 1/3 s lng trn. trnh nguy c can nhiu, theo k thut trc y, ngi ta khng th s dng nhng knh sng ln cn nhau ti cng mt a im (th d i Truyn hnh TPHCM khng th pht trn 2 knh k tip nhau nh 7, 8 m phi cch qung mt knh). Khi mt knh sng s dng th trong mt bn knh nht nh khng th s dng knh sng , tu thuc vo a hnh, cng sut pht, cao anten pht (th d i truyn hnh TPHCM pht knh 9 cng sut 20kW t thp 120m th trong iu kin ng bng, khng th s dng knh 9 trong bn knh 200km cch TPHCM). Thc t cho thy, ti khu vc s dng cn kit qu tn s pht sng truyn hnh mt t nh Nam b, s i thu c ti nhng im trung tm cng khong 20 knh. Trong gii hn t i nh vy, vic nhiu sng cng xy ra, ni chi n tnh hung gia tng hn na s knh sng. T thp nin 70, ti cc nc cng nghip pht trin chu u, Bc M, y l mt vn k thut ln. Nhu cu xem c nhiu knh sng ca khn gi l nhu cu tng ln khng ngng v tn s pht hnh tr thnh i tng ginh git gia cc i truyn hnh. Cng ca mu thun cng tng trong iu kin khoa hc cng ngh truyn hnh ngy cng pht trin, trang b cho i truyn hnh tr nn r tin v ph thng. c mt i truyn hnh, vn, thit b khng cn l vn , m vn c tn s pht hay khng. CATV v li thot ca bi kch k thut . Khn gi truyn hnh M l nhng khn gi truyn hnh u tin trn th gii li ch m CATV em li i vi vic gia tng knh sng. Nhng ng dy cp ban u ch l phng tin ni di truyn hnh pht sng mt t VHF, UHF l sn chi ca cc i truyn hnh a phng, truyn hnh t nhn vi qui m nh. L do CATV c mt nhng ni vn thu tt sng truyn hnh VHF,

UHF chnh l u im ny. Khn gi cn c CATV c th xem thm nhiu knh. Kh nng tng knh ca CATV c khai thc n ni 60 knh truyn hnh VHF UHF ca TV tr nn thiu ht v cc hng in t phi sn xut thn loi TV c bng tn truyn hnh cp, b sung thm di tn s cho truyn hnh qua dy dn (nhng tn s dng ring cho CATV khng c s dng pht sng trong khng gian cho truyn hnh v n c s dng cho mc ch khc trong truyn sng). Tiu chun truyn hnh s dy dn DVB-C c thit k cng trn c s khai thc th mnh tng knh ca CATV. Truyn hnh cp qua dy dn c th phc v hng ngn knh truyn hnh v nhiu chc nng tng tc. - CATV c cht lng hnh nh hn hn truyn hnh pht sng v tuyn analog: Chng ta u bit rng tn hiu truyn hnh ch cho hnh nh ti u nu n khng qu mnh v cng khng qu yu. Nu tn hiu truyn hnh n c TV qu yu, hnh nh trn TV s b ht, m thanh siNu tn hiu truyn hnh n TV qu mnh, hnh nh s b un o, nhy git, x ngang x dc, m thanh . Trong iu kin thu c nhiu i l tng nht, s khc bit cng trng trc ht s loi tr mt s knh nu dng cng mt loi anten. Nu dng anten c li cao, tn hiu nhng i truyn hnh c cng sut ln v gn s mnh qu, c th n mc khng xem c. Nu iu chnh s dng anten li thp, th tn hiu thu c t nhng i xa, cng sut pht thp s yu i, v c th cng khng xem c. Cn i tn hiu cc knh sng thu c mc ti u c c cht lng hnh nh tt nht cho cc knh l mt bi ton kh v rt nhiu trng hp khng th gii c mt cch trn vn. Thng th k thut vin phi hy sinh cht lng mt s knh nu mun bo m cht lng ti u mt s knh hoc mun bo m s knh ti a. Vn trn c gii quyt bng CATV. Vi mt mng dy dn hon chnh, ngi ta c th m bo cng tn hiu tt c cc knh ti im thu trong mc ti u cho TV, hnh nh mi knh r p hu nh ng u. Tn hiu truyn qua CATV t cht lng cao cn v n khng c tn hiu phn x do sng in t trn ng lan truyn gp chng ngi vt nh truyn hnh v tuyn mt t analog. Xem truyn hnh CATV, khn gi hu nh khng bc mnh v hin tng bng ma nh truyn hnh v tuyn mt t analog (tr mt s trng hp thu pht li knh truyn hnh pht sng mt t trong iu kin kh khn, khin tn hiu c bng ma ngay ti trung tm CATV). u im ny c ngha rt ln trong bi cnh sng truyn hnh thu trung tm cc thnh ph ln hu nh u b hin tng sng phn x, gy bng ma ph nt hnh nh. u th cht lng hnh nh ca CATV cn l kh nng hn ch nhiu rt tt khi tn hiu truyn trong dy dn. So vi truyn hnh pht sng v tinh mt t VHF UHF, t l v

mc nhiu xm nhp c vo ng dy CATV l thp hn rt nhiu. Cc ngun pht sng v tuyn, tia la in bugi, mtkhng d vt qua lp v bc ca cp ng trc ca CATV to nn nhng mng vn en, hay nhng chm trng nh truyn hnh pht sng v tuyn mt t. - CATV rt thun li khai thc truyn hnh tr tin.u im ny th hin nhng im c phn tch l n gin, r tin, nhiu knh v cht lng cao. Cc nh k thut vn c th khai thc truyn hnh tr tin qua sng truyn hnh v tuyn mt t VHF-UHF bng cch m ho tn hiu analog v gii m cho thu bao bng thit b gii m t cnh TV. Tuy nhin, chi ph khai thc s tng, v cn n thit b gii m vi b thu sng c lp. Bn cnh , nh kinh doanh truyn hnh tr tin ch c th bn c mt s t chng trnh truyn hnh, v khng cn tn s truyn knh sng (dn n gi thu bao cho mi knh s vt ln). Ngoi ra, cc chng trnh c bn khng th c cht lng tt trong mt s iu kin pht sng v tuyn mt t (c th b bng, b ht, b nhiu). Bo tr h thng anten thu ca khch hng lun mc hon ho m bo cht lng ca cc chng trnh truyn hnh cng l mt vn khi khai thc. Trc y, M v chu u, ngi ta ch c th m ho bn mt phn chng trnh truyn hnh (vi gi/ngy) do khng c knh sng. Cc chng trnh bn theo kiu ny phi l chng trnh hp dn c bit. Cc nh cung cp dch v truyn hnh tr tin theo phng thc pht sng v tuyn mt t phn ln cng chnh l cc i truyn hnh. Gi cao, sn phm ngho nn, khch hng chc chn hn ch. i vi CATV, vic khai thc truyn hnh tr tin s n gin nh bn in, nc, in thoi. Cng ty truyn hnh cp cu dy tn hiu vo nh khn gi thu bao v ct ng dy nu h khng thu c tin. Do gi thnh s h. CATV c th truyn rt nhiu knh truyn hnh cht lng n nh, ng u nn gi thnh cho mi knh h hn na. Vi CATV, nh cung cp dch v khng cn phi chnh l i truyn hnh , m ch l cc cng ty trung gian, mua i bn li cc chng trnh. Cc cng ty truyn hnh cp s mua tn hiu t nhiu i truyn hnh v nhiu ngun (v tinh, t cc i pht mt t, t bng a hnh), cng c th t sn xut , tp hp li , pht qua ng day dn. Nu nh trong cc thp nin 50,60 th k XX, mng CATV c xy dng ch yu do cc u im p ng vic truyn tn hiu khng ph thuc vo a hnh thi tit, mi di h thng truyn hnh v tuyn mt t, th trong cc thp nin gn y, nhu cu CATV pht sinh do u im thun li khai thc truyn hnh tr tin, cht lng cao, s lng knh phong ph NHC IM CA CATV (ANALOG)

Bn cnh nhng u im va im qua, CATV c mt s nhc im. Nhng nhc im ny ngy cng lm chm i bc phat trin CATV. l:

Vic trin khai CATV tn rt nhiu chi ph u t, cng sc v thi gian. c mt mng CATV hon chnh cho mt thnh ph vi triu dn, t khi xy dng n khi hon tt c th mt hng chc nm. Mng CATV ch thch hp cho cc thnh ph ni c mt dn c cao, khng thch hp vi i a s lnh th (vng ng rung, rng ni, dn c tha tht). Mt dn c cng thp, chi ph trin khai CATV cng cao, v dy dn, thit b khuch iphi dng nhiu, nhng s ngi s dng li khng nhiu. T , CATV t ra bt li so vi cc cng ngh khc. Trin khai mng CATV thnh ph cng c nhiu kh khn, dy cp chng cht s lm mt m quan thnh ph (nu i ni m khng i ngm di t), vic bo tr sa cha cng rt phc tp. M, ni CATV pht trin u tin v mnh hn c, ngi ta cng phi lng tng khi gii quyt vn ny. Thng c tnh trng nhiu cng ty truyn hnh cp cng mun khai thc CATV mt a phng, nhng v kh khn k trn, thng thng chnh quyn ch cho php mt n v truyn hnh cp CATV hot ng m thi. Do , vic u thu rt cng thng. Mng cp cng khng phi ging mc u cng c, qu trnh thi cng phi qua rt nhiu va chm, vng mc. Chi ph u t cng tr nn nng n hn. So vi truyn hnh cp v tuyn, CATV c phm vi phc v hot ng hp hn, s lng thu bao gii hn hn, tc pht trin thu bao chm hn. Do vy chi ph cho vic mua bn quyn truyn hnh tnh trn mi thu bao s ln hn. Nhc im ny c th lm CATV tr nn t hn so vi cc phng tin truyn hnh cap v tuyn (c kh nng ln hn trong m rng thu bao). Trong khi , thu bao cng nhiu, li nhun cng ty truyn hnh cp cng cao, gi thu bao cng h. M, nhiu hng CATV lao ao v nhc im ny. H b cc cng ty truyn hnh v tinh ly i kh nhiu khn gi, v vi s lng thu bao ng hn, cc cng ty truyn hnh cp v tinh sn sng mua c quyn pht sng nhiu knh truyn hnh vi gi rt cao. T , cc chng trnh CATV tr nn ngho nn v t tin hn so vi truyn hnh cap v tinh DTH. Cht lng hnh nh ca cng ngh CATV analog tuy cao, nhng vn km hn so vi cng ngh truyn hnh s ang c s dng truyn hnh v tinh. T cui thp nin 90, CATV analog dn dn mt i u th v cht lng trc cc cng ngh truyn hnh v tinh k thut s. Khn gi truyn hnh c th d dng nhn ra bng mt thng s yu km cht lng hnh nh ca CATV analog so vi cng ngh s. u im n gin ca CATV ch cn kt ni l c tn hiu, trong nhiu trng hp, li l nhc im ca cng ngh ny. CATV rt d b ly trm tn hiu. Cng ty

truyn hnh cp rt d b tht thu v nn xem trm. y l vn thng xy ra trong giai on trin khai CATV cc nc ang pht trin. Ti Trung Quc, Thi lan, Campuchiatn hiu mt thu bao c th cung cp ni di cho hng trm TV xem cha. Cho cn kt ni ng k thut vo u ni n TV ca mt thu bao, lp thit b khuch i nu cn thit v chi ph t i cho b chia, l c th hnh thnh mt mng cp mi di ngoi s kim sot ca cng ty truyn hnh cp. Chng hn nh trng hp chng ti tng gp Qung Chu, Trung Quc, mt nh tp th dng chung tn hiu truyn hnh cp t mt thu bao v my chc TV ch tr chung chi ph mt thu bao (tnh ra ch hn 20.000 VN/thng, mi TV ch tr cha n 500 VN/thng). Cn Phnmpnh, Campuchia, cng ty truyn hnh cp thng xuyn phi nh n cng an gii quyt tnh trng xem lu, nhng xem ra khng hiu qu. Tn hiu b cu ngoi kim sot khng gy tn hi nh cu trm in, nn rt kh pht hin. Hn na, tn hiu c th ly bt k ni u t ng dy trong nh, nh cu in thoi song song, thi gian thc hin ch vi chc pht, thit b s dng r tin, c sn trn th trng. i ph, cc cng ty truyn hnh cp phi m ho tn hiu. Nh vy s tn thm cho mi thu bao mt b gii m. Do , CATV khng cn r tin v n gin na. Do nhng nhc im trn, n cui th k trc, s pht trin ca CATV ti cc nc cng ngh truyn hnh pht trin (Bc M, chu u) chm li. M, Direct TV, mt hng truyn hnh v tinh, vt qua cc hng truyn hnh CATV, at ngi v dn u s lng thu bao. Cc cng ty truyn hnh v tinh chu u tr thnh tp on khng l xuyn quc gia, trong khi cc hng truyn hnh CATV ch c vai tr khim tn tng thnh ph, th trn. Cn Thi Lan, mt nc ang pht trin, CATV pht chc tr nn lp v trc DTH do Cng ty UBC trin khai, th Bangkok nm gia mt rng cho. Hongkong, ni c mng CATV hon chnh, khn gi li bt u s dng phng tin truyn hnh v tinh nh gn. Nga, mng truyn hnh v tinh DTH Bonum thng ln trong cuc ua vi CATV