REPORTERS: GROUP G-G AGA, JAMAICA GARCIA, ISABEL LARA PAULA LAPITAN, LOREN JAMES MANIPOL, MARK GLENN

PANCHO, FARLASH RECINTO, MARGARETH ROSE

Introduction
PRINCIPLES OBJECTIVES EQUATION

Raw Sugar Factory Analysis

Raw Sugar Factory Analysis

Regular Analysis Fiber Determination Hydrometer Brix Moisture Determination Pol Determination Chemical Oxygen Demand High Performance Liquid Chromatography Gas Chromatography

Special Analysis

Sugar Color

Turbidity

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Analysis

What is COD Analysis?
What is/are the importance of COD Analysis? Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) Analysis VS Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Analysis

In the case ofBOD the experiment, it is an COD analysis for waste water are used as COD measurements sample Analysis Water Analysis Waste restrictions for inorganic before Can be organic or industries Results are available returning the waste Results may taketo water back at a short time compounds some time to obtain

Analysis of what?

Useful in waste water treatment

the environment

Why Government Oxygen?

Requires fewer steps Organic matter in the preparation of life synthesis the sample

difficult Use COD measurements as Some inorganic matter, such as standards for waste management ammonia and nitrite, can consume

consume oxygen for samples are more

Preparation of

oxygen through oxidation

Oxidizes a wide range of chemical compounds

Oxidation is limited due to biologically resistant matters

An analysis that measures the amount of oxygen consumed byStandardization the organic waste may Helps lessen pollution prove to the Environment and inorganic compounds in themore Standardization is difficult due water sample resistance of some easier Expressed in milligrams per liter (mass compound to of oxygen consumed per liter solution) oxidation.

General Definition

Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) Analysis

Objectives
General Formula

A mL FAS used for blank B

To understand the chemical properties mL FAS used for sample

involved in the COD Analysis

To determine the COD concentration of the waste water sample Molarity of FAS

8000 disadvantages using COD Analysis

Milliequivalent weight of oxygen X 1000mL/L

To know the advantages and

COD concentration

Materials and Methods

REAGENTS EQUIPMENT FLOW CHART

Reagents
standard K2Cr2O7
prepared Ag2SO4-H2SO4
solution

46.5 g of 6.13g Fe(NH4)2(SO4)26H2O

12mL of standard K2Cr2O7 solution

Previously dried

of K2Cr2O7 in distilled Dissolve

water

phenanthroline monohydrate
Cool

Add 15ml of prepared Ag2SO4 crystals 0.742g 110- Ag2SO4-H2SO4 solution

348 mg FeSO47H2O

Ferrous indicator
standard ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS)

and dilute to 50mL in distilled Dissolve in 98v/v% water AddH SO of 2-3 drops
ferrous indicator
2 4

Dissolve in Dilute to 50mlAdd 10ml of 98v/v% with Dissolve distilled water distilled water H2SO4

At a rate of 5.5g of Ag2SO4 per kg of H2SO4

Dilute to 500mL

Dilute to 500mL

Titrate with prepared FAS solution

Equipment
reflux flask heat source condenser iron stand w/ iron clip pipette aspirator graduated cylinder rubber tube stirring rod beaker Erlenmeyer flask analytical balance

Set up

25mL of 25mL of distilled water sample

Contained in reflux flask

Methods
two trials are done
a blank solution was also prepared

Cool Cool
Add the ff: Add theff:

to room temperature to room temperature

Boiling chips 2.5ml Ag2SO4-H2SO4 solution 25ml standard K2Cr2O7

Add the ferrous Mix thoroughly thoroughly indicator indicator

Attach to condenser Cool Add the ferrous Mix

2-3 drops 2-3 drops

Until the first Until the first permanent color of permanent color of Titratewith with Titrate standard FAS standard FAS blue green. blue green. solution solution Reflux for 1hr while heating
Add 10ml Add 10ml H2SO H2SO44 Proceedto Proceed to refluxing refluxing

Mix thoroughly Cool

Results and Discussions

DATA TABLES DISCUSSIONS

Data Tables
Table 1.1
Standardization of 500ml FAS solution using K2Cr2O7

Final reading, ml Initial reading, ml Total amount, ml Final reading, ml Amount of COD, mg/L Initial reading, ml Total amount, ml

Table 1.2
Titration of the water samples (150mL each) using the standardized ferrous ammonium sulfate (FAS). Table 1.3 Amount of COD concentration analyzed in wastewater samples

K2Cr of FAS Amount 2O7 Amount of FAS solution used 50 solution used Wastewater Blank 1 37 Trial 2 Trial Trial 1 Trial 2 13.00 22.3 19.3 16.4 959.712 1099.9776 3 13 12 19.3 6.3 4.4

Discussions
different methods importance of standardization
standardization of FAS solution

sample
reagents results limitations and advantages of COD Analysis sources of errors

Open 7 undergoes six-reduction Reflux Closed Ferrous K2Cr2O Reflux reactionFor Amount added is equivalent to 5.1653 ammonium comparison with addedthe amount 2/L Method potassiumAdvantages and dichromate Working of4.5067 mg OMethod Limitations Full /L sulfate (FAS) resultsOof dusts Amount mg 2obtained the Cannot place The calculated molarity of low compared is FAS Wide differentiate RelativelyDone under to range the experiment Procedure from of from the in Taken actualprinciples of organic simple COD analysis of COD 0.0065M solution was from the wasteinorganic matter matter industries washingswas used in titrimetry and LargeDetermination forof dishes amount 0.0065M FAS Catalyst Sulfuric acid solution oxidation of equipment the computations for pH of analysis of sample sizeShortagecolorimetry for in solutionN-value the CEAT Equipment be reduceCOD the solution Gives cannot An Uncleanin reproducible excess Samples are equipment 30.4811% and 27.6700% results accurately Lounge Cafeteria known potassium the theoretical uniform and Based from dichromate of FAS agent to ensure be amount homogeneous % error Used asallmustatomssolution strong oxidizing Can be Performer transferFAS in measurements Imprecise Molarityfor of oxygen oxidize K2Cr2 at of organic added required to Potassium Most effective in oxidizing performedO7 a in be More organic of the to the oxidized shorter time Subjective the other mattercompoundblankobservation of dichromate in solution, ml watersampleoxidizing than BOD economical color change agents analysis experiment

Summary and Conclusion

SUMMARY CONCLUSION RECOMMENDATION

Principle

Working place

Summary
COD Analysis
results sources of errors

Test forof dusts quality by indirectly measuring the oxygen requirement of the sample Full wastewater

Equipment Chemical oxygen demand Open Reflux Method per liter of Closed Reflux Method sample Unclean water Some are not in good condition 959.712mg/L Limitations 1099.9776mg/L Cannot differentiate organic from inorganic matter Human error
Advantages

Types

Can be easily done Imprecise measurements Results are reproducible Mistake in calculations Results can be obtain in a short span of time Improper handling of apparatus

 The obtained amount of COD in

Conclusion

the analysis of the wastewater sample is very alarming since it is larger relative to the amount of COD obtained in industrial plants. However, due to the sources of error, the obtained results are unreliable thus, the conclusions made are uncertain.

Working place

Must always be clean

Recommendation

Equipment Must always be clean Must be in good condition Reagents

Commercially available reagents are recommended to lessen errors derived from lab-prepared ones.
Distilled water All glasswares/apparatus must always be rinsed with distilled water to remove undesired substances. Titration Half-drop technique must be followed Potassium hydrogen phthalate (KHP) Comparison with the results obtained using KHP as reference standard is recommended to verify results

End
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