B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC ..... KHOA ....

Gio trnh

T hc v vt liu t

T hc v vt liu t
lebien_bn@yahoo.com

PDF c to bng b cng c m ngun m mwlib. Xem http://code.pediapress.com/ bit thm thng tin. PDF generated at: Wed, 06 Oct 2010 18:02:36 UTC

Ni dung
Bi
Chng 1:Cc khi nim
T hc t ha cm t t thm T ha T gio T tr Lc khng t Nhit Curie ng cong t ha ng cong t nhit Mmen lng cc t Nhit Nel Nng lng vi t phn cc spin 1 1 6 7 8 11 13 16 19 22 24 26 27 29 30 33 35 35 37 38 39 40 43 45 49 51 52 56 60 63 66 68

Chng 2: Cc vt liu t
Thun t Siu thun t Nghch t Sng spin St t men t Vch men Phn st t Phng trnh Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert Vt liu t cng Vt liu t mm Cng ngh ngui nhanh FINEMET Hiu ng Hopkinson Hiu ng Meissner

Hiu ng t nhit Hiu ng t quang Kerr Hiu ng t in tr Hp kim Heusler Magnetit Nam chm Nam chm Neodymi Nam chm samarium coban Nam chm vnh cu Nam chm in Nam chm t him Nc t Permalloy Perovskit (cu trc) Spin valve Terfenol-D Tng phn pha vi sai T in tr chui hm T in tr d hng T in tr khng l T in tr siu khng l

69 75 76 79 81 84 85 88 90 93 94 97 99 101 104 106 107 109 110 112 115 117 117 119 123 125

Chng 3: ng dng
Thu knh t in t hc spin Ton nh in t Knh hin vi lc t

Ch thch
Ngun v ngi ng gp vo bi Ngun, giy php, v ngi ng gp vo hnh 127 129

Giy php Bi vit

Giy php 131

Chng 1:Cc khi nim

T hc
T hc (ting Anh: magnetism) l mt ngnh khoa hc thuc Vt l hc nghin cu v hin tng ht v y ca cc cht v hp cht gy ra bi t tnh ca chng. Mc d tt c cc cht v hp cht u b nh hng ca t trng to ra bi mt nam chm vi mt mc no nhng mt s trong chng c phn ng rt d nhn thy l st, thp, -xt st. Nhng cht v hp cht c t tnh c bit l i tng ca t hc dng ch to nhng sn phm phc v con ngi c gi l vt liu t. T tnh gy ra bi lc t, lc t l mt dng lc in t, mt trong nhng lc c bn ca t nhin, n c sinh ra do chuyn ng ca cc ht c in tch. Phng trnh Maxwell cho bit ngun gc v mi lin h ca cc t trng v in trng gy ra lc t. Mi quan h gia lc t v lc in rt mt thit, mn khoa hc nghin cu v vn ny c gi l in t hc.

Nam chm vnh cu, mt trong nhng sn phm lu i nht ca t hc.

T tnh ca vt cht
M t v m
Cm ng t v t trng

T trng sinh ra khi c dng in chy qua.

V t trng c to ra khi c chuyn ng ca cc in tch nn nu ta c mt dy in c dng in th n s to ra mt cm ng t

chy qua

xung quanh. Cm ng t l mt i lng vc t, chiu ca n ph thuc vo

chiu chuyn ng ca dng in v c xc nh bng quy tc bn tay phi. By gi nu ta thay dy in trn bng mt ng dy in th cm ng t to ra trong lng ng dy cng c xc nh bng quy tc trn. Nu xung

T hc

quanh cun dy l chn khng th chng ta nh ngha t trng Nh vy th vc t t trng trng bn trong ng dy. T thm v t cm ch ph thuc vo dng in

nh sau:

, vi

l t thm chn khng.

v hnh dng ca dy ch khng ph thuc vo mi

By gi trong lng ng dy khng phi l chn khng m l mt vt no th s c mt ca vt s lm thay i cm ng t trong ng dy. Cm ng t ny t l vi t trng vi h s t l c gi l t thm th cm ng t trong lng vt l: Ta nh ngha vi: Ngi ta cn nh ngha: Phn loi vt liu T cm ca vt liu l mt i lng c trng cho s cm ng ca vt liu di tc ng ca t trng ngoi. Ngi ta da vo i lng ny phn chia cc vt liu thnh 5 loi nh sau: Nghch t: l vt liu c nh hn khng (m) v c gi tr tuyt i rt nh, ch c khong 10- 5. Thun t: l vt liu c ln hn khng (dng) v c gi tr tuyt i nh c 10- 3. St t: l vt liu c Feri t: l vt liu c ln (tuy nh hn st t). Phn st t: l vt liu c dng nhng rt nh. dng v dng v
a cng, mt trong nhng thnh tu tiu biu ca t hc ng dng trong vic lu tr thng tin.

l vc t t xut hin bn trong vt vi l t cm ca vt liu

vi

: t thm tng i ca vt so vi chn khng.

rt ln, c th t n 10 5.

M t vi m
Chuyn ng ca cc in t Chuyn ng ca cc in t trong nguyn t to nn cc m my in tch. Chnh chuyn ng qu o l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn gy ra t tnh ca nguyn t lm cho nguyn t c mt m men t. Mt nguyn nhn khc l spin, c th c hnh dung th thin nh s t quay ca in t, mc d v bn cht, spin l mt khi nim ch c trong c hc lng t. Nh vy t tnh ca nguyn t c hai ngun gc: spin v qu o, m men t tng ng vi hai ngun gc ny c gi l m men t spin v m men t qu o.

T hc Tnh nghch t ca vt cht Nghch t l mt hin tng c hu ca vt cht, tn ti mi loi vt liu theo quy tc chung v cm ng in t. Khi c mt ca t trng ngoi, cc in t s hng ng vi t trng bng cch to ra mt m men t cm ng. M men t ny c xu hng chng li t trng ngoi, n t l nhng ngc hng vi t trng p dng. chnh l nguyn nhn gy ra hin tng nghch t trong mt s cht.

Vi t hc
Mt cch tng qut, tnh cht ca cc vt liu t tun theo cc quy lut v vi t hc m tnh cht t b quy nh bi cu trc t hc vi m v cu trc ny c quy nh bi s cc tiu ha nng lng vi t, c th quy thnh 5 dng nng lng: Nng lng trao i Nng lng d hng Nng lng tnh t Nng lng Zeeman Nng lng t gio (xem chi tit bi Nng lng vi t)

Lch s t hc
T hc l mt ngnh c ng dng trong cuc sng con ngi t rt sm m u tin l Trung Hoa v Hy Lp c i. Hy Lp, lch s ghi nhn nhng i thoi v t hc gia Aristotle v Thales t nhng nm 625 n 545 trc cng nguyn song song vi vic s dng nam chm vnh cu (l nhng thin nhin) cho mt s mc ch khc nhau[1] phng ng, Trung Hoa l ni sm nht s dng cc nam chm lm kim ch nam ch phng Nam-Bc t thi i ca Chu Cng (thi i nh Chu, 1122 - 256 trc Cng nguyn), v cun sch chnh thc ghi li vic s dng cc nam chm l cun Qu Cc t ( , thy dy ca Tn Tn) vo th k th 4 trc cng nguyn[2] , [3] . Alexander Neckham l ngi Chu u u tin m t v la bn v vic s dng la bn cho vic nh hng vo nm 1187. Vo nm 1269, Peter Peregrinus de Maricourt vit cun Epistola de magnete, c coi l mt trong nhng lun thuyt u tin v nam chm v la bn. Nm 1282, cc tnh cht ca cc nam chm v la bn kh c tho lun bi Al-Ashraf, mt nh vt l, thin vn, a l ngi Yemeni [4] . Cun sch kho cu chi tit u tin v cc hin tng l cun De Magnete, Magneticisque Corporibus, et de Magno Magnete Tellure (On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, and on the Great Magnet the Earth) ca William Gilbert xut bn nm 1600 Anh Quc. Cun sch tho lun v nhiu th nghim in t do ng xy dng, ng thi gi thit v t trng ca Tri t, nguyn nhn gy ra s nh hng Nam-Bc ca cc la bn. Tng tc gia dng in v t trng ln u tin c pht hin v m t bi Hans Christian Oersted, mt gio s i hc Copenhagen (an Mch). ng pht hin ra vic kim la bn b lch hng khi t gn mt dy dn mang dng in. Th nghim ny c coi l bc ngot trong lch s ngnh t hc, v c t tn l Th nghim Oersted. Sau Oersted, hng lot cc nh khoa hc tin hnh cc th nghim v cc cng trnh nghin cu v mi quan h gia in v t trng nh Andr-Marie Ampre, Carl Friedrich Gauss, Michael Faraday dn n vic hnh thnh nhng kin thc c bn v t hc cng nh t trng. James Clerk Maxwell tng hp cc l thuyt v t trng, in trng, v quang hc pht trin thnh l thuyt tng qut v trng in t. Vo nm 1905, Albert Einstein s dng nhng nh lut ny xy dng l thuyt tng i hp[5] . Th k 20 cng l th k m t hc c pht trin mnh m t vic to ra cc vt liu t a chc nng, xy dng cc l thuyt vi m v hin tng t da trn cc l thuyt ca c hc lng t v vt l cht rn nh l thuyt vi t hc, l thuyt v men t, vch men, vt liu st t, tng tc trao i, phn st t,... i km vi n l s pht

T hc trin ca nhiu k thut chp nh cu trc t v o c cc tnh cht t ca vt liu. Cui th k 20, u th k 21, ngnh mi spintronics ra i da trn nhng thnh tu ca t hc v in t hc.

n v in t
Cc n v chun SI
SI electromagnetism units K hiu i lng I Q U, V, ; E R; Z; X P C E D e G; Y; B , , B H L, M [6] Tn i lng Dng in in tch Hiu in th; Sut in ng in tr; Tr khng; in khng in tr sut Cng sut in dung Cng in trng phn cc in Hng s in mi cm in n v dn xut ampere (SI base unit) coulomb volt ohm ohm metre watt farad volt per metre K hiu n v A C V m W F V/m n v c bn A (= W/V = C/s) As J/C = kgm2s3A1 V/A = kgm2s3A2 kgm3s3A2 VA = kgm2s3 C/V = kg1m2A2s4 N/C = kgmA1s3 Asm2 kg1m3A2s4 1 = kg1m2s3A2 kg1m3s3A2 Wb/m2 = kgs2A1 = NA1m1 Vs = kgm2s2A1 Am1 Wb/A = Vs/A = kgm2s2A2 kgms2A2 -

coulomb per square metre C/m2 farad per metre (khng n v) F/m S S/m T Wb A/m H H/m -

dn; Admittance; Susceptance n v Siemens dn in T trng, Cm ng t T thng Cng t trng t cm t thm cm t siemens per metre tesla weber ampere per metre henry henry per metre (khng n v)

T hc

Cc n v khc
gauss Vit tt l G l n v ca cm ng t B trong h CGS Oersted vit tt l Oe l n v ca cng t trng H trong h CGS. Maxwell l n v ca t thng trong h CGS. gamma l n v ca mt t thng (trong h SI l Tesla - T), 1 gamma = 1 nT. 0 l k hiu vit tt quen thuc ca t thm tuyt i ca chn khng, c gi tr 4x10-7 N/(ampere-vng).

T hc v spintronics
Nhng thnh tu v t hc cui th k 20[7] , [8] dn n vic hnh thnh mt lnh vc mi gi l spintronics[9] , ngnh nghin cu to ra cc linh kin in t mi khai thc c thuc tnh spin cng nh in tch ca in t, thay th cc linh kin in t truyn thng li thi. S hp dn ca spintronics cng dn n vic thc y vic nghin cu v t hc tm hiu v bn cht t tnh, ng thi nghin cu to ra nhiu vt liu t c bit ng dng trong cc linh kin t tnh. Mc tiu quan trng ca spintronics l hiu v c ch tng tc gia spin ca cc ht v mi trng cht rn, t c th iu khin c v mt cng nh s chuyn vn (transportation) ca dng spin trong vt liu. Nhng cu hi ln c t ra cho ngnh spintronics l: Cch no hiu qu nht phn cc mt h spin? Mt h spin c th nh trng thi nh hng trong bao lu? Lm th no ghi nhn spin? Spintronics ha hn l mt th h linh kin mi trong th k 21 vi mc tiu tng tc x l, gim nng lng hao tn v gi thnh m t hc l mt nn tng ca spintronics. Xem bi chi tit Spintronics

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Fowler, Michael (1997). Historical Beginnings of Theories of Electricity and Magnetism (http:/ / galileoandeinstein. physics. virginia. edu/ more_stuff/ E& M_Hist. html). Truy cp 2 April nm 2008. [2] Li Shu-hua, Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Boussole, Isis, Vol. 45, No. 2. (Jul., 1954), p.175 [3] Li Shu-hua, Origine de la Boussole 11. Aimant et Boussole, Isis, Vol. 45, No. 2. (Jul., 1954), p.176 [4] Schmidl, Petra G. (1996-1997), Two Early Arabic Sources On The Magnetic Compass, Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 1: 81132 [5] A. Einstein: On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies, June 30, 1905. (http:/ / www. fourmilab. ch/ etexts/ einstein/ specrel/ www/ ) [6] International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (1993). i Lng, n V v K Hiu trong Ha L, n bn th hai, Oxford: Blackwell Science. ISBN 0-632-03583-8. pp.1415. Bn ton vn. (http:/ / www. iupac. org/ publications/ books/ gbook/ green_book_2ed. pdf) [7] M. N. Baibich, J. M. Broto, A. Fert, F. Nguyen Van Dau, F. Petroff, P. Eitenne, g. Creuzet, A. Friederich, and J. Chazelas, Giant Magnetoresistance of (001)Fe/(001)Cr Magnetic Superlattices, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (1988) 2472. (http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRL/ v61/ i21/ p2472_1) [8] G. Binasch, P. Grnberg, F. Saurenbach, W. Zinn, Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange, Phys. Rev. B 39 (1989) 4828. (http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRB/ v39/ i7/ p4828_1) [9] I. Zutic, J. Fabrian, S.D. Sarma, Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications, Rev. Mod. Phys. 76 (2004) 323 (http:/ / link. aps. org/ abstract/ RMP/ v76/ p323)

T hc

Xem thm
Vi t hc St t Nng lng vi t Nam chm vnh cu

Lin kt ngoi
Lch s ca t hc (http://www.rare-earth-magnets.com/magnet_university/history_of_magnetism.htm) S lc v t hc v vt liu t (http://ndthe.multiply.com/journal/item/5) Magnetism flash (http://www.albinoblacksheep.com/flash/magnetism) Electricity and Magnetism: Video lectures (http://web.mit.edu/smcs/8.02/) P10D Electricity and Magnetism P10D Electricity and Magnetism, online lectures (http://scitec.uwichill.edu. bb/cmp/online/P10D/p10D.htm) Exploring magnetism lesson series (http://cse.ssl.berkeley.edu/SEGwayed/lessons/exploring_magnetism/)

t ha
t ha hay t (ting Anh: Magnetization) l mt i lng s dng trong t hc c xc nh bng tng mmen t nguyn t trn mt n v th tch ca vt t. i khi, t cn c nh ngha l tng mmen t trn mt n v khi lng. T l mt i lng vct.

nh ngha
T , M, c nh ngha l tng mmen t trn mt n v th tch. V mt ton hc, n c cho bi cng thc:

vi m l mmen t nguyn t, V l th tch. T c cng th nguyn vi cng t trng, uc lin h vi t trng qua h s t ha (hay cn gi l cm t ca vt liu, k hiu l ): M = H

n v
Do c cng th nguyn vi cng t trng nn t mang n v ca t trng, n v trong SI l A/m. Trong t hc, ngi ta cn s dng n v khc cho t c k hiu l emu/cm3 = 1000 A/m. emu l ch vit tt ca electromagnetic unit - n v in t. n v ny c dng ph bin trong t hc, xut pht t h n v CGS.

T t pht
L khi nim m t t ca cc cht st t khng tuyt i (0 K). i lng t t pht mang c trng ca mi cht st t, 0 K, tt c cc mmen t ca cht st t song song vi nhau, to nn t t pht ca cht st t (to nn t tnh m khng cn c t trng ngoi). khng tuyt i, do khng c cc thng ging nhit, tng tc trao i gia cc mmen t s khin cho tt c cc mmen t song song vi nhau (ging nh trng thi bo ha t) to nn t t pht ca vt liu st t.

 t ha

Xem thm
T hc St t Mmen t S lc v t hc v vt liu t [1]

Ti liu tham kho

1. ^ Buschow K.H.J, de Boer F.R. (2004). Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0-306-48408-0.

Ch thch
[1] http:/ / ndthe. multiply. com/ journal/ item/ 5

cm t
cm t l i lng vt l c trng cho kh nng t ha ca vt liu, hay ni ln kh nng phn ng ca cht di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. cm t cn c tn gi khc l h s t ha (khng nhm vi t ha). cm t th hin mi quan h gia t (l i lng ni ti) v t trng ngoi, nn thng mang nhiu ngha vt l gn vi cc tnh cht ni ti ca vt liu. cm t, thng c k hiu l t ha v ln ca t trng: , hay ( phn bit vi - cm in) c nh ngha l t s gia

vi M l t ha, H l cng t trng. T M v t trng H c cng th nguyn do khng c th nguyn.

l i lng

cm t v t thm
Cm ng t, B quan h vi t v cng t trng theo biu thc:

vi

l hng s t, hay t thm ca chn khng, c ln

. Nh vy:

i lng

c gi l t thm. t thm c cng ngha vi cm t, u ni ln kh

nng phn ng ca cc vt liu di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Trong k thut, ngi ta thng quan tm n gi tr t thm hiu dng c nh ngha bi: .

 cm t

cm t vi phn
Trong cc vt liu st t, cm t khng phi l mt hng s, m c gi tr bin thin ph thuc vo t trng ngoi v ph thuc c vo tin s t (tc l ph thuc c vo cc qu trnh t din ra trc ), nn ngi ta s dng khi nim cm t vi phn:

cm t xoay chiu
Hay l h s t ha xoay chiu, l cm t to ra khi vt liu c t trong t trng xoay chiu. Cc php o cm t xoay chiu ph thuc vo nhit rt quan trng trong cc nghin cu chuyn pha t trong cc vt liu st t. cm t xoay chiu thng c k hiu l (ch AC l k hiu ca dng in xoay chiu).

Xem thm
St t Vt liu t mm t ha

Ti liu tham kho

1. ^ Buschow K.H.J, de Boer F.R. (2004). Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0-306-48408-0. 2. ^ Derek Craik (1995). Magnetism: Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0 471 92959 X.

t thm
t thm (ting Anh: Magnetic permeability, thng c k hiu l l mt i lng vt l c trng cho tnh thm ca t trng vo mt vt liu, hay ni ln kh nng phn ng ca vt liu di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Khi nim t thm thng mang tnh cht k thut ca vt liu, ni ln quan h gia cm ng t (i lng sn sinh ngoi) v t trng ngoi. t thm thc cht ch ng k cc vt liu c trt t t (st t v feri t).

Mi quan h gia t thm v cm t

Cm ng t, B quan h vi t v cng t trng theo biu thc:
S thay i ca t thm ban u ca permalloy theo hm lng Ni 1) Ch to bng phng php cn lnh, 2) Ch to bng cn nng

 t thm vi l hng s t, hay c gi l t thm ca chn khng, c ln

Nh vy: Nh vy, i lng t thm v cm t quan h vi nhau qua biu thc[1] :

t thm c cng ngha vi cm t, u ni ln kh nng phn ng ca cc vt liu di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Trong k thut, ngi ta thng quan tm n gi tr t thm tng i c nh ngha bi:

Khi ni t thm th ngi ta thng ngm hiu l l t thm tng i, v i lng ny l i lng khng c th nguyn.

Cc khi nim v t thm cc vt liu c trt t t

Trn thc t, gi tr t thm ch ng k cc vt liu c trt t t. T trn ng cong t ha ca vt liu, ngi ta c quan tm n mt s t thm khc nhau:

t thm ban u
c nh ngha l t thm ca vt liu di t trng ngoi bng khng, hay thng qua biu thc:

Trn thc t, khng th xc nh gi tr t thm ban u khi t trng ngoi chnh xc bng 0 nn ngi ta xc nh bng cch t t trng t ha rt nh trong li dn t c ch to thnh dng mch t kn ( kh hiu ng trng kh t dn n vic d t ha) v nu phi o trong t trng xoay chiu th o trong tn s rt nh (gi l php o chun tnh). Gi tr t thm ban u rt c ngha trong vic s dng cc vt liu st t mm v vt liu t mm rt d bo ha v cn s dng trong t trng nh. Trong cc vt liu t mm c kch thc ht ln (vt kch thc vch men), t thm ban u t l thun vi kch thc ht theo cng thc[2] :

Cn cc vt liu c kch thc ht mn, t thm ban u t l nghch vi ly tha bc 6 ca kch thc ht[3] :

Vi:

l h s t l,

l t bo ha,

ln lt l hng s trao i v d hng t tinh th bc 1.

 t thm

10

t thm cc i
L gi tr cc i ca t thm trong ton di t trng t ha. Trn thc t, nu t trng ngoi vt ngng ( qu trnh t ha vt qua qu trnh t ha ban u (xy ra bc nhy Barkhausen) th gi tr t thm s t cc i, sau s gim dn khi vt liu tin ti trng thi bo ha t.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Derek Craik (1995). Magnetism: Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0 471 92959 X. [2] Y. Yoshizawa, Nanocrystalline soft magnetic materials in Handbook of Advanced Magnetic Materials ed. by Y. Liu et al., Vol. 4, Springer, 2006, ISBN-10 1-4020-7983-4. [3] Herzer, Grain size dependence of coercivity and permeability innanocrystalline ferromagnets, IEEE Trans. Magn. 26 (1990) 1397-1402. (http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ xpls/ abs_all. jsp?arnumber=104389)

Xem thm
St t cm t Permalloy Vt liu t mm

T ha

11

T ha
T ha l qu trnh thay i cc tnh cht t (cu trc t, mmen t...) ca vt cht di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Khi c s dng nh mt ng t, t ha c ngha l lm thay i tnh cht t ca cht bng t trng ngoi.

Qu trnh t ha
Xt v mt hin tng, t ha l s thay i tnh cht t ca vt cht theo t trng ngoi, xt v mt bn cht, y l s thay i cc mmen t nguyn t. Khi t vo t trng ngoi, cc mmen t nguyn t c xu hng b quay i theo t trng ngoi dn n s thay i v tnh cht t. Ty theo s hng ng ny m c th phn ra nhiu loi vt liu t khc nhau: Nghch t Nghch t l bn cht c hu ca mi loi vt cht, , cht khng c mmen t nguyn t, v to ra mt t trng ph ngc vi chiu ca t trng ngoi theo xu hng ca cm ng in t (quy tc Lenz). V th, cht nghch t c mmen t m v ngc vi chiu t trng ngoi. Thun t Qu trnh t ha cht thun t, cht c mmen t nguyn t nh v khng lin kt, xy ra n gin, cc mmen t nguyn t s quay theo t trng ngoi v to ra mt t trng ph dng (thng th hiu ng nghch t c hu). V th, qu trnh t ha ch n gin l s tng tuyn tnh ca t theo t trng ngoi v t bo ha khi t trng rt ln v nhit rt thp. St t v cc vt liu c trt t t khc (phn st t, feri t) Trong cc vt liu ny, mmen t nguyn t ln v c lin kt vi nhau thng qua tng tc trao i nn qu trnh t ha tr nn rt phc tp. Qu trnh ny ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh cu trc t, cu trc tinh th cng nh s ng nht ca vt liu. Cc qu trnh t ha lc ny l s thay i cu trc men ca cht, v dn n nhiu loi cht khc nhau, v d nh vt liu st t mm, vt liu st t cng...

Cu trc t ca mng mng hp kim permalloy (dy 20 nm) thay i trong qu trnh t ha (nh quan st bng knh hin vi Lorentz Philips CM20.

T ha

12

t ha
t ha l mt i lng vt l ni ln kh nng b t ha ca mt vt t, c xc nh bng tng mmen t nguyn t trn mt n v th tch, hoc mt n v khi lng.

Qu trnh kh t
Ngc vi qu trnh t ha l qu trnh kh t. Kh t l qu trnh lm trit tiu t tnh ca vt t, bng cch t vo mt t trng ngc ln, hoc lm tng nhit n trn nhit nh hng ca cht. Kh t bng t trng: Kh t bng t trng l cch thng dng nht, bng cch t vo t trng ngc (vi chiu ca t d trong cht) bng vi gi tr lc khng t ca cht. Nu t trng ngc t vo tip tc tng, t ca cht s b o ngc, v ta c qu trnh o t. kh t hon ton, ngi ta khng dng t trng ngc mt chiu m dng t trng xoay chiu c bin gim dn (tt dn theo hm s m v i chiu), nh vy, t trng d trong mu s b nh dn v o lin tc quay gi tr 0 v ngy cng tin ti gi tr 0. Cc cch khc: C nhiu cc khc kh t, v d t nng vt t n trn nhit trt t t ca cht (nhit Curie vi cc cht st t, hay nhit Nel vi cc cht phn st t...), lc ny cc cht t trng thi c t ln s b mt t tnh v tr thnh cht thun t. Ngoi ra, s va p c hc v n mn ha hc cng l nhng cch kh i t tnh ca cht.

Xem thm
T hc St t Thun t Mmen t

Lin kt ngoi
S lc v t hc v vt liu t [1]

T gio

13

T gio
T gio (ting Anh: magnetostriction) l hin tng hnh dng, kch thc ca cc vt t (thng l st t) b thay i di tc dng ca t trng ngoi (t gio thun) hoc ngc li, tnh cht t ca vt t b thay i khi c s thay i v hnh dng v kch thc (t gio nghch). Trong cc sch gio khoa vt l c Vit Nam, ngi ta cn dng thut ng "p t" cho t gio ( tng ng vi hin tng p in l s thay i kch thc do in trng). Tuy nhin, thut ng ny hin nay hu nh khng c s dng. Ngi ta nh ngha h s t gio (hay t gio Joule) l t l phn trm s thay i v chiu di hoc th tch:

C ch hin tng t gio do tng tc spin-qu o v s phn b m my in t: a) dng i xng cu: khng c t gio; b) khng c i xng cu: c t gio

hoc:

vi

ln lt l chiu di (hay th tch) ca vt th trong t trng (H) v khi khng c t ta s c t gio m.

trng. H s t gio l i lng khng c th nguyn. Theo nh ngha ny, nu ta c t gio dng,

Hin tng t gio dn n s thay i v chiu di gi l t gio di, cn hin tng dn n s thay i v ton th tch gi l t gio khi. Trong cc nghin cu v t hc v k thut, ngi ta cn quan tm n i lng cm t gio, c nh ngha bi s bin thin ca h s t gio theo t trng:

cm t gio mang ngha tng t nh cm t, u ch kh nng phn ng ca cht di t trng ngoi, trong trng hp t gio, cm t gio c ngha ch kh nng thay i tnh cht t gio do t trng. cm t gio c th nguyn l nghch o ca t trng, c n v l m/A hay Oe-1.

T gio

14

C ch hin tng t gio

Bn cht ca hin tng t gio l do tng tc spin-qu o trong cc in t trong vt liu st t. Hin tng t gio ch c th xy ra khi m my in t khng c dng i xng cu v c tng tc spin-qu o mnh. Di tc dng ca t trng ngoi, s phn Hnh nh m t c ch hiu ng t gio. b ca cc in t ( y l mmen qu o) s quay theo s quay ca mmen t (mmen spin) t hng ny sang hng khc v t gio c to ra do s thay i tng ng ca tng tc tnh in gia in t t v in tch ca mi trng. Khi m my in t c dng i xng cu (c ngha l mmen qu o bng 0), tt c cc v tr ca cc in ln cn u tng ng i vi s phn b in t. Khi c s tc ng ca t trng ngoi, mmen spin tuy c quay i, nhng s phn b khng gian ca in t hon ton khng thay i nn khong cch gia cc in t vn gi nguyn (khng dn n s thay i v kch thc cng nh hnh dng mu. Nu m my in t khng c dng i xng cu (c ngha l mmen qu o khc 0), lc ny cc v tr phn b xung quanh khng cn tnh cht i xng, s quay ca mmen spin khi c t trng ngoi dn n s thay i m my in t, do dn n s thay i v kch thc cng nh hnh dng mu. Hay ni mt cch n gin, t gio phn nh tnh cht i xng ca mng tinh th. T gio mang tnh cht ca i xng tinh th nn n ph thuc vo phng ca t trng, vct t v hng ca tinh th. Ngi ta thng s dng i lng t gio bo ha (k hiu l l h s t gio t c trong trng thi bo ha t. T gio bo ha l mt hm (lin hp tuyn tnh) ca cc h s t gio o theo cc phng khc nhau ca tinh th.

Vt liu t gio
Hu ht cc nguyn t st t u c t gio. Trong cc nguyn t st t, cban (Co) l nguyn t c h s t gio ln nht nhit phng(do cban c cu trc bt i xng kh cao - lc gic xp cht), t ti 60.10-6 trong t trng bo ha. Cc vt liu c h s t gio ln c gi l vt liu t gio khng l. C nhiu loi vt liu t gio khc nhau, ti thi im hin ti, vt liu t gio thng phm tt nht l Terfenol-D (c tn l cc t vit tt ghp bi: Ter - Terbium - Tb, Fe - st, Nol - Naval Ordnance Laboratory, D - Dysproxium Dy) l hp kim TbxDy1-xFe2 c h s t gio t ti 2000.10-6 trong t trng 2 kOe[1] , v ch t 400.10-6 dng mng mng [2] . y l vt liu t gio c dng ph bin nht hin nay. Gn y, nhm nghin cu ti Vit Nam Phng Th nghim Vt l Nhit thp, i hc Khoa hc T nhin, i hc Quc gia H Ni lnh o bi Gio s Nguyn Hu c cng b vt liu t gio khng l dng cc mng mng (h s t gio t ti 720.10-6)[3] , l cc mng mng hp kim TbFeCo) mang tn TerfecoHan (Ter - Terbium - Tb, Fe - st, Co - Cban, Han - H Ni, ng thi cng ci tin to ra cc mng mng a lp trn c s TerfecoHan to ra cc mng mng t gio vi h s t gio ln v cm t gio cao trong t trng thp[4] .

T gio

15

ng dng ca hin tng t gio

Vt liu t gio c ng dng trong cc linh kin, thit b chuyn i in - t - c c dng cc vt liu dng khi v vt liu dng mng mng, v d nh cc cm bin t trng (da trn t hp t gio-p in), cc cm bin o gia tc, cm bin c o dch chuyn c hc, cc my pht siu m - t gio, cc linh kin vi c trong cc b vi c in t (MEMS)...

Xem thm
D hng t tinh th St t p in

Ti liu tham kho

[1] http:/ / aml. seas. ucla. edu/ research/ areas/ magnetostrictive/ mag-composites/ Magnetostriction%20and%20Magnetostrictive%20Materials. htm [2] N.H. Duc, Jornal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 242-245 (2002) 1411-1417 (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TJJ-44N027N-14& _user=5613324& _coverDate=04/ 30/ 2002& _fmt=full& _orig=search& _cdi=5312& view=c& _acct=C000067901& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=5613324& md5=10c452ca6b484972a24c29577dfab6a9& ref=full) [3] N.H. Duc, Jornal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 242-245 (2002) 1411-1417 (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TJJ-44N027N-14& _user=5613324& _coverDate=04/ 30/ 2002& _fmt=full& _orig=search& _cdi=5312& view=c& _acct=C000067901& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=5613324& md5=10c452ca6b484972a24c29577dfab6a9& ref=full) [4] D.T.H. Giang et al., Applied Physics Letters 85 (2004) 1565-1567 (http:/ / scitation. aip. org/ getabs/ servlet/ GetabsServlet?prog=normal& id=APPLAB000085000009001565000001& idtype=cvips& gifs=yes)

1. ^ Buschow K.H.J, de Boer F.R. (2004). Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0-306-48408-0. 2. ^ Nguyn Hu c (2003). Vt liu t lin kim loi. Nh xut bn i hc Quc gia H Ni. ISBN 1K-02044-01403.

Lin kt ngoi
T gio khng l thm mt bc tin vo tng lai (http://datrach.blogspot.com/2004/12/ t-gio-khng-l-thm-mt-bc-tin-vo-tng-lai.html)

T tr

16

T tr
T tr (ting Anh: magnetic hysteresis) l hin tng bt thun nghch gia qu trnh t ha v o t cc vt liu st t do kh nng gi li t tnh ca cc vt liu st t. Hin tng t tr l mt c trng quan trng v d thy nht cc cht st t. Hin tng t tr c biu hin thng qua ng cong t tr (T - t trng, M(H) hay Cm ng t - T trng, B(H)), c m t nh sau: sau khi t ha mt vt st t n mt t trng bt k, nu ta gim dn t trng v quay li theo chiu ngc, th n khng quay tr v ng cong t ha ban u na, m i theo ng khc. V nu ta o t theo mt chu trnh kn (t chiu ny sang chiu kia), th ta s c mt ng cong kn gi l ng cong t tr hay chu trnh t tr. Tnh cht t tr l mt tnh cht ni ti c trng ca cc vt liu st t, v hin tng tr biu hin kh nng t tnh ca ca cc cht st t.

ng cong t tr ca 2 loi vt liu st t, vt liu t cng v vt liu t mm, v cc thng s ca vt liu c xc nh trn ng cong t tr

Cc tham s
T bo ha L gi tr t t c khi c t ha n t trng ln (vt qua gi tr trng d hng) sao cho vt trng thi bo ha t, c ngha l cc mmen t hon ton song song vi nhau. Khi ng cong t tr T -T trng, M(H) c dng nm ngang. T bo ha l tham s c trng ca vt liu st t. Nu khng tuyt i (0 K) th n l gi tr t t pht ca cht st t. T bo ha thng c k hiu l Ms hoc Is (ch "s" c ngha l saturation - bo ha). T d L gi tr t cn gi c khi ngt t trng (H = 0), thng c k hiu l Mr hoc Ir (ch "r" c ngha l remanent - d). T d khng phi l thng s mang tnh cht ni ti ca vt liu m ch l thng s dn xut, ph thuc vo cc c ch t tr, cc phng t ho, hnh dng vt t... T s gia t d v t bo ha Mr/Ms c gi l t rt gn hoc h s ch nht ca ng cong t tr (gi tr Mr/Ms cng gn 1 th ng cong t tr cng tin ti dng hnh ch nht).

T tr

17

Lc khng t L gi tr t trng ngc cn t vo trit tiu t ha (M = 0). Lc khng t thng c k hiu l Hc (Coercivity), i khi c gi l trng o t (nhng khng hon ton chnh xc). Lc khng t cng khng phi l tham s ni ti ca vt liu m l tham s ngoi ging nh t d. Tn hao nng lng tr L din tch ng cong t tr, l nng lng tiu tn cn thit cho mt chu trnh t tr, c n v ca mt nng lng. Tch nng lng t cc i L nng lng t ln nht c th tn tr trong mt n v th tch vt t, lin quan n kh nng sn sinh t trng ca vt t, thng l tham s k thut ca cc nam chm vnh cu v vt liu t cng. Tch nng lng t cc i c xc nh trn ng cong kh t B(H) trong gc 1/4 th 2, l im c gi tr tch B.H ln nht. Tch nng lng t l tham s dn sut, ph thuc vo cc tnh cht t ni ti ca vt liu v hnh dng ca vt liu, thng mang ngha ng dng trong cc nam chm vnh cu v vt liu t cng. T s tch nng lng t cc i chia cho tch lc khng t v t d c gi l h s li ca ng cong t tr, hay h s li ca vt t.
Bin dao ng ca t trng ngoi khc nhau s to ra cc ng cong t tr khc nhau.

Cc c ch
Nguyn nhn c bn ca hin tng t tr l s tng tc gia cc mmen t c tc dng ngn cn cc mmen t b quay theo t trng. C nhiu c ch khc nhau to nn hin tng t tr, to nn cc hnh dng ng cong t tr khc nhau: C ch quay cc mmen t i khi cn c tn di l "c ch quay kt hp ca cc mmen t", l c ch o t khi cc mmen t ghim trng thi nh hng, sau t ngt quay theo chiu ca t trng o t khi t trng vt gi tr trng o t. C ch ny thng xut hin trong cc vt liu st t c cu trc gm cc ht n men hoc khi b o t theo phng ca trc d t ha. C ch ny thng to ra ng cong t tr c dng hnh ch nht. C ch hm dch chuyn vch men Trong qu trnh o t, cc mmen t c xu hng b quay theo chiu ca t trng o t, dn n vic cc vch men b dch chuyn. Tuy nhin, nu c cc tm tp, hoc cc sai hng, chng ngi... trn chiu dch chuyn ca vch men, chng c tc dng hm s dch chuyn ca vch men v to nn hin tng tr. C ch hm s pht trin ca mm o t Mm o t l mt vng rt nh hnh thnh trong qu trnh t ha, c chiu ngc vi ton khi (cng chiu vi trng o t) v c tc dng nh mt mm ko cc mmen t quay theo chiu t trng o t. Tuy nhin, c nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau dn n vic ngn cn s pht trin ca cc mm o t ny cng l mt c ch to nn hin tng tr.

T tr

18

Phng php o
Nguyn tc chung ca php o t tr l o s bin i ca mmen t hoc cm ng t theo s thay i ca t trng. T trng t vo c bin i theo mt chu trnh (t gi tr 0 n gi tr cc i, sau gim dn v i chiu n t trng ngc hng, v li o tr li gi tr cc i ban u). C th o ng cong t tr bng cc phng php: o bng in k xung kch o bng t k v cc thit b o t tr o bng php o quang t (hiu ng Kerr) (cc phng php khc)...

ng dng
Cc vt liu t c tnh cht t tr cao c th c s dng ch to nam chm vnh cu. Khi t vt liu ny trong t trng mnh, s xut hin t mnh trong vt liu, v sau khi b t trng ngoi i, vt liu vn gi t mnh ny, v th hin nh nam chm vnh cu. Hin tng t tr c th lm mt s r le t khng kp nh kt ni ngay sau khi t trng b ngt. y cng l hin tng quan trng cn xt ti khi thit k thit b lu tr d liu bng vt liu t (nh bng t, a cng ca my tnh). Trong cc vt liu ny, d liu bao gm cc bit 0 v 1 c ng vi chiu mmen t hng ln hoc xung ca cc vng trn vt liu. thay i gi tr mt nh, cn p dng mt t trng ngoi vo n. Hin tng t tr khin cho chng ta cn bit chnh xc gi tr hin c ca nh ny tm ra t trng ph hp. trnh phc tp ha vn , nhiu h thng s ghi ln nh mt gi tr bit trc, trong mt qu trnh gi l lm lch bng t. Vt liu t tr khi t trong t trng bin thin s tiu th nng lng ca t trng ngoi (vi mt tiu th chnh bng din tch ng cong t tr), bin n thnh nhit nng v b nng ln. y c th l hiu ng khng mong mun trong nhiu ng dng, v nhng ng dng ny, cn chn vt liu c tn hao nng lng tr nh.

Xem thm
St t Vt liu t cng Vt liu t mm T k mu rung

Ti liu tham kho

1. ^ D.C. Jiles (1990). 1st. ed. Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Springer; 1 edition (December 31, 1990). ISBN 10 0412386402. 2. ^ Derek Craik (1995). Magnetism: Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0 471 92959 X.

Lc khng t

19

Lc khng t
Lc khng t, i khi cn c gi l trng khng t, hoc trng o t, l mt i lng ngoi s dng trong ngnh t hc, c nh ngha bng gi tr ca t trng cn t vo trit tiu t hoc cm ng t ca vt t. Khi gi l trng o t, i lng ny c nh ngha l t trng cn t o chiu t ca vt t.

Cc khi nim v lc khng t

Lc khng t thc t l mt i lng ngoi ca mi vt t v vt liu t. Thc t, lc khng t ch tn ti cc vt liu c trt t t (st t, feri t,...). Thng thng, lc khng t thng c xc nh t ng cong t tr ca vt t. Nh khi nim lc khng t, ng cong t tr ca cc vt liu st t cho php xc nh lc khng t. ngi ta phn loi c 2 loi vt liu st t l vt liu st t cng (c lc khng t ln) v vt liu st t mm (c lc khng t nh). Do s lin quan gia t trng ( ), cm ng t ( v t bi cng thc:

),

Do , s xut hin 2 loi gi tr lc khng t: Lc khng t lin quan n t ( )

L gi tr ca lc khng t, cho php trit tiu t ha ca mu. Gi tr ny mang tnh cht chung, khng ph thuc vo hnh dng vt t, v trong k thut thng c k hiu l . Thng thng, nu ch ni n khi nim lc khng t thng ch khi nim ny. Lc khng t lin quan n cm ng t ( ) L gi tr ca lc khng t cho php trit tiu cm ng t ca vt t. Gi tr ny mang tnh cht k thut, ph thuc vo hnh dng vt t (do c b sung yu t d hng hnh dng ca vt t khi o), v thng c k hiu l . i vi cc vt liu c lc khng t nh, s sai khc gia hai i lng ny rt nh, v i khi thng b nhm ln vi nhau. S sai khc ny ch tr nn ng k i vi cc vt liu t cng.

Lc khng t

20

C ch to lc khng t
C ch to lc khng t lin quan n c ch t ha v o t ca vt liu, hay ni cch khc l lin quan n s thay i ca cu trc t v b nh hng mnh bi cu trc ht ca vt liu. Yu t ln nht chi phi lc khng t l d hng t tinh th v ty tng loi vt liu m lc khng t c th ph thuc khc nhau vo yu t ny.

Trong cc vt liu c d hng t yu

Thng thng, i vi cc vt liu t mm (c d hng t yu), lc khng t t l thun vi d hng t tinh th theo cng thc[1] :

vi

ln lt l h s t l, hng s d hng t tinh th v t bo ha ca vt liu.

Vi cc vt liu t mm c kch thc ht ln i vi cc vt liu loi ny (vt liu truyn thng c in c kch thc ht ln hn kch thc vch men), lc ny, qu trnh t ha v o t thng b nh hng bi qu trnh hm dch chuyn vch men do bin ht nn lc khng t s t l nghch vi kch thc ht theo cng thc[2] :

vi

l hng s trao i,

l kch thc ht trung bnh.

Vi cc vt liu t mm c kch thc ht mn L cc vt liu t mm c cu trc nano, vi kch thc ht nh hn chiu di tng tc trao i st t, d hng t tinh th b trung bnh ha, v lc khng t li thay i[3] :

Trong cc vt liu t c d hng t mnh

Trong cc vt liu c d hng t ln, lc khng t thay i rt phc tp, v ph thuc tng qut theo hm s[4] :

y, liu; cn

l h s phc,

l nng lng vch men,

l th tch kch hot nhit v

l h s nht t ca vt

l tha s kh t hiu dng.

i vi cc vt liu t c cu trc n men, cu trc n men l cu trc khng c vch men nn khng c cc qu trnh dch chuyn vch hay hm cc vch men trong qu trnh t ha. V th, qu trnh t ha v kh t trong vt t c cu trc n men l qu trnh quay kt hp cc mmen t. V th, lc khng t to ra l do ng gp bi 3 yu t d hng: d hng t tinh th, d hng t hnh dng v d hng t do s bt ng nht cu trc: [5] :

vi

l hng s d hng t tinh th bc mt;

l tha s kh t o theo 2 phng khc nhau;

ln

lt l t gio bo ha v ng sut ni;

l cc h s phn trm ng gp ca tng s hng.

Lc khng t

21

Lc khng t v trng d hng

Trng d hng (thng c k hiu l ) l trng lin quan n nng lng d hng t tinh th, l mt gi tr ni ca vt liu. Vt liu s t trng thi bo ha nu t t trng vt qu gi tr trng d hng. Trng d hng c gi tr cho bi:

Lc khng t quan h vi trng d hng theo cng thc[6] :

Di y l mt s gi tr lc khng t mt s vt liu t tiu biu:

Vt liu Supermalloy Fe15,7Ni79Mo5Mn0,3 St Permalloy, Ni81Fe19 C ban Niken Ni1-xZnxFeO3, ferrite t mm siu cao tn Alnico (nam chm ph bin) Co-Pt-Cr mng mng t cng s dng trong a cng NdFeB (nam chm t him mnh nht Fe48Pt52 SmCo5 Lc khng t (Oe) 0,002 0,05 [7] [7] [8]

0,05-1 20 150

[9] [10] [11] [12]

15-200

1500-2000 1700

[13] [14]

10.000

12.300 40.000 [15] |+

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Herzer, Grain size dependence of coercivity and permeability innanocrystalline ferromagnets, IEEE Trans. Magn. 26 (1990) 1397-1402. (http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ xpls/ abs_all. jsp?arnumber=104389) [2] Y. Yoshizawa, Nanocrystalline soft magnetic materials in Handbook of Advanced Magnetic Materials ed. by Y. Liu et al., Vol. 4, Springer, 2006, ISBN-10 1-4020-7983-4. [3] Herzer, Grain size dependence of coercivity and permeability innanocrystalline ferromagnets, IEEE Trans. Magn. 26 (1990) 1397-1402. (http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ xpls/ abs_all. jsp?arnumber=104389) [4] X. C. Kou, H. Kronmller, D. Givord and M. F. Rossignol, Coercivity mechanism of sintered Pr17Fe75B8 and Pr17Fe53B30 permanent magnets,Phys. Rev. B 50 (1994) 3849 - 3860 (http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRB/ v50/ i6/ p3849_1) [5] N.D. The et al. High hard magnetic properties and cellular structure of nanocomposite magnet Nd4.5Fe73.8B18.5Cr0.5Co1.5Nb1Cu0.2, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 303, e419 - e422 (2006) (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TJJ-4J91N66-4& _user=121723& _coverDate=08/ 31/ 2006& _alid=619302256& _rdoc=21& _fmt=full& _orig=search& _cdi=5312& _sort=d& _docanchor=& view=c& _ct=68& _acct=C000009999& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=121723& md5=6755d58bd7f3d7bb5d968f95618884bb) [6] L. Jinfang, L. Helie and W. Jiang, Discussion of the coercivity mechanism of RE-TM-B permanent magnets, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 25 (1992) 1238 - 1242. (http:/ / www. iop. org/ EJ/ abstract/ 0022-3727/ 25/ 8/ 014) [7] http:/ / mysite. du. edu/ ~jcalvert/ phys/ iron. htm#Magn [8] http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1063/ 1. 365100 [9] http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1063/ 1. 348151 [10] http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1063/ 1. 355560 [11] http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1109/ 20. 619559 [12] http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ xpl/ abs_free. jsp?arNumber=1066731

Lc khng t
[13] http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1109/ 20. 278737 [14] http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1063/ 1. 353563 [15] http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1063/ 1. 368075

22

Xem thm
T tr T Mmen t St t

Nhit Curie
Nhit Curie, hay im Curie (thng c k hiu l , l khi nim trong vt l cht rn, khoa hc vt liu l nhit chuyn pha trong cc vt liu st t hoc st in, c t theo tn ca nh vt l hc ngi Php Pierre Curie (1859 - 1906). i khi, k hiu cn c s dng l k hiu cho cc nhit ti hn (v d nhit chuyn pha siu dn...).

Nhit Curie trong cc cht st t

Nhit Curie trong cc cht st t l nhit chuyn pha st t - thun t. di nhit Curie, vt liu mang tnh cht st t, trn , cht s b mt tnh st t v tr thnh thun t. Nhit Curie st t t l vi s phi v (s ln cn gn nht), tch phn trao i ca cht theo cng thc:

Bin i ca mmen t ti nhit Curie st t

vi

l s ln cn gn nht,

l nng lng tch phn trao i,

l hng s Boltzmann. trn nhit Curie,

cm t ca cht bin thin theo nhit tun theo nh lut Curie:

Chuyn pha ti nhit Curie l chuyn pha loi 2, tc l chuyn pha khng c s thay i v cu trc.

Nhit Curie

23

* Cht feri t
Cht Co Fe FeOFe2O3* NiOFe2O3* (K) 1388 1043 858 858

CuOFe2O3* 728 MgOFe2O3* 713 MnBi Ni MnSb 630 627 587

MnOFe2O3* 573 Y3Fe5O12* CrO2 MnAs Gd Dy EuO 560 386 318 292 88 69

Nhit Curie trong cc cht st in

Cng c ngha ging vi nhit Curie trong cc cht st t, l nhit m ti cc cht st in b mt phn cc (mt tnh st in) tr thnh cc cht thun in (paraelectric).

Xem thm
St t t ha St in

ng cong t ha

24

ng cong t ha
ng cong t ha (hay y l ng cong t ha ban u) l th m t qu trnh t ha vt t t trng thi ban u cha nhim t (trng thi kh t), m th hin trn th l s thay i ca tnh cht t (thng qua gi tr ca t , cm ng t...) theo gi tr ca t trng ngoi. phm vi cu trc vi m, qu trnh t ha chnh l s thay i v cu trc t (cu trc men) thng qua cc c ch khc nhau. Thut ng ting Anh ch "ng cong t ha" c s dng ph bin l "Magnetization curve", tuy nhin, trong nhiu thit b o c tnh cht t, ngi ta cn dng nhiu thut ng khc nhau v d nh "Virgin curve", "Initial curve"...

ng cong t ha c dng tuyn tnh trong cc cht thun t v nghch t

Hnh dng ng cong t ha cc vt liu t khc nhau

i vi cc cht nghch t v thun t, ng cong t ha c dng l ng thng (t ph thuc tuyn tnh vo t trng), t ca cht thun t mang gi tr dng trong khi cc cht nghch t c t nhn gi tr m. i vi cc cht c trt t t (st t, phn st t, feri t), ng cong t ha l cc ng phi tuyn. i vi st t v feri t, khi t ha vi t trng ln s c hin tng bo ha t (ng cong t ha nm ngang, t t bo ha). Hin tng bo ha t cng xy ra vi cc cht thun t v phn st t, nhng phi trong t trng rt ln v nhit thp thm ch rt thp.

ng cong t ha ca cht st t M(H), ng cong t thm ph thuc vo t trng v cc gi tr thu c: T bo ha Ms, t thm ban u i, t thm cc i max..

Cc thng s thu c t ng cong t ha

t thm ban u t thm c nh ngha l o hm ca cm ng t B theo t trng:

t thm ban u c xc nh t s ph thuc ca cm ng t B vo t trng, c nh ngha l t thm ti gi tr H = 0, cho bi cng thc:

ng cong t ha

25

t thm cc i l gi tr cc i ca t thm trn ng cong (H), thng k hiu l T bo ha: Nu t trng t ha ln sao cho tt c cc mmen t song song vi nhau, ta s thu c gi tr t bo ha (k hiu l )

Cc c ch t ha
i vi cc cht st t v feri t, ng cong t ha phn nh cc c ch t ha trong vt liu (th hin qua s bin i cu trc men). Qu trnh dch chuyn vch men: Khi c t trng t ha, cc vch men s b dch chuyn theo xu th cc men c chiu ca vct t hng theo t trng s ln dn, cn cc men khc s b thu hp dn. Qu trnh ny thng th hin thng qua on ng cong t ha c dng tuyn tnh vi h s gc thp. Qu trnh quay mmen t: tng vt liu v ty trng thi cu trc m c th din ra qu trnh t ha bng cch cc mmen t b quay theo chiu t trng, th hin qua ng cong t ha dng phi tuyn v tng rt nhanh, hoc ch xy ra trong t trng ln. Bc nhy Barkhausen: L qu trnh xy ra khi c s dch chuyn mt cch t ngt ca cc vch men, bn cht l s thay i tng nng lng ton phn ri vo mt v tr cc tiu nng lng. Bc nhy Barkhausen l nguyn nhn dn n hin tng c ting lo xo (nhiu Barkhausen) trong cc loa in ng s dng cc li st t khi va bt ngun in.

Xem thm
St t ng cong t tr men t

S phn chia thnh cc men t trong mng mng hp kim NiFe quan st trn knh hin vi in t truyn qua Lorentz ch Fresnel. Cc ng en, trng l cc vch men, mi tn ch chiu ca mmen t trong cc men. Trong qu trnh t ha, cu trc men b thay i

ng cong t nhit

26

ng cong t nhit
ng cong t nhit (ting Anh: thermomagnetic curve) l thut ng trong ngnh t hc, ch ng cong m t s ph thuc nhit ca t ha ca cc vt liu t. ng cong ny cn c tn l ng cong dng Weiss. i vi cc cht trng thi st t, t ph thuc vo nhit theo hm Brillouin cho bi [1] :

vi:

l magneton Bohr, n v ca mmen t

l mt ,

l nhit ,

l t trng.

l hm ph thuc nhit ca cng sng spin,

ch s ti hn (x = 3/2

vi st vi c ch sng spin, hoc x = 5/2 cho cc c ch khc). Mt cch gn ng, gn ln cn nhit Curie, ng cong t nhit c th khai trin thnh hm n gin hn, v d nh theo m hnh sng spin: vi A l hng s. i vi cc cht trng thi thun t, t ha ph thuc vo nhit theo nh lut Curie-Weiss:

vi N l mt nguyn t,

l mmen t nguyn t,

l cm ng t v hng s Boltzmann.

Php o ng cong t nhit

Php o ng cong t nhit thng thng L k thut o ng cong t nhit trong t trng nhit bt u t nhit thp (thp hn nhiu so vi cc nhit trt t t: nhit Curie, nhit Nel...). y l mt k thut hiu qu nht cho php xc nh chnh xc cc nhit chuyn pha v cc loi chuyn pha trong vt liu. ng cong t nhit FC v ZFC ZFC v FC l ch k hiu ca Zero-Field Cooled v Field Cooled l ch k thut o ng cong t nhit c bit hn so vi k thut o ng cong t nhit thng thng. ng cong t nhit ca hp kim v nh hnh FeSiBNbCu o trong t trng 20 Oe Trong k thut ny, ban u cht c lm nng ln trn nhit Curie, sau lm lnh v nhit thp di nhit Curie v sau mi tin hnh o ng cong t nhit. Nu trong qu trnh lm lnh, ta c t t trng ngoi, ta c ng cong t nhit FC, nu khng t t trng ngoi, ta c ng cong ZFC. Hai ng cong ny thng c o lin tc v rt hu hiu trong vic xc nh cc hiu ng t c bit, v d nh hiu ng thy tinh-spin (spin-glass). im khc bit quan trng nht ca n so vi k thut o t nhit

ng cong t nhit thng thng l s lm lnh c t trng hoc khng c t trng v qu trnh ny c th dn ti vic ng bng cc mmen t hoc ph v s ng bng...

27

ng dng ca ng cong t nhit

Xc nh cc nhit chuyn pha (nhit Curie, nhit Nel...), loi chuyn pha (loi I, loi II...), xc nh cc c ch to t tnh: v d c ch sng spin.. Quan st cc hiu ng c bit v d nh hiu ng Hopkinson, hiu ng thy tinh-spin...

Xem thm
Nhit Curie Hiu ng Hopkinson

Ti liu tham kho

[1] E.P. Wohlfarth, Ferromagnetic materials - A handbook on the properties of magnetically ordered substances, Vol. 1, Elsevier North-Holland Inc. (1980) ISBN 0-444-85311-1

Mmen lng cc t
Mmen t, hay mmen lng cc t (magnetic dipole moment) l i lng vt l, c trng cho mnh yu ca ngun t. Trong trng hp n gin l mt dng in kn, mmen lng cc t c nh ngha bi:

Moment t

vi phi, thc:

l vct din tch (c ln l din tch, chiu l vct php tuyn ca mt , xc nh t quy tc bn tay l cng dng in. Trong trng hp mt in tch chuyn ng quay, mmen t s c cho bi biu

vi

l mt dng in.

Trong vt l nguyn t, vt l ht nhn, ngi ta dng khi nim mmen t ca cc ht, c n v l magneton Bohr (hay Bohr magneton, k hiu l ). Mmen t ca cc ht lin quan n chuyn ng ni ti ca cc ht (chuyn ng spin) hoc mmen t ca nguyn t c to ra t mmen t tng cng ca cc ht (chuyn ng spin) v chuyn ng trn qu o ca cc ht. Trong mt h ht, mmen t c xc nh bi tng mmen t ca cc ht

Mmen lng cc t thnh phn.

28

Ngun gc
Mmen t c th gii thch bng m hnh mt thanh nam chm thng c cc t cc nm 2 u v ngc du nhau. Mi t cc l mt ngun to ra lc t c ln gim dn theo khong cch. Khi 2 cp n cc t ny kt hp vi nhau thnh mt cp, cc lc tng tc s ngc chiu nhau v to nn mmen lng cc, t l vi ln ca n cc t v khong cch gia chng:

v y,

chnh l mmen lng cc t Bt c mt vt th mang in no khi chuyn ng quay u to ra

mmen t, mmen t cng l c trng ca cc ht c bn. Mmen t ca mt h xc nh trn mt n v th tch hay mt n v khi lng to ra t ha. n v ca mmen t l

Tng tc vi t trng
Khi mt vt th c mmen t m t trong t trng c cm ng t B, s c mt mmen lc tc dng ln mmen lng cc t cho bi: T=mB Mmen lc ny khin cho cc mmen lng cc t c xu hng nh hng theo chiu t trng. y l nguyn l hot ng ca la bn hay nhiu loi ng c in. Do lc t tc ng ln mment t l lc th, cc mmen t nm trong t trng cng c th nng: U = -m.B Nu mmen t nm trong t trng khng u, n va chu mmen lc va chu lc y hoc ko F:

Lc ht y ny l gii lc ht y gia cc nam chm.

Mmen t ca in t
in t trong nguyn t c mmen t to nn do ng gp ca 2 thnh phn: Mmen t qu o: c to ra khi in t chuyn ng quanh ht nhn. Theo c hc lng t, gi tr ny b gin on v c ln:

hnh chiu ca n ln trc ca t trng s nhn gi tr:

vi

l s lng t qu o v s lng t t.

Mmen t spin: do in t c moment ring spin (xem bi Spin). V mmen t tng cng ca in t trong nguyn t s l:

vi

l mmen tng cng to nn t 2 mmen spin v qu o l tha s Land, l cc s lng t qu o v spin.

Mmen lng cc t

29

Mmen t ht nhn
Mmen t ht nhn c to nn t mmen t ring ca cc ht thnh phn cu to nn ht nhn (proton, neutron..)

Xem thm
t ha T tnh

Nhit Nel
Nhit Nel hay nhit trt t phn st t (thng c k hiu l TN) l nhit chuyn pha phn st t thun t, , mt cht phn st t s b mt trt t t, v tr thnh thun t. Tnh cht phn st t s xut hin di nhit Nel, v trn nhit Nel, nng lng nhit ln ph v trt t t trong vt, bin vt tr thnh thun t. V mt ngha, nhit Nel cng tng t nh nhit Curie trong cc cht st t. Tn gi ca i lng ny c t theo tn ca nh vt l hc ngi Php Louis Nel (1904-2000), ngi ginh gii Nobel Vt l nm 1970 cho cc nghin cu v t hc v vt liu t. Bng di y thng k nhit Nel mt s vt liu [1] :
Cht MnO MnS Nhit Nel temperature (K) 116 160

MnTe 307 MnF2 FeF2 FeCl2 FeO 67 79 24 298

CoCl2 25 CoO NiCl2 NiO Cr 291 50 525 308

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Charles Kittel, Introduction to Solid State Physics, 8th ed., John Wiley & Sons, 2005

Xem thm
Phn st t St t Nhit Curie

Nng lng vi t

30

Nng lng vi t
Nng lng vi t (ting Anh: Micromagnetic energy) l tng hp cc dng nng lng th hin cc tng tc vi m gia cc mmen t vi nhau v vi trng tng tc bn ngoi trong mt vt st t. Nng lng vi t c th quy gn thnh nm s hng[1] : nng lng trao i, nng lng d hng, nng lng tnh t, nng lng Zeeman, v nng lng t gio. S cc tiu ha nng lng tng hp s quy nh cu trc men ca vt t[2] .

Nng lng trao i

Nng lng trao i (Exchange energy) l dng nng lng c c do tng tc trao i gia cc spin cnh nhau khi hm sng ca in t ph nhau, lm cho cc spin song song vi nhau[3] , [4] . Nng lng ny c cho bi:
Mt v d tnh ton s dng nng lng vi t hc, mt hnh vung permalloy cnh 600 nm, dy 20 nm. Cc dng nng lng ch yu chi phi trng hp ny l nng lng d hng, nng lng Zeeman v nng lng t gio. Bi ton ny c ti u ha tnh ton nh kt hp vi phng trnh Landau-Liftshitz-Gilbert

vi J, S ln lt l tch phn trao i v ln ca spin, ij l gc gia hai spin i v j.

Nng lng d hng

Nng lng d hng (Anisotropy energy) l dng nng lng lin quan n cc tnh cht d hng ca vt t trong , qu trnh t ha b ph thuc vo phng t ha do s nh hng u tin ca cc mmen t v do cu trc tinh th ca vt t quy nh. C th chia dng nng lng ny thnh hai s hng: nng lng d hng t tinh th v nng lng d hng hnh dng.

Nng lng d hng t tinh th (Magnetocrystalline anistropy energy)

Nng lng ny lin quan n s d hng to ra do tnh cht bt ng hng ca cu trc tinh th. Mmen t s u tin nh hng theo mt trc (gi l trc d t ha), v mt trc khc (vung gc vi trc d) c gi l trc kh s hu nh khng c mmen t nh hng. Nng lng d hng t tinh th l nng lng cn thit quay mmen t t trc d sang trc kh. Nng lng ny ph thuc vo s nh hng tng i ca mmen t vi cc trc tinh th v i xng tinh th. V d nh trong cu trc lp phng th nng lng d hng t tinh th cho bi:

vi K1, K2 ln lt l hng s d hng t tinh th bc 1, bc 2; , , l cc csin ch phng gia mmen t vi cc trc tinh th, V l th tch vt t.

Nng lng vi t Xem bi chi tit D hng t tinh th

31

Nng lng d hng hnh dng (Shape anistropy energy)

L nng lng c c do s bt i xng trong qu trnh t ha do hnh dng hnh hc ca vt t quy nh. Do tng tc gia cc t cc, s xut hin mt trng kh t ngc vi chiu t ha, chng li s t ha. Do , mmen t s c xu hng nh hng theo trc di ca vt. V s hng nng lng ny c xc nh bi:

vi

y, Keff, M l d hng t hiu dng v t ca vt t; l gc gia trc di v phng t ha; Na, Nb l tha s kh t theo 2 trc vung gc.

Nng lng tnh t

Nng lng tnh t (Magnetostatic energy) l dng nng lng c c do s phn b cc mmen t trong vt t. S phn b bt ng nht cc mmen t s dn n vic xut hin cc t tch b mt v to ra hai dng trng: ni trng (trng kh t) v ngoi trng (trng phn tn bn ngoi vt). Nng lng ny c xc nh bi:

vi 0 l t thm ca chn khng, Hd l trng tnh t, c xc nh bi:

Nng lng Zeeman

Nng lng Zeeman l nng lng c c do tng tc gia mmen t v t trng ngoi v c cho bi cng thc:

Nng lng t gio

Nng lng t gio (Magnetostrictive energy) l dng nng lng lin quan do hiu ng t gio, c c do s bin i v hnh dng hnh hc ca vt t do t trng ngoi (t gio thun) hoc s thay i tnh cht t khi c s thay i v th tch hay hnh dng. Bn cht ca hin tng t gio l do tng tc spin-qu o trong cc in t trong vt liu st t. Hin tng t gio ch c th xy ra khi m my in t khng c dng i xng cu v c tng tc spin-qu o mnh. Di tc dng ca t trng ngoi, s phn b ca cc in t ( y l mmen qu o) s quay theo s quay ca mmen t (mmen spin) t hng ny sang hng khc v t gio c to ra do s thay i tng ng ca tng tc tnh in gia in t t v in tch ca mi trng. Nng lng ny c cho bi:

vi s l t gio bo ha ca vt t, l ng sut c hc trong vt, l gc gia vct t v ng sut c hc.

Nng lng vi t

32

Nng lng tng cng

L tng cng ca 5 s hng nng lng ni trn, cho bi:

Cc tiu ha nng lng tng cng s quy nh cu trc men ca vt t. Ty vo hnh dng vt t v cu hnh mmen t m c th xut hin tng dng nng lng tuy nhin s cc tiu ha nng lng tng cng lun l iu kin cn cho vic xc nh trng thi cn bng ca h spin. Ngoi ra, p dng phng trnh Landau-Liftshitz-Gilbert c th b sung y hn cho vic xc nh cc trng thi ca h t. Xc nh nng lng tng cng l mt trong nhng ni dung c bn ca phng php vi t hc. i khi, cc s hng c th c vit di cc dng ton hc khc trong cc gio trnh khc nhau, nhng cng c cng bn cht v u c th quy v mt cch biu din ton hc.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Robert C. O'Handley (1999). Modern Magnetic Materials: Principles and Applications. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN-13 978-0471155669. [2] C.H. Marrow, "Spin-polarised currents and magnetic domain walls", Adv. Phys. 54 (2005) 585. (http:/ / www. informaworld. com/ smpp/ content~content=a741576309~db=all~order=page) [3] W. Heisenberg, Mehrkrperproblem und Resonanz in der Quantenmechanik, Zeitschrift fr Physik 38, 67 (June 1926), pp. 411426 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1007/ BF01397160) [4] P. A. M. Dirac, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, Series A 112, 762 (http:/ / links. jstor. org/ sici?sici=0950-1207(19261001)112:762<661:OTTOQM>2. 0. CO;2-X)

Xem thm
St t men t Phng trnh Landau-Liftshitz-Gilbert D hng t tinh th T gio

 phn cc spin

33

phn cc spin
phn cc spin (ting Anh: Spin polarization) l i lng c xc nh bng mc nh hng theo mt chiu nht nh ca spin trong cc ht c bn. Trn thc t, khi nim ny c s dng nhiu cho dng ht in t, hay cho cc h cht rn m phn cc spin lin quan n cc tnh cht st t v tnh cht t-vn chuyn ca h. Khi nim phn cc spin cng l mt khi nim c bn quan trng ca spintronics [1] .

Xc nh phn cc spin
Do thuc tnh ca spin, spin trong cc ht c bn ch c th nh hng theo 2 chiu ln (up) hoc xung (down). phn cc spin c xc nh l phn trm sai khc gia nng cc spin nh hng theo hai phng ln hoc xung [2] :

vi

ln lt l mt spin up v spin down.

Trong k thut, ngi ta c th c nhiu cch khc nhau xc nh ln ca phn cc spin nh s dng knh hin vi in t, s dng k thut ph pht x quang phn gii thi gian, k thut cng hng thun t hay cng hng st t in t...

ng dng trong t hc v spintronics

phn cc spin l mt khi nim tng qut trong vt l nhng thc cht n c s dng nhiu nht trong lnh vc t hc v spintronics m phn cc spin lin quan nhiu n tnh cht st t hoc tnh cht t in tr. phn cc spin c th c dng lm i lng ca tng loi vt liu st t, m vt liu c phn cc spin tt nht hin nay l cc vt liu bn kim (hp kim Heusler) vi phn cc spin ti gn 100%. Trong cc cu trc chui hm t, phn cc spin l mt khi nim quan trng xc nh t s t in tr ca h. i vi cc tip xc t chui hm c 2 lp st t kp gia bi mt lp in mi, t s t in tr (trong trng hp ny s dng l TMR) ph thuc vo phn cc spin ca 2 lp ( ), v c cho bi cng thc:

Hiu ng t in tr chui hm: t s TMR c xc nh lin quan trc tip n phn cc spin ca cc lp st t cu thnh h a lp.

 phn cc spin

34

Ti liu tham kho

[1] I. Zutic, J. Fabrian, S.D. Sarma, Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications, Rev. Mod. Phys. 76 (2004) 323 (http:/ / link. aps. org/ doi/ 10. 1103/ RevModPhys. 76. 323) [2] C.H. Marrow, Spin-polarised currents and magnetic domain walls, Adv. Phys. 54 (2005) 585. (http:/ / www. informaworld. com/ smpp/ content~content=a741576309~db=all~order=page)

Xem thm
Spin Spintronics Vt liu bn kim

35

Chng 2: Cc vt liu t
Thun t
Thun t l nhng cht c t tnh yu (trong ngnh t hc xp vo nhm phi t, c ngha l cht khng c t tnh). Tnh cht thun t th hin kh nng hng ng thun theo t trng ngoi, c ngha l cc cht ny c mmen t nguyn t (nhng gi tr nh), khi c tc dng ca t trng ngoi, cc mmen t ny s b quay theo t trng ngoi, lm cho cm ng t tng cng trong cht tng ln. Thun t v nghch t c xp vo nhm cc cht phi t, hoc nhm M hnh v cu trc mmen t ca cht thun t: h mmen t ca cht thun t c xem nh cc nam chm nh, c lp, khng tng tc. khng c trt t t. t thm ca cc cht thun t l ln hn 1 nhng xp x 1 (ch trnh lch c 10-6). T tnh yu ca thun t do hai yu t em li: - Mmen t nguyn t - Cc mmen t nguyn t ny nh v hon ton khng tng tc vi nhau. Cc cht thun t in hnh l: xi, nhm...

Cht thun t theo l thuyt c in Langevin

T tnh ca cht thun t c tnh theo mmen t nguyn t m trong , coi rng cc mmen t ny khng tng tc (khng tn ti tng tc trao i trong cc cht thun t). Tng thng k ca h s c cho bi[1] :

v t ha ca cht thun t c xc nh bi:

vi: l hng s Boltzmann, t trng ngoi v nhit . l s nguyn t, th tch ca vt v mmen t ca mt nguyn t.

Thun t

36

Theo l thuyt lng t

Trong c hc lng t, t c xc nh bng phng php thng k lng t v cho kt qu tng t: vi l Bohr magneton v mmen spin.

Cht thun t trong cc gii hn

Trong gii hn t trng nh T hm t ca cht thun t, c th khai trin gn ng trong gii hn t trng nh (hoc nhit cao): Khi , th

Do , t ca cht thun t t l thun vi t trng ngoi v t l nghch vi nhit theo hm:

Trong gii hn t trng ln v nhit thp nhit thp v t trng ln ( gi tr: ) th cht thun t t trng thi bo ha t, t s nhn

Siu thun t
L mt trng thi ca cht cc cht st t t c khi kch thc cc ht nh hn gii hn siu thun t, khi cht s mang hnh vi nh mt cht thun t vi t ln v bin thin theo hm Langevin.

Xem thm
Siu thun t Nghch t St t T Bohr magneton

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Buschow K.H.J, de Boer F.R. (2004). Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0-306-48408-0.

Siu thun t

37

Siu thun t
Siu thun t (ting Anh: Superparamagnetism) l mt hin tng, mt trng thi t tnh xy ra cc vt liu t, m cht biu hin cc tnh cht ging nh cc cht thun t, ngay di nhit Curie hay nhit Nel. y l mt hiu ng kch thc, v mt bn cht l s thng th ca nng lng nhit so vi nng lng nh hng khi kch thc ca ht qu nh.

Hin tng siu thun t

Hin tng (hay trng thi) siu thun t xy ra i vi cc cht st t c cu to bi cc ht tinh th nh. Khi kch thc ht ln, h s trng thi a men (tc l mi ht s cu to bi nhiu men t). Khi kch thc ht gim dn, cht s chuyn sang trng thi n men, c ngha l mi ht s l mt men. Khi kch thc ht gim qu nh, nng lng nh hng (m chi phi ch yu y l nng lng d hng t tinh th) nh hn nhiu so vi nng lng nhit, khi nng lng nhit s ph v s nh hng song song ca cc mmen t, v khi mmen t ca h ht s nh hng hn lon nh trong cht thun t. Gii hn siu thun t xy ra khi nng lng nh hng nh hn nng lng nhit, c ngha l [1] :

vi

ln lt l hng s d hng t tinh th bc 1 ca vt liu, th tch ca ht;

l hng s

Boltzmann, nhit ca mi trng xung quanh. Khi xy hin tng siu thun t, cht vn c mmen t ln ca cht st t, nhng li th hin cc hnh vi ca cht thun t, c ngha l mmen t bin i theo hm Langevin [2] :

vi

l mt ht,

l t trng.

ng dng
Cc vt liu siu thun t ang c ng dng nhiu trong vt l v y-sinh hc nh kh nng hi p nhanh vi s tc dng ca t trng bn ngoi[3] . Siu thun t c s dng trong cc ht nano t tnh, t trong cc cht lng t.

ng dng vt l
y l cc ng dng c in, c s dng t rt lu [4] : S dng cc cht lng t lm tng tnh truyn dn trong cc h dn lc, dn nhit, dn t, lm gim nhiu n loa in ng... Lm nhn cho cc h ht t lp ghp

Siu thun t

38

ng dng y - sinh hc
Cc ng dng ny mi c pht trin trong thi gian gn y [5] : Dn thuc Lm tng tng phn ca nh chp cng hng t ht nhn iu tr ung th bng t nng thn nhit cc b...

Ti liu tham kho

[1] ^ Buschow K.H.J, de Boer F.R. (2004). Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0-306-48408-0. [2] ^ Derek Craik (1995). Magnetism: Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0 471 92959 X. [3] Q.A. Pankhurst, J. Connolly, S.K. Jones, J. Dobson, Applications of magnetic nanoparticles in biomedicine, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 36 (2003) R167-R181 (http:/ / www. iop. org/ EJ/ abstract/ 0022-3727/ 36/ 13/ 201) [4] Rosensweig, R.E., Ferrohydrodynamics. 1985, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press [5] Leslie-Pelecky, D.L., V. Labhasetwar, and J. Kraus, R.H., Nanobiomagnetics, in Advanced Magnetic Nanostructures, D.J. Sellmyer and R.S. Skomski, Editors. 2005, Kluwer: New York

Xem thm
Thun t St t Nc t

Nghch t
Cc cht nghch t c cu to t mt loi phn t khng c t tnh. Khi t vo t trng ngoi trong cc phn t s xut hin dng in ph v to ra t trng ph ngc chiu t trng ngoi (v vy c tn l cht nghch t) Do cm ng t tng cng nh hn cm ng t ca t trng ngoi (<1)

Xem thm
Thun t

Sng spin

39

Sng spin
Sng spin (ting Anh: Spin wave) l mt m hnh trong t hc, c dng miu t nhng nhiu lon lan truyn trong trt t spin ca cc vt liu t. Nhng kch thch tp th ny xy ra trong cc phn mng t vi i xng lin tc. Chun ht ca sng spin c gi l magnon, l ht boson ca cc phn mng spin gn nh tng ng vi s kch thch phonon trong mng tinh th. Khi nhit tng, cc kch thch nhit ca sng spin dn n s suy gim t t pht ca vt liu st t v nng lng sng spin ch vo c eV.

L thuyt sng spin

C ch ca sng spin c th hiu thng qua vic xem xt Hamiltonian, , trong vt liu st t:

vi J l nng lng trao i, S l ton t spin, g l t s t - c, B l Bohr magneton, H l t trng ngoi.

Xem thm
Spin St t ng cong t nhit Spintronics

Ti liu tham kho

St t

40

St t
St t l cc cht c t tnh mnh, hay kh nng hng ng mnh di tc dng ca t trng ngoi, m tiu biu l st (Fe), v tn gi "st t" c t cho nhm cc cht c tnh cht t ging vi st. Cc cht st t c hnh vi gn ging vi cc cht thun t c im hng ng thun theo t trng ngoi. Tnh st t dng ch thuc tnh (t tnh mnh) ca cc cht st t. Cht st t l mt trong nhng vt liu c s dng sm nht trong lch s loi ngi, vi vic s dng cc nam chm lm la bn hoc lm cc vt dng ht st thp (thc cht l cc qung Fe3O4) t hn 2000 nm trc (m xut pht l t Trung Hoa v Hy Lp c i).

Cc tnh cht c trng ca cht st t

ng cong t tr - c trng quan trng nht ca cht st t

Cc cht st t (v d nh st (Fe), cban (Co), niken (Ni), gali (Gd)... l cc cht st t in hnh. Cc cht ny l cc cht vn c mmen t nguyn t ln (v d nh st l 2,2 B, Gd l 7 B...) v nh tng tc trao i gia cc mmen t ny, m chng nh hng song song vi nhau theo tng vng (gi l cc men t tnh. Mmen t trong mi vng gi l t t pht - c ngha l cc cht st t c t tnh ni ti ngay khi khng c t trng ngoi. y l cc ngun gc c bn to nn cc tnh cht ca cht st t.

St t

41

Hin tng t tr: L mt c trng d thy nht cht st t. Khi t ha mt khi cht st t cc mmen t s c xu hng sp xp trt t theo hng t trng ngoi do t ca mu tng dn n bo ha khi t trng ln (khi cc mmen t hon ton song song vi nhau). Khi ngt t trng hoc kh t theo chiu ngc, do s lin kt gia cc mmen t v cc men t, cc mmen t khng lp tc b quay tr li trng thi hn n nh cc cht thun t m cn gi c t gi tr khc khng. C ngha l ng cong o t s khng khp vi ng cong t ha ban u, v nu ta t ha v kh t theo mt chu trnh kn ca t trng ngoi, ta s c mt ng cong kn gi l ng cong t tr. C nhiu c ch khc nhau to ra Hnh nh cc men t ca mng CoIr chp ch Fresnel trn knh hin vi in hin tng tr nh c ch dch chuyn t truyn qua vch, c ch quay mmen t, c ch hm s pht trin ca cc mm o t... V trn ng cong t tr, ta s c cc i lng c trng ca cht st t nh sau: T bo ha: L t t c trong trng thi bo ha t, c ngha l tt c cc mmen t ca cht st t song song vi nhau. T d: L gi tr t khi t trng c kh v 0. Lc khng t: L t trng ngoi cn thit kh mmen t ca mu v 0, hay l gi tr t i chiu. i khi lc khng t cn c gi l trng o t. T thm: L mt tham s c trng cho kh nng phn ng ca cc cht t tnh di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. T thm ca cc cht st t c gi tr ln hn 1 rt nhiu, v ph thuc vo t trng ngoi (xem thm trong bi Vt liu t mm). Nhit Curie: L nhit m ti , cht b mt t tnh. di nhit Curie, cht trng thi st t, trn nhit Curie, cht s mang tnh cht ca cht thun t. Nhit Curie l mt tham s c trng cho cht st t, v d nh: St: 1043 K Cban: 1388 K Niken: 627 K Gali: 292,5 K Dysproxium (Dy): 88 K MnBi: 630 K MnSb: 587 K

D hng t tinh th: L nng lng lin quan n s nh hng ca cc mmen t v i xng tinh th ca vt liu. Do tnh d hng ca cu trc tinh th, s c s khc nhau v kh nng t ha khi ta t ha theo cc phng khc nhau, dn n vic vt liu c phng d t ha, gi l trc d (t ha) v phng kh t ha (gi l trc kh). Nng lng d hng t tinh th l nng lng cn thit quay mmen t trc kh sang trc d. Hng s d hng t tinh th l cc i lng c trng cho cc cht st t.

St t

42

Tng tc trao i v men t

Tng tc trao i l tng tc c gi thit theo l thuyt st t Heisenberg nhm gii thch s nh hng song song ca cc mmen t trong vt liu. Tng tc trao i c bn cht l tng tc tnh in c bit gia cc in t to ra s nh hng song song (hoc i song song) ca cc spin khi cc in t mt khong cch gn sao cho cc hm sng ca chng ph nhau cc tiu ha nng lng ca h. Nng lng tng tc trao i c cho bi cng thc:

vi S1, S2 l cc spin, J l tch phn trao i, cho bi:

J mang gi tr dng khi cc spin song song nhau (tng tc trao i st t) v m khi cc spin phn song song (tng tc phn st t). l hm sng ca cc in t. men t: Nh c tng tc trao i, cc mmen t ca cht st t sp xp hon ton song song vi nhau, nhng khng phi trong ton b vt th m trong tng vng, gi l cc min t ha, hay cc men t. Trong mi men, cc mmen t song song vi nhau to nn t t pht ca cht st t, nhng trong ton vt th trng thi kh t th mmen t ca cc men s sp xp hn lon nn tng t trong ton khi vn bng 0. Khi c t trng ngoi, do cc mmen t c xu hng b quay theo t trng nn s dn n s thay i v cu trc men nh s dch chuyn vch men, s thay i kch thc men, s nh hng mmen t... to nn qu trnh t ha phc tp ca cht st t. Cc men t c th quan st bng nhiu cch khc nhau v d nh bng knh hin vi in t truyn qua Lorentz cc ch khc nhau (nh Fresnel, Foucault..) hay phng php nh tng (nay t dng v qu phc tp v chnh xc khng cao), hay phng php o quang - t...

Cc loi vt liu st t
C nhiu cch khc nhau phn chia cc vt liu st t, nhng cch thng dng nht vn l phn chia theo kh nng t ha v kh t ca vt liu. Theo cch phn chia ny s c 2 nhm vt liu st t chnh: Vt liu t cng: L cc vt liu st t kh t ha v kh kh t thng dng cho cc ng dng lu tr t trng nh nam chm vnh cu, vt liu ghi t... Cc vt liu t cng in hnh l Nd2Fe14B, Sm2Co5, FePt.. (xem bi Vt liu t cng) Vt liu t mm: L cc vt liu st t d t ha v d b kh t, thng dng cho cc ng dng hot ng trong t trng ngoi nh li bin th, nam chm in, li dn t, cm bin t trng... Cc vt liu t mm in hnh l st silic (FeSi), hp kim permalloy NiFe... (xem bi Vt liu t mm)

ng dng ca vt liu st t
C th ni vt liu st t ang c nghin cu v ng dng ht sc rng ri trong khoa hc, cng nghip cng nh trong i sng, t cc nam chm vnh cu, n cc li bin th, hay cao hn l cc cng my tnh, cc u c cng... Mt hiu ng khc ca cht st t l hiu ng t nhit khng l ang c nghin cu pht trin cc th h my lnh hot ng bng t trng thay th cho cc my lnh truyn thng vi u im khng nhim, tit kim nng lng v nh gn. Cc hiu ng t in tr ca cc cht st t cng ang c khai thc ra i cc linh kin in t th h mi gi l spintronic, tc l cc linh kin hot ng bng cch iu khin spin ca in t...

St t

43

Xem thm
Vt liu t cng Vt liu t mm Phn st t Thun t T hc

Ti liu tham kho

1. ^ Buschow K.H.J, de Boer F.R. (2004). Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0-306-48408-0. 2. ^ Derek Craik (1995). Magnetism: Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0 471 92959 X.

men t
men t (xut pht t thut ng ting Anh: magnetic domain) l nhng vng trong cht st t m trong cc mmen t hon ton song song vi nhau to nn t t pht ca vt liu st t. Thut ng "men t" c nhng ngi dy vt l bc ph thng v nhng ngi khng lm cng tc nghin cu vt l Vit Nam dch l "min t ha", tuy nhin nhng ngi lm nghin cu vt l (c bit l nhng ngi trong lnh vc t hc) khng chp nhn tn gi ny m ch gi l "men t".

Ngun gc ca men t
Khi nim v men t ln u tin c a ra vo nm 1907 bi Weiss gii thch cc tnh cht c bit ca cc vt liu st t, v m hnh c s dng l gii l m hnh trng phn t (L thuyt trng phn t). Sau , hnh nh v cc men t c quan st v cc l thuyt sau l gii chnh xc s to thnh ca men t. S hnh thnh ca cc men t l do tng tc trao i dn n vic cc mmen t sp xp song song vi nhau. C ngha l trong mi men, cc mmen t sp xp theo 1 chiu nht nh to nn t t pht ca st t. L thuyt v men t tip tc c hon thin bi Van Vleck (nm 1945) v Stoner (nm 1948), Nel (nm 1948)... Tuy nhin, khng phi s sp xp song song ny tn ti trn ton vt st t m mi vt ty theo kch thc, hnh dng m c th b chia S phn chia thnh cc men t trong mng mng hp kim NiFe quan st trn knh hin vi thnh nhiu men khc nhau to nn cu trc men ca vt (trong in t truyn qua Lorentz ch Fresnel. Cc cc men khc nhau chiu ca cc mmen t s khc nhau). Cu trc ng en, trng l cc vch men, mi tn ch men hnh thnh chi phi tnh cht t vi m ca vt liu. trng thi chiu ca mmen t trong cc men. Trong qu kh t, chiu ca mmen t trong cc men sp xp sao cho tha mn trnh t ha, cu trc men b thay i cc iu kin: trit tiu t v cc tiu ha nng lng tng cng trong vt st t. Khi c t trng ngoi, cu trc men b thay i (s ln ln ca cc men t c chiu cng chiu

men t vi t trng, s quay mmen t trong cc men c chiu khc...) dn n s thay i v tnh cht t. S bin i khc nhau v men t trong qu trnh t ha to nn cc c ch t ha v cc tnh cht t khc nhau ca mi loi vt liu st t. Trong cc tnh ton v t hc, cu trc men c xc nh bng vic cc tiu ha nng lng vi t, vi nm s hng ca nng lng vi t: Nng lng trao i Nng lng d hng Nng lng tnh t Nng lng Zeeman Nng lng t gio

44

chnh xc ha vic xc nh cu trc men, cc tnh ton v nng vi t cn c kt hp vi vic gii phng trnh Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert.

Vch men
Vch men (domain wall) l vng chuyn tip ngn cch gia 2 men t lin k nhau. Gia hai men t, mmen t khng th t ngt bin i v chiu v s dn n trng thi km bn do hnh thnh nn vng chuyn tip l cc vch men. Trong cc vch men, mmen t bin i v chiu dn dn t chiu ca men ny ti men kia. Ty theo s nh hng m s c th c 2 kiu vch men t chnh: Vch Bloch: L cu hnh vch tn ti trong cc vt liu khi hoc mng dy, c cc mmen t trong vch phn b trong khng gian 3 chiu.

V d v vch men: vch 180o v vch 90o

Vch Nel: L loi vch men hnh thnh trong cc mng mng t (khi kch thc mt chiu b hn ch), cc mmen t sp xp trong mt mt phng. Cc nghin cu v vch men ang l mt ch thu ht nhiu nghin cu bi trin vng ng dng trong cc linh kin spintronic iu khin bng vch men. Trong cc linh kin ny, thng tin c m ha nh s vn chuyn ca cc vch men trong cc cu trc nano t tnh (cc dy nano, cc chm nano...), c kh nng to ra cc cng logic, cc b nh, my pht cht lng cao.

K thut quan st men v vch men

K thut s dng nh sng kh kin: c th l phng php c in nh tng nh (phng php Bitter) hoc phng php s dng hiu ng quanh t Kerr. Hn ch ca nhm k thut ny l phn gii khng cao, b gii hn bi hin tng nhiu x nh sng nn cho phn gii c vi trm nanomet. K thut s dng knh hin vi qut u d: l cc k thut s dng knh hin vi lc t, knh hin vi qut chui hm c phn tch phn cc (SP-STM)... Cc k thut ny cho phn gii tt (tt nht l SP-STM), nhng hn ch bi tc ghi nh rt thp. K thut s dng chm in t: l cc k thut trong cc knh hin vi in t c th l knh hin vi Lorentz, knh hin vi in t qut c phn tch phn cc, ton nh in t. Cc k thut ny c u im phn gii cao, tc tt, nhng ch s dng cho mu mng. K thut s dng chm bc x kt hp: s dng mt bc x kt hp (thng l tia X) c phn cc t kch thch mu pht x ra cc photon, in t th cp t to ra nh cu trc t. u im l nhanh, phn gii kh tt, nhng hay b nhiu v i hi ngun bc x kt hp.

men t Cc k thut khc...

45

Xem thm
St t Knh hin vi in t truyn qua T n men

Ti liu tham kho

1. ^ Buschow K.H.J, de Boer F.R. (2004). Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0-306-48408-0. 2. ^ De Graef M. (2003). Introduction to Conventional Transmission Electron Microscopy. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-62995. 3. ^ J N Chapman, "The investigation of magnetic domain structures in thin foils by electron microscopy", J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 17 (1984) 623-647. [1] 4. ^ K.H. Stewart (1954). Ferromagnetic domains. Cambridge University Press. ISBN.

Ch thch
[1] http:/ / www. iop. org/ EJ/ abstract/ 0022-3727/ 17/ 4/ 003

Vch men
Vch men l khi nim s dng trong vt l hc, c th l hai khi nim c lp: Vch men trong ngnh t hc l mt sai hng v cu trc t, ngn cch gia hai men t trong cc vt liu st t; Vch men trong L thuyt dy l mt im k d hai chiu.

V d v vch men phn chia theo gc: vch 180o v vch 90o.

Vch men

46

Vch men trong t hc

Vch men l mt vch ngn gia 2 men t m trong vch cc mmen t quay mt cch u n t chiu t men t ny, sang chiu ca t men lin k. S hnh thnh ca cc vch men l s cc tiu ha cc nng lng vi t ca h cc mmen t. Nng lng ca vch men chi phi ch yu bi nng lng trao i, v nng lng d hng t tinh th.

Cu hnh mmen t trong mt s loi vch men trong mt phng mng mng t: (a) vch Nel, (b) vch Bloch v (c) vch cross-tie.

Ty theo cch phn b cc mmen t ny m c th c cc cch phn loi vch khc nhau. Cch phn loi vch men n gin l theo gc gia 2 men lin k, v d vch 180o l vch ngn cch gia 2 men c t hng ngc chiu nhau, vch 90o l vch gia 2 men c t hng vung gc vi nhau. Nhng cch phn bit ph bin nht l theo kiu vch Bloch, vch Nel v vch cross-tie ph thuc vo chiu dy ca vt liu.

Cc kiu vch men

Vch Bloch

Vch men

47

:L kiu vch men thng hnh thnh trong cc vt liu khi hoc trong cc mng dy m trong vch men mmen t quay trong khng gian 3 chiu t hng ca men ny sang hng ca men t khc, chiu ca t trong vch vung gc vi mt phng cha t trong hai men thnh phn. Tn ca loi vch ny c t theo nh vt l ngi Thy S Felix Bloch, ngi ln u tin gi thuyt v vch men v xy dng l thuyt v loi vch ny vo nm 1932 [1] . dy ca vch men loi vch Bloch c xc nh bi[2] :

nh chp hin vi Fresnel tng phn cc vch men t (trng - en) trong mng mng NiFe. Vch men s b dch chuyn trong qu trnh t ha to nn s bo ha t.

vi: l hng s trao i, l hng s mng, Vch Nel L kiu vch ch xut hin trong cc mng mng t (c chiu dy nh di mt gii hn), m , cc mmen t trong vch quay trong mt phng mng mt cch u n t chiu ca men ny sang chiu ca men khc. Cu trc ca vch Nel chi phi ch yu bi nng lng trao i v nng lng tnh t. Trong cch mng mng, v dy ca mng rt nh, trng kh t theo phng vung gc vi mng rt ln, khin cho cc mmen t khng th hng ra ngoi m buc phi nm trong mt phng mng. Chiu dy ca vch Nel ph thuc vo hng s ca vt liu, v chiu dy ca mng. Gi thuyt v vch Nel sinh ra sau gi thuyt v vch Bloch, v c t tn theo nh vt l hc ngi Php Louis Eugne Flix Nel [3] . l mt nng lng vch, l h s t l ( ).

Vch men Vch cross-tie L loi vch men "trung gian" gia 2 loi Nel v Bloch. Nu nh vch Bloch ch xut hin trong cc mng dy (vt liu 3 chiu), vch Nel xut hin trong cc mng rt mng (2 chiu) th vch cross-tie xut hin trong cc mng mng c chiu dy trung bnh (nm gia 2 gii hn. Vch cross-tie c cu hnh mmen t pha trn c 2 loi: bn ra ngoi th bin i theo vch Nel, trung tm th c t hng vung gc nh vch Bloch [4] .

48

S dch chuyn ca vch men

:Vch men c th dch chuyn trong qu trnh t ha (di s tc dng ca t trng ngoi). S dch chuyn ca cc vch men dn n s thay i cc tnh cht t ca vt liu m c th y l nh hng ln qu trnh t ha. C ch dch chuyn ca cc vch men trong qu trnh t ha gii thch cc tnh cht t vi m ca vt liu. Vch men c th dch chuyn di s tc dng ca dng in v dng in t phn cc spin do khi truyn qua vch men, spin ca in t s tng tc vi mmen t trong vch, to nn cc mmen quay y cc vch dch chuyn [5] , [6] .

Quan st cc vch men v ng dng ca vch men

Vch men c th quan st bng nhiu phng php khc nhau, c th phn chia cc phng php ny da trn cng c s dng cho vic quan st:
S dch chuyn ca vch men khi gp cc tm hm to nn hiu ng bc nhy Barkhausen trong cc vt liu t.

Quan st bng nh sng kh kin: hiu ng quang t Kerr(MOKE), phng php nh tng nh Bitter; Quan st bng cc knh hin vi qut u d: s dng knh hin vi lc t, knh hin vi qut chui hm c cng c phn tch spin (SP-STM); Quan st bng chm ngun synchrotron: s dng k thut hin vi pht x in t vi ngun kch thch l cc tia X phn cc trn; Quan st bng chm in t: Knh hin vi in t qut c phn tch phn cc, Knh hin vi in t truyn qua, ton nh in t;

Vch men

49

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Z. Phys. F. Bloch, 74 (1932) 295 (http:/ / www. oac. cdlib. org/ findaid/ ark:/ 13030/ tf2n39n5nt) [2] ^ K.H. Stewart (1954). Ferromagnetic domains. Cambridge University Press. ISBN. [3] A. Hubert, R. Schfer, Magnetic domains: The Analysis of Magnetic Microstructures, Springer; Corrected edition (November 1, 2008), ISBN-10: 3540641084. [4] N. Wiese, S. McVitie, J. N. Chapman, A. Capella-Kort, F. Otto, On the scaling behaviour of cross-tie domain wall structures in patterned NiFe elements, Eu. Phys. Lett. 80 (2007) 57003. (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1209/ 0295-5075/ 80/ 57003) [5] C.H. Marrow, Spin-polarised currents and magnetic domain walls, Adv. Phys. 54 (2005) 585. (http:/ / www. informaworld. com/ smpp/ content~content=a741576309~db=all~order=page) [6] D.A. Allwood, G. Xiong, C.C. Faulker, D. Atkinson, D. Petit, R.P. Cowburn, Magnetic Domain-Wall Logic, Science 309 (2005) 1688-1692 (http:/ / www. sciencemag. org/ cgi/ content/ abstract/ 309/ 5741/ 1688?maxtoshow=& HITS=10& hits=10& RESULTFORMAT=& andorexacttitleabs=and& andorexactfulltext=and& searchid=1& FIRSTINDEX=0& volume=309& firstpage=1688& resourcetype=HWCIT)

Xem thm
men t Knh hin vi Lorentz St t

Phn st t
Phn st t l nhm cc vt liu t c trt t t m trong cu trc gm c 2 phn mng t i song song v cn bng nhau v mt gi tr. Thut ng "phn st t" cn c dng m t tnh cht ca cc vt liu phn st t, hoc dng ch cc lin kt spin trong t hc c spin i song song vi nhau. Ngi ta cn dng tn "phn st t b tr khng hon ton" cho mt nhm vt liu c trt t t khc l feri t.

C ch ca tnh phn st t
Vt liu phn st t c lit vo nhm vt liu c trt t t. i khi, cng c ngi gi Cu trc t ca vt liu phn st t, gm 2 phn mng spin i song v bng nhau vt liu phn st t l vt liu phi t bi t tnh ca chng cng yu. Tnh cht phn st t bt ngun t tng tc trao i gia cc spin. Nu nh tng tc trao i trong cc vt liu st t l tng tc trao i dng, lm cho cc spin song song nhau th tng tc trao i trong phn st t l tng tc trao i m, lm cho cc spin phn song song vi nhau. nghin cu r rng cc tnh cht ca cc phn mng ny, phng php nhiu x neutron thng c dng kho st do neutron khng c in tch, nhng c mmen t nn gy ra cc tn x trn cc phn mng t.

Phn st t

50

Cc tnh cht c bn
khng tuyt i (0 Kelvin), cc spin ca vt liu phn st t sp xp i song song nhau nn t . Nhit tng dn dn n vic ph v trt t t kiu phn song song lm tng t ha (v cm t, ) ca vt liu phn st t. T trng ngoi cng l nguyn nhn ph v trt t phn song song ca vt liu. Nhit Nel (TN, t theo tn nh vt l ngi Php Louis Nel): L i lng c trng ca vt liu phn st t (cng ging nh nhit Curie trong cht st t) l nhit m ti trt t phn st t b ph v v vt liu s chuyn sang tnh cht thun t. di nhit Nel, vt liu s mang tnh cht phn st t. Nu ta o s ph thuc ca h s t ha ( cm t ) vo nhit ca cht phn st t th ti nhit Nel s xut hin mt cc i, hay ni cch khc c chuyn pha ti nhit Nel. Mt s cht phn st t in hnh: Crm - Cr, TN = 310 K FeO - TN = 198 K MnO - TN = 122 K NiO - TN = 523 K CoO - TN = 291 K

Lin kt phn st t trong cc mng mng a lp valse spin trong a cng

ng dng ca vt liu phn st t

Vt liu phn st t trong cc ng dng t tnh thng khng c s dng c lp m thng dng lm cc cht b tr, v d lp ngn cch Cr trong cc mng a lp Fe/Cr c hiu ng t in tr khng l. ng dng ln nht ca phn st t l trong cc mng van spin (valse-spin) t in tr khng l trong cc u c a cng. Lin kt phn st t: S dng trong cc cu trc mng mng a lp c cc lp st t xen k bi cc lp khng t tnh hoc cc lp phn st t lm cho mmen t gia cc lp st t sp xp phn song song vi nhau, thng s dng trong cc mng t in tr.

Xem thm
T hc St t Thun t T in tr khng l Nhit Curie

Phn st t

51

Ti liu tham kho

1. ^ D.C. Jiles (1990). 1st. ed. Introduction to Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Springer; 1 edition (December 31, 1990). ISBN 10 0412386402. 2. ^ Derek Craik (1995). Magnetism: Principles and Applications. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0 471 92959 X.

Phng trnh Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert

Phng trnh Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation, vit tt l phng trnh LLG) l mt phng trnh vi phn o hm ring c t tn theo cc nh vt l Lev Landau, Evgeny Lifshitz v T. L. Gilbert m t chuyn ng hi chuyn ca mmen t hay t ha trong cht rn. Phng trnh ny c b sung bi Gilbert t phng trnh Landau-Lifshitz nguyn bn.

Phng trnh Landau-Lifshitz nguyn bn

Phng trnh Landau-Lifshitz c xy dng bi hai nh vt l X Vit l Lev Landau v Evgeny Lifshitz v c cng b vo nm 1935. Phng trnh ny m t chuyn ng ca t ha qua l gii v l thuyt s tn ti ca cc men t[1] :

Vi: l h s tt dn hin tng lun Landau-Lifshitz ph thuc vo vt liu rn, l t s t c ca in t. M, H ln lt l t ha v t trng ngoi, t l thi gian.

Phng trnh Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert y

Phng trnh Landau-Lifshitz c th ng dng tt cho vic tnh ton cc h vi h s tt dn nh, nhng li tr nn sai lch nhiu khi h s tt dn ln. b sung iu ny, Gilbert sa i li phng trnh ny vo nm 1955 v thay i h s tt dn bng h s tt dn khc, v phng trnh tr thnh[2] , [3] :

y, c gi l hng s tt dn Gilbert, v mi nghim ca phng trnh ny u tha mn phng trnh Landau-Lifshitz nguyn bn khi thay bi /(1+2). Phng trnh c th khai trin di dng vct nh sau:

ng dng ca phng trnh LLG

Phng trnh LLG l mt trong nhng phng trnh c bn s dng trong cc tnh ton v vi t hc xc nh trng thi v cu hnh t ha trong cc h spin. LLG c bit hiu qu trong cc h cc cu trc t nh. xc nh trng thi, ngi ta cn kt hp vi bi ton xc nh nng lng vi t ca h. Hai h phn mm rt thng dng s dng phng trnh LLG m phng trng thi cc cu trc t nh l OOMMF[4] (pht trin bi Vin Tiu chun v Cng ngh Quc gia Hoa K) v NMAG[5] (pht trin bi Trng i hc Southampton, Anh Quc), v mt s nhm chng trnh m phng khc kt hp vi bi ton nng lng vi t[6] , [7] .

Phng trnh Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert

52

Ti liu tham kho

[1] L. D. Landau, E. M., Lifshitz, Theory of the dispersion of magnetic permeability in ferromagnetic bodies, Phys. Z. Sowietunion 8 (1935) 153. (http:/ / www. iop. org/ EJ/ abstract/ 1063-7869/ 41/ 6/ A11) [2] T. L. Gilbert, A Lagrangian formulation of the gyromagnetic equation of the magnetic field, Phys. Rev. 100 (1955) 1243. [3] T. L. Gilbert, A phenomenological theory of damping in ferromagnetic materials, IEEE Trans. Mag. 40 (2004) 3443-3449. (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1109/ TMAG. 2004. 836740) [4] OOMMF Project at NIST (http:/ / math. nist. gov/ oommf/ ) [5] NMAG - Computational micromagnetism (http:/ / nmag. soton. ac. uk/ nmag/ ) [6] T. Schrefl, J. Fidler, H Kronmller, Remanence and coercivity in isotropic nanocrystalline permanent magnets, Phys. Rev. B 49 (1994) 6100. (http:/ / link. aps. org/ abstract/ PRB/ v49/ p6100) [7] magpar - Parallel Finite Element Micromagnetics Package (http:/ / magnet. atp. tuwien. ac. at/ scholz/ magpar/ )

Xem thm
T hc Mmen t t ha

Vt liu t cng
Vt liu t cng l vt liu st t, kh kh t v kh t ha. ngha ca tnh t "cng" y chnh l thuc tnh kh kh t v kh b t ha, ch khng xut pht t c tnh ca vt liu t.

Lch s
Vt liu t cng l loi vt liu t c pht hin v s dng sm nht trong lch s loi ngi. Ngi Trung Quc cho rng t i Hong (tr v Trung Hoa t nhng nm 2698 TCN n 2599 TCN), ch to ra cc kim ch nam dng xc nh phng hng. l cc nam chm c kh nng ht st v nh hng Bc-Nam. Chnh s u tin ghi chp vic ch to cc la bn ny l u i Nh Chu (1046-771 TCN) v la bn thc s xut hin nhiu l th k th 7 trc cng nguyn (ng thi Trung Quc v Hy Lp). Cc kim ch nam trong la bn l mt dng ca vt liu t cng, l cc xit st .

Hnh nh cc nam chm t him NdFeB - vt liu t cng in hnh

Cc vt liu t cng thng phm dng ch to nam chm vnh cu xut hin ln u tin vo nhng nm t 1740 n 1750 chu u v thc s pht trin mnh t cui th k 19, u th k 20 n nay.

Vt liu t cng

53

Cc c trng
Vt liu t cng c nhiu c trng t hc, s ph thuc ca tnh cht t vo nhit , bn, chng mi mn... Di y lit k mt s c trng quan trng.

Lc khng t
Lc khng t, k hiu l l i lng quan trng c trng cho tnh t cng ca vt liu t cng. V vt liu t cng l kh t ha v kh kh t, nn ngc li vi vt liu t mm, n c lc khng t cao. iu kin ti thiu l trn 100 Oe, nhng vt liu t cng ph bin thng c lc khng t c hng ngn Oe tr ln. Ngun gc ca lc khng t ln trong cc vt liu t cng ch yu lin quan n n d hng t tinh th ln trong vt liu. Cc vt liu t cng thng c cu trc tinh th c tnh i xng km hn so vi cc vt liu t mm v chng c d hng t tinh th rt ln.

ng cong t tr v cc c trng ca vt liu t cng

Lc khng t ca vt liu t cng thng thng c bit n qua cng thc:

trong : Thnh phn th nht c ng gp ln nht vi l hng s d hng t tinh th bc 1, l t bo ha. Thnh phn th 2, ng gp nh hn mt bc vi l tha s kh t o theo hai phng khc nhau. Thnh phn th 3 c ng gp nh nht vi l t gio bo ha, l ng sut ni. V a, b, c ln lt l cc h s ng gp.

Tch nng lng t cc i

Tch nng lng cc i l i lng c trng cho mnh yu ca vt t, c c trng bi nng lng t cc i c th tn tr trong mt n v th tch vt t. i lng ny c n v l n v mt nng lng .

Tch nng lng t cc i c xc nh trn ng cong kh t (xem hnh v) thuc v gc phn t th 2 trn ng cong t tr, l mt im sao cho gi tr ca tch cm ng t B v t trng H l cc i. V th, tch nng lng t cc i thng c k hiu l . V l tch ca B (n v trong CGS l Gauss - G), v H (n v trong CGS l Oersted - Oe), nn tch nng lng t cn c mt n v khc l GOe (n v ny thng dng hn n v chun SI trong khoa hc v cng ngh vt liu t) .

c tch nng lng t cao, vt liu cn c lc khng t ln v cm ng t d cao.

Vt liu t cng

54

Cm ng t d
Cm ng t d, thng k hiu l hay , l cm ng t cn d sau khi ngt t trng (xem hnh).

Nhit Curie
y l nhit m ti vt liu b mt t tnh, tr thnh cht thun t. Mt s vt liu t cng c ng dng trong cc nam chm hot ng nhit cao nn n i hi nhit Curie rt cao. Loi vt liu t cng c nhit Curie cao nht hin nay l nhm cc vt liu trn nn SmCo c nhit Curie t 500C n trn 1000C.

Mt t tch hiu dng

Cc phng trnh Maxwell (trong h o lng SI) p dng cho vt liu t cng, khi khng c dng in t do chy bn trong vt liu ny:

y, B l cm ng t, H l cng t trng, M l t ha. Vy tn ti trng v hng Vm, gi l th v hng t (ng vai tr tng t in th trong tnh in hc), tha mn:

vi m l mt t tch hiu dng (ng vai tr tng t mt in tch trong tnh in hc):

ng dng
Vt liu t cng c th dng ch to cc nam chm vnh cu hoc c s dng lm vt liu ghi t trong cc a cng, cc bng t.

Mt s loi
Hp kim AlNiCo: L hp kim c s dng trong nam chm vnh cu, c thnh phn ch yu l nhm (Al), niken v cban (Co), c th c thm cc thnh phn ph gia nh ng (Cu), titan (Ti),... Hp kim ny c t d cao, nhng c lc khng t kh nh (thng khng vt qu 2 kOe) v c gi thnh cao.

Vt liu t cng Vt liu t cng ferrite: L cc gm ferrite, m in hnh l ferrite bari (BaFexO), stronsti (SrFexO) v c th b sung cc nguyn t t him (v d lanthannium (La)) ci thin tnh t cng. Ferrite l vt liu c 2 phn mng t b tr nhau, v cha hm lng xi ln nn kh to ra t ln, nhng li c lc khng t ln hn rt nhiu so vi AlNiCo. Lc khng t ca ferrite c th t ti 5 kOe. Ferrite c im mnh l r tin, ch to d dng v c bn cao. V th n chim phn ln th phn nam chm th gii (ti hn 50%) d c phm cht khng phi l cao. Cc vt liu t cng lin kim loi chuyn tip - t him: in hnh l hai hp cht v h SmCo (Samarium-Cobalt), l cc vt liu t cng tt nht hin nay. Hp cht Nd2Fe14B c cu trc t Cu trc tinh th ca NdFeB gic, c lc khng t c th t ti trn 10 kOe v c t bo ha cao nht trong cc vt liu t cng, do to ra tch nng lng t khng l. SmCo l loi vt liu t cng c lc khng t ln nht (c th t ti 40 kOe), v c nhit Curie rt cao nn thng s dng trong cc my mc c nhit hot ng cao (nam chm nhit cao). Tuy nhin, nhc im ca cc nam chm t him l c bn khng cao (do cc nguyn t t him d b xi ha), c gi thnh cao do cc nguyn t t him c gi thnh rt cao, vt liu NdFeB cn c nhit Curie khng cao lm (312oC) nn khng s dng iu kin khc nghit c. Nam chm t him c tch nng lng t k lc l t ti 57 MGOe. Hp kim FePt v CoPt: Bt u c nghin cu t nhng nm 1950s. H hp kim ny c cu trc tinh th t gic tm din (fct), thuc loi c trt t ha hc L10, c u im l c lc khng t ln, c kh nng chng mi mn, chng xi ha rt cao. Loi hp kim ny hin nay ang c s dng lm vt liu ghi t trong cc cng. Nam chm t hp trao i n hi: Loi vt liu c bt u pht trin t nhng thp k 90 ca th k 20, vi cu trc t hp ca 2 loi vt liu: vt liu t mm cung cp t bo ha ln, vt liu t cng cho lc khng t cao, v cc ht t hp kch thc nanomet, c lin kt trao i vi nhau, to ra tnh cht t hp v s cho loi nam chm mi vi tnh t cng tuyt vi, ln hn tt c cc vt liu t cng bit. Tuy nhin, vo thi im hin ti, cc tnh cht t c trong thc t cn thua xa d on l thuyt do cha to c cu trc hon ho nh d on. Loi vt liu ny vn trong giai on nghin cu pht trin.

55

Xem thm
T hc St t Vt liu t mm Magnet [1]

Lin kt ngoi
Hard magnets in University of Birmingham [2] Bi vit v vt liu t cng v t mm trn Din n Vt l Vit Nam [3]

Vt liu t cng

56

Ti liu tham kho

1. ^ Buschow K.H.J, de Boer F.R. (2004). Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0-306-48408-0. 2. ^ Robert C. O'Handley (1999). Modern Magnetic Materials: Principles and Applications. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN-13 978-0471155669. 3. ^ 4. ^

Ch thch
[1] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Magnet [2] http:/ / www. aacg. bham. ac. uk/ magnetic_materials/ hard_magnets. htm [3] http:/ / www. vatlyvietnam. org/ forum/ showthread. php?t=1190

Vt liu t mm
Vt liu t mm, hay vt liu st t mm (ting Anh: Soft magnetic material) l vt liu st t, "mm" v phng din t ha v kh t, c ngha l d t ha v d kh t. Vt liu st t mm thng c dng lm vt liu hot ng trong trng ngoi, v d nh li bin th, li nam chm in, cc li dn t...

Cc thng s ca vt liu t mm
* Thng s quan trng u tin ni ln tnh cht t mm ca vt liu t mm l lc khng t (coercivity, thng k hiu l ). Lc khng t l t trng ngoi ngc cn thit trit tiu t ca mu. Lc khng t ca cc vt liu t mm phi nh hn c 100 Oe. Nhng vt liu c tnh t mm tt, thm ch c lc khng t rt nh (ti c 0,01 Oe). t thm ban u (intial permeability): L thng s rt quan trng ni ln tnh t mm ca vt liu t mm. t thm ban u c nh ngha bi cng thc:

ng cong t tr ca vt liu t mm v mt s thng s trn ng tr

Vt liu t mm c t thm ban u t vi trm, n vi ngn, cc vt liu c tnh t mm tt c th t ti vi chc ngn, thm ch hng trm ngn. Ch : t thm (permeability) l i lng c trng cho kh nng phn

Vt liu t mm ng ca vt liu t di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Nh ta bit quan h gia cm ng t B, t trng ngoi H v t ha M theo cng thc:

57

vi

l hng s t, hay t thm ca chn khng. H v M quan h theo biu thc:

c gi l cm t (magnetic sucseptibility). Nh vy, B c quan h vi H theo cng thc:

v gi tr

c gi l t thm (hiu dng) ca vt liu)

t thm cc i (Maximum permeability): Ta bit rng vt liu st t khng nhng c t thm ln m cn c t thm l mt hm ca t trng ngoi. V t thm cc i cng l mt thng s quan trng. C nhng vt liu st t mm c t thm cc i rt cao, ti hng vi trm ngn v d nh permalloy, hay hp kim nano tinh th Finemet... Cm ng t bo ha, cao nht l hp kim hay t bo ha : Vt liu t mm thng c t bo ha rt cao. Loi c t c t bo ha t ti 2,34 T.

Cc thng s ng ch khc
Tn hao dng xoy: Nh bit, vt liu t mm c s dng trong t trng ngoi, v nu s dng trong trng xoay chiu, s sinh ra cc dng in Foucault gy mt mt nng lng v ta nhit. Cng sut tn hao Foucault c tnh theo cng thc:

vi: l cm ng t bo ho ca li : dy ca li l mt h s c trng : Tn s t trng xoay chiu : Khi lng ring vt liu : in tr sut T cng thc ny ta l gii c vic cc li bin th tn Si (FeSi) c ch to thnh cc l mng nhm lm gim dy, gim tn hao dng xoy. ng thi, li FeSi ch c th s dng cho bin th tn s thp v tn s cao, tn hao s rt ln (do FeSi c in tr sut thp), trong khi cc vt liu gm ferrite c th s dng cc tn s rt cao do chng c bn cht gm, c in tr sut rt ln, lm gim tn hao dng xoy. Tn hao tr (Hysteresis Loss): Khi vt liu t mm c s dng trong trng ngoi, n s b t ha v to ra chu trnh tr, v s c nng lng b tn hao cho vic t ha vt liu c trng tn s: Khi s dng tn s cng cao, phm cht ca vt liu cng b suy gim, do s thay i ca phm cht theo tn s l mt thng s rt ng quan tm. T gio: V mt bn cht, t gio l s thay i hnh dng vt liu t di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Vic kh t gio gip cho vic to ra tnh t mm tt. C nhng vt liu c t gio bng 0 nh vt liu v nh hnh nn Co.

Vt liu t mm

58

Mt s loi vt liu t mm

ng dng ca vt liu t mm trong k thut (Qung co ca cng ty Hitachi)

* Tn Silic: L hp kim ca st (khong 85%), vi Silic (Si), hoc cha thm khong 5,4% nhm (Al), cn c gi l hp kim Sendust, l mt trong nhng vt liu st t mm c dng ph bin nht c cng cao, c t thm cao v tn hao tr thp. Tuy nhin, vt liu ny trn nn kim loi, nn c in tr sut thp, do khng th s dng tn s cao do s lm xut hin tn hao xoy ln. Hp kim Permalloy L hp kim ca niken (Ni) v st (Fe), c lc khng t rt nh, t thm rt cao (vt liu c t thm ban u ln ti 10000), c bn c hc v kh nng chng n mn cao. Tuy nhin, permalloy c t bo ha khng cao. Hp kim FeCo: l cc hp kim t mm c t bo ha cao, nhit Curie cao Cc vt liu gm ferrite: L hp cht ca xit Fe ( chung l ) vi mt xit kim loi ha tr 2 khc, c cng thc . Cc ferrite mang bn cht gm, nn c in tr sut rt cao nn tn hao dng xoy ca

ferrite rt thp, c dng cho cc ng dng cao tn v siu cao tn. Hp kim v nh hnh v nan tinh th: L cc hp kim nn st hay c ban (Co), trng thi v nh hnh, do c in tr sut cao hn nhiu so vi cc hp kim tinh th, ng thi c kh nng chng n mn, bn c hc cao, v c th s dng tn s cao hn so vi cc vt liu tinh th nn kim loi. Vt liu v nh hnh khng c cu trc tinh th, nn trit tiu d hng t tinh th, v th n c tnh t mm rt tt. Vt liu v nh hnh nn Co cn c t gio bng 0 nn cn c lc khng t cc nh. Khi kt tinh t trng thi v nh hnh, ta c vt liu nano tinh th, l cc ht nan kt tinh trn nn v nh hnh d, trit tiu t gio t t hp hai pha v nh hnh v tinh th nn c tnh t mm cc tt v c th s dng tn s cao. Vt liu t mm nano tinh th thng phm tt nht l [FINEMET] ( ) c pht minh bi Yoshizawa (Hitachi Metal Ltd, Nht Bn) nm 1988 v nhiu th h khc c pht trin sau .

Vt liu t mm V nhiu loi khc...

59

ng dng ca vt liu t mm
Li bin th, li dn t, cun cm Nam chm in Cun chn, cm bin o t trng ...

Xem thm
T hc Vt liu t cng St t Bi vit v vt liu t mm trn Din n Vt l Vit Nam [3]

Lin kt ngoi
http://www.aacg.bham.ac.uk/magnetic_materials/soft_magnets.htm http://www.hitachi-metals.co.jp/e/prod/prod02/p02_22.html

Ti liu tham kho

1. ^ Buschow K.H.J, de Boer F.R. (2004). Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0-306-48408-0. 2. ^ 3. ^

Cng ngh ngui nhanh

60

Cng ngh ngui nhanh

Cng ngh ngui nhanh (ting Anh: rapid cooling, melt-spinning) hay cn c gi l phng php lm lnh nhanh hoc ti nhanh (rapid quenching) l mt cng ngh luyn kim dng ch to cc bng hp kim hoc kim loi v nh hnh bng cch lm lnh nhanh hp kim nng chy vi tc thu nhit rt ln (t 104 K/s n 107 K/s).

Nguyn tc chung
Tc lm lnh c xc nh bng cng thc:

Nguyn l phng php ngui nhanh trn trng quay

vi

ln lt l nhit ca hp kim nng chy, v nhit ca mi trng lm lnh,

l thi gian thu

nhit. Nguyn tc chung ca phng php ngui nhanh l dng mt mi trng lm lnh thu nhit nhanh ca hp kim nng chy, gi cu trc ca hp kim ha rn ging nh trng thi ca cht lng (trng thi v nh hnh). Mi trng lm lnh c th l cc khi kim loi quay nhanh, hoc cc kh ha lng (nit lng, hli lng...). to cho tc thu nhit rt nhanh, mi trng thu nhit phi va c kh nng hp th nhit ln ng thi phi to sao cho hp kim lng ch tip xc trong thi gian rt ngn (tc thu nhit ngn) nhm to ra tc ln.

Cng ngh ngui nhanh

61

Cng ngh ngui nhanh trn trng quay

Nguyn l ca phng php ny l dng mt trng quay c b mt nhn bng vi tc cao lm mi trng thu nhit ca hp kim nng chy. Hp kim c lm nng chy trong ni nu bng phng php nng chy cm ng bng dng in cao tn. Ni nu c thit k c bit sao cho khe n c mt khe hp v t gn st b mt trng. Dng mt dng kh nn (thng l cc kh tr trnh xi ha) thi hp kim nng chy ln b mt trng quay. V ming vi phun t rt gn mt trng nn hp kim b dn mng v rt d b ly nhit, ng thi nh trng quay vi tc cao nn hp kim va b lm lnh nhanh, va b dn mng ko thnh bng di.
Phng php ngui nhanh trn trng quay n trc

Thi gian thu nhit trong phng php ny rt ngn (t l nghch vi tc quay ca trng) ch c 10-3 n 10-2 giy nn tc lm ngui c th t ti t 104 K/s n 107 K/s, d dng to ra cc hp kim v nh hnh dng bng mng. Phng php ngui nhanh n trc: L phng php ngui nhanh trn trng quay, nhng s dng mt trng quay vi tc cao, hp kim c phun trn b mt trng nh vi phun t st b mt. dy ca bng hp kim ph thuc vo 2 yu t l khong cch t vi phun n mt trng v tc trng. Phng php ny d tin hnh v gi thnh thp nhng c mt nhc im l d xy ra s sai khc v cu trc cng nh tnh cht b mt 2 pha ca bng hp kim ng thi tnh lp li v chiu dy ca hp kim thng khng cao.
Thit b ngui nhanh n trc ti Trung tm Khoa hc Vt liu, Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin (H Ni)

Phng php hai trc: L phng php ngui nhanh s dng 2 trng quay t tip xc vi nhau v quay ngc chiu nhau. Hp kim c lm lnh gia 2 khe ca b mt trng, va b lm lnh va b cn p nn c dy rt chun xc (ch ph thuc vo khong cch gia hai trng v tc trng) ng thi tnh cht hai b mt sai khc rt thp. Nhng im kh ca phng php ny l tnh ng b gia hai trng quay.

im quan trng ca phng php ngui nhanh l ch to cc trng quay trn mt trc cc k chnh xc ( rung ca b mt trng rt thp, ch c mt vi micromet), ng thi b mt ca cc trng phi c x l rt sch v nhn. Cc trng thng c ch to bng cc kim loi c kh nng thu nhit nhanh v t b xi ha. Hai loi vt liu ph bin c dng l ng v mlipen. ch to cc bng hp kim c bit cha cc kim loi d b xi ha, ngi ta c th t c h trong mi trng bo v (c ht chn khng cao, v c np cc kh bo v).

Cng ngh ngui nhanh

62

Lch s
Phng php ngui nhanh ln u tin c xy dng vo nm 1960 bi nhm ca Pol Duwez (P. Duwez, W. Klement Jun, R,H. Willens) Vin Cng ngh California (Caltech), ch to thnh cng mt lot hp kim Eutectic v nh hnh nh AuSi, AgCu, AgGe...

ng dng cng ngh

Cng ngh ngui nhanh hin ang c ng dng rt rng ri ch to cc hp kim dng bng mng c cu trc v nh hnh. u im ca n l n gin, gi thnh r v kt hp mt cch lin tc cc cng on ca k thut luyn kim nn d dng c trin khai quy m cng nghip. Ngy nay, phng php ngui nhanh vn l mt phng php ph bin s dng trong c nghin cu khoa hc v cng ngh vt liu, cng nh trong cng nghip sn xut vt liu v nh hnh. Tnh hu ch ca cng ngh ny dn n vic thut ng "nng chy-quay" (ting Anh l melt-spinning) c dng l "phng php ngui nhanh". Ngoi vic ch to hp kim v nh hnh, n cn l mt phng php tng t nh phng php cn lnh nn cn c dng ch to cc bng kim loi, hp kim mng. Trong cng nghip, phng php ny c th ch to cc bng hp kim (c v nh hnh v khng v nh hnh) c chiu rng hng met v chiu di hng vi chc mt vi dy t mt vi micromet n vi chc hoc vi trm micromet. Nhc im ca n l ch cho php ch to cc hp kim v nh hnh dng bng mng, m khng th to ra cc hp kim v nh hnh dng khi.

Ti liu tham kho

H. Jones, "A perspective on the development of rapid solidification and nonequilibrium processing and its future", Mater. Sci. Eng. A 31 (2001) 11-19. [1] P. Duwez et al. "Non-crystalline Structure in Solidified GoldSilicon Alloys", Nature 187 (1960) 869-870 [2] P. Duwez et al. "Continuous Series of Metastable Solid Solutions in Silver-Copper Alloys", J. Appl. Phys. 31 (1960) 11361137 [3] P. Duwez et al. "Metastable Electron Compound in Ag-Ge Alloys", J. Appl. Phys. 31 (1960), p. 1137 [4]

Ch thch
[1] http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TXD-42TC6T2-3& _user=10& _coverDate=05%2F31%2F2001& _rdoc=1& _fmt=& _orig=search& _sort=d& view=c& _acct=C000050221& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=10& md5=20251527f278402052d0191c9351d042 [2] http:/ / www. nature. com/ nature/ journal/ v187/ n4740/ abs/ 187869b0. html;jsessionid=459829654AA7C6F1C9E90EC74CB422F8 [3] http:/ / scitation. aip. org/ getabs/ servlet/ GetabsServlet?prog=normal& id=JAPIAU000031000006001136000002& idtype=cvips& gifs=yes [4] http:/ / scitation. aip. org/ getabs/ servlet/ GetabsServlet?prog=normal& id=JAPIAU000031000006001137000001& idtype=cvips& gifs=yes

FINEMET

63

FINEMET
FINEMET l tn mt loi vt liu t mm thng phm c cu trc nan da trn nn hp kim ca st c cng thc l Fe73,5Si13,5B9Nb3Cu1 (t l phn trm nguyn t). Finemet l mt trong nhng vt liu t mm tt nht. Hin nay, Finemet l thng phm t mm c gi bn quyn bi Hitachi Metals (Nht Bn) [1] v Metglas (M) [2] . Tn FINEMET l t ghp ca Fine metal, do trong cu trc ca FINEMET c cha cc ht kim loi siu mn kch thc nano.

Cu trc v tnh cht ca FINEMET

FINEMET ln u tin c ch to v cng b bi nhm nghin cu ca Y. Yoshizawa, S. Oguma, K. Yamauchi (Phng th nghim Nghin cu cc vt liu t v ng dng ca vt liu t mm FINEMET trong k thut (Qung co ca cng ty in t, Hitachi Metals, Nht Bn) vo nm Hitachi) 1988 [3] . Theo bi bo ny, Finemet c rt ra t h vt liu nn st c cng thc chung l Fe74,5-xSi13,5B9Nb3Cux vi x thay i t 0 n 1,5% t phn nguyn t, v thnh phn cho tnh cht tt nht vi x = 1,0 c pht trin mnh tr thnh thng phm v gi tn l FINEMET. V FINEMET tr thnh mt vt liu vi tnh t mm tuyt vi vi nhiu c tnh l th c v mt cng ngh cng nh ng dng [4] .

Tnh cht ca FINEMET

Khi mi ch to, FINEMET dng cc bng kim loi mng, dy t 10 micromet n vi chc micromet. FINEMET l vt liu t mm c tnh cht t mm hon ho, v c xp vo nhm cc vt liu t siu mm v khc phc c nhng nhc im ca cc vt liu t mm truyn thng: t thm cc cao
nh TEM chp cu trc ht ca FINEMET a) nh trng sng, b) nh trng ti.

t thm (tng i) ca FINEMET c th t ti vi trm ngn ln (tt nht) trong s cc vt liu t mm c t thm cao. Lc khng t rt nh Lc khng t ca FINEMET rt nh, c th ti mc di 1 A/m (tc l xp x 0,01 Oe)[5] , ngang vi mc vt liu c lc khng t nh nht l Permalloy.

FINEMET Cm ng t bo ha cao v kh nng hot ng tn s cao Khc vi vt liu siu mm permalloy bn cnh cc gi tr t thm cao, lc khng t cc nh nhng cm ng t li rt thp (di 1 T) th FINEMET li c cm ng t bo ha rt ln t 1,2 T n 1,5 T. Khng nh cc loi vt liu t mm nn kim loi khc l khng th lm vic trong t trng xoay chiu c tn s cao do in tr sut rt b (kim loi) th FINEMET li c in tr sut ln (do c pht trin t cu trc v nh hnh) nn c kh nng lm vic trong t trng xoay chiu c tn s cao (t c kHz n MHz) v tn hao tr cng nh tn hao xoy cc nh. c trng tn s c FINEMET c th coi tng ng vi vt liu gm ferrite chuyn dng cho cao tn (nhng phm cht ca ferrite khng tt). Hnh dng ng tr rt d thay i v c tnh c hc tt ng cong t tr ca FINEMET c th d dng thay i nh vic trong t trng. Ngoi ra, FINEMET c kh nng chng n mn (mi mn c hc v ha hc) cao, ng thi rt do dai. Trong cng nghip, FINMET c ch to dng cc bng kim mng rt do, c cun thnh tng cun c th di ti vi chc m v rng t vi chc cm n 1 m. Hiu ng t tng tr khng l Gn y, ngi ta cn thu c hiu ng t tng tr khng l (s thay i ca tng tr hoc t thm ngang) trn cc bng t Finemet t ti vi trm % [6] . Tnh cht ny rt hu hiu trong vic to ra cc sensor o t trng siu nhy [7] .

64

Cu trc v c ch to tnh t mm
FINMET l hp kim c cu trc nanomet vi cc ht st t mm bbc-Fe(Si) (ht Fe(Si) c cu trc lp phng tm khi) vi t phn khong 80% th tch, v 20% cn li l nn cc ma trn v nh hnh bao quanh. Tnh cht ca hp kim c to ra t do s t hp tnh cht ca hai pha tinh th v v nh hnh. Herzer l ngi l gii thnh cng c ch v tnh cht t mm trong cc hp kim ny [8] : D hng t hiu dng Trong h cc ht st t siu mn, d hng t tinh th khng cn mang gi tr nh trong vt liu khi m b hiu dng ha, t l vi ly tha bc 6 ca kch thc ht:

v khi , lc khng t s t l thun vi bc 6 ca kch thc ht:

Vi: K1 l h s t tinh th bc 1 ca vt liu khi, D l kch thc ht, Lex l di tng tc trao i. Tng t, h s t thm th t l nghch vi bc 6 kch thc ht. V th, vi cc ht mn 10-20 nm, lc khng t tr nn rt nh cn t thm th tr thnh rt ln.

T gio bng 0 T gio ca FINEMET c to ra nh t hp t gio ca hai pha: cc ht nano tinh th bbc-Fe(Si) vi t gio bo ha m v pha v nh hnh vi t gio bo ha dng. t phn hp l ca pha nano tinh th (theo tnh ton th t 78-82%) s b tr t gio, to ra t gio hon ton bng 0.

FINEMET

65

K thut ch to v cc ci tin t FINEMET

K thut ch to
Phng php thng dng nht ch to FINEMET l k thut ngui nhanh. Cng ngh ngui nhanh c s dng to ra cc bng hp kim v nh hnh mng. Cu trc nano c to ra nh vic nhit thch hp trong mi trng chn khng hoc mi trng c s dng cc kh tr bo v hp kim khi b xy ha. Qu trnh (thng s dng nhit t 500oC n 600oC vi thi gian c th ko di t 30 pht n 1 gi) gip cho vic ti kt tinh hp kim v nh hnh to ra cc ht nano c cu trc tinh th. Qu trnh c th dn n vic hp kim b gi ha v do dai b suy gim. Ngoi ra, ngi ta c th to trc tip cu trc nano ngay t qu trnh ngui nhanh bng cch gim tc lm ngui v to ra qu trnh kt tinh khi lm ngui. Tuy nhin, k thut ny thng kh iu khin v gim i ng nht ca cu trc.

Ci tin t FINEMET
FINEMET l hp kim t mm u tin s dng cu trc nano trn nn v nh hnh v nhanh chng c thng mi ha nh nhng phm cht tuyt vi. T s xut hin ca FINEMET, ngi ta ci tin thnh phn to ra nhiu loi hp kim t mm c cu trc nano vi nhiu tnh cht c bit hn: NANOPERM L hp kim vi cc thnh phn Fe-M-B vi thnh phn Fe c th ln ti 64% nguyn t, M c th l Zr-Cu, Hf-Cu..., ln u tin xut hin vo nm 1998 theo cng b ca nhm A. Makino (Nht Bn) [9] . NANOPERM c cm ng t c bit cao (vt trn 1,5 T), c t thm rt ln (t PERM trong ci tn NANOPERM lin quan n t thm cao - PERMEABILITY) v c bn c hc cao hn FINEMET. HITPERM L hp kim tng t nh NANOPERM, nhng s dng mt na l Co thay th cho Fe nh nng cao c nhit Curie ln rt ln. Ci tn HITPERM c ngha l hp kim c nhit Curie cao (trn 1000oC). Thnh phn thng mi ban u ca HITPERM l (Fe,Co)88Zr7B4Cu1, ln u tin c to ra bi nhm nghin cu ca M. A. Willard (Carnegie Mellon University, Hoa K)[10] . HITPERM c cu to bi cc ht nano ca pha -FeCo, nn c nhit Curie rt cao v cm ng t bo ha c bit ln (vt trn 2 T) nn c s dng trong li dn t ca cc ng c phn lc - ni i hi nhit lm vic rt cao.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Nanocrystalline soft magnetic material FINEMET (http:/ / www. hitachi-metals. co. jp/ e/ prod/ prod02/ p02_21. html) [2] Finemet Products (http:/ / www. metglas. com/ products/ page5_2_2. htm) [3] Y. Yoshizawa, S. Oguma, and K. Yamauchi, New Fe-based soft magnetic alloys composed of ultrafine grain structure, J. Appl. Phys. 64, 6044 (1988). (http:/ / link. aip. org/ link/ ?JAPIAU/ 64/ 6044/ 1) [4] M. E. McHenry, D. E. Laughlin, Nano-scale materials development for future magnetic applications, Acta Materialia 48 (2000) 223-238. (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TW8-3YDG01N-F& _user=121723& _coverDate=01/ 01/ 2000& _alid=820500214& _rdoc=1& _fmt=high& _orig=search& _cdi=5556& _sort=d& _docanchor=& view=c& _ct=1& _acct=C000009999& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=121723& md5=e9d13e87446db3218b739aa035bb6f5c) [5] D.T.H. Gam, N.D. The, N.H. Hai, N. Chau, N.Q. Hoa, Md.S. Mahmud, Investigation of the nanocrystallization process and the magnetic properties pf Finemet-like Fe73.5Si17.5B5Nb3Cu1, J. Kor. Phys. Soc. 52 (2008) 1423-1426. (http:/ / direct. bl. uk/ bld/ PlaceOrder. do?UIN=229722500& ETOC=RN& from=searchengine) [6] F. Shahri, A. Beitollahi, S.G. Shabestari, M. Ghanaatshoar, M.M. Tehranchi, S.M. Mohseni, S.E. Roozmeh, N. Wanderka, F. Fiorillo, Structural characterization and magnetoimpedance effect in amorphous and nanocrystalline AlGe-substituted FeSiBNbCu ribbons, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 312 (2007) 35-42. (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleListURL& _method=list& _ArticleListID=820508247& _sort=d& view=c& _acct=C000050221& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=10& md5=40e0a8f83790b941e12a81e454af0e2d) [7] M. Hauser, L. Kraus, P. Ripka, Giant magnetoimpedance sensors, IEEE Inst. Meas. Mag. 4 (2001) 28-32. (http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ xpl/ freeabs_all. jsp?tp=& arnumber=930983& isnumber=20136)

FINEMET
[8] Herzer, Grain size dependence of coercivity and permeability innanocrystalline ferromagnets, IEEE Trans. Magn. 26 (1990) 1397-1402. (http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ xpls/ abs_all. jsp?arnumber=104389) [9] A. Makino, T. Bitoh, J.-I. Murakami, T. Hatanai, A. Inoue and T. Masumoto, Nanocrystalline soft magnetic Fe-M-B (M = Zr, Hf, Nb) alloys "NANOPERM" with high magnetic induction, J. Phys. IV France 08 (1998) Pr2-103-Pr2-106. (http:/ / jp4. journaldephysique. org/ articles/ jp4/ abs/ 1998/ 02/ jp4199808PR224/ jp4199808PR224. html) [10] M. A. Willard, M.-Q. Huang, D. E. Laughlin, M. E. McHenry, J. O. Cross, V. G. Harris, C. Franchetti, Magnetic properties of HITPERM (Fe, Co)88Zr7B4Cu1 magnets, J. Appl. Phys. 85, 4421 (1999). (http:/ / link. aip. org/ link/ ?JAPIAU/ 85/ 4421/ 1)

66

Xem thm
Vt liu t mm Permalloy Cng ngh ngui nhanh

Lin kt ngoi
Metglas (http://www.metglas.com/index.asp) Hitachi Metals, Ltd (http://www.hitachi-metals.co.jp/e/index.html)

Hiu ng Hopkinson
Hiu ng Hopkinson l l hin tng bo ha t trong t trng thp trong cc vt liu st t gn nhit Curie do qu trnh quay thun nghch. Hiu ng Hopkinson ch xy ra trong cc vt liu st t c tn ti d hng t tinh th. Hiu ng Hopkinson cn c nh ngha khc l hiu ng m t thm ca cht st t t cc i gn nhit Curie [1] .

M t hiu ng
Hiu ng Hopkinson ch xy ra trong cc vt liu st t c tn ti d hng t tinh th v xy ra gn nhit Curie. Khi , qu trnh t ha vt liu l qu trnh quay thun nghch, v t trng quan h vi t M, d hng t tinh th bc mt K1 theo biu thc:

Hiu ng Hopkinson quan st trn ng cong t ph thuc nhit ca cht st t: Hiu ng Hopkinson tng ng vi cc i ca t gn nhit Curie, v bin mt khi o trong t trng ln

Hiu ng Hopkinson vi Ms l t bo ha. Khi nhit tng n gn nhit Curie, d hng t tinh th bc mt K1 gim nhanh hn t bo ha rt nhiu nn ch cn mt t trng H rt nh cng bo ha t. Nu ta o ng cong t ph thuc vo nhit (gi l ng cong t nhit) trong t trng nh th khi xy ra hiu ng Hopkinson, ta s quan st thy t t gi tr cc i trc khi gim nhanh xung gi tr nh ti nhit Curie. Tuy nhin, hiu ng Hopkinson bin mt khi o trong t trng ln.

67

ng dng ca hiu ng Hopkinson

Hiu ng Hopkinson c t tn theo ngi pht hin ra n l nh vt l hc ngi Php John Hopkinson, pht hin ln u tin vo nm 1885.Hiu ng Hopkinson l hiu ng thun ty vt l, mang tnh cht c bn, cha tng c ng dng trong cng ngh, thng c dng xc nh cc c tnh ca vt liu st t. Hiu ng Hopkinson l bng chng khng nh s tn ti ca d hng t tinh th, xc nh cc tnh cht chuyn pha , cc tnh cht nh hng trong vt liu, h n men, a men v xc nh nhit Curie, [2] , [3]

Xem thm
St t D hng t tinh th Nhit Curie Hiu ng t nhit

Ti liu tham kho

[1] http:/ / www. answers. com/ topic/ hopkinson-effect?cat=technology [2] N.S. Gajbhiye et al. IEEE Transaction on Magnetics 35 (1999) 2155-2161 (http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ iel5/ 20/ 16804/ 00774187. pdf?tp=& isnumber=& arnumber=774187) [3] Hae-Woong Kwon, Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 239 (2002) 447-449 (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TJJ-45NGBFX-4K& _user=121723& _coverDate=02/ 28/ 2002& _alid=598817946& _rdoc=1& _fmt=full& _orig=search& _cdi=5312& _sort=d& _docanchor=& view=c& _ct=1& _acct=C000009999& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=121723& md5=e915f5ea27f7fa019bcb5d2301550ecf#bib1)

Hiu ng Meissner

68

Hiu ng Meissner
Hiu ng Meissner hay hiu ng Meissner-Ochsenfeld l hiu ng t thng b y ra hon ton khi bn trong ca vt siu dn. Hin tng ny l hin tng nghch t hon ho (en:Superdiamagnetism). T thng sinh ra bi vt siu dn b tr hon ton t thng mi trng ngoi. Do , t thng bn trong vt siu dn bng 0. Hin tng ny c khm ph bi hai nh vt l ngi o Walther Meissner v ngi c Robert Ochsenfeld vo nm 1933.

Mt nam chm c nng trn mt mt vt liu siu dn nhng trong nit lng lnh ti 200C, th hin hiu ng Meissner

L gii Xem thm

Dng in Phuc

Lin kt ngoi
Hiu ng Maixn trn BKTT VN [1]

Hiu ng Meissner. ng t thng i thng khi T>Tc: nhit trn nhit critical ng t thng i vng khi T<Tc: nhit thp hn nhit critical

Ch thch

[1] http:/ / dictionary. bachkhoatoanthu. gov. vn/ default. aspx?param=24D9aWQ9OTc4MCZncm91cGlkPSZraW5kPWV4YWN0JmtleXdvcmQ9SEklZTElYmIlODZVKyVlMSViYiVhOE5HK01BSVhOJWM2JWEw& page=1

Hiu ng t nhit

69

Hiu ng t nhit
Hiu ng t nhit l mt hin tng nhit ng hc t tnh, l s thay i nhit (b t nng hay lm lnh) ca vt liu t trong qu trnh t ha hoc kh t. Hiu ng t nhit thc cht l s chuyn ha nng lng t - nhit trong cc vt liu t.

S lc v hiu ng t nhit
Khi ta t mt t trng vo mt vt liu t, cc mmen t s c xu hng sp xp nh hng theo t trng. S nh hng ny lm gim entropy ca h mmen t. Nu ta thc hin qu trnh ny mt cch on nhit (tng entropy ca h vt khng i) th entropy ca mng tinh th s phi tng b li s gim ca entropy mmen t. Qu trnh ny lm cho vt t b nng ln. Ngc li, nu ta kh t (on nhit), cc mmen t s b quay tr li trng thi bt trt t, dn n vic tng entropy ca h mmen t. Do , entropy ca mng tinh th b gim, v vt t b lnh i. Hiu ng t nhit ln u tin c pht hin nm 1881 bi E. Warburg khi tin hnh t ha st to ra s thay i nhit t 0,5 n 2 K cho mt T bin thin t trng.
Nguyn l hiu ng t nhit - T trng lm nh hng cc mmen t, lm thay i entropy ca h cc mmen t

Hiu ng ny c pht trin v gii thch nguyn l bi Debye (nm 1926) v Giauque nm 1927. Theo , t c h thc Maxwell, ta c bin thin entropy ca h:

v ta c: S hng th nht tng ng c l nhit dung. S hng th hai chnh l bin thin entropy t:

Nh vy, nu ta thc hin mt qu trnh t t trng H = 0 n H, th bin thin entropy t s c cho bi:

Bin thin nhit trong cc qu trnh on nhit ny s c cho bi cng thc:

y C(T,H) l nhit dung ca vt liu. Tham s liu. Cn tham s bin thin nhit on nhit

c coi l tham s c trng cho hiu ng t nhit ca vt cc k quan trng cho ng dng. Mt cch gn ng, c th

xem rng bin thin nhit on nhit t l thun vi bin thin entropy t, t l nghch vi nhit dung v t l thun vi nhit hot ng. Hiu ng t nhit ln u tin c ng dng vo cc my lnh hot ng bng t trng vo nm 1933 to ra nhit rt thp l 0,3 Kelvin bng cch kh t on nhit cc mui thun t.

Hiu ng t nhit

70

ng dng ca hiu ng t nhit

C hai xu hng nghin cu ng dng hiu ng t nhit: Nghin cu cc vt liu c hiu ng t nhit ln nhit thp cho k thut to nhit rt thp. Vi phng php ny, ngi ta to ra nhit cc thp, ti c miliKelvin hay microKelvin. Nghin cu cc vt liu c hiu ng t nhit ln xung quanh nhit phng (hoc cao hn) s dng trong cc my lnh thay th cho cc my lnh truyn thng s dng chu trnh nn kh vi u th: Khng gy nhim (my lnh dng kh nn thi ra kh ph hy tng zn) do khng thi ra cc cht thi nhim. Hiu sut cao: Cc mnh lnh dng t c th cho hiu sut cao trn 60% trong khi cc my lnh nn kh ch cho hiu sut khng qu 40%. Kch thc nh gn.

Qu trnh nhit ng trong cc thit b lm lnh bng t trng so snh vi lm lnh bng kh nn truyn thng

Cc qu trnh nhit ng trong cc thit b s dng hiu ng t nhit

T ha on nhit: Tc l t mt t trng (+H) nh hng cc mmen t, dn n vic tng nhit ca khi vt liu t. Hp thu nhit: Ngi ta s dng cc cht lng (nc, du, nit lng...) thu nhit, a nhit ca mu tr li ban u m vn gi nguyn t tnh ca khi vt liu. Kh t on nhit: Qu trnh ny, t tnh ca mu b ph hy bng cch t cc t trng ngc, to nn s hn lon trong nh hng ca cc mmen t, v khi vt liu b lnh i. Ly nhit ca mi trng lm lnh: S dng cc cht dn nhit truyn nhit t mi trng cn lm lnh vo vt. Vt tr li trng thi ban u, quay tr li im bt u ca chu trnh.

Hiu ng t nhit

71

Vt liu t nhit

My lnh dng t trng ca Astronautics Co. (2001)

Hiu ng t nhit l mt hiu ng c hu ca cc vt liu t, c ngha l tnh cht ny c mt tt c cc vt liu t. Hiu ng ny t gi tr cc i ti nhit chuyn pha t tnh ca vt liu (theo cng thc v bin thin entropy t trn, gi tr ny cc i khi bin thin ca mmen t cc i - xy ra nhit chuyn pha t tnh). Thng thng, bin thin entropy t v bin thin nhit on nhit s ln khi vt liu l st t, v xy ra ln nht nhit chuyn pha loi 2 (l thuyt tnh ton mi y cho rng hiu ng ny ln nht ti nhit chuyn pha loi 1). Cc vt liu ang c nghin cu v s dng gn y: Gadolinium (Gd) v cc hp kim ca chng: Gd l mt nguyn t st t c mmen t ln nn c kh nng cho hiu ng t nhit ln. Cc hp kim ca n ang c s dng l , hay . Cc vt liu ny u cho hiu ng t nhit ln v c gi l hiu ng t nhit khng l (Giant magnetocaloric effect GMCE). Cho n hin nay, Gd v cc hp kim ca n vn l loi c s dng ph bin nht trong cc my lnh th nghim. Cc hp cht lin kim loi khc: , cc hp kim nh hnh ( ...) l cc vt liu ang c nghin cu gn y c hiu ng t nhit khng l xung quanh nhit phng. Tuy nhin, cc vt liu lin kim loi - t him c nhc im l quy trnh ch to phc tp, gi thnh cao v thng c bn km nn ngi ta ang nghin cu pht trin cc vt liu khc c gi thnh r hn v d ch to hn. Cc vt liu gm perovskite cng l nhm cc vt liu c hiu ng t nhit xung quanh nhit phng nhng chng mc nhc im l c nhit dung cao, mmen t nh nn t kh quan cho ng dng. Gn y, cc vt liu v nh hnh nn st c coi l rt kh quan cho ng dng vi hiu ng t nhit khng l trong di rng nhit , d ch to v gi r... Cc mui thun t cho k thut nhit rt thp Cc vt liu ny v mt thc cht l cc vt liu t c nhit trt t rt thp, ngi ta s dng chng to ra cc nhit rt thp (ti c 1 vi miliKelvin). Nhit thp ban u c to ra nh Hli lng v sau to qu trnh kh t on nhit to nhit rt thp.

Hiu ng t nhit

72

Phng php o c hiu ng t nhit trong vt l cht rn

Hiu ng t nhit ang l mt ch hp dn ca vt l cht rn, khoa hc vt liu ni chung v ngnh t hc ni ring. Trong nghin cu v cc vt liu c hiu ng t nhit ln, c th c nhiu cch khc nhau xc nh tnh cht ca hiu ng ny, v c 2 cch c dng ph bin nht: o trc tip Mu cn o c t vo bung cch nhit v c th iu khin nhit , tip xc vi cm bin nhit . t t trng vo t ha v kh t mu o, cm bin nhit s ghi li trc tip s bin i nhit ca vt liu. Cc ny cho trc tip bin thin nhit on nhit nhng kh thc hin hn do phi to cho vt khng c s trao i nhit trong qu trnh o. o gin tip
H cc ng cong t ha ng nhit ca mt vt liu c hiu ng t nhit ln

c o ti Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin (H Ni) L cc o c dng ph bin nht, tc l ngi ta xc nh bin thin entropy t t xc nh bin thin nhit on nhit. Cc ny c chnh xc

khng cao, nhng li d tin hnh nn c dng ph bin nht. Cch thc ca php o da trn biu thc:

Ta c th bin i biu thc nh sau:

chnh l din tch ng cong chn di ng cong t ha M(H). Nh vy, o bin thin entropy t, ta ch vic o mt lot cc ng cong t ha ng nhit cc nhit khc nhau, xc nh din tch chn bi ng cong v bin thin entropy t l hiu cc din tch lin tip chia cho bin thin nhit (xem hnh v).

Cc my lnh lm lnh bng t trng thng phm

Cha c cc my lnh hot ng cho vng nhit phng bng t trng thng phm ti thi im hin ti. Cc thit b vn cn trong giai on th nghim v mc tiu hin nay vn l tm ra cc loi vt liu t nhit c cc c tnh: C hiu ng t nhit khng l xy ra xung quanh nhit phng Hiu ng t nhit phi xy ra trong bin thin t trng nh v cc my mc dn dng khng th to ra t trng ln. Hu ht cc vt liu c hiu ng t nhit khng l hin ti u t c t trng ln gy nhiu kh khn cho ng dng. Vt liu phi c nhit dung nh ( to ra bin thin nhit ln, d truyn nhit...), ch to khng qu phc tp v c bn trong qu trnh hot ng.

Hiu ng t nhit My lnh hot ng vng nhit phng u tin c sn xut vo nm 1997 bi nhm Karl A. Gschneidner, Jr. Phng Th nghim Ames, Trng i hc Tng hp bang Iowa (M). Cho n nay, c nhiu cng ty ang nghin cu pht trin thit b ny v thng bo rng trong mt vi nm ti s chnh thc a ra th trng cc sn phm ny.
Cc my lnh dng t trng nhit phng Cng ty/Vin nghin cu Quc gia Ngy cng Chng b loi Cng sut lm lnh cc i (W)[1] 600 20/02/1997 Chuyn ng qua li T T trng (K) bin cc [2] thin i (T) Vt liu Khi lng (kg)

73

Ames Laboratory/Astronautics Madison, Zimm C, Jastrab A, Sternberg Wisconsin, A, Pecharsky V K, Gschneidner USA K Jr, Osborne M and Anderson I, Adv. Cryog. Eng. 43, 1759 (1998). Mater. Science Institute Barcelona, Barcelona Bohigas X, Molins E, Ty Ban Roig A, Tejada J and Zhang X Nha X, IEEE Trans. Magn. 36 538 (2000). Chubu Electric/Toshiba Hirano Yokohama, N, Nagaya S, Takahashi M, Japan Kuriyama T, Ito K and Nomura S 2002 Adv. Cryog. Eng. 47 1027 University of Victoria Rowe A M and Barclay J A, Adv. Cryog. Eng. 47 995 (2002). Rowe A M and Barclay J A, Adv. Cryog. Eng. 47 1003 (2002). Richard M A, Rowe A M and Chahine R, J. Appl. Phys. 95 2146 (2004). Victoria, British Columbia Canada

10

5 (S)

Khi cu Gd

05/2000

Quay

0.95 (P)

Gd foil

2000 Chuyn ng qua li 7/2001 Chuyn ng qua li

100

21

4 (S)

Khi cu Gds

14

2 (S)

Gd & Gd1xTbx L.B.

Astronautics Zimm C, Paper No Madison, K7.003 Am. Phys. Soc. Meeting, Wisconsin, March 4, Austin, TX (2003) [1] USA Nanjing, Sichuan Inst. Tech./Nanjing China University Wu W, Paper No K7.004 Am. Phys. Soc. Meeting, March 4, Austin, TX (2003) [1] Chubu Electric/Toshiba Hirano Yokohama, N, Paper No K7.002 Am. Phys. Japan Soc. Meeting March 4, Austin, TX, [1] Chubu Electric/Toshiba Hirano Yokohama, N, Paper No K7.002 Am. Phys. Japan Soc. Meeting March 4, Austin, TX, [1]

Quay 18/09/2001

95

25

1.5 (P)

Khi cu Gds

? 23/04/2002 Chuyn ng qua li 5/09/2002 Chuyn ng qua li 4/03/2003 Quay 60 40

23

1.4 (P) Khi cu Gds v Gd5Si1.985Ge1.985Ga0.03 bt

27

0.6 (P)

Gd1xDyx L.B.

10

0.76 (P)

Gd 1xDyx L.B.

Hiu ng t nhit

74
Grenoble, France 4/2003 Chuyn ng qua li 8.8 4 0.8 (P) Gd phoi

Lab. dElectrotechnique Grenoble Clot P, Viallet D, Allab F, Kedous-LeBouc A, Fournier J M and Yonnet J P, IEEE Trans. Magn. 30 3349 (2003). George Washington University

USA

7/2004 Chuyn ng qua li

? (P)

Gd phoi

Astronautics Zimm C, Paper No Madison, K7.003 Am. Phys. Soc. Meeting, Wisconsin, March 4, Austin, TX (2003) [1] USA University of Victoria Rowe A M and Tura A, International Journal of efrigeration 29 1286-1293 (2006).
1

2004

Quay

95

25

1.5 (P)

Gd v GdEr spheres / La(Fe0.88Si0.12)13H1.0 Gd, Gd0.74Tb0.26 and Gd0.85Er0.15 0.12

Victoria, British Columbia Canada

2006 Chuyn ng qua li

15

50

2 (S)

Cng sut lm lnh cc i khi (T=0); 2Bin thin nhit on nhit cc i khi (W=0); L.B. = layered bed; P = Dng t trng nam chm vnh cu; S = Dng t trng siu dn

c thm
T hc Vt liu t My lnh Magnetocaloric Effect [2]

Lin kt ngoi
NASA - How does an Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator Work ? [3] Magnetocaloric effect [4] What is magnetocaloric effect and what materials exhibit this effect the most? [5] Magnetocaloric materials keep fridges cool by C. Wu [6] Ames Laboratory news release, 25 thng 5 nm 1999, Work begins on prototype magnetic-refrigeration unit [7]. Magnetic refrigerator successfully tested [8] Refrigeration Systems [9] Terry Heppenstall's notes, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne (thng 11 nm 2000) XRS Adiabatic Demagnetization Refrigerator [10]

Hiu ng t nhit

75

Ti liu tham kho

1. ^ Buschow K.H.J, de Boer F.R. (2004). Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers. ISBN 0-306-48408-0. 2. ^ Robert C. O'Handley (1999). Modern Magnetic Materials: Principles and Applications. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN-13 978-0471155669.

Ch thch
[1] http:/ / www. aps. org/ meet/ MAR03/ baps/ tocK. html [2] http:/ / en. wikipedia. org/ wiki/ Magnetocaloric [3] http:/ / imagine. gsfc. nasa. gov/ docs/ teachers/ lessons/ xray_spectra/ background-adr. html [4] http:/ / www. accessscience. com/ Encyclopedia/ 3/ 39/ Est_399200_frameset. html?doi [5] http:/ / www. physlink. com/ Education/ AskExperts/ ae488. cfm [6] http:/ / www. sciencenews. org/ pages/ sn_arc98/ 3_28_98/ fob3. htm [7] http:/ / www. ameslab. gov/ News/ release/ crada. html [8] http:/ / www. eurekalert. org/ features/ doe/ 2001-11/ dl-mrs062802. php [9] http:/ / lorien. ncl. ac. uk/ ming/ cleantech/ refrigeration. htm [10] http:/ / www. universe. nasa. gov/ xrays/ programs/ astroe/ eng/ adr. html

Hiu ng t quang Kerr

Hiu ng t quang Kerr (ting Anh: Magneto-optic Kerr effect, vit tt l MOKE) l mt hiu ng quang t m nh sng phn x trn cc b mt ca b t ha th b thay i c v tnh cht phn cc cng nh phn x. Tn hiu ng ny c t theo tn ca nh vt l ngi Scotland Rev. John Kerr, ngi pht hin ra hiu ng ny vo nm 1877[1] . MOKE l mt hiu ng thuc nhm hiu ng Kerr.

M t hiu ng
Khi nh sng phn x trn mt b mt vt liu b t ha, tng tc gia mmen t v nh sng c th dn n vic nh sng phn x b thay i tnh cht phn cc cng nh phn x ty theo chiu ca t . Hiu ng ny khc vi hiu ng Faraday ch hiu ng Faraday ghi nhn nh sng truyn qua v ty theo s nh hng ca chiu t m c th c nhiu kiu MOKE.

Ba kiu MOKE tng ng vi s nh hng tng i gia t ha v chiu ca nh sng ti

Hiu ng t quang Kerr

76

Hiu ng t quang Kerr ng (Polar MOKE)

Hiu ng MOKE ng xy ra khi vct t vung gc vi mt phng phn x (b mt ca mu t ha) v song song vi mt phng ca nh sng ti. Trong cc thc nghim ca hiu ng ny, ngi ta thng s dng chm tia ti gn nh vung gc vi b mt ca mu.

Hiu ng t quang Kerr dc (Longitudinal MOKE)

MOKE dc l hiu ng xy ra khi vct t song song vi c mt thng ti v mt phng phn x. Trong c cu th nghim ca MOKE dc, chm tia s dng thng khng vung gc vi b mt mu, v nu chm sng ti l mt chm sng phn cc thng th chm phn x s tr thnh phn cc ellipse vi thay i t l thun vi thnh phn t song song vi mt phng phn x v song song vi mt phng ti.

Xem thm
Hiu ng Kerr

Ti liu tham kho

[1] J. Kerr, On rotation of the plane of polarization by reflection from the pole of a magnet, Phil. Mag. 3 (1877) 321-343

Hiu ng t in tr
T in tr, hay cn gi tt l t tr, l tnh cht ca mt s vt liu, c th thay i in tr sut di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Hiu ng ny ln u tin c pht hin bi William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) vo nm 1856 vi s thay i in tr khng qu 5%. Hiu ng ny c gi l hiu ng t in tr thng. Gn y, cc nh khoa hc pht hin ra nhiu loi hiu ng t in tr trong nhiu loi vt liu khc nhau em li kh nng ng dng ht sc to ln. Ngi ta thng dng khi nim t s t tr ni ln ln ca hiu ng t in tr, cho bi cng thc:

Hiu ng t in tr ln trong cc mng a lp Fe/Cr (Fert et al.)

i khi, trong mt s thit b, t s ny cng c nh ngha bi:

Hiu ng t in tr

77

Vi: ton tng t cng thc th hai

ln lt l in tr sut v in tr ti t trng H v t trng H = 0. V hon l t trng cc i. Hai cch nh ngha ny hon ton tng ng nhau.

T in tr d hng
xem bi chi tit T in tr d hng (Ting Anh: Anisotropic Magnetoresistance Effect - AMR). Hiu ng ny cng c William Thomson pht hin vo nm 1857 khi quan st thy in tr ca cc vt liu st v niken ph thuc vo gc gia dng in chiu ca vct t . Hiu ng ny pht hin trong nhiu cht bn dn v nhiu mng mng t. Hiu ng AMR trong cc cht bn dn ch yu l do s lch qu o ca dng ht ti (in t hay l trng) di tc dng ca t trng, thng c ng dng trong mt s cm bin o t trng nh o t trng Tri t, hay cm bin o dng in...

T in tr khng l
(Ting Anh: Giant Magnetoresistance Effect - GMR), mt s nh nghin cu Vit Nam cn dch hiu ng GMR l "t in tr ln" do khng thng nht vic dch "Giant" l "khng l" hay "ln" nhng tn gi quen thuc thng dng l GMR. Hiu ng GMR l mt hiu ng lng t quan st thy trong mt s mng mng t tnh a lp hoc n lp, vi s thay i ln gi tr in tr sut di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Tn gi Giant (ln, khng l) ca hiu ng ny khng phi l do gi tr ln ca t s MR m do c ch to nn hiu ng, l c ch tn x ph thuc spin ca in t khi truyn qua cc lp st t c kp gia bi cc lp phi t. Hiu ng GMR ln u tin c pht hin vo nm 1988 ng thi bi 2 nhm nghin cu, l nhm ca Peter Grnberg Trung tm Nghin cu Jlich (c) trn mng mng kiu bnh kp Fe/Cr/Fe; v bi nhm ca Albert Fert i hc Paris-Sud trn cc mng a lp Fe/Cr. Pht hin ny m ra mt ngnh mi gi l in t hc spin (spintronics) nghin cu cc linh kin in t mi hot ng da trn iu khin tnh cht spin ca in t. Ngoi ra hiu ng GMR cn pht hin thy trn mt s mng mng dng ht (v d mng hp kim d th CoCu, CoAg...). Vo ngy 9-10-2007, U Ban Trao Gii Nobel cng b gii thng Nobel Vt L 2007 c trao cho hai nh vt l Albert Fert (Php) v Peter Grnberg (c) v s khm ph ra T in tr khng l (Giant Magnetoresistance).

T in tr chui hm
xem chi tit ti bi vit Hiu ng t in tr chui hm (Ting Anh: Tunneling Magnetoresistance' - TMR). L hiu ng t tr xy ra khi cc lp st t b ngn cch bi cc lp mng cch in cho php in t xuyn hm qua cc lp cch in ny, v tn x trn cc lp st t, gy ra hiu ng t tr ln. Hiu ng TMR ln u tin c pht hin trn cc mng a lp st kp gia l lp germanium (Ge) ng vai tr lp cch in. Hiu ng TMR nhit phng ln u tin c pht hin vo nm 1995 trn cc mng mng CoFe/Al2O3/Co vi Al2O3 ng vai tr lp cch in, cho hiu ng MR ti 11,8% nhit phng. Cng vi pht minh v hiu ng GMR, hiu ng TMR c cng ng vai tr cc k quan trng trong cc nghin cu v linh kin spintronic.

Hiu ng t in tr

78

T in tr siu khng l
Xem chi tit bi vit T in tr siu khng l (Ting Anh: Colossal Magnetoresistance - CMR), i khi cng c cc nh nghin cu Vit Nam gi l "Hiu ng t in tr khng l" (khi gi hiu ng GMR l "T in tr ln") nhng thng gi tt l hiu ng CMR. Hiu ng ny xy ra vi cc vt liu t c cu trc perovskite (v d manganese, cobaltite,...) c in tr thay i cc ln c th ti hng ngn %. Hiu ng CMR ln u tin c pht hin vo nm 1993, nhng n gi vn cha c l gii mt cch chnh xc, v vn ang l mt vn l th cho nghin cu c bn. Mt l thuyt ang c s dng rng ri gii thch l m hnh tng tc kp (double-exchange interaction). Hiu ng CMR cng c ng dng trong cc u c/ghi ca cng, pht trin cc linh kin spintronic...

T in tr d hng xung kch

(Ting Anh: Ballistic Anisotropy Magnetoresistance - BAMR). L hiu ng t in tr xy ra khi cc in t chuyn ng trong mt dy rt mng cng ging nh mt vin n i trong nng sng - chng u b cng p chuyn ng trn mt chiu nht nh v hu nh t b van chm hay ni cch khc l khng c s cn tr dc theo ng truyn. Nu dy c chiu dy ch vi lp nguyn t, kh nng dn in t - dn in - s b lng t ha, l mt s nguyn ln (N) ca dn ca mt in t bi v nng lng ca in t b cm t trong dy trong dy l cc di hp v N s tng ng vi s di nng lng trn mc Fermi, m xy ra tnh dn in. Nm 2005, Evgeny Tsymbal v cc ng nghip i hc Nebraska gi thit rng s N c th thay i bng cch t mt t trng vo mt dy rt mnh lm bng cc kim loi t tnh. Trong cc vt liu , cc in t dn di tc dng ca t trng s phi dch chuyn mc nng lng so vi mc Fermi v do dn n vic thay i N. Do dn ca dy t l vi N, nn cc nh nghin cu gi nh rng c th quan st thy s thay i kiu nhy bc ca dn (hay ni cch khc l in tr). H gi hiu ng ny l "hiu ng t in tr d hng xung kch" (ballistic anisotropy magnetoresistance) - t "d hng" y l do hiu ng ny ph thuc vo gc tng i gia t trng v chiu ca dng in dn. Mi y, Bernard Doudin Vin Vt l v Ha hc Vt liu (Strasbourg) v cc ng nghip i hc Nebraska quan st thy hiu ng BAMR trong mt lot cc dy khc nhau kch c nguyn t ch to bng Co. Trong mt mu, cc nh nghin cu o c s thay i ca dn tng ng vi N = 6, 7 khi m chiu ca t trng thay i. Cc nh nghin cu cho hay s phn ng ny c lin quan n s chnh lch thang nguyn t trong cu trc ca cc dy nano v c th gii thch bng l thuyt ca Tsymbal v BAMR.

ng dng ca hiu ng t tr
Ch to cm bin o t trng, o dng in u c, ghi trong cc cng my tnh Cc linh kin spintronics ...

Xem thm
T in tr d hng T in tr khng l T in tr chui hm T in tr siu khng l T in tr d hng xung kch

Spintronics

Hiu ng t in tr

79

Ti liu tham kho

Baibich et al., Giant Magnetoresistance of (001)Fe/(001)Cr Magnetic Superlattices, M. N. Phys. Rev. Lett. vol. 61, no. 21, pp. 2472, November 1988 [1] J. S. Moodera et. al. "Large Magnetoresistance at Room Temperature in Ferromagnetic Thin Film Tunnel Junctions". Phys. Rev. Lett. 74: 32733276, 1995 [2] M. Salamon, M. Jaime, Rev. Mod. Phys. 73, 583 - 628, 2001 [3] J. Velev et al., "Ballistic Anisotropic Magnetoresistance", Phys. Rev. Lett. 94 127203 - 127205, 2005 [4]

Ch thch
[1] [2] [3] [4] http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRL/ v61/ i21/ p2472_1 http:/ / link. aps. org/ abstract/ PRL/ v74/ p3273 http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ RMP/ v73/ i3/ p583_1 http:/ / scitation. aip. org/ getabs/ servlet/ GetabsServlet?prog=normal& id=PRLTAO000094000012127203000001& idtype=cvips& gifs=yes

Hp kim Heusler
Hp kim Heusler l mt hp kim st t da trn pha Heusler, l dng hp kim lin kim loi ca cc n cht (kim loi, phi kim) c th khng mang tnh st t, v c cu trc tinh th lp phng tm mt. Tn loi hp kim ny c t theo nh ha hc, khong hc ngi c Friedrich Heusler (1866-1947), ngi ln u tin tm ra loi hp kim ny vo nm 1903 [1] . Hp kim Heusler l mt trong nhng loi hp kim st t c phn cc spin ln nht (gn nh 100%).

Lch s nghin cu
Hp kim Heusler u tin c pht hin v nghin cu nm 1903 bi Friedrich Heusler l hp kim Cu2MnAl vi t bo ha l 8000 G (ln hn ca Ni, nhng nh hn ca Fe)[2] . Hp kim c th nng chy trn 910oC. di nhit ny, hp kim ng rn vi trng thi bt trt t ca pha beta lp phng tm khi. Di 750oC, pha B2 trt t c hnh thnh vi mang nguyn t lp phng ca ng, v c tm khi l phn mng bt trt t MnAl. Khi c lm lnh xung di 610oC, phn mng MnAl tr thnh trt t v to thnh pha L21. Tnh cht t ca hp kim c th thay i mnh nh qu trnh x l nhit hoc thay i thnh phn[3] ,[4] .

Danh sch mt s hp kim

Cu2MnAl, Cu2MnIn, Cu2MnSn, Ni2MnAl, Ni2MnIn, Ni2MnSn, Ni2MnSb Co2MnAl, Co2MnSi, Co2MnGa, Co2MnGe Pd2MnAl, Pd2MnIn, Pd2MnSn, Pd2MnSb

Ti liu tham kho

[1] [2] [3] [4] Glenn Elert, Ferromagnetism: The Physics Hypertextbook, 1998-2008. (http:/ / hypertextbook. com/ physics/ electricity/ ferromagnetism/ ) *Bouchard M. (1970). Ph.D. Thesis, Imperial College London. Heusler F. (1903). Verh. Deut. phys. Ges. 5: 219. Johnston G.B. and Hall E.O. (1968). Studies on the Heusler alloysI. Cu2MnAl and associated structures. J. Phys. Chem. Solids 29: 193, 201. doi: 10.1016/0022-3697(68)90062-0 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1016/ 0022-3697(68)90062-0).

Hp kim Heusler

80

Xem thm
phn cc spin in t hc spin Hp kim

Magnetit

81

Magnetit
Magnetit

Magnetit bn o Kola, Nga Thng tin chung Th loi Cng thc ha hc Mu Khong vt xt st (II,III) xt, Fe3O4 en, xm

Dng thng tinh th Tm mt, ht mn dng khi H tinh th Song tinh Ct khai Vt v cng Mohs nh Mu vt vch T trng ring Chit sut Lp phng Him gp song tinh bt din quy lut spinel khng r Khng phng 5,56,5
[1] [1]

Kim loi en 5,175,18

[1]

Chn sng Cc bin th chnh

Lodestone

Nam chm xc nh cc bc v cc nam

Magnetit l mt khong vt st t c cng thc ha hc Fe3O4, mt trong cc xt st v thuc nhm spinel. Tn theo IUPAC l st (II,III) xt v thng c vit l FeOFe2O3, c xem l tp hp ca wstit (FeO) v hematit (Fe2O3). Cng thc trn cp n cc trng thi xi ha khc nhau ca st trong cng mt cu trc ch khng phi trong dung dch rn. Nhit Curie ca magnetit l 858 K.

Tnh cht
Magnetit l khong vt c t tnh mnh nht trong cc khong vt xut hin trong thin nhin.[2] Cc mnh magnetit b t ha t nhin c gi l lodestone s ht cc mu st nh, v y cng l cch m ngi c i khm ph ra tnh cht t u tin. Lodestone c s dng trong cc la bn. Magnetit thng mang cc du hiu t trong cc v v th n c xem nh l mt cng c nghin cu c t, mt khm ph khoa hc quan trng hiu c qu trnh kin to mng v d liu lch s cho t thy ng lc hc v cc chuyn ngnh khoa hc khc. Cc mi quan h gia magnetit v cc khong vt xt giu st khc nh ilmenit, hematit, v ulvospinel cng c nghin cu nhiu, cng nh cc phn ng phc tp gia cc khong vt ny v oxy nh hng nh th no n s bo tn trng t ca Tri t.

Magnetit Magnetit c vai tr quan trng trong vic tm hiu cc iu kin mi trng hnh thnh . Magnetit phn ng vi oxy to ra hematit, v cp khong vt hnh thnh mt vng m c th khng ch s ph hy ca xy. Cc mcma thng thng cha cc ht ca 2 dung dch rn, mt bn l gia magnetit v ulvospinel cn mt bn l gia ilmenit v hematit. Cc thnh phn ca cc cp i khong vt c s dng tnh s xy ha din ra nh th no trong macma (nh s ph hy ca oxy trong magma): mt di cc iu kin oxi ha c tm thy trong mcma v trng thi oxy ha gip xc nh lm th no mma c th lin quan n s kt tinh phn on. Cc ht magnetit nh c mt trong hu t cc mcma v cc bin cht. Magnetit cng c tm thy trong mt s loi trm tch nh trong cc thnh h st phn di. Trong mt s mcma, cc ht giu magnetit v ilmenit xut hin dng kt ta cng nhau trong mcma. Magnetit cng c sn xut t peridotit v dunit bng phng php serpentin ha. Magnetit l ngun qung st c gi tr, n ha tan chm trong axt clohiric.

82

Phn b
Magnetit i khi c tm thy vi s lng ln trong ct bin. Cc loi ct en (ct khong vt hoc ct st) c tm thy nhiu ni nh California v b bin ty ca New Zealand. Magnetit c mang n cc bi bin thng qua cc con sng mang cc vt liu xi mn v chng c tp trung nh tc ng ca sng v cc dng chy. Cc m ln c tm thy trong cc thnh h st di. Cc trm tch ny c dng suy ra hm lng oxy trong kh quyn Tri t lc n c lng ng.
Mu c kin trc mn, ~5cm

Magnetit v cc khong vt nng khc (mu ti) trong ct thch anh bi bin (Chennai, n ).

Cc m magnetit ln cng c tm thy vng Atacama ca Chile, Kiruna, Thy in, Pilbara, cc khu vc trung ty v bc Goldfields ty c, v trong khu vc Adirondack ca New York Hoa K. Cc m cng c tm thy Na Uy, c, , Switzerland, Nam Phi, n , Mexico, v Oregon, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Bc Carolina, Virginia, New Mexico, Utah, v Colorado Hoa K. Gn y, vo thng 6 nm 2005, cng ty khai thc khong sn, Cardero Resources, pht hin mt m ct cha magnetit ln dng cn ct Peru. M ph trn din tch 250 km2(100sqmi), vi cn cn cao nht nm cao trn 2.000 m (6,560ft) so vi nn sa mc. Ct cha 10% magnetit.[3]

Xut hin trong sinh vt

Cc tinh th magnetit c tm thy trong mt vi vi khun (nh Magnetospirillum magnetotacticum) v trong no ca ong, ca mi, c, mt vi loi chim (nh b cu) v con ngi.[4] Cc tinh th ny c cho l lin quan n s cm nhn t,[5] mt kh nng cm nhn cc hoc nghing ca t trng Tri t, v lin quan n s nh hng.[6] c song kinh c b rng lm bng magnetit trn li gai ca chng lm cho chng d phn bit vi cc ng vt khc.[7] iu ny c ngha rng b li ca chng c kh nng mi mn kim thc n trn . Vic nghin cu t sinh hc bt u vi nhng khm ph ca ca nh c sinh vt hc Caltech Heinz Lowenstam thp nin 1960.[8]

Magnetit

83

Tng hp
Magnetit c th c ch trong phng th nghim dng nc t theo phng php Massart bng cch trn st(II) clorua v st(III) clorua trong hydroxit natri. Magnetit cng c th c ch bi s ng kt ta, gm mt hn hp dung dch FeCl36H2O v FeCl24H2O 0,1 M vi quay bng ng c vi tc khong 2000 vng/pht. T l mol FeCl3:FeCl2 c th l 2:1; nung dung dch ny 70C, v ngay sau nng tc quay ln 7500 vng/pht v thm nhanh dung dch NH4OH (10% v th tch), ngay lp tc s hnh thnh kt ta mu en cha cc ht magnetit kch thc nano.

ng dng lm cht hp th
Bt magnetit loi b As(III) v As(V) ra khi nc rt hiu qu, v hiu qu loi b tng ln ~200 ln khi chng c kch thc t 300 n 12nm.[9] Nc ung nhim arsen (As) l mt vn nn trn ton th gii, do ng dng magnetit vi vai tr cht hp th l mt trong nhng gii php loi b arsen trong nc.

Trang sc
Magnetit c dng ph bin dng nguyn liu th trong cc trang sc ca nhng chng li gi khoa hc[10] v nam chm liu php. Khi c nh bng v lm thnh trang sc, magnetit c mu ti, sng bng vi b mt lng.

Tham kho
[1] Mineral galleries (http:/ / www. galleries. com/ minerals/ oxides/ magnetit/ magnetit. htm) [2] Harrison, R. J. (2002). Direct imaging of nanoscale magnetic interactions in minerals (http:/ / www. pnas. org/ content/ 99/ 26/ 16556. full. pdf) (free-download pdf). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 99: 16556. doi: 10.1073/pnas.262514499 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1073/ pnas. 262514499). . Nhn magnetit

[3] Ferrous Nonsnotus (http:/ / www. 321gold. com/ editorials/ moriarty/ moriarty070505. html) [4] Baker, R R; J G Mather, J H Kennaugh (6 January nm 1983). Magnetic bones in human sinuses. Nature 301 (5895): 7980. PMID 6823284. [5] Magnetic bones in human sinuses (http:/ / www. nature. com/ nature/ journal/ v301/ n5895/ abs/ 301078a0. html). Truy cp 14 December nm 2009. [6] Joseph L. Kirschvink; James L. Gould (1981). Biogenic magnetite as a basis for magnetic field detection in animals (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6T2K-49N97M9-Y& _user=131115& _rdoc=1& _fmt=& _orig=search& _sort=d& _docanchor=& view=c& _acct=C000009658& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=131115& md5=45627d578a55f772b006a38ed4a6c12d). Biosystems (Elsevier Ireland Ltd) 13 (3): 181-201. . Truy cp 14 December nm 2009. [7] Chang, Shih-Bin Robin; Kirschvink, Joseph Lynn (1989). Magnetofossils, the Magnetization of Sediments, and the Evolution of Magnetite Biomineralization (http:/ / www. gps. caltech. edu/ ~jkirschvink/ pdfs/ AnnualReviews89. pdf). Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 17: 169195. doi: 10.1146/annurev.ea.17.050189.001125 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1146/ annurev. ea. 17. 050189. 001125). . [8] Biographical memoirs:Heinz Adolf Lowenstam (http:/ / books. nap. edu/ readingroom/ books/ biomems/ hlowenstam. html) By Joseph L. Kirschvink, truy cp 24 May 2008 [9] J.T. Mayo et al. (2007). The effect of nanocrystalline magnetite size on arsenic removal (free download). Sci. Technol. Adv. Mater. 8: 71. doi: 10.1016/j.stam.2006.10.005 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1016/ j. stam. 2006. 10. 005). [10] Wanjek, Christopher (2003). Bad Medicine: misconceptions and misuses revealed from distance healing to vitamin O. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons. 1253. ISBN 0-471-43499-X.

Magnetit

84

Lin Kt ngoi
Hurlbut, Cornelius S.; Klein, Cornelis (1985). Manual of Mineralogy (n bn 20th). Wiley. ISBN 0471805807. Webmineral data (http://webmineral.com/data/Magnetite.shtml) Powder X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Pattern (http://www.piroxllc.com/tech_info.html) Lowenstam, Heinz A.; Weiner, Stephen (1989). On Biomineralization. USA: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195049772. History of Magnetite Mining in the NJ Highlands (http://abandonedmines.net) Magnetite mining in New Zealand (http://www.crownminerals.govt.nz/cms/minerals/overview/ overview?searchterm=ironsand) Truy cp 25-Mar-09 Magnetite mining in Santa Cruz (http://www.santacruzpl.org/history/work/miner3.shtml)

Nam chm
Trong cuc sng hng ngy, c th nhn ra nam chm l cc vt c kh nng ht v y vt bng st hay thp non. Trong t hc, nam chm l mt vt c kh nng sinh mt lc dng ht hay y mt t vt hay mt vt c cm t cao khi nm gn nam chm. Lc pht sinh t nam chm gi l t lc. Nam chm l mt ngun t c hai cc: Bc v Nam, v mt t trng to t cc ng t (ng sc) i t cc Bc n cc Nam.

Cc loi nam chm

C 2 loi nam chm: Nam chm in Nam chm vnh cu

ng sc t trng quanh hai cc ca mt nam chm c th hin qua cc mt st trn tm giy t ngay trn nam chm

Tham kho Lin kt ngoi

Nam chm (http://dictionary.bachkhoatoanthu.gov.vn/default. aspx?param=1605aWQ9MTk0MjQmZ3JvdXBpZD0ma2luZD1zdGFydCZrZXl3b3JkPW4=&page=1) Nam chm vnh cu (http://dictionary.bachkhoatoanthu.gov.vn/default. aspx?param=160AaWQ9MTk1MTkmZ3JvdXBpZD0ma2luZD1zdGFydCZrZXl3b3JkPW4=&page=1)
Cc ch chnh trong in t hc Cm bin dynamo | Cht cch in | in hc | in ly | in trng | Gauge | Nam chm | ng dn sng | Sng in t | T trng | Vt l radio

Nam chm Neodymi

85

Nam chm Neodymi

Nam chm Neodymi hay nam chm Neodymi-St-Bo, hoc i khi cn c vit tt l NdFeB l mt loi nam chm t him c to ra t hp cht ca Neodymi (Nd) St (Fe) - Bo (B), vi cng thc phn t l Nd2Fe14B. Nam chm Neodymi c c General Motors Corporation (M) [1] v Sumitomo Special Metals (Nht Bn) [2] ng thi pht minh ra nm 1982 v hin vn ang l loi nam chm vnh cu mnh nht tng c bit[3] .

Nam chm t him NdFeB c s dng trong cng my tnh

Cu trc v tnh cht

Nd2Fe14B l mt hp cht thuc nhm 2:14:1, c cu trc tinh th t gic vi hng s mng a = 0,882 nm v c = 1,224 nm; thuc nhm khng gian P42/mm, khi lng ring 7,55 g/cm. n v ca tinh th Nd2Fe14B cha 68 nguyn t nm trong 4 n v: vi cc nguyn t Fe nm 6 v tr khc nhau v mt tinh th, hai v tr cha cc nguyn t Nd v mt v tr cho B 3 [4] . Cu trc tinh th vi bt i xng rt cao to ra tnh t cng mnh ca vt liu ny. Nd2Fe14B c d hng t tinh th K1 = 4,9.106 J/m3, t bo ha 0Ms = 1,61 T Nam chm Neodymi c ch to dng hnh xuyn. (tng ng vi mmen t l 37,6 B, trng d hng HA = 15 T) v nhit Curie l TC = 585 K (312oC) [4] , [5] . Cc thng s cu trc v tnh cht ni ti ny cho php to ra tch nng lng t cc i (B.H)max ln nht ti 64 MGOe [5] , [6] . Hin nay, ngi ta to ra nam chm Nd2Fe14B c tch nng lng t cc i ln ti 57 MGOe [7] . Nam chm NdFeB l loi nam chm vnh cu cc mnh, c kh nng cho t d ti b mt ln ti 1,3 T, nhng c c nhc im l c tnh xy ha cao (do hot tnh ca Nd), nhit hot ng thp v gi thnh t (do cha nhiu t him). Bng di y so snh t tnh ca nam chm NdFeB vi cc loi khc:

Nam chm Neodymi

86

Nam chm Nd2Fe14B (thiu kt) Nd2Fe14B (kt dnh) SmCo5 (thiu kt)

Mr (T) 1,01,4 0,60,7 0,81,1

Hci (kA/m) BH (kJ/m3) TC (C) max 7502000 6001200 6002000 200440 60100 120200 150240 1088 1040 310400 310400 720 800 700860 450

Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)7 (thiu kt) 0,91,15 4501300 Alnico (thiu kt) Sr-ferrite (thiu kt) 0,61,4 0,20,4 275 100300

K thut ch to
Phng php ph bin ch to nam chm Neodymi l k thut luyn kim bt v thiu kt. Ban u hp kim NdFeB c to ra bng cch nu chy cc n cht thnh phn trong l cao (thng thng Nd v B thng c b thm vi % so vi thnh phn danh nh do cc cht ny d b xy ha hoc bay hi). Trong qu trnh nu chy, hp kim c nu trong mi trng bo v trnh xy ha. Sau , hp kim c nghin thnh bt mn, sau c trn vi keo epoxy, p thnh hnh sn phm, sau nung thiu kt nhit cao trong mi Nam chm Neodymi c s dng trong a cng my tnh. trng bo v. Qu trnh p c th c h tr bi t trng to d hng n trc. Qu trnh nung thiu kt c thc hin nhit cao trong mi trng bo v to pha hp cht, sau h v nhit thp (1 vi trm ) n nh pha. Sau , nam chm c np t trong t trng cao v ph keo bo v. C th thay th cng on thiu kt bng k thut p nng. Ngi ta p cc bt trong t trng nhit cao nhm to ra pha v nh hng nam chm (to ra nam chm d hng). Gn y, ngi ta cn tin hnh to ra cc nam chm t him gi thnh r vi kiu nam chm kt dnh. Cc bt hp kim mn c to ra sau khi nghin cc mnh vn hp kim c ch to bng cng ngh ngui nhanh, sau chn keo epoxy v p nh hng trong t trng. K thut ny c u im l n gin v kinh t hn, nhng sn phm cho phm cht thp hn nhiu so vi nam chm thiu kt.

Lch s v bn quyn
Nam chm NdFeB ln u tin c ch to thnh cng vo nm 1982, c cng b ng thi bi hai cng ty ln l General Motors corporation (Hoa K)[1] v Sumitomo Special Metals (Nht Bn) [2] , v sau l Vin Hn lm Khoa hc Trung Quc cng cng b ch to thnh cng loi nam chm ny [5] . Hin nay, NdFeB l thng phm c bn rng ri trn th gii v cn c gi mt tn khc l Magnequench (do hng gi bn quyn ln nht l Magnequench - nay l Neo Materials Technology Inc.)[8] . Hin nay, nam chm Neodymi chim khong 40% th phn cc loi nam chm trn ton th gii. Nc gi th phn phn phi ln nht l Trung Quc, nhng nc thu li nhun ln nht t sn phm ny l Hoa K [5] .

Nam chm Neodymi

87

ng dng, cc thng s vt l khc

Nam chm Neodymi c s dng l mt ngun to t trng mnh, ng vai tr l cc nam chm vnh cu: - S dng nhiu trong cc cng my tnh. - Trong cc ng c cng sut ln. - Chp nh cng hng t - My pht in - ... Bng di y lit k mt s thng s vt l khc ca nam chm Neodymi:
dn nhit 7.7kcal/(hmC)

ng sut Young 1.7104Gg/m2 Gii hn b gy Gii hn p nn in tr sut 24Gg/m2 80Gg/m2 16mm

Khi lng ring 7.47.5Mg/m3 cng Vickers 500600

Xem thm
Nam chm t him Neodymium Vt liu t cng

Ti liu tham kho

[1] J. F. Herbst, J. J. Croat, W. B. Yelon, Structural and magnetic properties of Nd2Fe14B (invited), J. Appl. Phys. 57 (1985) 4086. (http:/ / link. aip. org/ link/ ?JAPIAU/ 57/ 4086/ 1) [2] M. Sagawa, S. Fujimura, N. Togawa, H. Yamamoto, and Y. Matsuura, New material for permanent magnets on a base of Nd and Fe (invited), J. Appl. Phys. 55 (1984) 2083. (http:/ / link. aip. org/ link/ ?JAPIAU/ 55/ 2083/ 1,) [3] S.D. Bader, Colloquium: Opportunities in nanomagnetism, Rev. Mod. Phys. 78 (2006) 1. (http:/ / link. aps. org/ doi/ 10. 1103/ RevModPhys. 78. 1,) [4] M. Sagawa et al., Permanent magnet materials based on the Rare-earth-Iron-Boron tetragonal componds (Invited), IEEE Trans. Magn. 20 (1984) 1584-1589 (http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ iel5/ 20/ 22871/ 01063214. pdf?tp=& isnumber=22871& arnumber=1063214) [5] R. Skomski and J.M.D. Coey, Permanent magnetism (1999) Chapter 1, pp. 13, Institute of Physics Publishing, ISBN 07503 0478 2. [6] E. F. Kneller, R. Hawig, The exchange-spring magnet: a new material principle for permanent magnets, IEEE Trans. Magn. 27 (1991) 3588 3560. (http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ search/ srchabstract. jsp?arnumber=102931& isnumber=3181& punumber=20& k2dockey=102931@ieeejrns& query=102931<in>arnumber& pos=0) [7] W. Rodewald, B. Wall, M. Katter, and K. Uestuener, Topology of NdFeB Magnets With a High Energy Density, Trans. Magn. 39 (2003) 2932-2934. (http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ stamp/ stamp. jsp?arnumber=01233263) [8] History of Magnequench. (http:/ / www. magnequench. com/ )

Lin kt ngoi
International Magnetics Association (http://www.intl-magnetics.org/) Geeky Rare-Earth Magnets Repel Sharks, Genevieve Rajewski, 05.15.07 , wired.com (http://www.wired.com/ gadgets/miscellaneous/news/2007/05/sharkmagnets) MAGNEQUENCH INC (http://www.magnequench.com)

Nam chm samarium coban

88

Nam chm samarium coban

Nam chm samarium-cban (i khi c vit gn l nam chm SmCo, hoc cn c gi l nam chm nhit cao) l mt loi nam chm t him mnh, da trn hp cht ca hai kim loi chnh l samarium (Sm) v cban (Co), cng vi mt s nguyn t ph gia khc. y l loi nam chm t him mnh, ng th hai sau th h nam chm Neodym v mnh, nhng li c kh nng hot ng nhit siu cao (trn 500oC)[1] nh c nhit Curie rt cao. Nam chm Samarium bt u xut hin trn th trng vo nm 1966, v cho n nay n l loi nam chm tt nht cho cc ng dng nhit cao [2] v d nh ng c phn lc, ng c in cng sut ln... Nam chm Samarium Cban c chia lm hai h: h 1:5 v 2:17.

H 1:5
L loi nam chm da trn hp cht SmCo5, vi khong 36% khi lng l nguyn t t him samarium (Sm). Nam chm ny ln u tin c pht minh bi Karl J. Strnat (phng th nghim Vt liu Khng qun Hoa K) vo nm 1966, cho tch nng lng t cc i (B.H)max = 18 MGOe [3] , sau , hng loi cc hp cht t cng da trn cu trc ny c pht trin thnh h vt liu t cng RCo5 c nghin cu mnh m trong ngnh t hc [4] .

nguyn t trong cu trc tinh th ca h hp cht SmCo5

SmCo5 thuc nhm hp cht RCo5 (R thng c dng k hiu cc nguyn t t him), c cu trc tinh th lc gic. SmCo5 c hng s d hng t tinh th bc 1 K1 = 11,9.106 J/m3, t bo ha Ms = 840 kA/m v nhit Curie TC = 1003 K, trng d hng HA = 28,6 T. Loi nam chm ny c kh nng cho tch nng lng t cc i (BH)max ln nht ti 28,5 MGOe (220 kJ/m3) [5] . im khc bit c bn ca nam chm Samarium-Cban so vi cc nam chm t him khc (v d nh nam chm Neodym) l n c nhit Curie rt cao, ng thi s suy gim tnh cht theo nhit rt thp, do c s dng trong cc ng dng nhit cao (c th ti hn 500oC) m khng loi nam chm no khc c th hot ng. Mt tham s c quan tm ca loi nam chm ny l h s suy gim ca t d theo nhit (reversible temperature coefficient, RTC), c nh ngha bi s suy gim ca t d, Br theo nhit :

i vi nam chm SmCo5 nguyn thy, h s RTC l m, c ngha l t d s b suy gim theo nhit . Tuy nhin, gn y, ngi ta c nhiu ci tin nh b sung cc ph gia, to ra cc pha ph trong nam chm c h s RTC dng b tr, to ra suy gim hu nh bng 0.

H 2:17
L h vt liu da trn hp cht Sm2Co17, c Karl J. Strnat v Dr. Alden Ray pht minh nm 1972 vi tch nng lng t cc i ti 30 MGOe. H vt liu ny c cu trc tng t nh SmCo5, nhng c s khc bit v thng s t ni ti. Hng s d hng t tinh th bc 1 K1 = 10.106 J/m3, t bo ha Ms = 990 kA/m v nhit Curie TC = 958 K. Loi nam chm ny c kh nng cho tch nng lng t cc i (BH)max ln nht ti 41,3 MGOe (331 kJ/m3). [6] . Trong cc nghin cu hin nay v nam chm nhit cao, ngi ta pha tp thm cc nguyn t khc (Fe, Cu, Zr...) ci tin cu trc v tnh cht nhm nng cao nhit Curie cng nh phm cht t ca h vt liu ny[7]

Nam chm samarium coban ,[8]

89

C ch tnh cht t
C ch to ra d hng t tinh th khng l v nhit Curie cao ca nam chm samarium cban l vi cu trc c bit cu trc bi cc l (lamelar structure) hoc cc si (cellular structure) c nh hng cao trong qu trnh ch to. Cc l (si) ny c th c chiu dy t vi chc n 100 nm to ra d hng t hnh dng ln, ng thi l cc tm hm s dch chuyn vch men trong qu trnh t ha. C ch t ha ch yu ca SmCo5 l c ch quay mmen t, trong khi c ch t ha ch yu chi phi nam chm Sm2Co17 li l c ch hm s dch chuyn cc vch men.

Cc thng tin khc

Nam chm SmCo c khi lng ring khong 8.4 g/cm, in tr sut 0.8104 cm v h s gin n nhit khong 12.5 m/(mK). Nam chm samarium cban c sn xut ch yu bng k thut luyn kim bt v thiu kt nhit cao trong mi trng bo v. samarium l kim loi c tnh xi ha mnh nn i hi mi trng c ht chn khng cao loi tr xi. Do cha qu nhiu samarium nn hp kim SmCo thng b gin, d v hoc mm i khi ngoi khng kh. Do , thng thng loi nam chm ny thng i km vi cnh bo bo v mt, mi khi tip xc, t xa tm tay tr em.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] W. Tang, Y. Zhang, G. C. Hadjipanayis, A high performance magnetic alloy with an operating temperature of 500C, IEEE Trans. Magn. 36 (2000) 3294-3296. (http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ xpl/ freeabs_all. jsp?arnumber=908775) [2] L. Peng, Q. Yang, Y. Liu, Y. Song, H. Zhang, Application of high-temperature permanent magnets Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr)Z in PPM focusing system, Journal of Rare Earth 26 (2008) 731-734. (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1016/ S1002-0721(08)60172-6) [3] History of Magnetism (http:/ / www. rare-earth-magnets. com/ magnet_university/ history_of_magnetism. htm) [4] ^ Robert C. O'Handley (1999). Modern Magnetic Materials: Principles and Applications. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN-13 978-0471155669. [5] E. F. Kneller, R. Hawig, The exchange-spring magnet: a new material principle for permanent magnets, IEEE Trans. Magn. 27 (1991) 3588-3560. (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1109/ 20. 102931) [6] History of magnetism (http:/ / www. rare-earth-magnets. com/ magnet_university/ history_of_magnetism. htm) [7] Sofoklis S. Makridis et al., Sm(Co, Fe, Cu, Zr, C)8.2 ribbons for high-temperature magnets, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 272-276 (2004) E1921-E1923 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1016/ j. jmmm. 2003. 12. 457) [8] Fernando M. F. Rhen et al., Effect of ZrB2 addition on SmCo-1:7 high temperature magnets, J. Appl. Phys. 93 (2003) 8683-8685 (http:/ / link. aip. org/ link/ ?JAPIAU/ 93/ 8683/ 1)

Xem thm
Nam chm t him Nam chm Neodym Vt liu t cng Lc khng t

Lin kt ngoi
Samarium Cobalt (http://www.magnetsales.com/SMCO/Smco1.htm) Samarium cobalt magnets (http://www.mademagnet.com/samarium-cobalt-magnets.htm)

Nam chm vnh cu

90

Nam chm vnh cu

Nam chm vnh cu l cc vt c cu to t cc vt liu t cng c kh nng gi t tnh khng b mt t trng, c s dng nh nhng ngun to t trng.

Cc c trng
Cc i lng ca nam chm vnh cu xut pht t ng cong t tr, l cc thng s c trng ca cc cht st t ni chung v vt liu t cng ni ring v cc thng s c quan tm ch yu gm: Lc khng t Lc khng t ca nam chm vnh cu phi ln khng b kh t bi cc t trng ngoi, kh nng lu tr t trng ca nam chm cng ln khi lc khng t cng ln. Cc nam chm vnh cu ph bin hin nay c lc khng t t 1000 Oe n vi chc ngn Oe. T d (xem bi ng cong t tr). H s ch nht hay vung Tch nng lng t cc i Ni ln kh nng lu tr nng lng t ca nam Hnh nh cc nam chm vnh cu chm vnh cu, l nng lng ln nht c th tn tr trong mt n v th tch nam chm, c xc nh t ng cong t tr. Mun c tch nng lng t cc i ln, nam chm cn c lc khng t ln, t d cao v h s ch nht ca ng cong t tr ln. Nhit Curie L nhit m ti cc vt st t b mt t tnh v tr thnh thun t. Nhit Curie cho ta bit kh nng hot ng ca nam chm trong iu kin nhit cao hay thp. C nhng nam chm c nhit Curie kh thp (v d nh nam chm Nd2Fe14B c nhit Curie ch 312oC), nhng cng c nhng loi nam chm c nhit Curie rt cao (v d h hp cht SmCo c nhit Curie hng ngn , c s dng trong ng c phn lc c nhit cao). Ngoi cc tham s mang tnh cht t tnh, cc tham s khc cng rt c quan tm l cng, kh nng chng mi mn, chng xi ha, mt ... Bn cnh , hnh dng nam chm cng l mt tham s rt quan trng quyt dnh im lm vic ca nam chm do hnh dng nam chm quy nh tha s kh t ca vt t, c tc ng ln n nng lng t ca nam chm.

Nam chm vnh cu

91

Phn loi theo vt liu

xit st: L loi nam chm vnh cu u tin ca loi ngi c s dng di dng cc " nam chm", c s dng t thi c i, c ngay trong t nhin nhng khi khoa hc k thut pht trin loi ny khng cn c s dng do t tnh rt km. Thp ccbon L loi nam vnh cu c s Nam chm t him NdFeB (neodymium) c s dng trong cng my tnh dng t th k 18 n gia th k 20 vi kh nng cho t d ti hn 1 T, nhng lc khng t rt thp nn t tnh cng d b mt. Li nam chm ny hu nh khng cn c s dng hin nay. Nam chm AlNiCo L loi nam chm c ch to t vt liu t cng l hp kim ca nhm, niken, cban v mt s cc ph gia khc nh ng, titan..., l loi nam chm cho t d cao (ti 1,2-1,5 T) nhng c lc khng t ch xung quanh 1 kOe, ng thi gi thnh cng kh cao nn hin nay t l s dng ngy cng gim dn (ch cn khng y 10% th phn s dng). Ferrite t cng L loi nam chm vnh cu c ch to t cc ferit t cng (v d ferit Ba, Sr..) l cc vt liu dng gm. Nam chm ferit c u im l rt d ch to, gia cng, gi thnh r v bn cao. Tuy nhin, v y l nhm cc vt liu feri t ng thi c hm lng xy cao nn c t kh thp, c lc khng t t 3 n 6 kOe, c kh nng cho tch nng lng t cc i ln nht khng qu 6 MGOe. Loi nam chm ny hin nay chim ti hn 50% th phn s dng nam chm vnh cu do nhng u im v gi thnh cc r, kh nng ch to, gia cng v bn. Nam chm t him L loi nam chm vnh cu c to ra t cc vt liu t cng l cc hp kim hoc hp cht ca cc kim loi t him v kim loi chuyn tip. Nam chm nhit cao SmCo L h cc nam chm vnh cu c ch to t hp cht ban u l SmCo5 c pht minh nm 1966 bi tin s Karl J. Strnat ca U.S. Air Force Materials Laboratory (M) c tch nng lng t cc i 18 MGOe, sau Karl J. Strnat li pht minh ra hp cht Sm2Co17 c tch nng lng t ti 30 MGOe vo nm 1972. H nam chm SmCo c nhit Curie rt cao (c th t ti 1100oC) v c lc khng t cc ln (ti vi chc kOe) nh cu trc dng l c bit. Nh c nhit Curie cao v lc khng t ln nn c s dng trong cc ng dng nhit cao (v d trong ng c phn lc...). Nam chm NdFeB (neodymium) L h cc nam chm da trn hp cht R2Fe14B (R l k hiu ch cc nguyn t t him v d nh Nd, Pr...) c cu trc tinh th kiu t gic vi lc khng t ln (hn 10 kOe) v t bo ha rt cao (ti 1,56 T) nn l loi nam chm vnh cu mnh nht hin nay vi kh nng cho tch nng lng t ti 64 MGOe (tnh ton theo l thuyt) v hin nay xut hin loi nam chm Nd2Fe14B c tch nng lng t 57 MGOe. Tuy nhin, loi nam chm ny li khng th s dng nhit cao do c nhit Curie ch 312oC. Nam chm Nd2Fe14B ln u tin c pht minh nm 1983 bi R. Sagawa (Nht Bn).

Nam chm vnh cu im yu chung ca cc nam chm t him l c gi thnh cao (do cha nhiu cc nguyn t t him t tin), c bn km (do cc nguyn t t him c tnh xy ha rt cao). V nhng im yu ny m nam chm t him tuy l loi mnh nht nhng vn khng phi l loi c s dng nhiu nht (ng sau nam chm ferit). Nam chm t hp nano L loi nam chm mi ra i t u thp k 90 ca th k 20, l loi nam chm c cu trc t hp ca 2 pha t cng v t mm kch thc nanomet. Cc pha t cng (chim t phn thp) cung cp lc khng t ln, pha t mm cung cp t ln. Tnh cht t hp ny c c l nh lin kt trao i n hi gia cc ht pha t cng v t mm kch thc nanomet. Loi nam chm ny c tnh ton c kh nng cho tch nng lng t khng l hn 3 ln so vi nam chm mnh nht hin nay l NdFeB nhng thc nghim mi ch t c rt nh so vi l thuyt v cc sn phm thc nghim mi trong giai on sn xut th nghim.

92

Phn loi theo phng php ch to

Nam chm ng hng (Isotropic magnets) L nam chm vnh cu c ch to bng cch p ng tnh m khng s dng cc phng php nh hng ban u (t trng...). Nam chm d hng (Anisotropic magnets) L nam chm c nh hng trong qu trnh p ng tnh bng t trng. Khi , cc ht n men trong vt liu s b nh hng theo chiu t trng, to nn kh nng d dng t ha theo phng nh hng. Nam chm kt dnh L cc nam chm c ch to bng cch nghin thnh bt mn, sau trn vi keo kt dnh (v d epoxy) v p trong t trng nh hng. Cc keo va c tc dng kt dnh, li va c tc dng ng cng s nh hng ca cc ht. Nam chm thiu kt L nam chm c ch to bng cch thiu kt cc bt kim loi c nghin mn v p khun. Vic thiu kt nhm to ra hp cht c thnh phn hp phc xc nh vi tnh cht t ca hp cht .

Xem thm
Nam chm Vt liu t cng St t ng cong t tr

Ti liu tham kho

1. ^ Robert C. O'Handley (1999). Modern Magnetic Materials: Principles and Applications. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN-13 978-0471155669. 2. ^ K.H.J. Buschow (1998). Permanent-magnet Materials and Their applications. Trans Tech Publications. ISBN 0 8784978-796-x.

Nam chm vnh cu

93

Lin kt ngoi
History of magnetism [1]

Ch thch
[1] http:/ / www. rare-earth-magnets. com/ magnet_university/ history_of_magnetism. htm

Nam chm in
Nam chm in l mt dng c to t trng hay mt ngun sn sinh t trng hot ng nh t trng sinh ra bi cun dy c dng in ln chy qua. Cm ng t ca nam chm in c dn v to thnh ln nh vic s dng mt li dn t lm bng vt liu t mm c t thm ln v cm ng t bo ha cao. Khc vi nam chm vnh cu c cm ng t c nh, nam chm in c cm ng t c th thay i c nh vic iu khin dng in chy qua cun dy. Nam chm in ln u tin c pht minh bi nh in hc ngi Anh William Sturgeon (1783-1850) vo nm 1825. Nam chm in ca Sturgeon l mt li st non hnh mng nga c mt s vng dy in cun quanh. Khi cho dng in sinh ra bi mt pin nh chy qua, li st b t ha v cm ng t sinh ra mnh ht ln c mt hp st nng 7 ounce. Khi ngt dng in, t trng ca li cng bin mt

S nguyn l ca nam chm in u tin. Dng in cung cp bi ngun pin to ra t trng trong cun dy v c khuch i bi li dn t lm bng st non.

Nguyn l ca nam chm in

C th tng tng cun dy ca nam chm in l do nhiu vng dy vi cng mt dng in chy qua gp li . V vy , t trng m nam chm in sinh ra cng ra l Phn b ng sc t trong mt cun dy solenoid. tng t trng ca tng vng dy ring l . xc nh t trng ca mt vng dy ring l , ta li dng Quy tc bn tay phi .Vi quy tc ny v tng tng rng , on dy thng by gi c un thnh mt vng dy ,ta xc nh c t trng ca vng dy . Khi t trng ca nhiu vng dy kt hp li vi nhau s to thnh t trng ca cun dy . T trng u v mnh nht trong lng cun dy .Chiu t trng ca

Nam chm in cun dy cng tng ng vi chiu t trng ca cc vng dy. vng dy ngoi cng , ni cc ng sc t c hng i ra khi cun dy l cc bc ca nam chm .Vng dy ngoi cng cn li , ni cc ng sc t i vo cun dy l cc nam ca nam chm (tng t nam chm vnh cu)
T Trng ca cun dy dn in c tnh cht ging nh t trng ca mt Nam Chm cng ht hay y mt t vt nm trong t trng ca cun dy .

94

Khi tch in khi cun dy, T Trng khng tn ti . Cun dy khng cn ht hay y t vt Vy ch khi no cun dy dn in, cun dy tr thnh Nam Chm in T Trng ca cun dy ty thuc vo s T Cm cun dy v dng in trong cun dy B=LI T Cm cun dy t l thun vi chiu di, s vng qun v t l nghch vi din tch ca cun dy

Cc Loi Nam Chm in

Cun Dy
Mt dy dn in vi

Cc kiu nam chm in v ng dng

Nam chm t him

Nam chm t him l tn gi ca cc loi nam chm vnh cu c lm t cc hp cht hoc hp kim ca cc nguyn t t him v kim loi chuyn tip m in hnh l 2 h nam chm t him 2:14:1 v Nam chm SmCo. Nam chm t him bt u xut hin t na sau th k 20 c bit n l mnh hn rt nhiu so vi cc loi nam chm truyn thng nh nam chm ferrite, nam chm AlNiCo, hay vt trn c nam chm hp kim FePt, CoPt.

nguyn t trong cu trc tinh th ca h hp cht SmCo5

H nam chm t him da trn hp cht SmCo

L cc nam chm vnh cu cu to t cc hp cht ca Samarium (Sm) v Cban (Co) (c th c thm mt s nguyn t khc), l h cc vt liu t cng c d hng t tinh th ln nht hin nay vi lc khng t rt ln v nhit Curie rt cao, m ph bin nht l hai h hp cht SmCo5 v Sm2(Co,Fe)17. c im chung ca h hp cht ny l c d hng t tinh th rt ln (nn c th cho lc khng t t vi kOe n vi chc kOe[1] ), nhng

Nam chm t him c t bo ha khng cao, v c nhit Curie rt cao v suy gim phm cht theo nhit thp nn thng c s dng trong cc ng dng nhit cao v do thng c gi vi tn chung l nam chm nhit cao[2] , [3] .. Hp cht SmCo5 c pht minh bi Karl J. Strnat (U.S. Air Force Materials Laboratory) ln u tin vo nm 1966 vi tch nng lng t cc i (BH)max t 18 MGOe. SmCo5 thuc nhm hp cht RCo5 (R thng c dng k hiu cc nguyn t t him, c cu trc tinh th lc gic. SmCo5 c hng s d hng t tinh th bc 1 K1 = 11,9.106 J/m3, t bo ha Ms = 840 kA/m v Phn b th trng nam chm vnh cu trn th gii nm 1999, nam chm NdFeB chim nhit Curie TC = 1003 K, trng d 37% th phn hng HA = 28,6 T. Loi nam chm ny c kh nng cho tch nng lng t cc i (BH)max ln nht ti 28,5 MGOe (220 kJ/m3). Hp cht Sm2Co17 c Karl J. Strnat v Dr. Alden Ray pht minh nm 1972 vi tch nng lng t cc i ti 30 MGOe. H vt liu ny c cu trc tng t nh SmCo5, nhng c s khc bit v thng s t ni ti. Hng s d hng t tinh th bc 1 K1 = 10.106 J/m3, t bo ha Ms = 990 kA/m v nhit Curie TC = 958 K. Loi nam chm ny c kh nng cho tch nng lng t cc i (BH)max ln nht ti 41,3 MGOe (331 kJ/m3). [4] . Trong cc nghin cu hin nay v nam chm nhit cao, ngi ta pha tp thm cc nguyn t khc (Fe, Cu, Zr...) ci tin cu trc v tnh cht nhm nng cao nhit Curie cng nh phm cht t ca h vt liu ny[5] ,[6]

95

Nam chm t him da trn nhm hp cht 2:14:1

H hp cht 2:14:1 l tn gi tt ca h hp cht c cng thc chung R2Fe14B hoc R2Co14B (nhng h hp cht R2Co14B hu nh t c s dng), vi R l cc nguyn t t him (v d nh Nd, Pr, Dy...), v loi c s dng nhiu nht l Nd2Fe14B (thng c gi tt l nam chm NdFeB) v Pr2Fe14B. c im chung l c d hng t tinh th rt ln, c t bo ha rt ln nn c kh nng cho tch nng lng t khng l. Loi tt nht l NdFeB c kh nng cho gi tr (BH)max ti 64 MGOe. Nhm hp cht ny u c cu trc tinh th kiu t gic. Cc tham s t ca nhm hp cht ny c trnh by theo bng di y [7]

Nam chm t him

96

Hp cht

Hng s mng a (nm) 0,877 0,882 0,882 0,880 0,879 0,877 0,875 0,875 0,874 0.874 0,877

Hng s mng c (nm) 1,211 1,225 1,224 1,215 1,209 1,205 1,200 1,199 1,196 1,195 1,204

Mt

T bo ha Ms (kG) 11,6 14,3 15,6 13,3 8,6 0,64 6,5 8,6 9.3 10,9 12,8

Trng d hng HA (kG) 44,25 125 150 -76,25 350 312,5 250 --25,3

Nhit Curie TC (K) 424 564 585 612 661 639 602 576 554 541 565

Ce2Fe14B Pr2Fe14B Nd2Fe14B Sm2Fe14B Gd2Fe14B Tb2Fe14B Dy2Fe14B Ho2Fe14B Er2Fe14B Tm2Fe14B Y2Fe14B

7,81 7,47 7,55 7,73 7,85 7,93 8,02 8,05 8,24 8,13 6,98

y l h vt liu c pht minh vo nm 1983 bi ng thi 2 nc l M (J. J. Croat[8] ) v Nht Bn (M. Sagawa[9] ]) l hp cht Nd2Fe14B v cho n hin nay Nd2Fe14B vn l loi nam chm vnh cu tt nht vi d hng t tinh th K1 = 9,4.106 J/m3, tch nng lng t cc i c th t ti 64 MGOe ( sn xut thng phm t 57 MGOe).

K thut ch to nam chm t him

Nam cht t him c s dng nhiu nht l dng cc nam chm thiu kt. Ban u, ngi ta ch to cc hp kim theo thnh phn danh nh ca hp cht (c b li mt phn cc nguyn t t him do chng d b xi ha. Sau chng c nghin thnh bt mn, trn keo epoxy v p nh hng trong t trng, sau nung thiu kt nhit cao (trong mi trng c ht chn khng cao v np kh bo v) to thnh hp cht, sau nhit nhit thp n nh pha, t ha v ph keo bo v. Cc cng on trn u c tin hnh trong mi trng bo v gim thiu xi ha. C th thay th cng on thiu kt bng k thut p nng. Ngi ta p cc bt trong t trng nhit cao nhm to ra pha v nh hng nam chm (to ra nam chm d hng. Gn y, ngi ta cn tin hnh to ra cc nam chm t him gi thnh r vi kiu nam chm kt dnh. Cc bt hp kim mn c to ra sau khi nghin cc mnh vn hp kim c ch to bng cng ngh ngui nhanh, sau trn keo epoxy v p nh hng trong t trng. K thut ny c u im l n gin v kinh t hn, nhng sn phm cho phm cht thp hn nhiu so vi nam chm thiu kt.

Nhc im ca nam chm t him

Nam chm t him c nhng nhc im chung thuc v c tnh vt l: bn km do cc nguyn t t him c hot tnh ha hc cao, d b xi ha. Cc nam chm thng phi c ph keo bo v chng xi ha. Gi thnh cao (do cc cha hm lng ln cc nguyn t t him t tin v cc k thut ch to phc tp. Nam chm mnh nht l Nd2Fe14B l loi mnh nht th li c nhit Curie tng i thp v c suy gim phm cht do nhit kh ln.

Nam chm t him

97

Xem thm
Nam chm vnh cu Vt liu t cng D hng t tinh th

Ti liu tham kho

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] George Rare Earth Magnet (SM-CO) (http:/ / www. allproducts. com/ metal/ micromeg/ 12-earth_magnet. html) George Hadjipanayis et al. Magnets for High Temperature Applications (http:/ / www. stormingmedia. us/ 38/ 3830/ A383004. html) George Rare Earth Magnet (SM-CO) (http:/ / www. allproducts. com/ metal/ micromeg/ 12-earth_magnet. html) History of magnetism (http:/ / www. rare-earth-magnets. com/ magnet_university/ history_of_magnetism. htm) Sofoklis S. Makridis et al. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 272-276 (2004) E1921-E1923 (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TJJ-4BMJB5S-B& _user=121723& _coverDate=05/ 31/ 2004& _rdoc=1& _fmt=& _orig=search& _sort=d& view=c& _acct=C000009999& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=121723& md5=34c135ab6ee458d6b65510f78b006a38) [6] Fernando M. F. Rhen et al. Journal of Applied Physics 93 (2003) 8683-8685 (http:/ / link. aip. org/ link/ ?JAPIAU/ 93/ 8683/ 1) [7] M. Sagawa et al. IEEE Transaction Magnetics 20 (1984) 1584-1589 (http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ iel5/ 20/ 22871/ 01063214. pdf?tp=& isnumber=22871& arnumber=1063214) [8] J.J. Croat et al. Journal of Applied Physics 55 (1984) 2078-2082 (http:/ / scitation. aip. org/ getabs/ servlet/ GetabsServlet?prog=normal& id=JAPIAU000055000006002078000001& idtype=cvips& gifs=yes) [9] M. Sagawa et al. Journal of Applied Physics 55 (1984) 2083-2087 (http:/ / scitation. aip. org/ getabs/ servlet/ GetabsServlet?prog=normal& id=JAPIAU000055000006002083000001& idtype=cvips& gifs=yes)

Nc t
Nc t (ting Anh: ferrofluid), vit y l nc st t (ferromagnetic fluid) hoc cht lng t (magnetic fluid), l mt loi cht lng c t tnh. Hu ht cc vt liu c tnh st t u l cc vt liu trng thi rn nh l cc nam chm vnh cu, nam chm in bi v, ni chung, cc vt liu t c nhit Curie (nhit m ti vt liu mt i tnh cht st t chuyn sang tnh thun t) nh hn nhiu nhit nng chy ca chng. nhit rt thp, Helium3 c t tnh khi nhit di 2,7 mK. nhit rt cao, hp kim dng lng c thnh phn Co80Pd20 Mt l nc t nm bn trn nh hng ca mt nam chm cho thy cc mi ni cng c t tnh tt. Tuy nhin, cc cht ln khng th c nhng ng dng thc t. Nc t l cht t duy nht trng thi lng trong iu kin bnh thng. Khng ging nh He3 v Co80Pd20, nc t l mt cht lng c cu trc, l mt sn phm hon ton nhn to m t trc n nay, ngi ta cha thy c trong t nhin.

Nc t

98

Thnh phn ca nc t
Cht lng bnh thng c to thnh t cc phn t hoc cc ion. Cc phn t to nn nc t li hon ton khc, bn cnh cc phn t v ion, nc t cn c mt thnh phn, l cc ht cht rn c kch thc vi chc cho n vi trm nm. Nc t gm ba thnh phn chnh l ht t tnh (cht rn), cht bao ph v mt (cn gi l cht hot ha b mt, l cht rn hoc cht lng) v dung mi (cht lng). Cc ht t cn c phn tn trong cht lng to nn mt th c gi l huyn ph c th c c cc tnh cht c bit.

Ht t tnh
Ht t tnh l thnh phn quan trng nht trong nc t, tnh cht c bit ca nc t ph thuc ch yu vo tnh cht ca ht t. Ht t c kch thc t vi nm (nanmt) n vi chc nm. Bt k mt vt liu no u hng ng di tc ng ca mt t trng (thng c k hiu l H) bn ngoi th hin bng mt i lng vt l c gi l t (cn gi l t ha, thng c k hiu l M). i lng vt l = M/H c gi l cm t ca vt liu. Ty theo cch m vt liu hng ng t trng ngoi m ngi ta chia thnh vt liu thun t, nghch t, st t, ferri t v phn st t. Vt liu thun t l vt liu c 10 ; vt liu thun t c dng, gi tr ca
-6 -6

nh v dng, c rt ln v

nh v m, c -10 ; vt liu st t, ferri t, phn st t l cc vt liu c

c th ln hn vt liu thun t hng vn ln. Ta qui nh, vt liu t tnh l vt liu st t, ferri

t v phn st t. i vi vt liu st t v ferri t, kch thc ht ca vt liu cn nh hng mnh n t tnh ca chng. Khi kch thc gim n mt gi tr ti hn ph thuc vo tng vt liu, tnh st t b mt i m thay vo , vt liu tn ti mt trng thi t tnh khc c gi l siu thun t. i vi nc t, cc ht t tnh l st t hoc siu thun t. Chng c to thnh t cc hp cht ca cc kim loi chuyn tip hoc kim loi t him. Nc t thng c dng nht l ht xt st -Fe2O3 (maghemite), Fe3O4 (magnetite) v t bo ha (t khi t trng ngoi ln) ln, r tin, n nh khi lm vic.

Cht bao ph b mt
Khi phn tn trong cht lng, cc ht t tnh ni trn s chu tc dng ca cc lc sau: Lc hp dn ca Tri t c xu hng lm cho cc ht lng ng. Nu c mt gradient t trng th cc ht s c xu hng co cm li vng c t trng ln. Lc Van der Walls v lc lng cc t lm cho cc ht kt t li vi nhau. h trng thi huyn ph th cc ht phi c mt nng lng chuyn ng nhit (chuyn ng Brown) thng c nng lng hp dn v nng lng tng tc t. Nng lng chuyn ng nhit: kBT Nng lng hp dn ca tri t: Nng lng tng tc t: 0mH Vgl l s khc bit v khi lng ring ca ht t tnh
0

Trong , kB l hng s Boltzmann; T l nhit tuyt i;

v cht lng; g l gia tc trng trng; l l cao ca cht lng trong trng hp dn; tch ca ht).

l t thm ca chn

khng; m l m men t ca ht t tnh (m = MSV, vi MS l t bo ha ca vt liu to nn ht t tnh, V l th Nu nng lng nhit khng thng nng lng hp dn v nng lng t th ngi ta phi b sung cho cc ht nhng loi nng lng mi nh nng lng tnh in hoc nng lng y khng gian (steric force). Nng lng tnh in c th xut hin do b mt cc ht b tch in cng du s y nhau. Nng lng y khng gian thng xuyn c s dng phn tn cc ht. N xut hin do ht c bao ph bi mt lp b mt nh l cc cht hot ha b mt, cao phn t,... Cht hot ha b mt c dng ph bin nht v phn t cht hot ha b mt l mt phn t di gm mt u b phn cc nh cc nhm chc -COOH, -NH2,... v mt u khng b phn cc gm cc chui hyrccbon. Khi c mt trong nc t, ty vo bn cht dung mi m cc u cc ht ny s bm ln b mt ht t tnh hoc quay ra dung mi to nn mt lc y khng gian gia cc ht.

Nc t

99

Dung mi
Dung mi l mi trng cha ht t v cht bao ph b mt. Nu t tnh ca nc t do ht t quyt nh th tnh lng ca n do dung mi quyt nh. Dung mi c th l cc cht phn cc nh nc, cn,.. hoc cc cht khng phn cc nh du, dung mi hu c. Dung mi c th c nht rt khc nhau hoc c th c kh nng bay hi di iu kin bnh thng cng khc nhau. Ty thuc vo cc ng dng c th m ngi ta dng dung mi thch hp. Cc ng dng sinh ha thng dng dung mi l nc v nc c tnh tng hp sinh hc. Vi cc ng dng vt l, dung mi thng dng l du v du rt n nh trong mi trng lm vic.

Ch to nc t Tnh cht ca nc t ng dng ca nc t

Permalloy
Permalloy l tn gi chung ca cc hp kim ca Niken v St, c thnh phn hp thc l vi gi tr x thay i t 20% n 85%. Trong cc sch v t hc v trong k thut, ngi ta gi tn ca hp kim ny tng ng vi t l niken, v d Permalloy75 l hp kim permalloy c cha 75% nguyn t l niken (hay Ni75Fe25). Hp kim permally l hp kim c t tnh, thng c s dng trong cc ng dng v t hc. Tn gi permalloy xut pht t ch ghp per (trong ch permeability, c ngha l t thm), vi t alloy c ngha l hp kim, do permalloy l hp kim c t thm rt cao. Permalloy vi t l 75% nguyn t niken c gi l permalloy chun (Standard permalloy). Permalloy c pha tp mt s nguyn t khc (v d nh Mlipen - Mo) c gi l Supermalloy. Trong k thut, Permalloy thng c vit tt l Py.

Cu trc v tnh cht ca permalloy

dng khi v n tinh th, permalloy c cu trc lp phng tm mt in hnh [1] [2] , cu trc tinh th c th b thay i ty theo phng php ch to (v d cu trc lc gic xp cht khi dng mng mng ch to bng phng php epitaxy chm phn t[3] S thay i ca t thm ban u ca permalloy theo hm lng Ni 1) Ch to ). Hng s mng ph thuc vo thnh phn bng phng php cn lnh, 2) Ch to bng cn nng hp kim (cha xc nh quy lut r rng), v d hp kim permalloy75 c cu trc lp phng tm mt vi hng s mng a = 0.3555 nm, khi lng ring 8,57.103 kg/m3, thuc nhm khng gian Pm-3m [4] , trong khi hp kim permalloy50 c hng s mng a = 0.3587 nm, thuc nhm khng gian Fm-3m, khi lng ring 8,24.103 kg/m3[5] . S thay i ca cu trc tinh th theo hm lng cc nguyn t ph thuc nhiu vo cng ngh ch to.

Permalloy Permalloy l mt vt liu t mm in hnh vi tnh t mm rt tt: c t thm rt cao (c t thm ban u - c th t ti 10.000 vi Permalloy75 v t thm cc i - c th t ti 300.000 ln), lc khng t rt nh (c th ti 1 A/m), nhng li c t bo ha thp, nhn chung t bo ha gim theo hm lng Ni[6] . Permalloy l vt liu c bn v do dai cao, kh nng chng n mn, chng xi ha, chng mi mn rt tt. Do mang bn cht kim loi, permalloy c in tr sut rt thp. Hp kim permalloy c c th cho hiu ng t in tr khong 5% nhit phng.

100

K thut ch to v x l permalloy
Permalloy l mt hp kim c nhit nng chy trung bnh (xung quanh 1100oC) do n c th d dng c to ra bng cc k thut luyn kim: Nng chy cm ng Nng chy h quang L in Luyn kim bt

to ra cc tnh cht t nh mong mun, ngi ta cn p dng cc k thut ch to v x l sau khi to ra hp kim: Cn nng, cn lnh X l nhit trong t trng, trong kh hydro Mng mng permalloy c th d dng to ra bng cc k thut mng mng: M in Bc bay nhit trong chn khng Phn x catt Lng ng chm laser Epitaxy chm phn t
S ph thuc ca t bo ha vo hm lng Ni trong cc hp kim permalloy

ng dng ca permalloy
Cc vt liu dng khi c s dng trong cc li bin th, cc cun chn, li dn t cht lng cao s dng trong t trng tn s thp do hp kim permalloy l hp kim c tnh cht t mm tuyt vi. Tuy nhin n khng th s dng trong ng dng cao tn do c in tr sut thp. Cc mng mng permalloy c s dng trong cc cm bin t trng, cc u c ca a cng, cc cu trc nano nhn to... Mng mng permalloy hin nay ang l mt trong nhng vt liu c nghin cu mnh m nht cho cc ng dng spintronic s dng cc vt liu st t kim loi.

Permalloy

101

Xem thm
Hp kim T hc Vt liu t mm

Ti liu tham kho

[1] G.E. Ice et al. Scripta Materialia 55 (2006) 57-62 (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TY2-4JPHS85-1& _user=121723& _coverDate=07/ 31/ 2006& _rdoc=1& _fmt=& _orig=search& _sort=d& view=c& _acct=C000009999& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=121723& md5=1dc41c32697576b2acb9d18ba9138db9) [2] Shinji Narishige et al. IEEE Transaction on Magnetics 28 (1992) 990-993 (http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ iel1/ 20/ 3500/ 00123849. pdf?arnumber=123849) [3] J. C. A. Huang et al. Journal of Applied Physics 83 (1998) 7046-7048 (http:/ / link. aip. org/ link/ ?JAPIAU/ 83/ 7046/ 1) [4] Lutts A., Glelen P.M. Physica Status Solidi (b) 41 (1970) K81-K84 (http:/ / www3. interscience. wiley. com/ cgi-bin/ abstract/ 112578307/ ABSTRACT) [5] G. Dumpich et al. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 67 (1987) 55-64 (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TJJ-46X4JHV-HW& _user=121723& _coverDate=05/ 31/ 1987& _alid=597455855& _rdoc=1& _fmt=summary& _orig=search& _cdi=5312& _sort=d& _docanchor=& view=c& _ct=1& _acct=C000009999& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=121723& md5=bbdc15b566404bba5c3b4d4dc2767a57) [6] Soft Magnetic Materials Ed. by Richard Boll, Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Heyden & Son LTD (1979) ISBN 0-85501-263-3

Perovskit (cu trc)

Perovskite l tn gi chung ca cc vt liu gm c cu trc tinh th ging vi cu trc ca vt liu gm canxi titanat (CaTiO3). Tn gi ca perovskite c t theo tn ca nh khong vt hc ngi Nga L. A. Perovski (1792-1856), ngi c cng nghin cu v pht hin ra vt liu ny vng ni Uran ca Nga vo nm 1839.

Cu trc v ch to perovskite
Cu trc perovskit
Cng thc phn t chung ca cc hp cht perovskite l ABO3 vi A v B l cc in (cation) c bn knh khc nhau. v tr ca in xy, c th l mt s nguyn t khc, nhng ph bin nht vn l xy. Ty theo nguyn t v tr B m c th phn thnh nhiu h khc nhau, v d nh h manganite khi B = Mn, h titanat khi B = Ti hay h cobaltit khi B = Co...

Cu trc tinh th ca h perovskite ABO3.

Perovskit (cu trc) Thng thng, bn knh in A ln hn so vi B. Cu trc ca perovskite thng l bin th t cu trc lp phng vi cc cation A nm nh ca hnh lp phng, c tm l cation B. Cation ny cng l tm ca mt bt din to ra bi cc anion O. Cu trc tinh th c th thay i t lp phng sang cc dng khc nh trc giao hay trc thoi khi cc in A hay B b thay th bi cc nguyn t khc m hnh thc ging nh vic mng tinh th b bp mo i, gi l mo mng Jahn-Teller.

102

K thut ch to
Do perovskite l mt vt liu gm nn cc ch to perovskite ph bin nht l k thut gm, hay cn gi l k thut phn ng pha rn. Cc nguyn liu ban u l cc xit ca cc kim loi c nghin trn trong thi gian di to s ng nht, sau c p thnh vin v nung thiu kt nhit cao to ra phn ng perovskite ha (phn ng pha rn). Phng php ny c u im l r tin, n gin, d dng to ra vt liu vi khi lng ln. Ngoi ra, perovskite c th c ch to bng cc phng php phn ng ha hc khc nhau v d nh phng php sol-gel, phng php ng kt ta, vi u im l cho vt liu c cht lng cao nhng li hn ch kh nng to vt liu vi khi lng ln.

Tnh cht v ng dng

cu trc s khai ban u ( v tr A v B ch c 2 nguyn t) th perovskite mang tnh cht in mi phn st t. S l th trong tnh cht ca perovskite l n c th to ra rt nhiu tnh cht trong mt vt liu cc nhit khc nhau [1] .

Tnh cht in

C nhiu perovskite l cc cht st in th hin tnh cht nhit in tr ln [2] . Nh s pha tp, tnh cht dn in ca perovskite c th thay i t tnh cht in mi sang tnh dn kiu bn dn, hoc thm ch mang tnh dn kiu kim loi, hoc tnh cht in c bit l trt t in tch, trng thi m cc ht ti dn b c lp bi cc in t tnh [3] , [4] . Ngoi ra, nhiu perovskite c th mang tnh cht siu dn nhit cao [5] .

nh SEM ca mu gm perovskite La0,2Ca0,8MnO3 (ch to ti Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin, i hc Quc gia H Ni) v cc ng cong t nhit th hin cc vng tnh cht khc nhau ca vt liu: st t trong di nhit t 200 K n 300 K, phn st t di 200 K.

Tnh cht t
Thng thng, perovskite mang tnh cht phn st t nhng tnh cht ny c th b bin i thnh st t nh s pha tp cc nguyn t khc nhau. S pha tp cc nguyn t dn n vic to ra cc in mang ha tr khc nhau v tr B, to ra c ch tng tc trao i gin tip sinh ra tnh st t. iu c bit l tnh cht t c th thay i trong nhiu trng thi khc nhau cng mt vt liu [1] [4] . Khi trng thi st t, perovskite c th tn ti hiu ng t in tr siu khng l [1] , hoc hiu ng t nhit khng l [6] hoc trng thi thy tinh - spin nhit thp, trng thi m cc spin b tn ti trong trng thi hn n v b ng bng bi qu trnh lm lnh [7] .

Perovskit (cu trc)

103

Cc tnh cht khc

Bn cnh cc tnh cht in t, perovskite cn mang nhiu c tnh ha hc nh c tnh hp ph mt s loi kh hoc tnh cht xc tc ha hc.

ng dng
Do c nhiu c tnh in - t - ha khc nhau nn perovskite c mt trong rt nhiu ng dng [8] v c coi l mt trong nhng vt liu rt l th. Nh vt l ngi n C. N. R. Rao tng pht biu rng perovskite l tri tim ca vt l cht rn [9] . Vi tnh cht t in tr siu khng l, perovskite rt ha hn cho cc linh kin spintronics v cc cm bin t siu nhy. Vi nhiu tnh cht c bit nh siu dn nhit cao, st in... perovskite rt hu ch cho nhiu linh kin in t. Ngoi ra, perovskite vi cc tnh cht hp ph v xc tc cn c s dng trong cc pin nhin liu.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] S. B. Salamon, M. Jaime, The physics of manganites: Structure and transport, Rev. Mod. Phys. 73, 583 - 628 (2001). (http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ RMP/ v73/ i3/ p583_1) [2] P.Q. Thanh, B.T. Cong, C.T.A. Xuan, N.H. Luong, Melting of the charge-ordering state by ruthenium doping in Ca0.6Pr0.4Mn1yRuyO3 (y=0, 0.03, 0.05, 0.07) perovskites, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 310 (2007) e720-e722. (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1016/ j. jmmm. 2006. 10. 786) [3] C. N. R. Rao, A. K. Cheetham, Charge Ordering in Manganates, Science 276 (1997) 911-912. (http:/ / www. sciencemag. org/ cgi/ content/ summary/ 276/ 5314/ 911) [4] N. Chau, D. H. Cuong, N. D. Tho, H. N. Nhat, N. H. Luong, B. T. Cong, Large positive entropy change in several charge-ordering perovskites, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 272-276 (2003) 1292-1294. (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1016/ j. jmmm. 2003. 12. 074) [5] D. J. Singh, I. I. Mazin, Magnetism, Spin Fluctuations and Superconductivity in Perovskite Ruthenates, Lecture Notes in Physics 603 (2002) 256-270. (http:/ / www. springerlink. com/ content/ 814116qx40712u42/ ) [6] M. H. Phan, S. C. Yu, Review of the magnetocaloric effect in manganite materials, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 308 (2007) 325-340. (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1016/ j. jmmm. 2006. 07. 025) [7] X. L. Wang, J. Horvat, H. K. Liu, A. H. Li and S. X. Dou, Spin glass state in Gd2CoMnO6 perovskite manganite, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 118 (2001) 27-30. (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1016/ S0038-1098(01)00033-3) [8] Tejuca, Luis G (1993), Properties and applications of perovskite-type oxides, New York: Dekker, 382, ISBN 0-8247-8786-2. [9] Nguyn Chu, Gn cht cng tc nghin cu khoa hc v o to cn b tr. (http:/ / www. bulletin. vnu. edu. vn/ btdhqghn/ Vietnamese/ C1177/ 2005/ 03/ N6842/ ?1)

Xem thm
Gm T in tr siu khng l Hiu ng t nhit Tng tc trao i

Lin kt ngoi
"Cubic Perovskite Structure" (http://cst-www.nrl.navy.mil/lattice/struk/e2_1.html) perovskites at NCSU (http://wikis.lib.ncsu.edu/index.php/Perovskite)

Spin valve

104

Spin valve
Spin valve (cha c tn gi ring trong ting Vit) l mt linh kin t tnh cu to t mt mng mng a lp gm cc lp st t ngn cch bi cc lp phi t m in tr ca h thay i ph thuc vo s nh hng ca t trong cc lp st t. Tnh cht ca spin valve da trn hiu ng t in tr khng l v c ng dng trong cc u c cng my tnh. Spin valve c coi l th h linh kin spintronic th nht.

Hiu ng t in tr v spin valve ban u

Khi nim v linh kin spin valse c xut hin lin vi pht kin v hiu ng t in tr khng l m in tr ca h mng M hnh hiu ng t in tr khng l trong cc spin valve mng t a lp gm cc lp st t ngn cch bi lp phi t c th thay i rt ln di tc dng ca t trng ngoi[1] [2] . C ch ca hiu ng c l gii qua c ch "tn x ph thuc spin" ca in t. V c th thy rng trng thi ca h (in tr cao, in tr thp) ph thuc vo s nh hng tng i ca t ca cc lp st t. C ngha l vic t cc lp ny nh hng tng i vi nhau ra sao (song song, phn song song) c th cho php dng dng in t (dng spin) c truyn qua hoc khng th truyn qua, hay ni cch khc, t ca cc lp st t hot ng nh mt chic van ng m spin. y chnh l tng v cu trc spin valve.

Spin valve vi lin kt phn st t

M hnh mng mng a lp vi cc lp st t xen k bi cc lp mng phi t to ra hiu ng t in tr khng l l m hnh s khai u tin. Tuy nhin, y l cu trc n gin vi s quay ca cc lp st t theo t trng kh t do v vic iu khin tn hiu tr nn kh khn. V chnh nhm ca Peter Grunberg ci tin m hnh ny thnh cu trc spin valve nh hin nay vi vic s dng mt lp phn st t. Cu trc ct ngang ca m hnh ny gm 4 lp chnh: bn di l lp mng mng vt liu phn st t (hin nay s dng ph bin l IrMn...), bn trn lp ny l lp st t u tin c t b ghim bi lp phn st t nn c t b gi theo mt hng (gi l lp ghim), pha trn l lp phi t (hoc lp in mi), v trn cng l lp st t vi t quay t do.

Cu trc ct ngang ca mng a lp spin valve vi lin kt phn st t.

Vi m hnh ny, khi t t trng ngoi ch c t ca lp t do b quay theo t trng ngoi do hiu ng t in tr hu nh ch ph thuc vo t lp bn trn. T ca lp ghim bn di ch b quay i khi c t trng

Spin valve ngoi lp ph v lin kt vi lp phn st t. Vi cu trc ny, ng cong t in tr ca h tr nn thay i nhy bc sc nt v ng cong t tr ca h cng tr nn khc vi thng thng vi dng ng tr dch do s lin kt gia hai lp st t-phn st t vi hnh nh ng cong t tr b dch i mt qung v pha t trng m gi l trng trao i dch (exchange-bias field)[3] .

105

Spin valve CPP v CIP

CPP (Current Perpendicular to Plane) v CIP (Current In Plane) l hai cu hnh t in tr trong cu trc spin-valve, c quy nh bi chiu dng in chy trong linh kin. Cu trc CPP c dng in chy vung gc vi mt phng mng, trong khi cu trc CIP c dng in chy song song vi b mt mng. Thng thng, cu trc CPP s cho gi tr hiu ng GMR (hoc TMR) ln hn so vi cu hnh CIP v khi in t ch yu b tn x trn chiu dy mng, c qung ng t do trung bnh nh hn so vi cu hnh CIP.

Cu hnh CPP ang l mi quan tm ln ca cc nh nghin cu trong ng dng spintronics v kh nng to ra cc linh kin mt v cht lng cao hn, tuy nhin cu hnh CIP li chim u th do vic ch to cng nh hot ng rt n gin.

ng tr dch do lin kt trao i gia hai lp st t v phn st t. trn nhit Neel, khng c s dch ng tr do khng c tnh st t. di nhit Neel, lin kt st t-phn st t to nn ng cong t tr b dch i mt khong.

Ch thch
[1] M. N. Baibich, J. M. Broto, A. Fert, F. Nguyen Van Dau, F. Petroff, P. Eitenne, g. Creuzet, A. Friederich, and J. Chazelas, Giant Magnetoresistance of (001)Fe/(001)Cr Magnetic Superlattices, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (1988) 2472. (http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRL/ v61/ i21/ p2472_1) [2] G. Binasch, P. Grnberg, F. Saurenbach, W. Zinn, Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange, Phys. Rev. B 39 (1989) 4828. (http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRB/ v39/ i7/ p4828_1) [3] Theory of exchange bias (http:/ / cnst. nist. gov/ epg/ Projects/ Theory/ theory_exbias. html)

Xem thm
St t Phn st t T in tr khng l Spintronics

Terfenol-D

106

Terfenol-D
Terfenol-D l mt loi hp kim cha cc kim loi terbi, st v dysprosi vi cng thc phn t (Tb0,3Dy0,7)1Fe1,9, c pht trin t nhng nm 1950, l loi hp kim c h s t gio ln nht nhit phng tng c bit v c ng dng rng ri cho n nay. Tn ca Terfenol-D c t tn theo cc kim loi Terbi, Fe, NOL l tn vit tt ni pht trin vt liu (Naval Ordnance Laboratory, Hoa K) v D l t kim loi Dysprosi[1] .

Cu trc v tnh cht ca Terfenol-D

Terfenol-D c cu trc lp phng vi i xng kiu MgCu2 mt s thng s tnh cht ca Terfenol-D nh sau [3] :
Thng s Khi lng ring g/cm3 ko dn (MPa) Mun n hi (GPa) Mun khi (GPa) [2]

vi hng s mng khong 0,735 nm, c th lit k

ln 9,25 28,0 18-55 90

Nhit nng chy (C) 1.240 in tr sut (Ohm.cm) t thm Nhit Curie (oC) H s t gio (10-6) 0,0000600 4,5-10,0 357-380 1500-2000

ng dng v cc ci tin
Terfel-D l mt vt liu t gio in hnh (c h s t gio nhit phng cao nht tng c to ra cho n nay)[4] , c ng dng rng ri trong cc ng dng chuyn i nng lng c-t nh: trong cc h thng nh v thy m v cm bin ca hi qun, trong thit b SoundBug (ng dng thng mi u tin ca n) cng nh trong cc thit b c-t khc; hay cc cm bin o gia tc, cm bin c o dch chuyn c hc, cc my pht siu m - t gio, cc linh kin vi c trong cc b vi c in t (MEMS). Hin nay, Terfenol-D c sn xut thnh thng phm rng ri [5] . Nu c to dng mng mng, Terfenol-D c th t h s t gio ti 400.10-6.

Xem thm
St t T gio Terbi

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Rodrguez et al., New elastomerTerfenol-D magnetostrictive composites, Sensors and Actuator A 149 (2009) 251-254. (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1016/ j. sna. 2008. 11. 026) [2] Gran Engdahl, Handbook of Giant Magnetostrictive Materials, Elsevier Inc. (2000) trang 1-125, ISBN: 978-0-12-238640-4. (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science/ book/ 9780122386404) [3] ETREMA Products Terfenol-D Magnetostrictive Iron Alloy (Tb0.3Dy0.7Fe1. 92). (http:/ / www. matweb. com/ search/ datasheet. aspx?matguid=aa68cad05c7c4d39932834d68e669a5d) [4] What is Terfenol-D? (http:/ / etrema-usa. com/ core/ terfenold/ ). ETREMA Products, Inc. (2003). Truy cp 6-11-2008.

Terfenol-D
[5] J. D. Snodgrass and O.D. McMasters, Optimized TERFENOL-D manufacturing processes, J. All. Comp. 258 (1997) 24-29. (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1016/ S0925-8388(97)00067-4)

107

Lin kt ngoi
Terfenol-D data (http://etrema-usa.com/core/terfenold/)

Tng phn pha vi sai

DPC l ch vit tt ca Differential Phase Contrast, dch sang ting Vit c ngha l Tng phn pha vi sai) l k thut chp nh t trong knh hin vi in t truyn qua Lorentz, c thc hin trn cc knh hin vi in t truyn qua qut (STEM), to ra hnh nh tng phn v cm ng t trong vt rn bng cch s dng mt chm in t qut trn mu. Thc cht, thut ng DPC khng ch mang ngha trong lnh vc chp nh t, m l mt khi nim rng trong ngnh chp nh hin vi hot ng da trn vic ghi li tng phn v pha ca sng.

Nguyn l ca DPC
DPC hot ng ging nh mt STEM, ngi ta hi t chm in t thnh mt chm hi t rt hp v iu khin qut qua mu. Thng thng, gc lch ca chm in t truyn qua mu l rt nh, do khi s dng chm in t hi t qut trn mu, chm in t truyn qua s b lch gc ln hn, do S khi nguyn l ca k thut DPC nng cao kh nng kho st tng phn v t tnh. Bn di mu, ngi ta s dng cun dy hy qut v dng mt detector c 4 gc (gi l quadrant detector) ghi li chm in t bn di. Khi , tn hiu thu c s l 4 tn hiu t 4 detector con, v tng phn v cm ng t thu c nh vic ly hiu (vi sai) gia cc detector i din. Mt DPC thng c 2 lp detector 4 gc. Lp trong (E,F,G,H) l cc detector ghi nh khi thc hin ch hot ng vi phng di nh, s dng chm tia c kch thc ln. Lp ngoi (A,B,C,D) l 4 detector ghi nh phng i ln, s dng chm tia c hi t rt hp. nh tng phn t l 2 nh vi sai t cc cp detector i din (E-G, F-H phng i nh, hay A-C, B-D phng i ln) s tng ng vi tng phn v cm ng t theo 2 trc ta vung gc (Bx, By).

Tng phn pha vi sai

108

Khi nim v hin vi tng phn pha vi sai ln u tin c nu vo nm 1974 bi N. H. Dekker v H. de Lang [1] v sau c nhm nghin cu ca John Chapman (i hc Glasgow, Vng quc Anh) pht trin thnh k thut DPC trong knh hin vi Lorentz vo nm 1983 [2] , [3] , v n nay DPC Detector ca DPC v cp nh vi sai cho tng phn v cm ng t ca mu vt NiFe tr thnh mt trong nhng k thut ghi li trn knh hin vi Phillips CM20 chp nh t mnh nht c kh nng cho nh vi phn gii rt cao v cht lng cao ng thi d dng phn tch thng tin. nh DPC cho trc tip tng phn v cm ng t trong cc men t (cc tng phn trng-en tng ng vi chiu ca cm ng t) ng thi rt mnh trong vic kho st tnh cht vch men. DPC l ch ghi nh in-focus.

c im ca nh DPC
DPC cho 2 nh vi sai (t tn hiu vi sai 2 cp detector i din) tng ng vi s tng phn v cm ng t theo hai trc ta vung gc (hai thnh phn cm ng t Bx, By). Cc mu sc trn nh tng ng vi ln ca cm ng t (mu trng cho gi tr dng cc i v mu en cho gi tr m cc tiu, mu xm nht cho gi tr 0). Vch men c xc nh t bin gii ngn cch gia hai vng c s tng phn v cm ng t. Nh vy, nh DPC cho hnh nh v cc men t (tri vi [[nh Fresnel cho hnh nh v cc vch men) v do rt d dng v ra s phn b ca cm ng t trong mu mng. nh DPC l nh v tr ly nt (in focus), do hon ton khng b nhiu bi cc vn giao thoa Fresnel. i vi cc mu mng mng st t a tinh th, nh DPC cng c th cho hnh nh cc gn sng ging nh nh Fresnel v tnh cht ca ph gn sng cng hon ton tng t nh trong nh Fresnel. DPC c hai ch hot ng. Ch phng i thp, hot ng khi na bn trn ca thu knh Lorentz c tt v chm tia hi t gc hi t ln, kch thc chm tia ln (thng xung quanh 20-45 nm) v s dng h detector nh bn trong ghi nh, do cho phn gii t 20-45 nm, nhng li cho tng phn rt tt, cht lng nh cao. ch phng i ln, na thu knh Lorentz bn trn c hot ng v chm tia c hi t thnh im rt nh (c 1 nm) nn nh thu c c phn gii rt cao (t 1-5 nm) nhng ngc li, tng phn li km so vi ch phng i thp. Ch ny thng dng o vch men hoc cc tnh cht ca linh kin rt nh.

u im v hn ch ca DPC
u im ca DPC
DPC rt d dng cho nh cu trc t vi cht lng cao v phn gii rt cao. DPC c th n gin thng dch v ra bn phn b cm ng t trong mu v tnh ton nh lng v cm ng t, o kch thc vch men vi chnh xc cao mt cch d dng. So vi cc k thut s dng ch qut khc, DPC l k thut ghi nh nhanh nht.

Hn ch ca DPC
DPC hot ng ch qut nn n ghi nh chm hn so vi ch nh Fresnel hay cc k thut quang khc. DPC i hi qu trnh ci t sp xp phc tp v h detector rt t tin. DPC i hi mu mng, sch nn hn ch qu trnh ch to.

Tng phn pha vi sai

109

Ti liu tham kho

[1] N. H. Dekker, H. de Lang, Optik 30 (1974) 452. [2] J.N. Chapman, G.R. Morrison, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 35 (1983) 254-260. (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TJJ-46GCYWW-C1& _user=121723& _coverDate=03/ 31/ 1983& _alid=799840409& _rdoc=1& _fmt=high& _orig=search& _cdi=5312& _sort=d& _docanchor=& view=c& _ct=1& _acct=C000009999& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=121723& md5=621641bb4f10f527553be8a805f07bd9) [3] J.N. Chapman, The investigation of magnetic domain structures in thin foils by electron microscopy, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 17 (1984) 623-647 (http:/ / www. iop. org/ EJ/ abstract/ 0022-3727/ 17/ 4/ 003)

Xem thm
Knh hin vi Lorentz Knh hin vi in t truyn qua qut nh Fresnel

T in tr chui hm
T in tr chui hm hay T in tr xuyn hm, (ting Anh: Tunnelling magnetoresistance, thng vit tt l TMR) l mt hiu ng t in tr xy ra trong cc mng mng a lp c cc lp st t c ngn cch bi cc lp in mi.

M t hiu ng
T in tr chui hm hiu n gin l s thay i ln ca in tr sut xy ra cc tip xc t chui hm, l cc mng mng vi cc lp mng mng st t c ngn cch bi lp in mi, ng vai tr lp ro ngn cch chuyn ng ca in t. Khi chiu dy lp in mi mng, hiu ng chui hm lng t s xy ra, cho php in t xuyn qua ro th ca lp in mi, to thnh s dn in, v do s tn x trn cc lp st t, in tr ca mng s b thay i ty theo s nh hng ca mmen t ca cc lp st t. Hiu ng t in tr chui hm thc C ch to hiu ng t in tr chui hm trong cc tip xc t chui hm cht c pht hin t nm 1975 bi nhm nghin cu ca Michel Julliere khi pht hin ra hiu ng ny xy ra trong h mng a lp Fe/Ge/Co, xy ra nhit thp ti 4,2 Kelvin vi lp germanium (Ge) ng vai tr l mt lp in mi[1] . Hiu ng TMR nhit phng c pht hin ln u tin vo nm 1995 bi nhm nghin cu ca Jagadeesh Moodera trn cc mng mng CoFe/Al2O3/Co vi Al2O3 ng vai tr lp cch in, cho hiu ng MR ti 11,8% nhit phng[2] v nhm nghin cu c lp Nht Bn lnh o bi Terunobu Miyazaki[3] , tm thy hiu ng TMR t ti 18% nhit phng v 30% 4,2 Kelvin trong mng a lp Fe/Al2O3/Fe. i vi cc tip xc t chui hm c 2 lp st t kp gia bi mt lp in mi, t s t in tr (trong trng hp ny s dng l TMR) ph thuc vo phn cc spin ca 2 lp ( ), v c cho bi cng thc[4] :

T in tr chui hm

110

ng dng ca t in tr chui hm
Cng vi cc thnh tu v hiu ng GMR, hiu ng TMR l tr ct pht trin ca cng ngh spintronic. Cc tip xc t chui hm ang c s dng trong cc linh kin th h spintronic th nht, in hnh l cc b nh RAM t in tr (MRAM) khng t xa, cc transistor s dng tip xc spin chui hm v trong cc cm bin cht lng cao...

Xem thm
Hiu ng t in tr T in tr khng l Spintronics

Ti liu tham kho

[1] M. Julliere, Tunnelling between ferromagnetic films, Phys. Lett. A 54 (1975) 225-226 (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science/ article/ B6TVM-46R3N46-10D/ 2/ 90703cfc684b0679356dce9a76b2e942) [2] > J. S. Moodera, Lisa R. Kinder, Terrilyn M. Wong, R. Meservey Large Magnetoresistance at Room Temperature in Ferromagnetic Thin Film Tunnel Junctions Phys. Rev. Lett. 74: 32733276, 1995 (http:/ / link. aps. org/ abstract/ PRL/ v74/ p3273) [3] T. Miyazaki, N. Tezuka, Giant magnetic tunneling effect in Fe/Al2O3/Fe junction, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 139 (1995) L231-L234 (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TJJ-460MFGV-1& _user=121723& _coverDate=01/ 02/ 1995& _alid=647142944& _rdoc=1& _fmt=summary& _orig=search& _cdi=5312& _sort=d& _docanchor=& view=c& _ct=1& _acct=C000009999& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=121723& md5=f19cacba6dc33fe8e3912c3cf7067161) [4] C.H. Marrow, Spin-polarised currents and magnetic domain walls, Adv. Phys. 54 (2005) 585. (http:/ / www. informaworld. com/ smpp/ content~content=a741576309~db=all~order=page)

T in tr d hng
T in tr d hng (ting Anh: Anisotropic magnetoresistance, vit tt l AMR) l mt hiu ng t in tr m t s t in tr (s thay i ca in tr sut di tc dng ca t trng ngoi) ph thuc vo hng ca dng in (khng ng hng trong mu), m bn cht l s ph thuc ca in tr vo gc tng i gia t v dng in. y chnh l hiu ng c William Thomson pht hin vo nm 1856[1] .

Lch s v m t hiu ng
Hiu ng AMR ln u tin c William Thomson, mt gio s i hc Glasgow (Scotland, Vng quc Anh) vo nm 1856. Trong bi bo cng b trn tp san ca Hip hi Hong gia Anh (Proceedings of Royal Society), William Thomson ch ra s thay i ca in tr ca cc mu vt dn kim loi st t l Niken v St di tc dng ca t trng ngoi ca mt nam chm in c th t ti 3-5% nhit phng. Ngoi ra, s thay i ny cn ph thuc vo phng o, gc tng i gia cng dng in (ca b o in tr) v t trng ngoi, hay chiu ca t ha ca mu. y l pht hin u tin v hiu ng t in tr v tn gi hiu ng t in tr d hng (AMR) sau ny c t vo nm 1951 bi J. Smit[2] . Hiu ng AMR ch xy ra trong cc mu kim loi st t (c th t ti 5% nhit phng trong vt liu permalloy-90 (Ni90Fe10)) hoc trong mt s cht bn dn hoc bn kim (c xy ra hiu ng Hall ln d thng (v d nh trn Bismut..) nhng kh nh. Trong t hc, ngi ta c trng cho tnh cht t in tr d hng bi bin thin in tr sut theo hai phng song song v vung gc vi t trng[3] , [4] :

v hiu ng AMR c nh gi thng qua t s:

T in tr d hng

111

vi:

L thuyt v hiu ng AMR ln u tin c gii thch vo nm 1971 bi m hnh tn x in t trn cc in t dn ca G. T. Meaden (Dalhousie University, Nova Scotia, Canada)[5] : hin tng t in tr y ch yu b tri phi bi s thay i khi lng hiu dng ca in t khi tn x trn cc vng nng lng, v gi tr t s AMR c th ph thuc vo bc hai ca t trng:

vi , e l thi gian hi phc v in tch ca in t, m1, m2 l khi lng hiu dng trn cc vng nng lng.

T in tr d hng v t in tr vch men

Trong thi gian gn y, vi s pht trin ca spintronics, hiu ng t in tr d hng li c quan tm mnh m tr li vi cc ng dng s dng cc cu trc nano t tnh hot ng da trn vch men. Trong cc cu trc nh, s xut hin ca cc vch men dn n vic thay i ln cc tnh cht in do s tn x ca in t trn cc vch men l rt ln v c gi l t in tr vch men. T in tr vch men t l thun vi t in tr d hng theo cng thc[6] :

vi RDW, Rsat l in tr ca mu khi c vch men v khi trng thi bo ha t; l in tr d hng, l l dy vch men, w, t ln lt l chiu rng v dy ca mu.

ng dng
AMR c s dng trong cc sensor o t trng, sensor AMR rt hu ch trong vic o t trng Tri t. AMR trc y s dng trong u c ca cng my tnh, sau b thay th bi cc u c s dng hiu ng GMR. Gn y AMR li hi sinh tr li vi vic xy dng cc linh kin vch men v s dng t in tr vch men. Hiu ng AMR c bit hu ch cho vic o c vn chuyn cc vch men trong cc dy nano (xc nh s xut hin, o hiu ng t in tr vch men, o tc chuyn ng ca vch men...).

Ti liu tham kho

[1] W. Thomson, On the Electro-Dynamic Qualities of Metals:--Effects of Magnetization on the Electric Conductivity of Nickel and of Iron, Proc. Roy. Soc. 8 (1857) 546-550. (http:/ / journals. royalsociety. org/ content/ mn212547v04qw388/ ) [2] J. Smit, Magnetoresistance of ferromagnetic metals and alloys at low temperatures, Physica 17 (1951) 612-627. (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1016/ 0031-8914(51)90117-6) [3] T. R. McGuire, R. D. Hempstead, and S. Krongelb, Anisotropic magnetoresistance in ferromagnetic 3d ternary alloys, AIP Conf. Proc. -May 1976 -- Volume 29, p. 526. (http:/ / link. aip. org/ link/ ?APCPCS/ 29/ 526/ 1) [4] T. R. McGuire, R. I. Potter, Anisotropic magnetoresistance in ferromagnetic 3d alloys, IEEE Trans. Magn. 11 (1975) 1018-1038. (http:/ / ieeexplore. ieee. org/ xpl/ freeabs_all. jsp?arnumber=1058782) [5] G. T. Meaden, Conduction electron scattering and the resistance of the magnetic elements, Cont. Phys. 12 (1971) 313 - 337. (http:/ / www. informaworld. com/ smpp/ content~content=a752575867~db=all) [6] L. Thomas and S.S.P. Parkin, Current induced domain wall motion in magnetic nanowire, in Handbook of Magnetism and Advanced Magnetic Materials, Ed. by H. Kronmueller and S. Parkin, Vol. 2: Micromagnetism (2007) John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. ISBN: 978-0-470-02217-7.

T in tr d hng

112

Xem thm
T in tr T in tr khng l T in tr sut Vch men

T in tr khng l
Hiu ng t in tr khng l (ting Anh: Giant magnetoresistance, vit tt l GMR) l s thay i ln ca in tr cc vt liu t di tc dng ca t trng ngoi. Tn gi gc ting Anh ca GMR l "Giant magnetoresistance", dch sang ting Vit cn cha thng nht (gia t "ln" hay "khng l") do vic so snh vi tn gi mt hiu ng t in tr khc c tn ting Anh l "Colossal magnetoresistance" (T "Colossal" c ngha cn ln hn vi "Giant"). V th, nhng nh nghin cu khoa hc vt liu, vt l cht rn Vit Nam gi tt chung hiu ng ny l GMR. ln ca GMR c th hin qua t s t in tr:

Kt qu v hiu ng t in tr khng l trong cc siu mng Fe/Cr pht hin bi nhm ca Albert Fert

T in tr khng l

113

Lch s ca GMR
GMR l mt hiu ng t in tr nhng l mt hiu ng lng t khc vi hiu ng t in tr thng thng c nghin cu t cui th k 19. Hiu ng ny ln u tin c pht hin vo nm 1988. Nhm nghin cu ca Albert Fert i hc Paris-11 trn cc siu mng Fe(001)/Cr(001) cho t s t tr ti vi chc %. Nhm nghin cu ca Peter Grnberg Trung tm Nghin cu Jlich (c) pht hin ng ny trn mng mng kiu "bnh kp" (sandwich) 3 lp Fe(12nm/Cr(1 nm)/Fe(12 nm) ch to bng phng php epitaxy chm phn t trn GaAs. Hai tc gi ny nhn gii thng Nobel Vt l nm 2007 cho pht minh ny. y l hai nhm c lp nghin cu v pht hin ra hiu ng GMR trn cc mng a lp c cc lp st t b phn cch bi lp phn st t hoc phi t, ng thi a ra cc gi thit gii thch hiu ng ny. Nm 1992, nhm ca A. E. Berkowitz (i hc California, San Diego, M) pht hin ra hiu ng GMR trn cc mng hp kim d th Co-Cu vi cu trc l cc ht Co siu thun t trn nn Cu c t s t tr t ti hn 20%. Cc nghin cu v sau tip tc pht trin v l gii hiu ng ny, v tnh t "khng l" khng cn c hiu theo ngha ln ca hiu ng t in tr na, m hiu theo c ch to nn hiu ng: l c ch tn x ph thuc spin ca in t.

C ch ca hiu ng GMR
in tr ca cc cht rn c to ra do s tn x ca in t, v c cc ng gp cho s tn x ny gm: Tn x trn mng tinh th do dao ng mng tinh th gi l tn x trn phonon. Tn x trn spin ca cc phn t mang t tnh, gi l tn x trn magnon. Tn x trn sai hng mng tinh th (defect). Gn y cn c cc nghin cu ch ra s tn x ca in t trn cc polaron t gii thch hiu ng CMR. Nh vy, hiu ng GMR c c l do s tn x ca in t trn magnon. Khi c cc phn t mang t tnh (v d cc lp st t trong cc mng a lp hay cc ht siu thun t trong cc mng hp kim d th) c s nh hng khc nhau v mmen t (do tc ng ca t trng ngoi), s dn n s thay i v tnh cht tn x ca in t v do M hnh hai dng ca Mott gii thch hiu ng GMR s lm thay i in tr ca cht rn. Mt cch chnh xc hn, hiu ng GMR trong cc mng a lp c gii thch bng m hnh hai dng in ca Mott ( ra t nm 1936). M hnh hai dng L khi nim c xut nm 1935 bi Mott gii thch cc tnh cht bt thng ca in tr trong cc kim loi st t. Mott cho rng nhit thp sao cho tn x trn magnon nh th cc dng chuyn di in t chim a s (c spin song song vi t ) v thiu s (c spin i song song vi t ) s khng b pha trn trong qu trnh tn x. S dn in c th coi l tng hp ca hai dng c lp v khng cn bng ca hai loi spin c chiu khc nhau.

T in tr khng l Cc lp phn st t (v d Cr) hay phi t (v d Cu) ng vai tr ngn cch gia cc lp st t, khin cho mmen t ca cc lp st t phi c s nh hng khc nhau sao cho c s cn bng v t . S tc ng ca t trng ngoi dn n vic thay i s nh hng ca mmen t mi lp, dn n s thay i v dng dn ca cc spin phn cc, v dn n s thay i v in tr sut.

114

ng dng ca hiu ng GMR

K t nm 1992, hiu ng GMR bt u c ng dng trong cc u c d liu ca a cng my tnh thay cho cc u c s dng hiu ng t in tr d hng c, lm tng tc c ghi thng tin. Ngi ta s dng cc mng mng spin valve cho cc ng dng ny. Mt u im khin chng d dng thay th l kh nng chng nhiu v chng n rt cao. ng dng trong vic ch to cc cm bin t trng nhy, cc cm bin o gia tc... Mt ng dng ln nht m ra t hiu ng ny l vic pht trin cc linh kin spintronics, cc linh kin in t th h mi hot ng da trn vic iu khin dng spin ca in t. Hiu ng t in tr khng l, t in tr chui hm l hai tr ct ca spintronics.

c thm
Hiu ng t in tr Spintronics

Ti liu tham kho

M. N. Baibich, J. M. Broto, A. Fert, F. Nguyen Van Dau, F. Petroff, P. Eitenne, g. Creuzet, A. Friederich, and J. Chazelas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (1988) 2472. [1] G. Binasch, P. Grnberg, F. Saurenbach, W. Zinn, Phys. Rev. B 39 (1989) 4828. [1] A. E. Berkowitz, J. R. Mitchell, M. J. Carey, A. P. Young, S. Zhang, F. E. Spada, F. T. Parker, A. Hutten, G. Thomas, Phys. Rev. Lett. 68 (1992) 3745. [2]

Ch thch
[1] http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRB/ v39/ i7/ p4828_1 [2] http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRL/ v68/ i25/ p3745_1

T in tr siu khng l

115

T in tr siu khng l
T in tr siu khng l (ting Anh: Colossal magnetoresistance, vit tt l CMR) l mt hiu ng t in tr xy ra trong cc vt liu gm, xit c cu trc kiu perovskite m trong s thay i ca in tr sut ca vt liu di tc dng ca t trng ngoi t ti vi cp so vi gi tr ban u ca n. Trong thut ng ting Vit, tn gi ca CMR cha c thng nht do s so snh vi hiu ng t in tr khng l (GMR). Nu hiu ng GMR c dch sang ting Vit l T in tr ln th CMR c gi l 'T in tr Cu trc tinh th ca vt liu gm kiu perovskite c kh nng cho hiu ng CMR khng l. y l vn mang tnh cht ng ngha, khng lm thay i bn cht vt l ca hiu ng. V th, thun tin, nhng ngi lm cng tc nghin cu vt l Vit Nam thng ch gi tt l Hiu ng CMR.

Cu trc perovskite v hiu ng CMR

Hiu ng CMR ln u tin c pht hin vo nm 1993 bi nhm nghin cu ca S. Jin (AT&T Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, Hoa K)[1] , cng vi mt s ng nghip khc i Loan trn cc mng mng vt liu perovskite La-Ca-Mn-O. Nhm nghin cu pht hin ra s thay i in tr ti hng ngn phn trm v t tn l hiu ng Colossal magnetoresistance. Tip theo , hng lot nghin cu pht hin ra hiu ng CMR trong c vt liu khi perovskite. Vt liu perovskite l nhm cc vt liu c cu trc gn ging nhau, c t tn t vt liu gc CaTiO3. Cng thc chung ca nhm vt liu ny l ABO3, trong A l cc nguyn t kim loi ha tr 2 (v tr A), B l mt trong s cc nguyn t thuc nhm Mn, Ti, Co... (v d nh trong vt liu LaCaMnO3). Nu A l gc ban u (kim loi kim th) th perovskite mang tnh cht phn st t. S pha tp thm cc nguyn t vo v tr A (thng l cc nguyn t t him) hay mt s nguyn t vo v tr B c th dn ti s thay i mnh trong cu trc tinh th, s mo mng v dn n vic thay i cu trc t, do tnh cht t c th thay i t phn st t sang st t, hay thun t... Xt trn phng din vt l, perovskite mang nhiu tnh cht l th t s thay i tnh cht ny, v hiu ng CMR cng b chi phi bi s thay i cu trc ny.

C ch v ng dng ca hiu ng CMR

Tn gi ca CMR khng ch khc vi GMR trn phng din con s, m khc v mt bn cht cng nh c ch. C ch hnh thnh nn CMR khc vi c ch ca GMR v n nay vn cha c nhng l gii tht s tha ng. S phc tp ny bt ngun t c ch to tnh cht t ca cc vt liu perovskite. Khc vi cc vt liu st t khc, c ch to ra t tnh ca cc perovskite khng n trc tip t cc mmen t nguyn t m bt ngun t cc tng tc trao i gin tip gia cc in ng v tr B (trong cng thc phn t ABO3), v d nh Mn l mt in hnh, vi cc in xi (O). Tng tc trao i xy ra khi hm sng ca cc in ph nhau. Cc in ti v tr B thng c 2 ha tr (v d nh c Mn3+, Mn4+) v nu tng tc gia cc in cng ha tr gi l tng tc siu trao i (super exchange - SE), tng tc gia cc in khc du l tng tc trao i kp (double exchange - DE). Tng tc trao i kp cho tnh cht st t, tng tc siu trao i cho tnh cht phn st t.

T in tr siu khng l Nu v tr A ch c mt nguyn t kim loi kim th th khng c s pha trn ha tr ca cc in v tr B, do n mang tnh phn st t. Nhng khi pha tp thm cc nguyn t t him (c ha tr 3) th s to ra s mt cn bng v ha tr trong cc in B. Hn na, s pha tp ny to ra s bin dng ca mng tinh th (mo mng Jall-Teller). y l c ch thay i tnh cht t ca perovskite. V nhiu tc gi cho rng hiu ng CMR bt ngun t c ch ny[2] . Tuy nhin, c ch DE - SE thc ra cha l gii mt cch tha ng hiu ng CMR. Gn y, c tc gi li xut c ch da trn polaron t[3] , [4] , cho rng: khi t t trng vo vt liu, kch thc ca cc polaron t pht trin dn n s thay i kh nng tp trung cc in t trong qu trnh vn chuyn, hay ni n gin l s tng tc gia in t vi cc polaron t do thay i tnh cht in ca vt liu. Nhn chung, c ch ca CMR cn gy nhiu tranh ci trong cng ng vt l v do n tr thnh mt hiu ng hp dn c v mt nghin cu c bn ln kh nng ng dng. Cng vi cc hiu ng GMR v TMR, hiu ng CMR cng l mt nn tng cho s pht trin ca cng ngh spintronic trong tng lai. Hin ti, CMR c s dng hiu qu trong cc cm bin i hi nhy cao v di lm vic rng do s thay i in tr sut ln trong qu trnh t t trng.

116

Xem thm
Hiu ng t in tr T in tr khng l T in tr chui hm Perovskite

Ti liu tham kho

[1] S. Jin, T. H. Tiefel, M. McCormack, R. A. Fastnacht, R. Ramesh, L. H. Chen Thousandfold Change in Resistivity in Magnetoresistive La-Ca-Mn-O Films, Science 264 (1994) 413 - 415 (http:/ / www. sciencemag. org/ cgi/ content/ abstract/ 264/ 5157/ 413?maxtoshow=& HITS=10& hits=10& RESULTFORMAT=& andorexacttitleabs=and& andorexactfulltext=and& searchid=1& FIRSTINDEX=0& volume=264& firstpage=413& resourcetype=HWCIT) [2] M.B. Salamon, The physics of manganites: Structure and transport, Rev. Mod. Phys. 73 (2001) 583-628 (http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ RMP/ v73/ i3/ p583_1) [3] J. Burgy, E. Dagotto, M. Mayr, Percolative transitions with first-order characteristics in the context of colossal magnetoresistance manganites Phys. Rev. B 67 (2001) 014410-014415 (http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRB/ v67/ i1/ e014410) [4] Z Yang, X. Bao,S. Tan, Y. Zhang, Magnetic polaron conduction in the colossal magnetoresistance material Fe1-xCdxCr2S4, Phys. Rev. B 69 (2004) 144407-144412 (http:/ / link. aps. org/ abstract/ PRB/ v69/ e144407)

117

Chng 3: ng dng
Thu knh t
Thu knh t (ting Anh: Magnetic lens) l mt loi thu knh hay mt loi thit b dng hi t hoc lm lch chm ht mang in tch (v d nh in t, in...) di tc dng ca lc t do t trng trong thu knh tc dng ln chm ht. Kh nng hi t hoc lm lch chm ht c th thay i nh vic thay i t trng trong thu knh. Thu knh t c s dng trong cc thit b iu khin chm ht, m nhiu nht l trong cc knh hin vi in t, ng tia catt...
Cu trc ct ngang ca mt thu knh t s dng trong knh hin vi in t truyn qua.

Cu trc ca thu knh t

V mt bn cht, thu knh t l mt nam chm in. T trng c to ra trong khe hp nh mt h cc cun dy cun quanh li lm bng vt liu t mm). C th tng tng thu knh t nh mt ng cng vi t trng sn sinh ra t thnh cng. T trng trong thu knh c thay i bng cch thay i cng dng in trong cun dy. V cun dy mang dng in nn n ta rt nhiu nhit v i hi mt h lm lnh (thng thng bng nc, du, nit lng...). Cu trc cc nam chm ca thu knh t s theo kiu 2 cp cc t cho nhau thnh mt vng lin tc N-S-N-S. Nguyn l s khai v thu knh t bt u c pht trin t nm 1858 khi Plcker ghi nhn s lch ca chm tia catt trong t trng .[1] , v sau c pht trin xy dng nn dao ng k vo nm 1897 bi Ferdinand Braun .[2] . Vo nm 1891, hiu ng lch chm tia ny c Riecke nhn ra v pht trin thnh mt thu knh t n gin cho php hi t cc chm tia in t, v sau l thuyt v thu knh t c pht trin bi Hans Busch trong cng trnh xut bn nm 1926 [3]

Thu knh t

118

Quang sai ca thu knh t

Quang sai v mt bn cht l s km hon ho ca thu knh. Nu mt thu knh t hon ho v mt quang hc, n phi chuyn ha mi im trn vt thnh mt im nh tng ng, v cho hnh nh hnh chiu hai chiu chnh xc v mt hnh hc ca vt. Trn thc t, vic hi t mt chm ht mang in c nng lng cao thng khng d dng v lc hiu ng quang sai b xut hin.

Sc sai
Sc sai lin quan n s km n sc trong bc sng ca chm ht mang in. Mt chm ht mang in chuyn ng s tng ng vi mt b sng c nhiu bc sng khc nhau, hay bn cht l do mi ht mang in s c ng nng khc nhau. Do , cc sng c bc sng khc nhau s hi t ti cc tiu im khc nhau, to ra mt a tn rng ti thiu trn mt phng tiu (hiu Hai loi quang sai, sc sai (a): chm ht c bc sng khc nhau do chm tia dng) ca thu knh, thay v l chm tia song song khng hi t ti mt im m to thnh mt a, cu sai (b): chm tia song song hi t ti mt im nh nguyn l cng xa trc chnh cng b km hi t. ca quang hnh hc. Trn thc t, sc sai l quang sai tn ti bt k dng thu knh no (k c thu knh thy tinh) do tnh cht khng n sc ca bc x. Hin nay, ngi ta c nhiu cch khc nhau khc phc iu ny, v d nh s dng chm in t pht ra t sng pht x trng c n sc rt cao, hoc s dng b lc nng lng, lm tn x i cc in t c nng lng khng mong mun, do lm tng n sc ca sng.

Cu sai
Cu sai l dng quang sai ch c trong cc thu knh t do s phn b t trng khng hon ho. S km hon ho ny dn n vic cc chm tia xa trc chnh s hi t km hn so vi cc chm tia i gn trc chnh v do cng to ra mt a tn rng thay v hi t ti mt im. Hin nay, vic loi tr cu sai ang l mt vn ln ca k thut hin vi in t nhm to ra cc knh hin vi in t truyn qua c phn gii siu cao, di mc nguyn t.

Thu knh t

119

Ti liu tham kho

[1] Plcker, J. (1858). ber die Einwirkung des Magneten auf die elektrischen Entladungen in verdnnten Gasen. Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie 103: 88--106. doi: 10.1002/andp.18581790106 (http:/ / dx. doi. org/ 10. 1002/ andp. 18581790106). [2] Ferdinand Braun, The Nobel Prize in Physics 1909, Biography (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ physics/ laureates/ 1909/ braun-bio. html). [3] "The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986, Perspectives - Life through a Lens" (http:/ / nobelprize. org/ nobel_prizes/ physics/ laureates/ 1986/ perspectives. html).

Xem thm
Knh hin vi in t Nam chm in

in t hc spin
in t hc spin (ting Anh: spintronics) l mt ngnh a lnh vc m mc tiu chnh l thao tc v iu khin cc bc t do ca spin trong cc h cht rn[1] . Ni mt cch n gin, spintronics l mt ngnh nghin cu mi nhm to ra cc linh kin mi da trn vic iu khin v thao tc spin ca in t.

Spin ca in t
in t c hai c tnh rt quan trng l in tch v spin. in tch ca in t c gi l in tch nguyn t v c gi tr c trng l e = 1,6.10-19 C (mang du m), v c con ngi khai thc t rt lu m c trng n gin l dng in. Cc linh kin in t truyn thng s dng in trng iu khin in tch ca in t trong cc linh kin. Spin l mt c trng ca in t, c hiu mt cch n gin l to ra t vic in t (mang in tch) chuyn ng quay quanh trc ca n ging nh Tri t v cc hnh tinh... to nn mmen ng lng spin v mmen t spin. Spin ca in t c ln l xung (spin down). Mmen t spin ca in t c gi tr: B = 9.274 009 49(80) 10-24 JTesla-1 l Magneton Bohr, n v ca mmen t, g = 2,0023 cho in t t do goi l tha s Land. Thc t m t spin nh chuyn ng quay ch l cch m t n gin mang tnh cht hnh nh nhng khng hon ton chnh xc, spin thc t l c trng ca cc ht c bn. Cc ht c bn c spin bn nguyn gi l cc fermion, chng tun theo phn b Fermi-Dirac, cn cc ht c bn c spin nguyn gi l cc boson, chng tun theo phn b Bose-Einstein. , v c th nh hng theo 2 chiu l chiu ln (spin up) v chiu

S ra i ca spintronics
S hnh thnh ca spintronics xut pht t nhng pht kin v hiu ng t in tr. Spintronics bt u ra i vi s pht hin ca hiu ng t in tr khng l (giant magnetoresistance - GMR) c pht hin vo nm 1988, ng thi bi 2 nhm nghin cu Php lnh o bi Albert Fert[2] v c do Peter Grnberg ng u[3] v hiu ng t in tr chui hm (tunneling magnetoresistance - TMR) vo nm 1995[4] . Hai tc gi ng u hai nhm ny l Albert Fert v Peter Grnberg nhn c gii thng Nobel Vt l nm 2007 cho nhng ng gp quan trng cho s hnh thnh ca spintronics trn c s pht minh v hiu ng t in tr khng l.

in t hc spin Mc tiu quan trng ca spintronics l hiu v c ch tng tc gia spin ca cc ht v mi trng cht rn, t c th iu khin c v mt cng nh s chuyn vn (transportation) ca dng spin trong vt liu. Nhng cu hi ln c t ra cho ngnh spintronics l: Cch no hiu qu nht phn cc mt h spin? Mt h spin c th nh trng thi nh hng trong bao lu? Lm th no ghi nhn spin?

120

Cc khi nim v thao tc trn linh kin spintronics

phn cc: Hiu mt cch n gin l t l sai lch gia spin nh hng theo 2 chiu ln v xung, c cho bi cng thc:

M hnh mt s linh kin spin: a) spin diode, b,c,d) spin transistor

vi

ln lt l mt spin up v spin down.

Dng phn cc spin: L khi nim c xut nm 1935 bi Mott gii thch cc tnh cht bt thng ca in tr trong cc kim loi st t. Mott cho rng nhit thp sao cho tn x trn magnon nh th cc dng chuyn di in t chim a s (c spin song song vi t ) v thiu s (c spin i song song vi t ) s khng b pha trn trong qu trnh tn x. S dn in c th coi l tng hp ca hai dng c lp v khng cn bng ca hai loi spin c chiu khc nhau. chnh l khi nim v dng phn cc spin. V m hnh ca Mott c gi l m hnh hai dng in, v sau c nhm ca Campel m rng vo nm 19367, v sau tip tc c b sung hon thin v l mt khi nim quan trng m t hiu ng t in tr cng nh cc qu trnh trong linh kin spintronics. Tim spin, bm spin: Trong mt s cht trng thi st t, mt spin up v down l cn bng nhau v khng to ra dng phn cc spin v khng hu ch cho cc linh kin spintronics. Ngi ta c th to ra cc dng phn cc spin trong cc cht ny bng cch dng cc ngun a dng phn cc spin vo t bn ngoi, gi l qu trnh tim spin (spin injection) hay bm spin (spin pumping). Truyn dn spin Tch ly spin Vo thi im hin ti, cc nghin cu v spintronics c hai xu hng:

in t hc spin

121

Cc linh kin da trn cc vt liu t kim loi

Hng nghin cu ny pht trin da trn cc thnh tu v hiu ng t in tr, to ra t cc mng mng kim loi st t. Sn phm mc thng phm ca hng nghin cu ny l cng dung lng cao, b nh RAM t in tr... Hng nghin cu ny ang tr nn mnh m v rt c trin vng pht trin thnh hin thc vi s pht trin ca dng linh kin iu khin cc vch men trong cc cu trc nano t tnh. Vic iu khin ng hc ca cc vch men cho php to ra cc cng lgic, cc b nh... vi cht lng cao v c cu rt n gin.

Hng nghin cu da trn cc linh kin bn dn

Hng nghin cu ny to ra cc linh kin spintronic da trn vic iu khin dng in t phn cc spin trong cc vt liu bn dn. to ra c linh kin loi ny th vic tim spin, iu khin spin v ghi nhn spin phn cc trong cht bn dn ng vai tr then cht. Hin hng nghin cu ny ang gp nhng cn tr ln: To ra cc cht bn dn mang tnh cht t (gi l cc cht bn dn pha long t) c tnh st t trn nhit phng, hoc cc cht bn kim st t c phn cc spin cao. a c dng in t phn cc spin vo trong cht bn dn trn qung ng di ghi nhn spin. Cc vn gp phi ca cc lp chuyn tip gia cc lp vt liu gy s tn x v lm mt phn cc spin. Vng mc gia vic s dng lp phn cc spin l cc kim loi st t hay cc vt liu bn dn t, s dng cc lp tip xc t chui hm....

Mt s linh kin spintronics

Mt cch tng i, c th chia cc linh kin spintronics thnh 3 th h: Th h th nht: Gm cc linh kin da trn cc hiu ng GMR, TMR, trong cc mng mng t tip xc d th kim loi-kim loi hoc kim loi-in mi[5] ..., v d nh cc cm bin, u c t tr trong cc a cng, cc b nh RAM t in tr (MRAM), cc transitor kim loi (hay transitor lng cc), transitor valse spin, cng tc/kho ng m spin, ... Th h th hai: Bao gm cc linh kin hot ng da trn vic tim hoc bm dng phn cc spin qua tip xc d th bn dn-st t hay bn dn t-bn dn (iu ny gip cho vic tn dng c cc k thut vi in t hin nay). l cc mch kho siu nhanh, cc b vi x l spin v mch logic lp trnh c,... Cc linh kin ny s dng cc vt liu bn dn pha long t, bn dn st t hay cc bn kim, cc linh kin vn chuyn n o (ballistic electron transport) s dng hiu ng t in tr xung kch, v cc loi transistor spin nh th h th nht. Mt th h linh kin spin mi ang c pht trin mnh v rt c trin vng hin nay l cc b nh t v cc cng lgic da trn iu khin vch men trong cc cu trc nano t tnh[6] , [7] . Th h th ba: L cc linh kin s dng cc cu trc nano (dng chm lng t, dy v si nano) v s dng cc trng thi spin in t n l nh cng logic lng t (l c s cho my tnh lng t), cc transistor n spin (SSET), ... Cm bin van spin thuc th h linh kin u tin c ch to v a vo s dng mc thng phm t cui th k 20. Mt s linh kin in hnh ca th h ny l knh hin vi t in tr, u c ghi cng tc cao, phm bm khng tip xc, ng c khng chi than, gii m vch, m tc , my tr thnh, ... Cc b nh MRAM khng t xa ang bt u c sn phm thng phm, v c d on l s chim lnh th trng thng mi v tiu dng trong nhng nm gn y.

in t hc spin

122

u im ca cc linh kin spintronics

Tiu th t nng lng hn: Vic chuyn trng thi 0 v 1 trong cc linh kin in t truyn thng c thc hin bng cch vn chuyn in tch vo/ra khi cc knh catransistor. iu i hi phi tiu tn nng lng v vic vn chuyn in tch i hi phi to ra c dc ca trng th (hay in trng), do b tn hao thnh nhit v khng th b p c, trong khi cc linh kin spintronics o trng thi da trn vic i nh hng spin. Khng gy n/nhiu nh in tch: spin khng lin kt d dng vi in trng pht tn (tr khi tng tc spin-qu o rt mnh trong cc vt liu) nn trnh c nhiu v n ca in tch. Thao tc nhanh hn v khng phi mt thi gian cho vic vn chuyn in tch, ch mt thi gian o phng spin. Tm li, i vi spin ch cn o chiu theo 2 chiu ln v xung nn i hi tiu tn t nng lng v mt t thi gian hn nhiu. Ngi ta d on rng cng ngh spintronics s gp phn quan trng vo s pht trin ca cng ngh in t - tin hc - vin thng trong th k 21. Cc c trng ca cc thit b in t th h mi ny c tnh t hp cao (c in t hoc, t hc v quang t), a chc nng, thng minh, nh gn, tiu th t nng lng nhng hiu sut cao, x l v kh lm ti (refresh) thng tin vi tc rt cao...

Xem thm
St t T in tr T in tr khng l Spin

Lin kt ngoi
Room temperature spintronics consortium [8] B nh RAM t tr [9]

Ti liu tham kho

[1] I. Zutic, J. Fabrian, S.D. Sarma, "Spintronics: Fundamentals and applications", Rev. Mod. Phys. 76 (2004) 323 (http:/ / scitation. aip. org/ getabs/ servlet/ GetabsServlet?prog=normal& id=RMPHAT000076000002000323000001& idtype=cvips& gifs=yes) [2] M. N. Baibich, J. M. Broto, A. Fert, F. Nguyen Van Dau, F. Petroff, P. Eitenne, g. Creuzet, A. Friederich, and J. Chazelas, "Giant Magnetoresistance of (001)Fe/(001)Cr Magnetic Superlattices", Phys. Rev. Lett. 61 (1988) 2472. (http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRL/ v61/ i21/ p2472_1) [3] G. Binasch, P. Grnberg, F. Saurenbach, W. Zinn, "Enhanced magnetoresistance in layered magnetic structures with antiferromagnetic interlayer exchange", Phys. Rev. B 39 (1989) 4828. (http:/ / prola. aps. org/ abstract/ PRB/ v39/ i7/ p4828_1) [4] J. S. Moodera, Lisa R. Kinder, Terrilyn M. Wong, R. Meservey "Large Magnetoresistance at Room Temperature in Ferromagnetic Thin Film Tunnel Junctions". Phys. Rev. Lett. 74: 32733276, 1995 (http:/ / link. aps. org/ abstract/ PRL/ v74/ p3273) [5] C. Chappert, A. Fert, F. Nguyen Van Dau,"The emergence of spin electronics in data storage", Nat. Mat. 6 (2007) 813-823 (http:/ / www. nature. com/ nmat/ journal/ v6/ n11/ abs/ nmat2024. html) [6] C.H. Marrow, "Spin-polarised currents and magnetic domain walls", Adv. Phys. 54 (2005) 585. (http:/ / www. informaworld. com/ smpp/ content~content=a741576309~db=all~order=page) [7] D.A. Allwood, G. Xiong, C.C. Faulker, D. Atkinson, D. Petit, R.P. Cowburn, "Magnetic Domain-Wall Logic", Science 309 (2005) 1688-1692 (http:/ / www. sciencemag. org/ cgi/ content/ abstract/ 309/ 5741/ 1688?maxtoshow=& HITS=10& hits=10& RESULTFORMAT=& andorexacttitleabs=and& andorexactfulltext=and& searchid=1& FIRSTINDEX=0& volume=309& firstpage=1688& resourcetype=HWCIT) [8] http:/ / www. spinart. org/ [9] http:/ / vatlyvietnam. org/ home/ modules. php?name=News& file=article& sid=161

Ton nh in t

123

Ton nh in t
Ton nh in t hay Ton k in t l mt k thut phn tch cu trc in t ca vt rn, c pht trin t knh hin vi in t truyn qua, da trn nguyn tc ghi li nh ton k ca chm in t tn x qua vt rn, vi chm in t gc ban u.

Nguyn l ca ton nh in t
Ton nh in t hon ton tng t vi php ton nh quang hc (c pht minh bi Dennis Gabor), ch c iu sng c s dng y l sng in t v s tn x ca sng in t c ghi li l do s tn x trn trng in t ca mu vt. thc hin php ton nh in t, ngi ta ghi li s giao thoa ca 2 chm in t kt hp c pht ra t cng mt ngun (c chia thnh hai nh b lng knh tch chm tia). to nh giao thoa cht lng cao, in t c dng phi l sng in t c pht ra t cc sng pht x trng (c n sc rt cao). Khi mt chm in t chiu qua mu vt, sng in t b lch pha do s tn x vi t trng v trng tnh in ca mu vt. V s dch pha c cho bi cng thc:

S nguyn l cu trc ca mt h ghi ton nh in t

s hng u tin l thnh phn tn x trn trng tnh in, s hng th hai l tn x trn t trng. Cng thc c th vit gn li thnh[1] :

vi t;

ln lt l trng tnh in ni trung bnh, dy ca mu vt, l th vct sinh ra do t trng ca mu vt.

l bc sng v th tng tc ca in

Ton nh in t

124

nh ton nh ghi li trn mn nh l hnh nh giao thoa ca chm tia in t ban u v chm tia in t ( b lch pha) sau khi truyn qua vt. Cng ca nh phn b c cho bi cng thc[2] :

nh ton nh in t ghi li xung quanh mt vch men ca mu mng mng t

vi

l bin sng in t v gc chng chp 2 chm tia.

Lch s pht trin, u im v hn ch

Ton nh in t c pht trin t nguyn l ton k ca Dennis Garbor[3] bi nhm nghin cu ca Gottfried Mllenstedt, Heiner Dker, v Herbert Wahl Trng i hc Tbingen, c vo gia nhng thp nin 1950[4] v tip tc c pht trin mnh k t thp nin 1970 vi s ra i ca sng pht x in t pht x trng. Ngy nay, ton nh in t tr thnh mt k thut c pht trin mnh, cho php nghin cu cu trc t ca cc mng mng (ging nh cc k thut khc ca TEM nh hin vi Lorentz...). im mnh ca ton nh in t l c kh nng cho phn gii khng gian rt cao (c th t ti cp di 1 nm) v rt nhy vi s thay i ca trng in t trong mu vt do vy c kh nng to phn gii thi gian rt tt. im km l qu trnh ci t phc tp v i hi chm in t c tnh kt hp cao, c ngha l n i hi nhng ngun pht in t pht x trng vi cht lng rt cao (iu ny nh hng nhiu n gi thnh v tnh cht hot ng).

Ti liu tham kho

[1] J. N. Chapman, M. R. Scheinfein, Transmission electron microscopies of magnetic microstructures, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 200 (1999) 729-740 (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TJJ-3Y2NV45-1X& _user=10& _coverDate=10/ 31/ 1999& _alid=663997334& _rdoc=1& _fmt=full& _orig=search& _cdi=5312& _sort=d& _docanchor=& view=c& _ct=1& _acct=C000050221& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=10& md5=0d8fff815d08bd4190ce4cc1ca977bca) [2] H. Lichte, Electron holography approaching atomic resolution, Ultramicroscopy 20 (1986) 293-304 (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TW1-46JGM9K-98& _user=6291618& _coverDate=12/ 31/ 1986& _alid=663999253& _rdoc=1& _fmt=summary& _orig=search& _cdi=5549& _sort=d& _docanchor=& view=c& _ct=1& _acct=C000009999& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=6291618& md5=d59252e454ccdcb55ae8d244c36f3232) [3] D. Gabor, Nature 161 (1948) 777

Ton nh in t
[4] L. Allard, T. Nolan, D. Joy, Electron holography: A new view of materials structure, ORNL Review (http:/ / www. ornl. gov/ info/ ornlreview/ rev28-4/ text/ electron. htm)

125

Xem thm
Ton k Knh hin vi in t truyn qua Knh hin vi Lorentz

Knh hin vi lc t
Knh hin vi lc t (ting Anh: Magnetic Force Microscope, thng vit tt l MFM) l mt loi knh hin vi thuc nhm knh hin vi qut u d (SPM), c s dng xy dng hnh nh s phn b ca tnh cht t trn b mt vt rn da trn vic ghi nhn lc tng tc (lc t) gia mi d t tnh vi b mt ca mu.

Nguyn l hot ng
V mt nguyn l, MFM hot ng tng t nh AFM. Mi d qut trn b mt mu c s dng l vt liu t tnh khi qut trn b mt mu s c s tng tc vi cc thnh phn t tnh trn b mt, qua v bn phn b cc thnh phn t tnh b mt, m c th y l cu trc men ca vt rn[1] . Lc tng tc t gia mi d v b mt vt rn c xc nh bi[2] :

nh chp hin vi in t mi d ca MFM

hoc trong ch hot ng tip xc, ngi ta c th ghi li gradient lc t c xc nh bi:

vi mu vt.

ln lt l thnh phn theo trc z ca t ha ca mi d, v cng t trng ti b mt

Knh hin vi lc t

126

u im v hn ch
u im ca MFM: MFM l thit b dng phn tch cu trc t ca vt rn c nhiu u im. u im u tin l c kh nng phn tch cu trc t m khng i hi s ph hy hay x l mu nh knh hin vi Lorentz, ng thi phn gii khng b gii hn bi hin tng nhiu x, m ch ph thuc vo kch thc v bc qut ca mi d trn b mt mu vt.

nh chp phn b men t ca b mt cng, s tng phn y l tng phn v tnh cht t

im yu ca MFM: MFM ghi nh da vo hin tng qut nn phn gii thi gian thp, kh nng ghi nh chm. ng thi, vic ghi nh tc thi trong qu trnh t ha ca MFM km hn rt nhiu so vi knh hin vi Lorentz. Vic ghi li cu trc t ca cc vt liu t mm kh hn do trng phn tn trn mi nh hng n men t ca mu vt.

Ti liu tham kho

[1] C. Schoenenberger and S. F. Alvarado, Magnetic force microscopy and its application to longitudinal thin films, J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 93 (1991) 123-127 (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TJJ-46G62NK-17R& _user=6291618& _origUdi=B6TJJ-3V7S9C9-H& _fmt=high& _coverDate=02/ 28/ 1991& _rdoc=1& _orig=article& _acct=C000009999& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=6291618& md5=469e032e995ebb369b80353a697f0a94) [2] Leon Abelmann et al. Comparing the resolution of magnetic force microscopes using the CAMST reference samples J. Magn. Magn. Mater. 190 (1998) 135-147 (http:/ / www. sciencedirect. com/ science?_ob=ArticleURL& _udi=B6TJJ-3V7S9C9-H& _user=10& _coverDate=12/ 01/ 1998& _alid=661030238& _rdoc=1& _fmt=full& _orig=search& _cdi=5312& _sort=d& _docanchor=& view=c& _ct=1& _acct=C000050221& _version=1& _urlVersion=0& _userid=10& md5=818b5b41d1b002ef18f91dc7cefaed5f)

Xem thm
Knh hin vi qut u d Knh hin vi lc nguyn t Knh hin vi Lorentz

Ngun v ngi ng gp vo bi

127

Ngun v ngi ng gp vo bi
T hc Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3189246 Ngi ng gp: Deshi, Mekong Bluesman, Mxn, Tttrung, Zatrach, 1 sa i v danh t ha Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2322523 Ngi ng gp: Anhdung86, Deshi, Nguyn Thanh Quang, Tttrung cm t Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2480084 Ngi ng gp: Apple, Deshi, LMBRPOVOA t thm Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3356144 Ngi ng gp: Cheers!, Deshi, Lu Ly T ha Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3369203 Ngi ng gp: Anhdung86, Deshi, Nguyn Thanh Quang, Thaisk, Vinhtantran T gio Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3369202 Ngi ng gp: Cheers!, Deshi, Mekong Bluesman T tr Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2909060 Ngi ng gp: Deshi, Dictator, Tttrung Lc khng t Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3355945 Ngi ng gp: Cheers!, Deshi Nhit Curie Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3354268 Ngi ng gp: Deshi, Truong Manh An, 2 sa i v danh ng cong t ha Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3373517 Ngi ng gp: Cheers!, Deshi ng cong t nhit Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3373518 Ngi ng gp: Apple, DHN, Deshi, Mekong Bluesman, Thaisk Mmen lng cc t Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3355973 Ngi ng gp: Cheers!, Deshi, Newone, Pham Thuc Tuyen, Tttrung Nhit Nel Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2998750 Ngi ng gp: Deshi Nng lng vi t Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3354958 Ngi ng gp: Deshi, Studryan phn cc spin Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3374181 Ngi ng gp: Cheers!, Deshi, 1 sa i v danh Thun t Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3283002 Ngi ng gp: AnhAnh-Ams, Apple, Deshi, Lu Ly, Truong Manh An, 1 sa i v danh Siu thun t Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3356018 Ngi ng gp: Apple, Cheers!, Deshi, 1 sa i v danh Nghch t Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2574918 Ngi ng gp: AnhAnh-Ams, Apple, Lu Ly Sng spin Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2154790 Ngi ng gp: Deshi, 1 sa i v danh St t Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3174055 Ngi ng gp: Apple, Casablanca1911, Deshi, Mekong Bluesman, 1 sa i v danh men t Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3373454 Ngi ng gp: Deshi, Studryan, 1 sa i v danh Vch men Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3371092 Ngi ng gp: Cheers!, Deshi, Mekong Bluesman, Vinhtantran Phn st t Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3356841 Ngi ng gp: Apple, Deshi Phng trnh Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3356757 Ngi ng gp: Deshi, 1 sa i v danh Vt liu t cng Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3371715 Ngi ng gp: Apple, Deshi, Nguyn Thanh Quang, Tttrung, 4 sa i v danh Vt liu t mm Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3371717 Ngi ng gp: Casablanca1911, Deshi, 2 sa i v danh Cng ngh ngui nhanh Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3339924 Ngi ng gp: DHN, Deshi, Mxn, Nguyn Thanh Quang, Vanminhhanoi, 2 sa i v danh FINEMET Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3291360 Ngi ng gp: DHN, Deshi Hiu ng Hopkinson Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3355842 Ngi ng gp: Cheers!, Deshi Hiu ng Meissner Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3310735 Ngi ng gp: Daotamb2, Mekong Bluesman, Mxn, Newone, Tttrung, 1 sa i v danh Hiu ng t nhit Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3310744 Ngi ng gp: Apple, Deshi Hiu ng t quang Kerr Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3082952 Ngi ng gp: Deshi, Tranletuhan Hiu ng t in tr Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3342743 Ngi ng gp: Apple, Dang Nguyen Khang, Deshi, Mekong Bluesman, 2 sa i v danh Hp kim Heusler Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2173891 Ngi ng gp: Deshi Magnetit Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3401525 Ngi ng gp: DHN, Deshi, Tranletuhan, Volga Nam chm Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3305230 Ngi ng gp: Deshi, Hong Anh Quyt, Llevanloc, Mekong Bluesman, Mxn, Newone, Porcupine, Tttrung, 5 sa i v danh Nam chm Neodymi Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2894207 Ngi ng gp: DHN, Deshi, Meotrangden Nam chm samarium coban Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2245856 Ngi ng gp: Apple, Deshi, Paris Nam chm vnh cu Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3353495 Ngi ng gp: Deshi, Hong Anh Quyt, Kd, Llevanloc, Nguyn Thanh Quang, Tttrung, 4 sa i v danh Nam chm in Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3213958 Ngi ng gp: Anh008, Ctmt, Deshi, Dinhtuydzao, Hong Anh Quyt, Vinhtantran, 20 sa i v danh Nam chm t him Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3353496 Ngi ng gp: DHN, Deshi, Newone, 1 sa i v danh Nc t Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3411772 Ngi ng gp: Arisa, Deshi, Mekong Bluesman, Mxn, Tranletuhan, Tttrung, Zatrach, 11 sa i v danh Permalloy Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3356186 Ngi ng gp: Deshi, Vng Ngn H, 2 sa i v danh Perovskit (cu trc) Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3356198 Ngi ng gp: Deshi, Pq, Tranletuhan Spin valve Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3363948 Ngi ng gp: Cheers!, Deshi, Mekong Bluesman, 1 sa i v danh Terfenol-D Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=2155603 Ngi ng gp: DHN, Deshi, Meotrangden Tng phn pha vi sai Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3368952 Ngi ng gp: Cheers!, Deshi T in tr chui hm Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3369214 Ngi ng gp: Deshi, 1 sa i v danh

Ngun v ngi ng gp vo bi
T in tr d hng Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3356103 Ngi ng gp: Cheers!, Deshi, 1 sa i v danh T in tr khng l Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3369215 Ngi ng gp: Deshi, Guillom, 1 sa i v danh T in tr siu khng l Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3369216 Ngi ng gp: Cheers!, Deshi, 1 sa i v danh Thu knh t Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3366562 Ngi ng gp: Cheers!, Deshi in t hc spin Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3373287 Ngi ng gp: Deshi, Mekong Bluesman, 5 sa i v danh Ton nh in t Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3367373 Ngi ng gp: Apple, Cheers!, Deshi Knh hin vi lc t Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=3346786 Ngi ng gp: Deshi

128

Ngun, giy php, v ngi ng gp vo hnh

129

Ngun, giy php, v ngi ng gp vo hnh

Tp tin:HM1.JPG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:HM1.JPG Giy php: khng r Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:Magnetisme 1.jpg Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Magnetisme_1.jpg Giy php: khng r Ngi ng gp: Zatrach Tp tin:Hard disk platters and head.jpg Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Hard_disk_platters_and_head.jpg Giy php: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Ngi ng gp: User:Mfield Tp tin:NiFe1.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:NiFe1.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Apple, Deshi Tp tin:Domain1.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Domain1.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:Tugiao1.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Tugiao1.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:Magnetostriction by Zureks.gif Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Magnetostriction_by_Zureks.gif Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: User:Zureks Tp tin: HYSTERESIS.JPG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:HYSTERESIS.JPG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:B-H loop.png Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:B-H_loop.png Giy php: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Ngi ng gp: Alno, Chaiken, Inductiveload, Omegatron, Pieter Kuiper, Sautoir, WikipediaMaster, Zureks, 3 sa i v danh Tp tin:HYSTERESIS.JPG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:HYSTERESIS.JPG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:Curie_temp1.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Curie_temp1.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:MAG2.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:MAG2.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:MAG1.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:MAG1.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:TMag.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:TMag.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:Magnetic moment.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Magnetic_moment.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: User:Eman Tp tin:Square Py.png Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Square_Py.png Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:TMR.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:TMR.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:Paramagnetic_probe_without_magnetic_field.svg Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Paramagnetic_probe_without_magnetic_field.svg Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: User:Jensel Tp tin:Domain_CoIr.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Domain_CoIr.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Hnh:Blochdomainwall.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Blochdomainwall.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:Blochdomainwall.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Blochdomainwall.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:DWconfiguration.png Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:DWconfiguration.png Giy php: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Ngi ng gp: User:Ndthe Tp tin:Barkhausensprung.gif Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Barkhausensprung.gif Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Denkwrdig, Denniss, Kersti Nebelsiek, Mattes, Pieter Kuiper Tp tin: Phansattu1.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Phansattu1.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:Lienketphansattu.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Lienketphansattu.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:HM3.JPG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:HM3.JPG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin: NdFeB.jpg Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:NdFeB.jpg Giy php: khng r Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:HYS_SM.JPG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:HYS_SM.JPG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:SM_Finemet.JPG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:SM_Finemet.JPG Giy php: khng r Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin: Meltspinning.JPG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Meltspinning.JPG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin: Meltspinning2.JPG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Meltspinning2.JPG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:Meltspinning3.JPG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Meltspinning3.JPG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:BF-DF TEM.png Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:BF-DF_TEM.png Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:Hopkinson_eff.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Hopkinson_eff.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:Magnet 4.jpg Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Magnet_4.jpg Giy php: GNU Free Documentation License Ngi ng gp: Andrius.v, ElRaki, Materialscientist, Saperaud, The Evil IP address, Traitor, 4 sa i v danh Tp tin:EfektMeisnera.svg Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:EfektMeisnera.svg Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Piotr Jaworski, PioM ENDEPL; POLAND/Pozna Tp tin:MCE3.png Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:MCE3.png Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Apple, Deshi Tp tin: MCE2.JPG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:MCE2.JPG Giy php: khng r Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin: MCE1.JPG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:MCE1.JPG Giy php: khng r Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin: M-H.png Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:M-H.png Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:MOKE.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:MOKE.PNG Giy php: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Ngi ng gp: User:Tone Tp tin:GMR.svg Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:GMR.svg Giy php: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Ngi ng gp: Guillom, Igge, Nojhan, Pieter Kuiper, 2 sa i v danh File:Magnetite Russia.jpg Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Magnetite_Russia.jpg Giy php: GNU Free Documentation License Ngi ng gp: Akinom, Kilom691, Sbisolo Tp tin:Magnetite444.jpg Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Magnetite444.jpg Giy php: khng r Ngi ng gp: User:Benjamint444 Tp tin:HeavyMineralsBeachSand.jpg Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:HeavyMineralsBeachSand.jpg Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Photograph taken by Mark A. Wilson (Department of Geology, The College of Wooster). Tp tin:MagnetiteRing.jpg Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:MagnetiteRing.jpg Giy php: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Ngi ng gp: Steelerdon (talk). Original uploader was Steelerdon at en.wikipedia Tp tin:Magnet0873.png Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Magnet0873.png Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: LeYaYa, Pieter Kuiper, , 1 sa i v danh Tp tin: Neodymag.jpg Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Neodymag.jpg Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Apple, Deshi, Vng Ngn H Tp tin:Ring.JPG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Ring.JPG Giy php: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Ngi ng gp: Magnequench Tp tin:Hdd od srodka.jpg Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Hdd_od_srodka.jpg Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: EugeneZelenko, Qurren, TOR, Yann, 3 sa i v danh Tp tin:RM1.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:RM1.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin: HM1.JPG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:HM1.JPG Giy php: khng r Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:Electromagnet1.png Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Electromagnet1.png Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:Solenoid.svg Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Solenoid.svg Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: User Nmnogueira on en.wikipedia Tp tin:Ferrofluid Magnet under glass edit.jpg Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Ferrofluid_Magnet_under_glass_edit.jpg Giy php: GNU Free Documentation License Ngi ng gp: Gregory F. Maxwell < gmaxwell@gmail.com> Tp tin:RM2.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:RM2.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:Ferrofluid-1.JPG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Ferrofluid-1.JPG Giy php: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.0 Ngi ng gp: User:Mnolf Tp tin:NiFe2.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:NiFe2.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Thnh vin:Deshi

Ngun, giy php, v ngi ng gp vo hnh

Tp tin:Perovskite.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Perovskite.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Kilom691, Ndthe Tp tin:La02Ca08MnO3.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:La02Ca08MnO3.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: User:Ndthe Tp tin:Spin-valve GMR.svg Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Spin-valve_GMR.svg Giy php: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Ngi ng gp: Biezl, Guillom, Mdd, Pieter Kuiper, 1 sa i v danh Tp tin:Spin valve 1.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Spin_valve_1.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: User:Ndthe Tp tin:Exchange-bias.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Exchange-bias.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:Lorentz microscopy2.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Lorentz_microscopy2.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:DPC Py 20nm.png Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:DPC_Py_20nm.png Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin: GMR.svg Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:GMR.svg Giy php: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Ngi ng gp: Guillom, Igge, Nojhan, Pieter Kuiper, 2 sa i v danh Tp tin: Spin-valve GMR.svg Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Spin-valve_GMR.svg Giy php: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 2.5 Ngi ng gp: Biezl, Guillom, Mdd, Pieter Kuiper, 1 sa i v danh Tp tin:CMR1.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:CMR1.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:ElectromagneticLens.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:ElectromagneticLens.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:Quangsai1.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Quangsai1.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin: Spintronicdevice.JPG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Spintronicdevice.JPG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:Electronholography1.png Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Electronholography1.png Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:Electronholography2.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:Electronholography2.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:MFM1.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:MFM1.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi Tp tin:MFM2.PNG Ngun: http://vi.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tp_tin:MFM2.PNG Giy php: Public Domain Ngi ng gp: Deshi

130

Giy php

131

Giy php
Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported http:/ / creativecommons. org/ licenses/ by-sa/ 3. 0/