Kien Thuc Can Nho P2

2 0 1 1
1
Cng ty C phn u t Cng ngh Gio dc IDJ

KIN THC CN NH V S PHC (PHN 2)
I. Dng lng gic
II. nh ngha Mdun ca s phc:
Mdun ca s phc z = a + bi l mt s thc dng c nh ngha nh sau:
( )
2 2
b a r z Mod +
k hiu
z
vy mdun ca s z bng khong cch t im M biu th n n gc ta .
V d: Tm mdun ca s phc sau: z = 4 + 3i
Gii :
Ta c a = 4 , b = 3 vy Mod(z) =
5 3 4
2 2
+
III. nh ngha argument ca s phc :
Bin t p vin : Nguy n Thu H ng
http://www.hoc360.vn
Imz
b
M(a; b) a + bi
r
Trc thc
Rez
a
2 0 1 1
1

2 2
2 2 2 2
a bi
z a bi a b
a b a b
_
+ + +

+ +
,
Trong
( )
2 2
2 2
2 2
r a b
a
cos z r cos sin i
a b
b
sin
a b
+
'
+
l dng lng gic

Mi nghim ca h phng trnh
2 2
2 2
a
cos
a b
b
sin
a b
+
'
gi l argument ca s phc
z a bi + 0 . Mi argument ca s phc z khc nhau bi ln 2 v k hiu thng
nht Argz .mi gi tr argument trng vi vct bn knh
OM
ca im M
Gc
c gii hn trong khong

0 2 <
hoc

V d: Tm argument ca s phc z 1 3i +
Gii :
a 1 , b 3 ta tm gc
a 1
cos
r 2
3
b 3
sin
r 2

'
vy Argz =
3
IV. Bng nhau gia hai s phc dng lng gic:

1 2
1 2
1 2
k2
z z
r r
+

'
V. Php nhn dng lng gic:

2 0 1 1
1

Nhn hai s phc dng lng gic: mun nhn vi nhau v argument cng li.
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2
z .z r .r cos sin .i 1 + + +
]
V d: Tm dng lng gic, mun v argument ca s phc : ( )
( )
z 1 i 1 3i +
Gii :
( )
( )
z 1 i 1 3i
2 cos sin .i 2 cos i sin .
4 4 3 3
+
_ _
+ +

, ,
2 2 cos i sin
4 3 4 3
2 2 cos sin i
12 12
_ _
+

, ,

+
VI. Php chia dng lng gic:
Chia hai s phc dng lng gic: mun chia cho nhau v argument tr ra.
1 1
2 2
z r
z r
( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
cos sin .i 1 +
]
V d: Tm dng lng gic, mun v argument ca s phc :
2 12i
z
3 i
+
Gii :
1 3
4 i
2 2
2 12i 2 2 3i
z
3 i 3 i
3 1
2 i
2 2
2 cos i sin
7 7 3 3
2 cos i sin
5 5
6 6
cos i sin
6 6
_

,

_
+ +

+

,
_
+

_
,
+

,
+
2 0 1 1
1

VII. Dng m s phc
1. nh l Euler (1707-1783):
i
z e cos i sin
+
V d: Tm dng m ca s phc sau. z 3 i +
Gii :
5
i.
6
3 1
z 3 i 2 i
2 2
5 5
2 cos i sin
6 6
2e

_
+ +

,
_
+

,
V d: Biu din cc s phc sau ln mt phng phc :

2 i
z e
+
Gii :
( )
2 i 2 i
2
z e e e
e cos i sin
+

+
Mun khng thay i, suy ra tp hp cc im l ng trn.
2. Dng ly tha
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2 2 2
3
3 3 2 2 2 3 3
z a bi
z z.z a bi a bi a b 2abi
z a bi a 3a bi 3ab i b i ......
+
+ + +
+ + + +

( )
n
n
n k n k k
n
k 0
0 n 0 1 n 1 1 0 1 n 1 1 0 n
n n n n
z a bi C a b
C a b C a b ............ C a b C a b
A Bi

+
+ + + +
+
V d: Tnh
5
z
ca z 2 i +
Gii :
2 0 1 1
1

5
k 5 k k
5
k 0
1 5 0 1 4 1 2 3 2 3 2 3 4 1 4 1 0 5
5 5 5 5 5 5
1
z 2 i C 2 i
C 2 i C 2 i C 2 i C 2 i C 2 i C 2 i
32 80i 80 40i 10 i
38 41i
+
+ + + + +
+ + +
+
3. Ly tha bc n ca s phc i:
2
3 2
4 2 2
i i
i 1
i i .i i
i i .i 1

5 4
6 4 2
7 4 3
8 4 4
i i .i i
i i .i 1
i i .i i
i i .i 1

vy ta c qui lut sau y .
Gi s n l s t nhin, khi
n r
i i
, vi r l phn d ca n chia cho 4.
V d: Tnh z ca
403
z i
Gii :
Ta . 403 = 100.4 +3
403 100.4 3 3
z i i i 1
+

v bi ton d ta c th lm theo cch ny nhng bi ton phc tp ta nh vo cng
thc De Moivre .
4. De Moivre : Cho r > 0, cho n l s t nhin. Khi ta c:
( ) ( )
n
n
r cos i sin r cosn i sinn 1 + +
]
V d: S dng cng thc de Moivres, tnh: ( )
25
25
z 1 i +
Gii :
2 0 1 1
1

1 1
z 1 i 2 i
2 2
2 cos i sin
4 4
_
+ +

,
_
+

,
vy . ( )
( )
25
25
25
25 25
z 1 i 2 cos i sin
4 4
_
+ +

,
=
4096 2 cos i sin
4 4
_
+

,
5. nh ngha cn bc n ca s phc:
Cn bc n ca s phc z l s phc w, sao cho w
n
= z, trong n l s t nhin
z a bi cos i sin + +
( )
n
n
n
k
z r cos i sin
k2 k2
z r cos i sin
n n
+
+ + _
+

,
vi ( )
k 1,2,3,.... n 1
Cn bc n ca s phc z c ng n nghim phn bit.
6. S nghim ca mt a thc:
Nh bc hc ngi c Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) chng minh rng mi a
thc c t nht mt nghim.
a thc P(z) bc n c ng n nghim k c nghim bi.
Nu a thc vi h s thc, chng ta c mt h qu rt quan trng sau y .
Nu a + bi l mt nghim phc ca a thc P(z) vi h s thc, th a bi cng l
mt nghim phc.
V d: Tm a thc bc 3 vi h s thc nhn
1
z 3i
v
2
z 5 i +
2 0 1 1
1

Gii :
V i 3 z
1
v i 5 z
2
+ l hai nghim nn
1
z 3i
v
2
z 5 i
cng hai nghim vy
khng tn ti a thc bc 3 tha ycbt.
Bi tp
1) Tnh trong C
a) 9 + 5i +(7-2i) b) (2+6i)(5
) i 8
c ) ( )
2
1 5i +
1 2i
d)
2 i
+

1 i tan
e)
1 i tan
+

Gii :
a) 9 + 5i +(7-2i) = 12 +3i
b) (2+6i)(5
) i 8
=
2
10 16i 30i 48i 58 14i +
c) ( )
2
2
1 5i 1 10i 25i 24 10i + + + +
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
1 2i 2 i
1 2i 2 i 4i 2i 5i
d)
2 i 2 i 2 i 3 3

+

+ +
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2 2
2
1 i tan 1 i tan
1 i tan
e)
1 i tan 1 i tan 1 i tan
1 2i tan tan
cos 2i sin cos sin
1 tan
cos2 i sin2
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
2) gii phng trnh trong C :
a)
2
x 2x 2 0 +
b)
2
x 5x 7 0 +
2 0 1 1
1

Gii :
a)
2
x 2x 2 0 +
1

1,2
x 1 1 t phng trnh c hai nghim phc :

1 2
x 1 i , x 1 i +
b)
2
x 5x 7 0 +
3
1,2
5 3
x
2
t
phng trnh c hai nghim phc
1 2
5 3i 5 3i
x , x
2 2 2 2
+
3) Tm nghim thc ca phng trnh :
a)
x 6i 7 yi +

b) ( ) ( )
1 i x 2 5i y 4 17i + + + +
c) 12 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2x i 1 i x y 3 2i 17 6i + + + + +
Gii :
a)
x 7
y 6

'

b) ( ) ( )
1 i x 2 5i y 4 17i + + + +
2 0 1 1
1

( )
x xi 2y 5yi 4 17i
x 2y x 5y i 4 17i
x 2y 4 x 2
x 5y 17 y 3
+ + +
+ + +

' '
+

a) 12 ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
17 6i
2x i 1 i x y 3 2i
12
+ _
+ + + +

,

( )
( ) ( )
2
2x 2xi i i 3x 2xi 3y 2yi
1 5x 3y 1 2y i
+ + + + + +
+ + +
1 17
x 1 5x 3y
3 12
6 1
1 2y y
12 4

+ +

' '

4) Gii phng trnh trong C :
a) ( ) ( )
2
x 1 i x 1 i 0 + +
b) ( )
2
x 1 2i x i 1 0 + + +

Gii :
a) ( ) ( )
2
x 1 i x 1 i 0 + +
( ) ( )
2
x
1 i 4 1 i
4 2i
+ + +

gi ( )
2
a bi 4 2i +
2 2
a b 2abi 4 2i +
2 0 1 1
1

2 2
2 2
2 2
2
2
a b 4
a b 4
2ab 2
a b 2 5
a 5 2
a 5 2
b 5 2
b 5 2
a 5 2
ab 1
b 5 2

' '

+

'

+
'
'

Vy phng trnh c nghim:

( )
( )
1,2
1 i 5 2 i 5 2
x
2
+ t +
b) ( )
2
x 1 2i x i 1 0 + + +

( ) ( )
2
x
2
1 2i 4 i 1
4i 5 1
+
+
Vy phng trnh c nghim:
1 2
x 1 i , x i
5) Tm a thc bc 4 vi h s thc nhn
1
z 3i
v
2
z 2 i +
lm nghim .
Gii :
a thc cn tm l .
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1 2 2
2 2
f(z) z z z z z z z z
z 3i z 3i z (2 i) z (2 i)
z 9 z 4z 5

+ +
+ +
6) Tm tt c cc nghim ca
4 3 2
P(z) z 4z 14z 36z 45 + + bit z 2 i + l mt
nghim .
Gii :
Bi v a thc vi h s thc v 2 + i l mt nghim, theo h qu ta c 2 i l mt
nghim.
2 0 1 1
1

P(z) c th phn tch thnh: ( ) ( )
2
z (2z i z (2 i) z 4z 5 + +

P(z) c th tch thnh: ( ) ( )
2 2
P(z) z 4z 5 z 9 + +
M ( ) ( )
2
z 9 z 3i z 3i + +
vy phng trnh c 4 nghim:
2 i , 2 i , 3i , 3i +
7) Gii phng trnh sau trong C :
9
z i 0 +
Gii:
9 9
9
k
z i 0 z i cos i sin
2 2
k2 k2
2 2
z cos i sin
9 9

+ +

+ +
+
vi
8 ,......, 2 , 1 , 0 k
8) Gii phng trnh sau trong C
5
a)z 1 i 0 +
2
b)z z 1 0 + +
2
c)z 2z 1 i 0 + +
Gii :
a)
5 5
5
5
1 1
z 1 i 0 z 1 i 2 i
2 2
3 3
2 cos i sin
4 4
_
+ + +

,
_
+

,
2 0 1 1
1

10
k
3 3
k2 k2
4 4
z 2 cos i sin
5 5
_
+ +

+

,
vi
4 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 0 k
2
b)z z 1 0 + +
3 phng trnh c hai nghim .
1,2
1 3 1 i 3
x
2 2
+ +

1 2
1 3 1 3
x i , x i
2 2 2 2
+
2
c)z 2z 1 i 0 + +
i phng trnh c 2 nghim
1,2
z 1 i t
9) M t hnh hc cc tp s phc tha mn cc iu kin sau :

a) Rez 0
b) 0 Imz 1
c) Imz 2
d) z 1
e) z 1 2
<
<
+

f )1 z 2 2
g) z 1 Rez
k) z 1 z 2
m)0 argz
4
n) argz
4
< +
>
+
<
<
Gii :
a) Rez 0 x 0
l na mt phng x 0
b) 0 Imz 1 < 0 y 1 < l di 0 y 1 <
c) Imz 2 y 2
l di
2 y 2
2 0 1 1
1

d) z 1 <
t
z x yi +
ta c
2 2
z x y +
2 2
x y 1 + < l phn trong ca c tm
I(0;0) bn knh R=1
e) z 1 2 +
t z a bi + ta c
( ) ( )
2
2
z i x 1 yi x 1 y 2 + + + + +
L phng trnh ng trn tm I(-1,0) bn knh R=4 .
f )1 z 2 2 < +
t
z x yi +
ta c

( ) ( )
( )
2
2
2
2
z 2 x 2 yi x 2 y
1 x 2 y 4
+ + + + +
< + +
L hnh khuyn gia 2 ng trn
( )
2
2
x 2 y 1 + + v ( )
2
2
x 2 y 1 + + m ( )
2
2
x 2 y 1 + + khng thuc hnh khuyn
g) z 1 Rez >
t
z x yi +
ta c

2 2 2 2 2
2
x y 1 x x y 1 x 2x
y 1 2x
+ > + > +
>
vy { }
2
D x, y y 1 2x >
k) z 1 z 2 +
t
z x yi +
ta c

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2
2 2
2 2
z 1 x 1 yi x 1 y
z 2 x 2 yi x 2 y
ycbt x 1 y x 2 y
4x 2y 3 0
+ +
+ + + + +
+ + +
+ +
L phng trnh ng thng
4x 2y 3 0 + +
2 0 1 1
1

m)0 argz
4
< l hnh qut c gii hn bi { }

1
l x, y y 0, x 0 >
v
{ }
2
l x, y y x, x 0

n) argz argz
4 4 4
3 5
argz
4 4

< < <

< <

L hmh qut gii hn bi cc tia .
{ }
1
l x, y y x, x 0 <
v { }
2
l x, y y x, x 0
10) Tm dng m ca s phc sau: z 3 i +
Gii :
5
i.
6
5 5
z 3 i 2 cos i sin
6 6
2e

_
+ +

,
11) Chng minh cng thc le (Euler) :

i i
e e
cos
2

+

Gii :
Ta c
i
i
e cos i sin
e cos i sin
'

i i
e e cos i sin cos i sin
cos
2 2

+ + +

12) Chng minh cng thc le (Euler):
i i
e e
sin
2i

2 0 1 1
1

Gii :
Ta c
i
i
e cos i sin
e cos i sin
'

i i
e e cos i sin cos i sin
sin
2i 2i

+ +

Bi tp t lm
13) Chng minh cng thc Moivre : Nu
i
z r.e
th
n n in
z r .e

14) Tnh theo Moivre :

( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
10
5
3
20
6
8
a) 1 i
1 i
b)
1 i
1 3i
c)
1 i
d) 1 i 1 i 3
+
+
_
+

,
+
15) Chng minh cc ng thc :
( )
( )
n
n
2
n
n
n n
a) 1 i 2 cos i sin
4 4
n n
b) 3 i 2 cos i sin
6 6
_
+ +

,
_
+

,
16) Tm cn bc 3 ca s: a 2 2i 3 +
17) Tm nghim ca a thc
6 3
z 2z 1 + +
:
18) Gii phng trnh trong C :
2
a) z 2z 5 0 + +
2
b)4 z 2z 1 0 +
2 0 1 1
1

( )
2
c) z 2i 3 z 5 i 0 + +

3
d)z 1 0
( )
4
e) z 1 16 + ( )
4
f ) z 1 16 +
19) Tm tt c cc nghim ca
4 3 2
P(z) z 6z 9z 100 + + bit z 1 2i + l mt nghim
.

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2 0 1 1

l dng lng gic

c gii hn trong khong

IV. Bng nhau gia hai s phc dng lng gic:

V. Php nhn dng lng gic:

V d: Biu din cc s phc sau ln mt phng phc :

Vy phng trnh c nghim:

< l hnh qut c gii hn bi { }

11) Chng minh cng thc le (Euler) :

14) Tnh theo Moivre :

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