S PHC - LNG GIC HNH HC

I. S phc cc cng thc c bn :

1) nh ngha v cc php tnh c bn:
S o i l s tho:
2
1 i .
S phc z c dng: z a bi + trong a c gi l phn thc, b gi l phn
o.
Cho 2 s phc
1 1 1 2 2 2
, z a b i z a b i + +
. Khi :

1 2
1 2
1 2
a a
z z
b b


'

( ) ( )
1 2 1 2 1 2
z z a a b b i t t + t
( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1
. . z z a b i a b i a a b b a b a b i + + + +
.

( ) ( )
( ) ( )
( )
1 1 2 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 1
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
a b i a b i a a b b b a b a i z a b i
z a b i a b i a b i a b
+ + + +

+ + +
(Cc php ton vi s phc vn thc hin y nh vi s thc, ch cn nh thm
2
1 i ).
Vi s phc z a bi + th i lng
2 2
a b +
gi l mun ca s phc z.
K hiu
2 2
z a b + . ngha ca
z
s c lm r trong cc phn tip theo.
S phc a bi gi l s phc lin hp ca z v c k hiu l
z
. Ta c:
2
. z z z .
2) Cng thc De Moivre:
C th ni cng thc De Moivre l mt trong nhng cng thc th v v l
nn tng cho mt lot cng thc quan trng khc sau ny nh php lu tha,
khai cn s phc, cng thc Euler. Chng ta hy cng nhau tm hiu chui cng
thc k diu ny .
Trc ht ta c:
Cng thc 1:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) cos sin . cos sin cos sin x i x y i y x y i x y + + ++ +
Tht vy:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
2
cos sin . cos sin cos cos sin sin
sin cos cos sin
x i x y i y x y i x y
x y x y i
+ + + +
+ +
Nu
2
1 i th hon ton chng c g mi c, nhng y
2
1 i nn ta s thu
c:
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( )
cos sin . cos sin cos cos sin sin
sin cos cos sin
cos sin
x i x y i y x y x y
x y x y i
x y i x y
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
By gi nu p dng cng thc 1 cho trng hp c bit y=x th ta s c:
( )
2
cos sin cos 2 sin 2 x i x x i x + +
v tip tc l:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( )
3 2
cos sin cos sin . cos sin
cos 2 sin 2 . cos sin
cos3 sin3
x i x x i x x i x
x i x x i x
x i x
+ + +
+ +
+
Bng php quy np ta s thu c cng thc 2.
Cng thc 2 (Cng thc De - Moivre):
( ) cos sin cos sin
n
x i x nx i nx + +
T nhng php tnh khng my phc tp ta thu c 1 cng thc rt hay .
By gi ta s tm hiu cc ng dng ca cng thc ny.
II. Cc ng dng ca cng thc De Moivre:
1) Tnh rt gn cc tng lng gic :
Cc bn hc lng gic chc tng phi rt gn cc tng sau:
cos cos 2 cos3 ... cos
sin sin 2 sin3 ... sin
A x x x nx
B x x x nx
+ + + +
+ + + +
Dng cng thc De - Moivre ta c th tnh kh d dng A, B v hn na l tnh
ng thi c A, B. Tht vy:
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
1
1 1 cos sin cos 2 sin 2 ... cos sin
1 cos sin cos sin ... cos sin
1 cos sin 1 cos 1 sin 1
1 cos sin 1 cos sin
n
n
A iB x i x x i x nx i nx
x i x x i x x i x
x i x n x i n x
x i x x i x
+
+ + + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + +
+ + +

+
Ta p dng cng thc nhn 2 rt gn VP:
( )
2
2
1 1 1
2sin 2 sin cos
2 2 2
2sin 2 sin cos
2 2 2
1 1 1
sin sin cos
2 2 2
.
sin sin cos
2 2 2
1 1
1
sin cos sin cos
sin
2 2 2 2
2
.
1
sin
2
1 1
sin sin .
2 2
. cos sin
2 2
sin
2
n n n
x i x x
VP
x x x
i
n n n
x x i x
x x x
i
n n x x
n
x i x i
x
x
n x n
x
nx nx
i
x
+ + +

+ + +

+ + _ _
+
+

, ,

+ +
1
+
1
]
1
cos sin .sin
2 2 2
sin sin
2 2
nx n nx
x
i
x x
+
+
So snh phn thc v phn o 2 v ta thu c kt qu :
( ) 1
sin . cos
2 2
1
sin
2
1
sin .sin
2 2
sin
2
n x nx
A
x
n nx
x
B
x
+
+
+

Vy ta rt gn c cc tng A, B. Tuy nhin c 1 lu nh l vi 2 x k

th d dng tnh trc tip A, B m khng cn dng n cng thc De Moivre
(v tht s khng th dng cng thc De Moivre, v sao?).
Ngoi ra cc bn cng c th rt gn phn s
1 1
sin cos
2 2
sin cos
2 2
n n
x i x
x x
i
+ +

bng cng thc De Moivre, phn ny dnh cho cc bn xem nh bi tp .

2) Lu tha Khai cn s phc :
Lu tha:
VD: tnh ( ) ( )
12 12
1 1 i i + + .
Ta c:
1 1
1 2 2 cos sin ,1 2 cos sin
4 4 4 4 2 2
i i i i i
_ _ _
+ + +

, , ,
nn
( ) ( )
( )
12 12
12
12 12
1 1 2 cos sin cos sin
4 4 4 4
64 2cos3 128
i i i i

1
_ _
+ + + +
1

, ,
1
]

Nh vy p dng cng thc De Moivre cho lu tha s phc, ta ch cn
chuyn 1 s phc bt k thnh dng lng gic, v iu ny lun c th lm
c! Tht vy, vi s phc z a bi + ta c:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2
cos sin cos sin
a b
z a bi a b i
a b a b
z i r i
_
+ + +

+ +
,
+ +

vi
r z
v gc

c gi l argument ca z, k hiu l ( ) arg z

.
Ngc vi php lu tha ta c php khai cn.
Khai cn 1 s phc: Gi s t l cn bc n ca s phc
( ) cos sin z r i +
Ta c :
( ) ( ) cos sin cos sin
n
n
t t i t t n i n + +
Do :
( ) ( )
( )
cos sin cos sin
cos cos
sin sin
2
0,1,..., 1
n
n
n
n
t z t n i n r i
t r
n
n
t r
k k n
n n

+ +

'

'
+

(Ti sao ta ch ly
0,1,..., 1 k n
?)
Vy 1 s phc c ng n cn bc n.
V cc cn bc n ca s 1 c nhiu iu kh th v, y xin nu 1 phi hp
gia chng vi nh l Viet tnh tng, c th ta s tnh tng sau y:
2 4 2
cos cos ... cos
2 1 2 1 2 1
n
S
n n n

+ + +
+ + +
Trc ht ta c nhn xt hu ch sau:
Nhn xt:
Nu t l cn bc n ca 1 v 1 t th t l nghim ca phng trnh
1 2
... 1 0
n n
z z z

+ + + + .
Tht vy:
( ) ( )
1 2
1 2
1 0 1 ... 1 0
... 1 0 (*)
n n n
n n
t t t t t
t t t


+ + + +
+ + + +
Vi 2n cn bc 2n+1 ca s 1 l:
1 2
2
2 2 4 4
cos sin , cos sin ,..,
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2 4 4
cos sin ,.., cos sin
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
k n
t i t i
n n n n
k k n n
t i t i
n n n n


+ +
+ + + +
+ +
+ + + +
ta c th p dng nhn xt trn v suy ra 2n s phc ny l 2n nghim phn
bit (?) ca phng trnh :
2 2 1
... 1 0
n n
z z z

+ + + +
do theo nh l Viet th:
2
1
1
n
k
k
t

ng nht phn thc 2 v ta c:

( ) 2 2
2 2 4
cos ... cos cos ... cos 1
2 1 2 1 2 1 2 1
1
2 1
2
n
n n
n n n n
S S

+ _
_
+ + + + +

+ + + +
,
,

Tip theo ta s tm hiu k hn v ngha hnh hc ca s phc v ca cng
thc De Moivre.
III. ngha hnh hc ca s phc:
Trc ht ta c th coi 1 s phc ( ) cos sin z a bi r i + +
nh l 1 im
( ) , M a b
hay l ( )
( )

2 2
, , arg , OM a b r z a b OM z OM Ox
_
+

,
uuuur uuuur uuuur
.
Nu ta xem mi s thc k nh l mt lnh, tc l
ku
r
l lnh bin vect
u
r

thnh 1 vect mi cng phng vi
u
r
v c di gp
k
ln di ca
u
r
, th
ta s thy l cc s thc cha biu din ht cc lnh(tc cc php bin
hnh), v cc s thc ch ng vi cc lnh (PBH) cng phng, cn cc lnh
khc nh php quay, php ng dng, php i xng th sao? R rng l biu
din cc PBH ny ta cn thm nhng s mi, nm ngoi tp s thc, v cu tr li
tht bt ng, cc s phc chnh l biu din ca php quay, php ng dng.
Tht vy ta xt li php nhn 1 vect ( ) , u x y x iy +
r
trong mt phng phc vi
s phc
cos sin z i +
. Ta c:
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
. cos sin . cos sin sin cos
cos sin , sin cos
z u i x iy x y i x y
x y x y


+ + + +
+
r
nu cc bn nh li cng thc to ca php quay (m ti c dp trnh by)
th y chnh l php quay vi gc

.
Vy s phc
cos sin z i +
c th ng nht vi php quay gc

. c bit
s o i chnh l php quay gc
0
90 + v:
0 0
cos90 sin90 i i + . Vi cch nhn mi
ny th ng thc
2
1 i tr nn hon ton hp l, v
2
i chnh l thc hin lin
tip 2 php quay gc
0
90 + nn kt qu s l php quay gc 180
0
, tc l bng 1.
V cng vi cch gii thch ny cng thc 1 (hay cng thc De Moivre) cng
c ngha hh rt r rng l: tch ca 2 php quay gc x v gc y chnh l php
quay vi gc x+y.
Tng qut th s phc ( ) cos sin z r i +
s biu din 1 php ng dng gm
php quay vi gc

v php v t vi t l r. Cm chi tit ca iu ny dnh cho

cc bn.
Sau y xin chuyn sang 1 cng thc k diu khc mang tn nh ton hc v i
Euler, cng thc ny s cho ta thy ho ra cc hm lng gic v hm m c b
con rt gn vi nhau.
IV. Cng thc Euler:
cos sin
i
e i

+
Ti sao Euler li c th ngh ra 1 cng thc to bo nh th? iu ny c th l
gii nh vo s tng t gia cng thc De Moivre vi tnh cht ca hm m
( )
x
f x a
. Ta nh li hm ( ) f x
c tnh cht sau y:
( ) ( ) ( ) . f x f y f x y +
.
V nu ta xt hm ( ) cos sin g x x i x +
th do cng thc De Moivre hm ( ) g x

cng c tnh cht y nh hm ( ) f x
, i.e: ( ) ( ) ( ) . g x g y g x y +
.
im ging nhau c bn ny c l l c s Euler ra cng thc tuyt vi ca
mnh.
cos sin
i
e i

+
D nhin cm cht ch cng thc ny cn phi dng n cng c kh mnh l
khai trin Taylor ca cc hm , sin , cos
x
e x x . y chng ta chp nhn cc cng
thc khai trin ny, c th ta c:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
2 3
3 5 4 1 4 3
2 4 4 4 2
1 ... ...
2! 3! !
sin ... ...
3! 5! 4 1 ! 4 3 !
cos 1 ... ...
2! 4! 4 ! 4 2 !
n
x
k k
k k
x x x
e x
n
x x x x
x x
k k
x x x x
x
k k
+ +
+
+ + + + + +
+ + +
+ +
+ + +
+
p dng cc cng thc khai trin ny ta s cm c cng thc Euler, chi tit dnh
cho cc bn.
Cui cng xin nu ra cch gii bng s phc ca mt bi ton hnh hc kh th v
trn Berkeley Math Circle (BMC).
V. Mt bi ton hnh th v trn BMC:
Bi ton: Cho a gic u n-cnh
1 2
...
n
A A A
ni tip trong ng trn ( ) ; O R
v
1 im M di ng trn ng trn ny. t
( )
1
n
k
k i
i
S M MA

.
Vi nhng gi tr no ca s t nhin k th ( )
k
S M
khng ph thuc v tr ca M
trn ng trn ( ) ; O R
?
Nu ta tn cng ngay lp tc bi ton tng qut ny th s gp kh khn, do ta
hy gii bi ton vi nhng gi tr c th ca n. u tin vi gi tr nh nht n=3
ta c:
Bi ton 1: cho tam gic u ABC ni tip ng trn ( ) ; O R
v im M di ng
trn ng trn ny. Tm cc gi tr t nhin ca k sao cho tng
( )
k k k
k
S M MA MB MC + +
khng ph thuc v tr ca M.
Phn tch:
R rng k=1 khng tho (?).
k=2 tho. C th cm tng
2 2 2
MA MB MC + + khng ph thuc M
bng cch dng cng thc tm t c.
Vi 3 k vic tnh tng ( )
k
S M
tr nn kh phc tp, nht l vi k l th ta
khng cn dng c cng c vect (c th cc bn tm c ra cch l lun
x l ring trng hp k l) tnh tng ny. Cn vi k chn th khi k=4 ta
cn tnh tng:
( )
4 4 4
4
S M MA MB MC + +
.
4
S
c th tnh theo
2
S
bng cch dng hng ng thc tuy nhin tnh ton cng
kh di v do cch ny cng khng th m rng cho cc s m k ln hn.
gii quyt nhng kh khn ni trn, ti ngh n vic chuyn sang dng
nh l hm sin v tht bt ng cch ny cho ti li gii cho trng hp k
chn v 1 s gi cho trng hp k l. C th nh sau:
t

2 MOA
. Do tnh i xng nn ta c th gi s

M AC
, khi dng
nh l hm sin ta tnh c:
2 sin , 2 sin , 2
3 3
MA R MB R MC R


_ _
+

, ,
Khng mt tnh tng qut ta c th cho R=1. Khi
( ) 2 sin sin sin
3 3
k k k k
k
S M


1 _ _
+ + +
1
, , ]
v bi ton tr thnh:
Tm cc gi tr ca k sao cho tng
' sin sin sin
3 3
k k k
k
S


_ _
+ + +

, ,
khng ph thuc

.
cho tin ti cng k hiu
'
k
S
l
k
S
. Ta nhn thy
sin sin sin
3 3
2
sin sin sin
3 3
k k k
k
k k k
S




_ _
+ + +

, ,
_ _
+ + + +

, ,
xt 3 gc
1 2 3
2
, ,
3 3
t t t


_
+ +

,
. D kim chng l
( ) sin3 sin3 1, 2, 3
i
t i
, do :
3
sin3 sin3 3sin 4sin
i i i
t t t
Suy ra 3 s
sin
i i
x t
u l nghim ca phng trnh
3
4 3 sin3 0 x x +
T y ta c th dng nh l Viet cho phng trnh bc 3 v c:
1 2 3
1 2 2 3 3 1
1 2 3
0
3
4
sin3
4
x x x
x x x x x x
x x x

+ +

+ +
'

Khi bit cc biu thc i xng c bn ny th ta c th tnh c mi

tng:
1 2 3
k k k
k
T x x x + +
nh vo cng thc truy hi ( )
2 3
4 3 sin3 .
k k k
T T T


v 3 tng u tin
0 1 2 0 1 2
3
, , 3, 0,
2
T T T T T T
_


,
.
Tuy nhin ch rng y cha phi l cc tng m ta cn tnh v
2
sin
3
x

_
+

,
. Do ch vi nhng k chn th
k k
S T
, cn k l th
2sin
3
k
k k
S T

_
+ +

,
.
Ta xt 1 s trng hp :
k=4:
4 4 2 1
3 9
sin3 .
4 8
S T T T
k=3:
3 1 0
3 3
3 3
3
3 1 3
sin3 . sin3
4 4 4
3
2sin sin3 2sin
3 4 3
9
sin sin
4
T T T
S T
t t




_ _
+ + + +

, ,
+
vi
3
t

+ .
R rng
3
S
ph thuc vo gc

.
Tuy nhin cch gii ny khi m rng ln trng hp n-gic u th s b 1 s
kh khn vic tnh cc
k
T
s tr nn phc tp v do tnh
k
S
cng phc tp
hn. Do ta li phi tm 1 hng khc.
Mt suy ngh kh t nhin khi gp cc ly tha bc cao ca cc hm lng
gic l tm cch h bc chng (vd:
4
1 1 3
cos cos 4 cos 2
8 2 8
x x x + + ).
y ta c th h bc 1 ly tha bt k nh vo s tr gip ca s phc.
T tng ny ti tm c li gii hon chnh cho trng hp k chn,
k=2l. Xin nu ln cc chnh ca bi ton tng qut cho n-gic u.
Trc ht cng t

2 , 1 MOA R v dng nh l hm sin ta c:

( )
( )
1 2 3
2sin , 2sin , 2sin 2 ,... 2sin 1
. 2sin 1 , 1,
n
j
MA MA MA MA n
n n n
i e MA j j n
n

_ _ _
+ + +

, , ,
_
+

,
Do tng cn tnh tr thnh:
( ) ( )
1
2 2 2 2
2
1 0
2 sin 1 2 sin
n n
l l l l
l
j j
S j j
n n

_ _
+ +

, ,

Nh vy ta ch cn tnh tng
( )
1
2
2
0
sin
n
l
l
j
S j
n

_
+

,

Dng cng thc nhn 2 ta c:

( )
1 1
2
2
0 0
2
1 cos 2
sin
2
l
n n
l
l
j j
j
n
S j
n

_ _
+

_
,
+

,

,

S d ta a v cc gc
2
2 j
n

+ l v chng c mi lin quan n cc cn

bc n ca n v m ta s thy ngay sau y. Dng cng thc Euler v nhn
xt v tnh cht ca cc cn bc n ca n v ta c th cm c b quan
trng sau:
B : Vi s t nhin m v gc

bt k, t
( )
1
0
2
cos
n
m
j
m
T j
n

_
+

,

Khi :
nu
m
khng l bi s ca n th tng ( )
m
T
s khng ph thuc

.
Chnh xc hn l ( ) 0,
m
T
.
Nu m l bi s ca n th ( ) cos
m
T n
.
n y chc cc bn nhn ra c iu cn lm, l lin kt tng
2l
S

vi cc tng
m
T
. Tht vy dng cng thc khai trin nh thc cho tng s
hng ca tng
2l
S
ta c:
( )
0
2
1 cos 2
1 2
1 cos 2
2 2
l
l
m
m m
l l
m
j
n
C j
n

_ _
+

_
,

+

,

,

Suy ra:
( )
( )
1 1
2
0 0 0
1
0 0
2
1 cos 2
1 2
1 cos 2
2 2
1 2
1 cos 2 (*)
2
l
n n l
m
m m
l l l
j j m
l n
m
m m
l l
m j
j
n
S C j
n
C j
n

_ _
+

_
,
+

,

,
1
_
+
1
,
]


n y ta ch cn h bc cc s hng
2
cos 2
m
j
n

_
+

,
l lin kt c
tng
1
0
2
cos 2 (**)
n
m
j
j
n

_
+

,

vi tng
m
T
. Vic h bc ny c thc hin bng quy np v da vo cng
thc biu din
cos mx
theo
cos x
.
Tm li quy trnh gii bi ton tng qut l nh sau:
1. Tm cng thc h bc hon ton cho cos
m
x .
2. Th cng thc h bc vo tnh cc tng (*).
3. Cui cng th kt qu vo cng thc (**) tnh
2l
S
.
V d vi m=4 ta c cng thc h bc
4
1 1 3
cos cos 4 cos 2
8 2 8
x x x + + , th vo
ta c:
1 1 1
4
0 0 0
1 1
0 0
2 1 2 1 2 3
cos 2 cos 4 2 cos 2 2
8 2 8
1 2.4 1 2.2 3
cos 8 cos 4
8 2 8
n n n
j j j
n n
j j
j j j n
n n n
j j n
n n








_ _ _
+ + + + +

, , ,
_ _
+ + + +

, ,


Trong
( )
1
4
0
2.4
cos 8 8 0
n
j
j T
n

_
+

,
khi 4 khng l bi ca n.
V ( )
1
2
0
2.2
cos 4 4 0
n
j
j T
n

_
+

,
khi 2 khng l bi ca n.
Do :
1
4
0
2 3
cos 2 ,
8
n
j
j n
n

_
+

,
.
Tng t vi m=2:
1
2
0
2
cos 2 ,
2
n
j
n
j
n

_
+

,

V vi m=3:
1
3
0
2
cos 2 0,
n
j
j
n

_
+

,

Th vo cng thc (*) tnh c:

8
35
, 4
128
S n n >
Tng qut vi cc s m m<n th cc tng
1
0
2
cos 2
n
m
j
j
n

_
+

,
u l hng
s v khi m n cc tng ny khng cn l hng s na, do
2
co ,
l
S nst l n <
, cn
2l
S
ph thuc gc

, l n .
Nh vy vn duy nht cn li l cm b . Xin nhng cc bn suy ngh
xem nh 1 bi tp.