~Grade Ten

Science Review~
Chemistry
Periodic Table
• Metals = Left side.
give up 1, 2 or 3 valence elections.
Trend in a row/period = Easier to give up 1 valence electron than 2, easier to give up 2 than
3. Metals farther LEFT on the periodic table are more reactive.
Trend in a column/group = Going down a column, the atomic number increases, so the
valence electrons are not held as strongly. Reactivity of metals increases as you go DOWN
the periodic table.
Most reactive metal = Fr (Francium)
Solids at room temperature, except for mercury (liquid). Are shiny (luster). Malleable
(bendable). Ductile (pull into wires). Conduct electricity.
• Non-metals = Right side
gain 1, 2 or 3 electrons to complete their outer shell.
Trends in a row/period = easier to gain 1 electron than it is 2 or 3. Non-metals are more
reactive on the RIGHT side of the periodic table.
Trends in a column/group = Smaller atoms gain electrons easier because they are being
added to a shell closer to the positive nucleus. Non-metals are more reactive at the TOP of
the column.
Most reactive non-metal = F (Fluorine)
Some gases at room temperature, some solids, one liquid (bromine). Dull. Poor conductors.
Brittle. Not ductile.
• Metalloids = In between metals and non-metals
Solids at room temperature. Can be lustrous or dull. Maybe conduct electricity, but poor
conductors of heat. Brittle. Not ductile.
• Sizes of Atoms
Increases = Down-Left
Decrease = Up-Right
 • Groups
Alkali Metals = All are white/silver except for Cesium (pale gold). 1 valence electron. Soft.
Highly reactive. Low-melting point. High conductivity (water). Soluble in water. All metals
except for Hydrogen (H).
Alkaline Earth Metals = Soluble in water. Good conductors. Silver luster. 2 valence
electrons. Soft.
Halogens = Non-metals. Highly reactive. 7 valence electrons. Soluble in water (form salts).
Dull. Have an odour.
Noble Gases = 8 valence electrons = full shell. Do not need to gain or give electrons. Gases.
Colourless. Odourless. Tasteless. Low reactivity.
• Electrons are particles that have a negative charge and are outside the nucleus. An atom
(neutral) has the same number of electrons as it does protons. Able to leave the atom to bond
with a non-metal.
• Protons are particles that have a positive charge and are inside the nucleus. Protons can not be
gained or lost.
• Neutrons are particles that have a neutral charge (neither positive nor negative) and are inside
the nucleus.

Bohr-Rutherford and Lewis (Dot Diagrams) Structures

Bohr-Rutherford Structures show the full atom with the electrons orbiting the nucleus on a specific
number of shells. Inside it (can) shows the number of protons and neutrons.
Lewis Dot Diagrams show only the valence electrons of the atom.

Potassium (K) Potassium (K)

Ionic and Molecular Compounds

• An ionic compound is a substance made with both cations and anions. Ionic substances tend to
be electrolytes (dissolves in water to produce a substance that conducts electricity).
Anions are formed when an atom gains electrons and takes on an overall negative charge.
Cations are formed when an atom loses electrons and takes on an overall positive charge.
An ionic bond is the attraction between the positively charged and negatively charged ions.
Ions are strongly bonded to one another.
High boiling point.
 Distinctive edges.
Usually no odour.
Soluble in water.
Conductible in solution
Conducts when melted.
Hard.
Binary ionic compounds include one metallic and one non-metallic element.
• A molecular compound is a substance composed of molecules. Molecular substance tend to be
non-electrolytes (can not dissolve in water to produce a substance that conducts electricity).
A covalent bond is when atoms share electrons.
Each molecule is weakly attracted to each other.
Low melting point.
Softer edges
has an odour
Sometimes soluble in water.
No conductivity in solution.
No conductivity when melted.
Soft
A molecule is a neutral particle that is composed of atoms joining together by covalent
bonds.
A diatomic molecule is a molecule with two of the same atoms, like fluorine (F2).

Chemical Nomenclature and Formulas

• Chemical Nomenclature = Naming chemicals.
• Binary ionic compounds are with one metallic and one non-metallic element.
Metals' names stay the same (Lithium, Aluminum), as well as most of the transition metals.
Metallic ions with two different kinds of charge can be written two different ways
Stock System (Standard) shows the metal name with a Roman numeral (the charge) in
brackets. (Nickel (Ni) ions are “nickel (II)” or “nickel (III)”)
Classical System is based on the Latin names of the elements. It changes the “um” to
“ous” for the lower charge or it changes to “ic” for the ion with the higher charge.
• Ferrum (iron) = ferrous or ferric
• Cuprum (copper) = cuprous or cupric
• Plumbum (lead) = plumbous or plumbic
Non-metals have their name changed to have “ide” at the end (FluorIDE, ChlorIDE)
• Polyatomic Ionic Compounds are when either the cation or the anion has more than one kind
of atom.
Polyatomic ions:
Cation = ammonium (NH3)
2− − 2−
Anions = hydroxide (OH−), carbonate (CO3 ), nitrate (NO3 ), sulfate (SO4 ),
3− − −
phosphate (PO4 ), hydrogen carbonate (HCO3 ), hydrogen sulfate (HSO4 )
• Binary Molecular Compounds consist of covalent bonds between two different non-metals.
Add prefixes to the first non-metal and the second non-metal. Never add 'mono-' to the
 first non-metal.

Prefix Number
mono- 1
di- 2
tri- 3
tetra- 4
penta- 5
hexa- 6

Law of Conservation of Mass

Lavoisier's Law of Conservation of Mass
During a chemical reaction, the total mass of the
reacting substances, the reactants, is always equal
to the mass of the resulting substances, the
products.
ex. 2H2 + O → 2H2O
Dalton's Atomic Theory
• All matter is made up of small particles called
atoms.
• Atoms cannot be created, destroyed, or
divided into smaller particles.
• All atoms of the same element are identical in
mass and size, but they are different in mass
and size from the atoms of the other elements.
• Compounds are formed when atoms of
different elements combine in fixed (definite)
proportions.

Balancing Equations in a Compound

• Word equation:
hydrogen + oxygen → water
• Skeleton equation:
H2 + O2 → H2O
• Balancing = add so-efficients to both sides until the numbers on both sides are equal.
2H2 + O2 → 2H2O

Type of Reactions
• Exothermic Reactions
releases heat, feels warm.
Eheat (heat energy) is a product.
• Endothermic Reactions
absorbs thermal energy, feels cold
Eheat is a reactant.
 • Addition (Synthesis) Reactions
The formation of a new compound from two or more elements or compounds.
A + B → AB (only one term on right side)
• Decomposition Reactions
The destruction of a compound into 2 or more elements.
AB → A + B
• Single Displacement Reactions
one element in a compound is replaced by another. You can tell an element's ability to
replace another element in a compound from it's position on the ACTIVITY SERIES:
• An element higher in the series will only displace elements lower.
Lithium
Potassium
Barium
Calcium
Sodium
Magnesium
Aluminum
Zinc
Iron
Nickel
Tin
Lead
Hydrogen
Copper
Mercury
Silver
Gold
• Double Displacement Reactions
two compounds in which the ions switch partners.
Usually happens in aqueous solutions.
One of the new substances (products) will be insoluble and will precipitate out of the
solution
AB + CD → CB + AD
• Combustion Reactions
a hydrocarbon fuel burns in the presence of excess oxygen.
Products are carbon dioxide and water.
If there is not enough oxygen, then it is incomplete and additional products are carbon
monoxide (poison) and carbon (ashes)
• Neutralization Reactions
a special double displacement reaction involving an acid and a base.
Products are water and salt.

Neutralization
• When a strong acid and a strong base are combined to create water and salt:
 acid + base → water + salt
• example = HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) → NaCl(aq) + H2O

Acids and Bases

• An acid is a substance that produces hydrogen ions in a solution (H+)(aq)
• A base is a substance that produces hydroxide ions in a solution (OH −)(aq)
• Acids and bases are mostly clear and colourless.
• An indicator is a chemical that changes colour as the concentration of (H+)(aq) or (OH −)(aq)
changes. (ex. Phenolphthalein and litmus)
Indicator Acid Solution Neutral Solution Basic Solution
Red Litmus red red blue
Blue Litmus red blue blue
Phenolphthalein Clear, colourless Clear, colourless pink
• The pH scale is a scale that shows the acidity or basicity of a solution.
Scale is from 0 to 14.
1 – 6.9 = acids
7 = neutral (pure water)
7.1 – 14 = bases
• Concentration = amount of pure acid that is dissolved per litre of water.
• Percent ionization = number of molecules that will ionize for every 100 molecules that
dissolve.
• Strong acids = completely ionize in water.
• Weak acids = only ionize in water.
• Strong bases = ionize completely in water.
• Weak bases = low percent ionization.

Physics
RCS and Compass Direction
• RCS Direction= Rectangular Coordinate System = angle measured counterclockwise form due
east.
ex. 110° RCS
• Compass Directing = finding the angle using a protractor.
ex. [N 40° W] or [W 50° N]

Vocabulary
• Scalar = a physical quantity that has magnitude (size), but no direction.
 • Vector = a physical quantity that has both magnitude (size) and direction.
• Distance = the total length of a journey along every twist and turn of the path. It's a scalar.
• Displacement = describes how much an object's position has changed. (from one point to
another). It's a vector.
• Velocity = describes the speed and direction of motion. (describes how fast an object's position
is moving). It's a vector.
Change in Displacement
Velocity Change in Time

• Speed = Describes how fast something is moving. It's a scalar.

Change in Distance
Speed Change in Time

• Acceleration = describes how much an object's velocity changes in a certain time. It's a vector.
Change in Velocity

Acceleration Change in Time

Converting from m/s to km/h

• km/h → m/s = /3.6
• m/s → km/h = x3.6

~Graphs~

Ecology
Hierarchy of Terms
• Bioshpere
• Biome
• Ecosystem
• Community
• Population
• Organism
• Organ System
• Organ
• Tissue
 • Cell

Abiotic/Biotic Factors
• Abiotic factors are living factors. (wind, temperature)
• Biotic factors are non-living factors. (sunlight, animals)

Food Chains
• Who eats who. (Animal eats a plant, an animal eats a smaller animal, etc.)

Food Webs
• Complicated web of animals and plats that feed off of each other. Each plant or animal could be
eaten by more than one animal.

Feeding Levels
• First Trophic Level = Producers
• Second Trophic Level = Primary consumers
• Third Trophic Level = Secondary consumer
• Fourth Trophic Level = Tertiary consumer

Pyramid of Numbers
• The concept that the numbers of organisms decrease as one progresses towards the top of a food
chain.

Populations
• Interspecific Competition = competition amongst individuals of the same species.
• Intraspecific Competition = competition amongst individuals of different species.
• Density Dependent Factors = variable that affect a population based on the degree of crowding
within the population.
• Density Independent Factors = variables that affect a population that are not based on the
degree of crowding within the population.
Carbon Cycle

• Photosynthesis = the conversion of energy from the Sun to chemical energy (sugars) by green
plants.
• Respiration = the sum total of the physical and chemical processes in an organism by which
oxygen is conveyed to tissues and cells, and the oxidation products, carbon dioxide and water,
are given off.

Nitrogen Cycle
• Nitrogen Fixation = the process by which nitrogen is taken from its natural, relatively inert
molecular form (N2) in the atmosphere and converted into nitrogen compounds (such as
ammonia, nitrate and nitrogen dioxide).
• Nitrification = From ammonium to nitrites.
• Denitrification = converts it back into simple Nitrogen.