Untitled

Champaka 7
"
Nghin cu lch s v nn vn minh Champa

Pgs. Ts. Po Dharma

T FLM en FULRO
Cuoc au tranh cua dan toc thieu so mien nam ong Dng
(1955-1975)

n hnh bi
International Office of Champa, 2007

Ti bn dng cho h thng mng Web
Champaka.info, 2012

Sach nay ra i cung nh mot so ngi cung tham gia trong mot
to chc cung cap cho chung toi kho tang t lieu vo cung qu gia
cua Fulro, ten tat cua Front Unifie de Lutte des Races Oprimees
(Mat Tran Thong Nhat au Tranh Dan Toc B Ap Bc). ay la
mot phong trao au tranh vu trang a dien ra vao thi e nh
chien tranh ong Dng a tng lam ao lon ban c chnh tr
Viet Nam thi o ma thong tin ai chung thng noi en nh la
mot to chc huyen thoai li ky.

ay la mot cong trnh nghien cu nham lam sang to lai nguon
goc hnh thanh Fulro cung nh cng lnh chnh tr, chien lc
quan s va ngoai giao cua to chc nay. Tac pham nay cung a
van e Fulro vao boi canh lch s a qua nham chng minh rang
Fulro khong phai la bien co chnh tr nhat thi ma la mot truyen
thong au tranh vu trang cua dan toc Champa a tng xay ra t
the ky th XVII, luc nao cung da vao chnh quyen Campuchia
e thc hien muc tieu cua mnh.

Hieu k Fulro (Mat Tran Thong Nhat
au Tranh Dan Toc B Ap Bc)
Hieu k
Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa

Champaka
Tp san nghin cu lch s v nn vn minh Champa

Hnh thnh vo nm 1999

Sng lp vin
Hassan Poklaun, Po Dharma

Tng bin tp
Pgs. Ts. Po Dharma (Vin Vin ng Php)

Ban bin tp
Pgs. Ts. Danny Wong Tze-Ken (i hc Malaya, M Lai)
Ts. Nicolas Weber (Vin INALCO, Paris)
Ts. Shine Toshihiko (i hc Ngoi Ng Tokyo, Nht Bn)
Pgs. Ts. Liu Zhi Qiang (i hc Dn Tc, Qung Ty)
Pts. Emiko Stok (i hc Nanterre, Paris)
Abdul Karim (Vin Bo Tng Quc Gia, M Lai)
Musa Porome (IOC-Champa)

Tr s
56 Square des Bauves
95140 Garges Les Gonesse, France
Email: champaka1999@aol.com
Web: www.champaka.info

C quan n hnh
International Office of Champa (IOC-Champa)

Champaka 2012
Hnh ba: Thiu tng Les Kosem v Y Bham Enul

Bi"n gi!i phia b&c Champa
Bi"n gi!i 1069
H N_i
Hu"

Bi"n gi!i 1306
Bnh F_inh
Bi"n gi!i 1471
Bi"n gi!i 1611
Nha Trang
Cam Ranh Bi"n gi!i 1653
Phan Rang
Phan Thi"t
Saigon
Bi"n gi!i phia nam Champa
Po Dharma 1999
C
A
M
P
A
1658
F_ai Vi_"t
H
Honh S!n
Thai Lan
Cao Mi"n
Lao
Trung Quc
Bi"n gi!i phia b&c Champa
Bi"n gi!i 1069
H N_i
Hu"

Bi"n gi!i 1306
Bnh F_inh
Bi"n gi!i 1471
Bi"n gi!i 1611
Nha Trang
Cam Ranh Bi"n gi!i 1653
Phan Rang
Phan Thi"t
Saigon
Bi"n gi!i phia nam Champa
Po Dharma 1999
C
A
M
P
A
1658
F_ai Vi_"t
H
Honh S!n
Thai Lan
Cao Mi"n
Lao
Trung Quc

Ban o Champa trong qua trnh lch s

Bnh F_ inh
Aia Ru
Aia Trang
Kam Ranh
Panrang
Parik
Malithit
Dalat
Banmethuot
Baigaor
(Saigon
Pleiku
Kraong
Pajai
Harek Kah
Harek Dhei
P
A
N
D
U
R
A
N
G
A
Thanh F_ia KAUTHARA
KAMPUCHEA
Bal Lai
Bal Sri Banay
Bal Batthinng
Bal Hangaow
Bal Pandarang
Po Dharma 1999

Ban o tieu vng quoc Panduranga

Thiu tng Les Kosem, sng lp vin phong tro Fulro
Y Bham Enul, ph ch tch Fulro kim ch tch Mt
Trn Gii Phng Cao Nguyn Champa
Thay li ta

Ts. P-B Lafont
(Giao s ai hoc Sorbonne, Paris)

Nam 1954 anh dau ngay chia oi at nc Viet Nam.
Pha bac v tuyen 17 la Cong Hoa Dan Chu Viet Nam theo che
o xa hoi chu ngha, thu o la Ha Noi. Pha nam la Cong Hoa
Viet Nam, thu o la Sai Gon, mot quoc gia c ton tai ch nh
s hien dien cua quan oi My. Sau ngay chia oi hai mien nam
bac, at nc Viet Nam lai ri vao cuoc noi chien, bien lanh
tho mien nam thanh bai chien trng ma ngi ta thng goi la
chien tranh ong Dng lan th hai.
Luc ban au, lanh tho cua Cong Hoa Viet Nam ch gii
han khu vc mien nam va ong bang mien trung, sau o mi
m rong ra en vung Tay Nguyen. Trong thi ky o, ngoai tr
thanh pho KonTum va Dalat, toan bo khu vc Tay Nguyen t
tnh KonTum en tnh ong Nai Thng la at ai cua nhng
sac dan ban a ong Dng (proto-indochinois), thng goi la
Ngi Thng, mot khu vc ma dan toc Viet khong c
quyen nh c. S vang bong ngi Kinh trong khu vc nay phat
xuat t chnh sach cua Phap thuoc nham bao ve bien gii lanh
tho cua cac dan toc thieu so mien trung Viet Nam va ngan
chan ngi Viet len lap nghiep tren Tay Nguyen, khu vc mien
cao ma chnh quyen Phap thuoc lap thanh X Thng Mien
Nam ong Dng (Pays montagnard du Sud Indochinois, viet
tat la P.M.S.I). Nham duy tr chnh sach bao ho ay, Hoang e
Bao ai quyet nh ngay 15 thang 4 nam 1950 bien lanh tho X
Thng Mien Nam ong Dng thanh Hoang Trieu Cng Tho
at di quyen cai tr trc tiep cua Ngai, ch khong phai di
quyen quan ly cua chnh phu Viet Nam thi o. Theo qui che
Vai li gii thieu
12
nay, X Thng Mien Nam bao gom khu vc ong Nai
Thng, Lang-Bian (bao gom Dalat), Darlac, Pleiku va Kontum.
Ngay 26 thang 10 nam 1955 anh dau mot khuc quanh
mi trong lch s can ai cua sac dan thieu so mien trung Viet
Nam. Tnh hnh kinh te va xa hoi cua dan toc nay hoan toan
thay oi sau khi Ngo nh Diem a 850.000 ngi Viet t nan,
a so la thien chua giao mien bac di c, vao khu vc Tay
Nguyen. Sau khi to chc cuoc trng cau y dan gian lan vi la
phieu cua ngi Kinh t nan nay, Ngo nh Diem bien mien
nam Viet Nam thanh Viet Nam Cong Hoa ma ong ta la v tong
thong au tien.
Va nam c chnh quyen, Ngo nh Diem bat au
tch thu nhng at ai mau m cua ngi Thng e phan phoi
lai cho nhng ngi Kinh mien bac di c. Da vao quyen lc
cua chnh quyen a phng Viet Nam va mi thanh lap trong
khu vc Hoang Trieu Cng Tho, ngi Kinh di c nay bien
dan toc ban a thanh mot tap the no le va xem ho nh nhng
ngi ha cap. e tra li cho s oi x toi te o, dan toc Ee la
sac dan tien bo nhat Tay nguyen, ng ra to chc trong tnh
ac Lac vao nam 1955 mot phong trao e bao ve quyen li cua
ho di danh ngha la Mat Tran Giai Phong Dan Toc Thng
(Front de liberationdes Montagnards-F.L.M.). c s ho tr
cua cac sac dan khac Tay Nguyen, Mat Tran Giai Phong Dan
Toc Thng thay oi danh xng thanh mat tran Bajaraka (ten
viet tat cua Bahnar + Jarai + Radhe + Kaho) vao thang 5 nam
1955, mot to chc chnh tr a loi cuon hau het cac gii tr thc
dan toc vung cao va a ghi mot dau an sau am trong lch s
can ai cua Tay Nguyen cho en 1964.
Luc ban au, hai mat tran nay ch a ra nhng yeu
sach rat la han che. Ho yeu cau nha nc Viet Nam phai ton
trong nhan pham cua dan toc Tay Nguyen va phai tra lai cho
ho nhng at a b ngi Kinh xam chiem sau nam 1955.
Nhng Ngo nh Diem cung nh nhng v thu lanh ke v ong ta
Vai li gii thieu
13
bat bo hoan toan nhng li thnh nguyen nay. Them vao o,
ngi Kinh di c en Tay Nguyen ngay cang ong uc va oi
x vi dan ban a cang luc cang toi te hn, xem dan toc Tay
Nguyen ch la nhom ngi man r, cha noi en quan oi
Viet Nam tran gi khu vc nay cang co thai o ky th chung toc
va bao tan oi vi dan toc thieu so mien trung Viet Nam.
Trc s ap bc o, mot so ngi Tay Nguyen chay theo phong
trao khang chien cua cong san, so khac con lai nghien ve pha
chnh quyen Cao Mien, mot quoc gia ang kch thch dan toc
thieu so Viet Nam vung day chong chnh quyen Sai Gon. Ke
t o, dan toc Tay Nguyen t bo chien lc oi hoi quyen li
ma phap ly cho phep e dan than vao cuoc au tranh vu trang
bang cach lien ket phong trao Bajaraka vao Mat Tran Giai
Phong Champa (Front de liberation du Champa), mot trong ba
to chc cua Fulro, tc la ch viet tat cua Front Unifie de Lutte
des Races Opprimees (Mat tran Thong Nhat au Tranh Dan
Toc B Ap Bc).
Mot khi a ket nap dan toc Tay Nguyen vao to chc,
Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa-Fulro bai bo mo hnh to chc b
mat e hanh thnh mot phong au tranh vu trang nham giai
phong Champa, lam ao lon tnh hnh chnh tr ong Dng
thi o va kch ong c quan ngon luan nc ngoai, nhat la bao
ch My cung nh bao ch Viet Nam viet rat nhieu ve cuoc noi
loan cua ngi Tay Nguyen va Fulro. Tiec rang, a so tac gia
cua c quan bao ch nay khong hieu mot cach chnh xac the nao
la nguon goc cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa-Fulro. Ho cung
khong nam c muc tieu chnh tr va quan s cua to chc nay,
v noi dung bai viet cua ho hoan toan da vao quan iem cua
tng oi tng o la chnh quyen Sai Gon, quan oi My va
vng quoc Cao Mien. Mot th du ien hnh, sau nam 1964,
chnh quyen Sai Gon khong bao gi ong quan iem vi gii
quan s Viet Nam ang tran gi khu vc Tay Nguyen, ve muc
tieu cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa-Fulro.
Vai li gii thieu
14
Nam 1975 anh dau s sup o cua che o Saigon, mot
so chuyen gia a tng theo gioi nhng bien co a xay ra vung
Tay Nguyen van tiep tuc noi en Mat Tran Giai Phong
Champa-Fulro, vi noi dung khong xac thc. Ho ch bay to tam
nhn cuc bo ve mat tran nay. Ho thng cat xen va nh gia lai
lch s Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa-Fulro theo quan iem
rieng t cua ho.
V thieu t lieu, cac nha nghien cu ch dng lai o t
may nam qua va khong co hy vong e viet lai mot cach trung
thc lch s Fulro. Cung nh s ong y cua mot so thanh vien
Fulro nam gi kho tang tai lieu cua mat tran nay tai lieu ham
cha mot phan lch s cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa, con
phan khac lien quan en Bajaraka , Po Dharma, Pgs. cua Vien
Vien ong Bac Co Phap, co c hoi tham khao va s dung tai
lieu nay.
Chnh nhng tai lieu o a giup Po Dharma phat hoa lai
mot bc tranh rat la trung thc nhng bien co a anh dau s
hien hu cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Dan Toc Thng (Front de
Liberation des Montagnards-F.L.M), Bajaraka va Mat Tran
Giai Phong Champa (sau nam 1965 oi thanh Mat Tran Giai
Phong Cao Nguyen Champa). Cung nh tai lieu nay, ngi ta
mi hieu c Fulro khong phai la mot to chc vu trang duy
nhat ma la mot lien minh cua cac phong trao au tranh do
ngi Khmer tao ra. Trai ngc hoan toan vi quan iem cua
cac phong vien bao ch va nha nghien cu hang tin tng, mat
tran Fulro gia cac nam 1964 va 1975, khong am ch mot mat
tran ong nhat cua dan toc Tay Nguyen, ma la 3 to chc vu
trang khac nhau khong hnh thanh cung mot luc, cung chang
cung mot ni, khong co khuynh hng va d an chnh tr giong
nhau.
Luc ban au, cac bao ch a phng va quoc te thng
s dung ten goi Fulro e am ch phong trao au tranh cua dan
toc Thng t 1964 en 1968 nham bao ve nhan pham va
Vai li gii thieu
15
quyen c song cua ho.oi vi chnh quyen Nam Vang, to
chc Fulro, ke t nam 1969, ch la mat tran vu trang co tong
hanh dinh at tren lanh Kampuchea va phong trao nay khong co
anh hng ln lao na tren cac to chc au tranh cua dan toc
Tay Nguyen, bi v no ch la mot n v quan oi tap trung a
so nhng ngi Cham hoi giao Kampuchea than can vi thong
tng Lon Nol, tong thong Cong Hoa Kh Me. Ngc lai, mot
so ngi khac cho rang, Fulro la ky hieu e am ch mot vai
nhom du kch Thng va Cham lien ket vi Mat Tran Giai
Phong Mien Nam, at can c Tay Nguyen vao nhng nam
1973-1975.
S cong bo tai lieu chnh thc cua Fulro ma Po Dharma
a thc hien a gop phan bo xung vao nhng khiem khuyet
khac trong lch s cua to chc nay. Chnh nh tac pham nay ma
oc gia biet c khong phai Fulro vi danh ngha la ba to chc
lien minh vu trang (Mat Tran Giai Phong Kampuchea Krom,
Mat Tran Giai Phong Kampuchea Nord, Mat Tran Giai Phong
Champa) a tng vung day chong chnh quyen Sai Gon gia
cac nam 1964 va 1968 tren Tay Nguyen, ma la Mat Tran Giai
Phong Champa-Fulro, mot lc lng vu trang hung manh hn
het a tng gay bao song gio vi chnh quyen Sai Gon. S lam
lan nay a xay ra trong d luan Viet Nam cung nh tren the
gii ch la mot chien lc ma chnh quyen Sai Gon va ai ta
Les Kosem, sang lap vien Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa-Fulro,
a thoi phong ra ma thoi. Tac pham cua Po Dharma con cho
biet dan toc Tay Nguyen la mot tap the co vai tro quan trong
nhat trong moi to chc au tranh chong lai chnh phu Sai Gon
suot cac nam 1964-1968. Mot yeu to khac ma cha mot ngi
nao e cap ti, o la trong suot 5 nam hoat ong cua Fulro, cac
thanh vien goc dan toc Tay Nguyen thng bay to quan iem
oi ngc vi muc tieu cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa-Fulro
do Les Kosem sang lap. Ho cho rang, Mat Tran Giai Phong
Champa-Fulro ch buoc ho phuc vu cho muc tieu khong lien he
Vai li gii thieu
16
en quyen li cua ho, v Champa la vng quoc cua ngi
Cham ma thoi. S bat ong quan iem nay a nay sinh bao s
khung hoang gia thanh vien Fulro goc dan toc Tay Nguyen va
ai Ta Les Kosem, e roi dan en s suy yeu cua Mat Tran
Giai Phong Champa-Fulro keo theo s tr ve hp tac vi chnh
quyen Sai Gon cua nhieu thanh vien Fulro goc Tay Nguyen vao
nam 1969.
Tac pham cua Po Dharma cung tiet lo them nhng
ngi lanh ao Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa-Fulro va nhng
vien chc cua chnh quyen Sai Gon thng xuyen tiep xuc vi
nhau trong nhieu trng hp rat la at biet, trong luc o, tren
bnh dien ngoai giao chnh thc, hai ben van la hai the lc thu
ch khong oi tri chung. Quyen sach con cho thay, nhng mat
tran vu trang nay co nhng quan he rat phc tap vi quan oi
My va C.I.A., ma chnh phu Hoa Ky a gi en Tay Nguyen e
bao ve mien trung Viet Nam chong lai quan xam lc t mien
bac. o la s kien quan trong ma cac nha quan sat chang bao
gi e cap en vao thi ky o. Them vao o, quan oi My va
C.I.A. hien dien tren Tay Nguyen, thng phan tch tnh hnh
Fulro di goc o cua chien lc quan s hoan, toan khac han
vi o nhn cua chnh quyen Sai Gon. Chnh v the, quan oi
My va C.I.A. khong do d nhng bo e lam thoa mang nhng
yeu sach cua to chc Fulro Tay Nguyen, mot tap the chien
au chong lai Viet Nam Cong Hoa ma cac lc lng My co
ngha vu phai bao ve. Nhng trang sach nay con tiet lo, ben
canh nhng lc lng vu trang nam trong mat khu cua Fulro
Kampuchea, to chc Bajaraka cung nh Mat Tran Giai Phong
Champa-Fulro con co them mot lc lng b mat nam ngay
trong to chc quan oi cua Viet Nam Cong Hoa. Chnh v the,
mot so ngi Tay Nguyen phuc vu trong nhng n v Bao Ve
Sn Thon do C.I.A. thanh lap vao nam 1961, hay Lc lng
ac Biet (Special Forces) do Lc Lng Mu Xanh (Green
Berets) huan luyen, trang b va boi dng, thng la nhng
Vai li gii thieu
17
thanh vien b mat cua Fulro. Mot khi la thanh vien b mat cua
to chc, ng nhien ho phai tuan hanh nhng ch th ma Fulro
a a ra. Mac du co s phan oi nhieu lan t cac tng lanh
Viet Nam, quan oi My a thanh cong che dau trc thong tin
ai chung va quoc te, s hien dien cua lc lng b mat nay
trong to chc quan oi cua Viet Nam Cong Hoa.
Lan au tien, tac pham Po Dharma cho biet vai tro cua
to chc Fulro tai Campuchea, ung hn la tai Phnom Penh, gia
1969 va 1972, nhat la bien co chnh tr vao thang 3 nam 1970
a dan en s sup o chnh quyen Norodom Sihanouk va chien
tranh bung no tren at nc Kh Me. Cuoi cung tac pham nay
cung mang en cho oc gia nhieu thong tin ve mot so to chc
du kch le loi, t thang 12 nam 1973 en thang 4 nam 1975, tm
cach phat ong phong trao chong chnh quyen Sai Gon, du
phong trao nay ch dien ra trong mot thi ngan ngui tai a
phng, nhng a lam song lai huyen thoai Fulro, trc khi to
chc nay nay sup o hoan toan vao nam 1975.
ng tren bnh dien lch s cua bien co ma phan tch,
tac pham nay a tra li c mot so yeu to chnh tr lu m ma
nhieu oc gia a thac mac cho en hom nay va cung at ra bao
cau hoi khuc mat khac ma cha ai ngh en. Cau hoi th nhat,
the nao la muc tieu that s cua ai ta Les Kosem vao nhng
nam 1960 va 1975 nham thanh lap nhieu mat tran va x dung
rat la khon kheo nhng mat tran nay e chong lai quan oi My,
chien au vi chnh quyen Sai Gon va ca vng quoc Kh Me.
La mot nhan vat co t tng chnh tr rat la huyen b, cha ng
bao van e mau thuan va b mat, thanh ra ngi ta a gap phai
bao kho khan khi muon biet Les Kosem la ai? Mot cau hoi khac
c at ra, tai sao vao thang sau nam 1964, mat tran Bajaraka
la mot to chc quan trong cua dan toc Tay Nguyen lai chap
nhan ot ngot huy bo danh xng Bajaraka nay e sap nhap vao
Mat tran giai phong Champa, mot to chc vao thi o ch la
mot bong hnh chnh tr. Sau bon mi nam au tranh a qua va
Vai li gii thieu
18
sau ngay sup o toan bo to chc Fulro cho en hom nay, khong
ai co the tra li c tai sao Bajaraka phai lien ket vi Mat tran
giai phong Champa. Cuoi cung, ngi ta cung khong biet nhieu
ve s that cua Y Bham Enuol, mot nhan vat rat la b an, mot v
lanh ao trong yeu trong cuoc khang chien cua dan toc Tay
Nguyen. Ngi ta cung khong tm ra nguyen nhan tai sao muc
tieu au tranh, cach c x va thai o cua Y Bham Enuol oi vi
chnh phu Sai Gon va Les Kosem thng hay thay oi gia nam
1958 va 1975. Sau cung cai chet cua Y Bham Enuol vao nam
1975 di ban tay cua Kh Me o va s tieu huy cac giay t
cua ong ta cang khong giup chung ta mot tia sang nao e giai
thch nhng nghi van nay.
Tac pham cua Po Dharma a mang lai cho oc gia mot
kien thc them ve Fulro, ong thi tra li mot so cau hoi a at
ra ve mat tran nay, mot to chc a lam chan ong tnh hnh
chnh tr Viet Nam trong e nh chien tranh ong Dng.
Mac du Po Dharma a em lai mot so anh sang ve to chc nay,
mat tran Fulro van con e lai cho hau the nhieu van e b an
khac ay kho khan va phc tap.

Li m au

Nhng ai a tng sinh song Viet Nam hay
Kampuchea vao thi buoi chien tranh ong Dng lan th hai
hay nhng ai a tng theo doi cuoc chien nay t Chau Au hoac
Chau My eu nghe noi en Fulro. Nhng rat t ngi am hieu
the nao la nguon ngoc cua Fulro ma bao ch ch thng gii
thieu nh la mot lc lng au tranh vu trang au tien chong
Viet Nam a bung no cao nguyen mien trung Viet Nam, trong
khi o co hai phong trao khac cung chong che o Sai Gon a
xay ra trc khi Fulro ra i, o la Mat Tran Giai Phong Dan
Toc Thng gia nam 1955 va 1958 va mat tran Bajaraka t
nam 1958 en 1964.
Ai cung tha nhan rang, cac nha nghien cu biet rat
nhieu ve tnh hnh chnh tr ban ao ong Dng, nhng hau
het ho khong co tai lieu Fulro e em lai anh sang cho to chc
nay. Chnh v the, a hn 25 nam troi qua sau cuoc chien a
cham dt ong Dng, ngi ta van khong biet c ai la
ngi ang lu tr nhng ho s nay.
S quyet nh giao tai lieu Fulro cho mot nha nghien
cu trien khai ke t ngay 01 thang 2 nam 2001 phat xuat t
cuoc bieu tnh ln lao cua dan toc Tay Nguyen mien trung
Viet Nam, bien co ma chnh phu Viet Nam Xa Hoi Chu Ngha
a ra lenh an ap thang tay va cho rang co s nhung tay cua
thanh vien Fulro t nc ngoai. Chnh v the, nhng thanh vien
Fulro con song xot, du khong ong ao cho lam, a phan oi s
to cao cua nha nc Viet Nam ma ho cho la xuc pham en danh
d cua ho. oi vi ho, Fulro a bien mat vnh vien t khi Kh
Li m au

22
Me o xam chiem Phnom Penh vao thang 4 nam 1975. Neu ho
quyet nh pho bien t lieu chnh thc cua phong tao nay, la v
ho muon chng minh rang lc lng Fulro a b tieu diet gan
mot phan t the ky roi. S kien nay cung nham noi len khong ai
co kha nang xay dng lai mat tran Fulro t nc ngoai hay
Viet Nam, mot quoc gia at trong s kiem soat cua to chc
cong an rat la tinh vi va gay gat nhat.
V long tin oi vi nha nghien cu chuyen ve dan toc
thuoc ngon ng cac nc a ao (autronesien), mot so thanh
vien cu cua Fulro chap nhan giao cho chung toi t lieu Fulro e
tra cu va khai thac. Sau nhng cuoc thao luan lau dai vi
nhng ngi nam gi tai lieu nay hien ang sinh song tai nc
My, Kampuchea va Ma Lai, ho chap nhan cho chung toi dung
tai lieu tren e viet lai mot e tai di mo hnh tien trnh
nhng bien co chnh tr va quan s cua mat tran Fulro ch
khong phai lch s cua mat tran Fulro theo ngha rong cua no.
Dan bai nh vay cung la phng cach nham ne tranh mot so d
ng co the xay ra v oi tng chnh tr khac nhau hay khai tr
i y niem cho rang chung toi viet bai nay ch co mu o nham
bao ve quan iem cua to chc Fulro. e bu lai s dung hoa ay,
nhng ngi giao t lieu yeu cau chung toi phai gi b mat ve
xuat x vaa ch cua ho. Sau cung, ho oi hoi chung toi phai
tham khao tai lieu tai cho, c quyen ghi chep nhng khong
c chup anh nhng ban van nguyen goc. Ho cung lu y rang
la ho se khong a ra mot t lieu nao lien quan en nguon tai
chanh hay ke toan cua mat tran Fulro.
Sau s thoa thuan o vao cuoi nam 2001, chung toi bat
au kiem tra nhng tai lieu tren, co tong cong hn 8.000 trang
giay chong chat trong tu sach, trong cac thung bang giay hay
bang nha co hnh dang va kch thc khac nhau. Nhng t lieu
nay khong co th muc va mang ma so. Mot so ho s cu rch, co
luc khong con net ch na, nhat la nhng ho s t tong hanh
dinh cua Fulro mat khu Mondulkiri (Kampuchea). Nhng ho
Li m au

23
s e cap en Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa hay Mat Tran
Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa ca hai eu c xep di ky
hieu Fulro. Ngoai ra, chung toi con tham khao them mot so ho
s khac lien quan en Mat Tran Giai Phong Dan Toc Thng
va Bajaraka, hai phong trao ra i trc Fulro tren san khau
chnh tr ong Dng.
Tat ca nhng tai lieu ay c ghi tren u loai giay: giay
hoc sinh, giay thng, giay anh may. Phan nhieu la ho s anh
may, mot so khac c viet bang tay. Hau het cac van ban eu
viet bang tieng Phap hay Ee, nhng co mot vai van ban lai
viet bang tieng Viet, tieng Mien, tieng Anh va tieng Cham.
Nhng ho s mang ma so Fulro tap trung nhng t lieu
cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa hay Mat Tran Giai Phong
Cao Nguyen Champa, chia lam ba loai:
Ho s hanh chanh e cap en nhng cong viec thong
thng, nh van e tiep te, bo nhiem, thuyen chuyen, thang
cap, tranh chap, v. v.
Ho s chnh tr, lien quan en s lien he gia Fulro va
chnh quyen Viet Nam cung nh nhng nha ngoai giao hien tai
chc Sai Gon va Phnom-Penh. Trong tap ho s nay con co
nhng ban thao qui che chnh tr Tay Nguyen ma Hoi ong
Toi Cao Fulro a phat hoa trong cac hoi ngh, nhng hiep nh
hay quyet nh a c chap nhan trong nhng cuoc thng
thuyet vi chnh quyen Viet Nam.
Ho s quan s tap trung nhng cong van cong tac, ban
ke hoach tan cong, ban o ieu tra a the, ban bao cao tnh
hnh quan s hay hoat ong tnh bao Fulro, v. v.
Sau khi tham khao xong tai lieu nay, chung toi bat au
sap xep no lai theo thi gian bang cach ghi ma so cho moi tap
ho s vi chu e mang ten la Tai lieu Fulro sau o la thang
va nam ghi tren ho s. Nh the, khi ngi ta tm thay trong ghi
chu: Tai lieu Fulro: 9-64, co ngha la ho s cua Fulro e
thang 9 nam 1964.
Li m au

24
Trong so t lieu nay, ngi ta nhan thay co mot so ho
khong c cap nhat hoa, ly do la nhng ho s o khong c
lu gi tai mot ni duy nhat ma la nam trong tay cua mot so
thanh vien cua to chc nay. Tiec rang, mot so thanh vien a
chet v ly do g o ma khong kp chuyen giao ho s nay lai cho
trung ng va mot so tai lieu khac thng b cac gia nh cua
thanh vien nay tieu huy v s lien luy. Nhng ngi khac di c
sang nc ngoai sau nam 1975 trc chnh sach diet chung toc
cua Kh Me o, cung khong mang theo nhng o vat g lien
quan en to chc Fulro. Mot so ngi a mang tai lieu Fulro ra
nc ngoai va sau o tr lai Kampuchea, thu nhan rang ho cung
anh mat nhieu t lieu cua ho trong nhng ngay tan mac hai
ngoai.
Tai lieu Fulro la mot kho tang qu gia a giup oc gia
co the hieu c the nao la nguon goc cua Fulro, nhng hoat
chnh tr va quan s cung nh lai lch cac nha ngi lanh ao
cua to chc nay. o la nhng s kien ma cha ai kham pha cho
en hom nay.
e a cong trnh bien soan nay thanh mot tac pham
khoa hoc, trc het chung toi phai oi chieu nhng tai lieu
Fulro vi cac ho s cua quan oi My va chnh quyen Viet Nam
a e cap en phong trao nay trong nhng nam 1964 va 1969.
Tren bnh dien chnh tr, nhng ho s do quan oi My va chnh
quyen Sai Gon thng co nhng quan iem khac nhau. Tuy
nhien, cac t lieu cua My ang c tin cay hn so vi t lieu
cung cap bi chnh quyen Sai Gon. Mat khac, t lieu cua quan
oi My, nhat la ho s cua cuc tnh bao, co noi dung rat gan gui
vi t lieu Fulro ma chung toi a tham khao. Neu mot so bien
co khong c e cap trong t lieu Fulro, chung toi cung neu ra
nhng bien co nay da vao chi tiet do tai lieu My va Viet Nam
Cong Hoa cung cap. o cung la phng phap nham am bao s
lien tuc cua bien co a xay ra, bo sung them nhng phan thieu
sot hay nhng khuc mac cha ng trong cac t lieu nay, hoac
Li m au

25
giai quyet nhng yeu to mau thuan gia tai lieu Fulro va nhng
ho s cua quan oi My va Viet Nam Cong Hoa. Th lay mot v
du ien hnh, s gap g vao ngay 6 thang 6 nam 1965 gia W.
Beachner, co van chnh tr cua s quan Hoa Ky tai Sai Gon va
ai dien Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro
Ban on khong c ghi trong tai lieu cua Fulro, nhng chung
toi cung a ra trong tac pham nay, v Gerald C. Hickey cua c
quan Rand Corp. co e cap trong tac pham cua ong ta (1982b:
133). Mot v du khac, s tr ve hp tac vi chnh phu Sai Gon
vao thang 10 nam 1966 cua mot so thanh vien Fulro ma t lieu
Fulro khong noi en. Ngc lai van e nay a c trnh bay
rat chi tiet trong t lieu Viet Nam (xem, Nguyen Trac D 1969a:
41,45) va ho s quan oi My (xem, Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b:
155), nhng con so cua nhng ngi ve hp tac hoan toan trai
ngc nhau.
Tai lieu Fulro tap trung rat nhieu e tai, lam luc nhieu
s kien khong quan trong, nh ch th cho cac n v quan s e
thc hien nhng cong viec thong thng hay viec tiep te cho
cac c quan quan s v.v V the, chung toi ch quan tam en
cac bien co quan s, nhng mau thuan chnh tr, s bat ong
quan iem trong noi bo cua mat tran nay, v.v., hay noi mot cach
khac, nhng ho s co lien quan en nhng bien co a xay ra
trong nhng nam 1955 va 1975 co anh hng trc tiep en tnh
hnh mien trung va mien nam cua ban ao ong Dng.
V tai lieu Fulro thng mang nhieu d kien khong
chnh xac vi loi hanh van het sc rm ra, chung toi phai xem
xet lai toan bo noi dung cua tai lieu nay hau sap xep lai e a
moi bien co vao ung v tr khong gian va thi gian cua no. Mot
th du ien hnh, chung toi ch noi s qua en bien co Buon
Brieng vao thang 7 nam 1965, v o ch la s tan cong cua Fulro
chong lai trai lnh Viet Nam Cong Hoa co s hien dien cua mot
phai bo quan s Sai Gon. Ngc lai, chung toi lai danh nhieu
trang giay e ban ve s tan cong cua Fulro Buon Sarpa vao
Li m au

26
thang 9 nam 1964. V s vung day nay a tr thanh mot van e
nong bong tren mat bao ch thi o, mot van e ma quoc te rat
quan tam v nhieu s quan My b Fulro bat lam tu binh va nhat
la cuoc vung day nay a a tnh hnh chnh tr va quan s
Tay Nguyen i vao mot khuc quanh mi.

Lch trnh bien co cua Fulro la noi dung chnh cua tac
pham nay. Them vao o, chung toi bo xunng them mot chng
phu luc, gom hai bai viet. Bai th nhat la bai khao luan cua
chung toi (co phan sa cha) a c cong bo trong ngay hoi
thao Moscou (Nga So) vao nam 1993 ang trong mot quyen
sach a ban het tren th trng. Bai th hai la bai khao luan cua
Ts. Mak Phoeun, giam oc nghien cu Trung Tam Nghien
Cu Quoc Gia Phap (CNRS-Paris). Ban phu luc nay rat can
thiet v hai bai viet o cho phep chung ta a lch s Fulro ung
trong v tr cua no ma nhieu ngi a hieu sai lech cho en hom
nay. Ca hai bai viet eu noi len rang nhng cuoc chien ma
Fulro a gay ra Tay Nguyen gia nhng nam 1955 va 1975
khong phai la ac thu cua thi ai hom nay, nhng la mot
truyen thong au tranh cua dan toc Champa a bat nguon trong
nhieu the ky a qua.

TINH HINH NAM 1955-1963

Bien co 1954-1955

Ngay 21 thang 7 nam 1954 la ngay kket hiep nh
Geneve. Di s ap lc cua My, hoang e Bao ai a e c
ngay 17 thang 6 nam 1054 mot v quan lai thien chua giao rat
bao thu la Ngo nh Diem lam thu tng. Ngay 11 thang 3 nam
1955, v thu tng mi nay quyet nh xat nhap lanh tho ma
ngi Phap goi la Pays Montagnard du Sud Indochinois-PMSI
(X Thng Mien Nam ong Dng) vao n v hanh chanh
Viet Nam va bai bo qui che t tr cua Hoang Trieu Cng Tho
c thanh lap vao thang 4 nam 1950 qua ngh quyet cua hoang
e Bao ai
1
. Cung vao thi iem ay, ngay 11 thang 3 nam
1955, Ngo nh Diem bo nhiem Ton That Hoi lam ai bieu
chnh phu ac trach van e sac dan Thng co tru s tai a Lat
va moi tnh va thanh lap Tay Nguyen mot ong tnh trng
goc ngi Kinh
2
.
Trong thi gian o, khoang 5.000 dan thieu so mien
trung va mien nam Viet Nam gia nhap phong trao Viet Minh
c lenh di chuyen ve mien bac Viet Nam. Trong nhom 5.000
ngi nay, co 400 thanh vien c tuyen chon vao trng dan
toc thieu so, c xem nh la trung tam chnh tr va t t ng
au tien danh rieng cho nhng ngi Thng va Cham tap ket.
Trng nay at tai lang Gia Lam gan Ha Noi ma Chu tch Ho

1
Qui che ap dung cho cac tnh va lanh tho cua X Thng Mien Bac ong
Dng (vier tat la PMNI) va X Thng Mien Nam ong Dng (PMSI)
c ke trong ieu 1 cua quyet nh.
2
Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 8; N. C. La Brie, 1971: 60.
Tnh hnh nam 1955-1963

28
Ch Minh va cac lanh tu khac cua cong san a tng vieng
tham
3
.

Cung vao thang 3 nam 1955 ay, Ha Noi con thanh lap
mot trng s pham cho cac dan toc thieu so mien nam va mien
bac. Mot hoc sinh Ee rat xuat sac cua trng nay la Y Ngong
Nie Kdam, thanh vien cua Viet Minh t nam 1945, c gi
en Lien Xo e hoc nganh y khoa. Khi tr lai Viet Nam, ong ta
c e c vao nhng chc vu quan trong cua trung ng ang
cong san Viet Nam. Vao nam 1975, ong ta tr thanh chu tch
hoi ong dan toc tai quoc hoi nc Cong Hoa Xa Hoi Chu
Ngha Viet Nam
4
.
au nam 1955, Ngo nh Diem bien X Thng Mien
Nam ong Dng thanh mot thuoc a Viet Nam
5
. V khong
con at ai e canh tac, b xua uoi vao vung at ai can coi va
nhat la b ngi Viet nh c va binh lnh Sai Gon ngc ai,
nhieu ngi Tay Nguyen phai ng ra len tieng t choi s
cng oat va hiep ap nay. Nhng ket qua la ho phai vao tu v
toi phan ong. Trc cuoc song b e doa, mot so tr thc ngi
Tay Nguyen quyet nh thanh lap mot phong trao au tranh b
mat at di quyen ieu hanh cua Ythih Eban, nhan vat goc
dan toc Rae sinh nam 1932 va tot nghiep trung hoc Sabatier
tai Ban Me thuot. Trong cuoc hop au tien do phong trao nay to
chc tai Ban Me thuot vao nam 1955, nhng ngi tham d
quyet nh thanh lap mot to chc mang ten la Front de
Liberation des Montagnards-FLM (Mat Tran Giai Phong Dan
Toc Thng) va bo nhiem ong Y Mot Nie Kdam (Rae) lam
chu tch va Y Thih Eban (Rae), tong th ky
6
.

3
Michigan State...1957: 22; Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 14-15.
4
Department of State (1) 1981, 29; Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 15; Larry
Jackson, 1969: 320; Bernard Fall, 1963: 152.
5
N. C. La Brie, 1971: 60.
6
c xac nhan bi Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 50. Xem them N. C. La Brie,
1971: 61-62 va U.S. Army, 1967: 322.

29
Vao thang 3 nam 1955, Y Thih Eban e trnh len Ngo
nh Diem mot bc th yeu cau chnh quyen Sai Gon phai tra
li ba yeu sach cua dan toc Tay Nguyen mien trung Viet
nam:
1. Ton trong phong tuc tap quan tn ngng cua nhng
dan toc thieu so.
2. Ap dung chnh sach bnh ang gia dan toc thieu so
va ngi Kinh.
3. Tra lai cho ngi Tay Nguyen nhng at ai a b
chnh quyen Sai Gon tch thu hay b cac dan nh c ngi Viet
chiem oat bat hp phap.

Theo ong G. C. Hickey, nhan vien cua Rand Corp., bc
th nay con co neu ra s hien dien Tay Nguyen cua nhieu
ngi bac Viet di c, co the la nhng nhan vien tnh bao cong
san c Ha Noi gi en
7
.
Vao thang 6 nam 1955, trong chuyen vieng tham chnh
thc Ban Me Thuot, Ngo nh Diem yeu cau nhng ngi Tay
Nguyen phai to chc mot buoi le tuyen the trung thanh vi tong
thong Viet Nam cung nh trung thanh vi che o Sai Gon. Mot
vai tr thc ngi Tay Nguyen t choi tham gia cho rang nghi le
nay khong phu hp vi truyen thong cua ho va nhat la ho khong
chap nhan phuc tung nhng ngi Viet xam lang. The la Ngo
nh Diem ch th lap danh sach nhng ngi Tay Nguyen
ngoan co nay
8
.
Cung trong thi gian o, thang 5 nam 1955, Ngo nh
Diem cho di Hanh Chanh Quoc Gia Hoc Vien a Lat ve Sai
Gon va ba ngi Tay Nguyen c chap nhan cho vao vien nay
la la YDhat Nie Kdam (Rae), Y Chon MloDuon Du (Rae) va

7
Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 51.
8
c xac nhan bi Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 13; Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b:
10.

30
Re Com Rok (Jarai). ay cung la ba nhan vat se nam nhieu
chc vu quan trong trong nguon may hanh chanh Sai Gon va
sau nay gi vai tro chu chot trong phong trao Bajaraka
9

Chnh sach ong hoa dan toc thieu so

Vao thang 8 nam 1955, Ngo nh Diem bien qui che
trng trung hoc Sabatier cua Phap Ban Me Thuot thanh
trng pho thong ch day tieng Viet. V khong thong thao tieng
Viet, a so hoc sinh ngi Tay Nguyen phai bo hoc; mot so
ngi khac may man hn, nh KBriuh (Sre) Y Bun Sur (Mnong
Rlam), Y Gum Buon Ya (Rae), Nay Bah (Jarai)
10
, c
chuyen vao trng trung hoc Phap (Lycee Yersin) tai Dalat.

Ngay 23 thang 10 nam 1955, trong cuoc trng cau dan y
nham truat phe hoang e Bao ai e thanh lap mot the che
cong hoa, Ngo nh Diem tuyen bo rang ke t hom nay, dan toc
Thng va Cham phai la cong dan phap ly cua nc Viet
Nam Cong Hoa va ho phai tuan theo luat phap cua quoc gia
nay
11
. ong thi, Ngo nh Diem cung quyet nh:
1. Bai bo quyen s hu chu at ai danh cho cac ngi
dan toc thieu so.
2. Huy bo nhng toa an phong tuc cua dan toc thieu so.
3- Cam giang day nhng tieng dan toc thieu so trong
cac trng tieu hoc.
4. ong ca Nha Giao Duc Mien Thng.
5. Chuyen hang van ngi Kinh len cao nguyen e khai
thac at ai.

9
Nghiem Dang,1959: 63-65; Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 9.
10
11
Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 13; Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 10.

31
Song song vi quyet nh nay, Ngo nh Diem ap dung
gat gao chnh sach ong hoa cac dan toc thieu so, buoc ho phai
hap thu dan dan nen van hoa Viet Nam
12
.

S ra i cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Kh Me

V khong chap nhan chnh sach ong hoa do chnh
quyen Sai Gon a ra ke t 1955, nhng ngi Kampuchea
song tren lanh tho cu cua ho khu vc ong bang song Mekong
b Viet Nam xam chiem cung thanh lap mot phong trao t ve
chong lai s banh trng cua chnh sach Ngo nh Diem ma ho
goi la Mat Tran Giai Phong Dan Toc Kh Me (Front de
Liberation du Peuple Khmer). Mat tran nay at di quyen ieu
khien cua mot nha tu Samouk Seng
13
.

Bien co 1956-1957

Ngay 23 thang 1 nam 1956, Ngo nh Diem quyet nh
thanh lap Quoc Hoi Lap Hien co trach nhiem bien soan hien
phap cho chnh the cong hoa mien nam Viet Nam. Quoc Hoi
gom 123 dan bieu trong o 4 ghe danh cho sac dan Taay
Nguyen goc Bana, Rae, Jarai, Sre, Churu va mot ghe cho
ngi Cham. Ngay 26-10-1956, Ngo nh Diem cong bo s ra
i cua hien phap mi nay
14

Am mu am sat Ngo nh Diem

Ngay 16 thang 2 nam 1957, chnh phu Hoa Ky cung ky
ten vi chnh quyen Sai Gon e thanh lap mot chng trnh phat

12
Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 13-14.
13
c xac nhan bi Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 61.
14
National Institute...1957-1958: 273; Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 5.

32
trien nong nghiep danh cho ngi Tay Nguyen kem theo mot
ngan khoang la 1.053.070 USD cho nien khoa 1957. Tiec rang,
sac dan Tay Nguyen khong bao gi nhan c tien tai tr ay
15
.

Ngay 22 thang 2 nam 1957, tai Ban Me Thuot, trong dp
le khanh thanh m au cho chng trnh phat trien nong nghiep
tren, Mat Tran Giai Phong Dan Toc Thng ra lenh am sat Ngo
nh Diem. Mot thanh vien cua mat tran nay cha sung vao
Ngo nh Diem nhng bo trng Bo Nong Nghiep la ngi b
trung an trong vu am sat tren
16
.

Sau bien co nay, Ngo nh Diem a ra mot loat bien
phap chong lai Mat Tran Giai Phong Dan Toc Thng va ch th
phai truy na cho bang c nhng toi pham mu sat. Y Thih
Eban va ban lanh ao mat tran phai lui vao b mat e to chc
lai phong trao bang cach da vao mot so than hao Tay Nguye n
co uy tn nh Y Bam E nuol, Nay Luett, v.v.
17
.

Ngay 3 thang 7 nam 1957, Ngo nh Diem quyet nh
thanh lap Nha Cong Tac Xa Hoi Mien Thng co van phong
at tai a Lat va c trung ta Huynh Cong Tnh lam Giam oc.
S bo nhiem ngi Kinh ng au c quan nay a gay them bao
bat mang trong d luan cua dan toc thieu so va dan en s ng
vc cang to ln oi vi chnh sach cua chnh quyen Sai Gon
18
.

Nam 1957, Ngo nh Diem a ra mot d luat nham
khai thac tat ca at ai vung Cao Nguyen
19
. e thc hien muc
tieu ay, ong ta a hang tram nghn ngi Kinh cung nh vao

15
Foreign Operation...1967; Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 20.
16
17
18
19
Vao thi ky o, nong nghiep cua sac dan Tay Nguyen ch la lam ray. Theo
tap quan co truyen, mot khi khai thac nhieu lan, ngi ta bo hoang ray
nay trong mot vai nam e phuc hoi lai mau m. Chnh quyen Sai Gon
chiem hau het nhng dien tch ray bo hoang nay (Jean Boulbet, 1966: 77-
98; P-B Lafont, 1967: 37-50).

33
nam 1955 len Tay Nguyen e xam chiem nhng at ai ma
dan toc ban a a khai pha. S hien dien hang loat ngi Kinh
tren Tay Nguyen at di s bao ve cua quan oi Sai Gon a
lam thay oi hoan toan ban o dan c khu vc nay. Hn na,
nhng ngi Kinh giau co tung ra tien bac khai thac cac on
ien rong ln e roi cong ong dan toc Tay Nguyen ch con
cach duy nhat la lam thue cho ho tren nhng mieng at trc
ay thuoc ve s hu cua nhng dan thieu so nay. T hoan canh
kinh te mi o a phat sinh nhng cuoc xung ot khong loi
thoat gia ngi Kinh va en nh c va dan ban a
20
va cang
khuyech ai them s cam thu trong long dan toc Tay Nguyen.

Bien co cua nam 1958

S canh tan cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Dan Toc Thng

au nam 1958 Mat Tran Giai Phong Dan Toc Thng
to chc b mat mot cuoc hop tai Buon Me Thuot e bau mot ban
lanh ao mi. Y Bham Enuol (Rae) c c lam chu tch, Y
San Nie (Rae) pho chu tch, Y Thih Eban (Rae) tong th ky,
Siu Sip (Jarai) tai chanh, Y Ju Eban (rae) phu trach lien lac,
trung uy Y Bhan Kpr (Rae) ai dien cho quan oi, thieu ta
Tou Prong Ya Ba (Churu) lam tham mu quan oi, Paul Nr
(Bana) ai dien tnh Kontum, Ybih Aleo, ai dien tnh Darlac,
Touneh Yh va Touneh Phan (Churu) ai dien tnh Lam ong.
Sau ngay hnh thanh, ban lanh ao mi, phan ong la
dan toc Rae, a ra chien lc nham tap trung tat ca dan toc
Tay Nguyen hau xay dng mot ke hoach au tranh chung trong
tng lai
21
.

20
c xac nhan bi Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 14.
21

34
Ngay 1-5-1958, Mat Tran Giai Phong Dan Toc Thng
to chc mot phien hp b mat na tai Buon Me Thuot, e ngh
thay oi danh xng cua mat tran nay thanh Bajaraka, tc la ch
viet tat cua bon dan toc Tay Nguyen (Bana + Jarai + Rae +
Kaho). Trong dp, mat tran Bajaraka a ra mot nhan nh
chung ve tnh hnh Tay Nguyen gom 8 iem sau ay:
1. Ve mat kinh te, dan toc Tay Nguyen ch biet lam no
le cho nhng ngi Kinh nh c, mot tap the nam gi hoan
toan cha khoa kinh te khu vc cao nguyen.
2. Ve mat chnh tr, nhng ngi Viet nh c t ton ho
la dan toc thang tran va luon luon co thai o trch thng oi
vi dan toc Tay Nguyen.
3. Trong bo may hanh chanh, cac quan chc goc dan toc
Tay Nguyen c tra lng luc nao cung thap hn ngi Viet
nh c.
4. Trong quan oi, nhng ha s quan va s quan Tay
Nguyen rat t c thang cap so vi ngi Viet. Hn na, dan
toc Tay Nguyen khong c nhan vao trng s quan Viet Nam
Sai Gon.
` 5. Tay Nguyen a tr thanh san khau cua cuoc chien
am mau gia quan oi Sai Gon va Viet Cong ma muc tieu cua
cuoc chien nay khong lien he g en dan toc Tay Nguyen.
6.Tren bnh dien phap ly, dan toc Tay Nguyen phai cui
au tuan theo phap luat Viet nam, mot he thong phap ly hoan
toan khong thch nghi vi phong tuc, tap quan va tn ngng cua
dan toc thieu so nay.
7. Tren bnh dien giao duc, nhng con em Tay Nguyen
khong con quyen e hoc tieng me e cua mnh trong nhng
trng tieu hoc.
8. Tren bnh dien y te, co s bat cong ro ret ve lng
bong. Mot y ta ngi ngi Tay Nguyen uc tra thu lao

35
khoang 25 ong mot ngay, trong luc o, y ta ngi Viet lanh 45
ong
22
.

Cung vao thang 5 nam 1958, mat tran Bajaraka phan
phat kn ao cho nhng thanh vien cua mnh ban ngh quyet au
tien viet bang tieng Rae nham giai thch ro ret au muc tieu
cua phong trao. Tiec rang, tai lieu nay b lot vao tay cua to chc
cong an Sai Gon
23
. Sau khi nghien cu ky s o to chc cua
Bajaraka va nhat la tieu s cua cac nhan vat trong ban lanh ao,
cong an Sai Gon a ra ket luan rang Bajaraka la mot mat tran
c mot so nhan vat nc ngoai au, ac biet la ong De
Francis Sherry, nhan vien tnh bao CIA cua My co mat tai Sai
Gon. Ke t o, chnh quyen Sai Gon a ra mot chien lc
nham dap tan cho bang c phong trao au tranh nay
24
.

Hoat ong chnh tr cua Bajaraka

Ngay 25-7-1958, Y Bham Enuol vi t cach la chu tch
mat tran Bajaraka, nh ong vien trng ai hoc Michigan cua
My nhan dp sang vieng Viet nam, mang en ong ai s Hoa
Ky Sai Gon mot bc th vi ch ky cua 16 thanh vien thng
trc cua phong trao. Trong bc th nay, ong Y Bham Enuol yeu
cau s quan My can thiep vi chnh phu Viet Nam hau tai lap
lai qui che at biet danh cho dan toc thieu so ma noi dung tng
ta vi qui che Hoang Trieu Cng Tho. Trong mot bc th
khac, ghi cung ngay thang, ong Y Bham Enuol gi en tong th
ky Lien Hiep Quoc. Trong bc th nay ong ta nhan manh ve so

22
Extraits de lhistoire...1956: 7-10; c xac nhan bi Nguyen Trac D,
1969a: 14; N. C. La Brie, 1971: 64-67 va Gerald C. Hickey, 1982, 54.
23
Vnh Loc, 1965: 36-37; Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 5-10.
24

36
phan ham hieu cua dan toc Tay Nguyen, mot tap the tren a b
diet vong
25
.
Vao thang 8 nam 1958, Y Bham Enuol thanh lap cac
ban nganh cua Bajaraka tng a phng
26
,
va gi mot van
th bang tieng Phap cho mot so nha ngoai giao hien ang tai
chc Sai Gon, nh ai s toan quyen Phap, Anh, An o, Lao,
vv yeu cau ho can thiep vi chnh quyen Sai Gon nham tai lap
tren lang tho Cao Nguyen mot qui che at biet tng ta nh
qui che Hoang Trieu Cng Tho a c hoang e Bao ai ban
hanh vao nam 1951
27
.
Nay Luett (Jarai) va Y Ju (Rae) c giao trach nhiem
mang van th ay en cac nha ngoai giao hien co mat Sai Gon.
Du rang c quan tnh bao Sai Gon theo doi gat gao, hai thanh
vien nay van tm cach gap c cac ai s, ac biet la ong
Elbridge Durbow, ai s toan quyen Hoa Ky, e giai thch
nguyen vong cua dan toc thieu so Tay Nguyen. Trong dp nay
ai s toan quyen Hoa ky ha se can thiep vi Ngo nh Diem
trong khuon kho ma qui che ngoai giao cho phep
28
.
Ngay 8-9-1958, Y Bham Enuol gi mot van th chnh
thc cho Ngo nh Diem yeu cau nha nc Viet Nam phai co
mot chnh sach thch ang oi vi dan toc Tay Nguyen. Y Dhn
Adrng va Y Mot Nie c giao nhiem vu mang van th en
Sai Gon. Ban sao cua van th c gi en cac tnh trng
khu vc Tay Nguyen
29
.
Trong tac pham cua chuan tng Vnh Loc, tong t lenh
quan oan II cua quan oi Sai Gon, xuat ban vao nam 1965,

25
Vnh Loc, 1965: 37-38; Jean Larteguy, 1965: 150-151; N. C. La Brie, 1971:
66.
26
c xac nhan bi Vnh Loc, 1965: 42.
27
Nguyen Trac D, 1969a :15.
28
c xac nhan bi N. C. La Brie, 1971: 66 va Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 57.
29
c xac nhan bi N. C. La Brie, 1971: 66 va Vnh Loc, 1965: 43.

37
ong ta a ra luan ieu rat la ma mai, cho rang Bajaraka ch la
mot nhom ngi Thng man r, bat tai va vo hoc, tm cach
gay roi chong pha nha nc Viet Nam ch khong phai la mot to
chc chnh tr theo ung ngha cua no. Ong ta a ra bang
chng rang trong nhng bien co a xay ra t thang 9 nam 1957
en thang 5 nam 1958, mat tran Bajaraka ch biet viet mot bc
th ma noi dung ch cha ng nhng yeu sach m ho khong
muc ch, vo can c, nup sau lng cua mot nhom ngi nc
ngoai nham pha hoai Viet Nam, tm cach tai lap lai che o thc
dan quoc gia nay. Mat tran Bajaraka con tuyen bo rang dan
toc Tay Nguyen la nhng sac dan co phong tuc va nguon goc
van hoa rieng biet khong co lien he g vi van hoa ngi Viet.
Khon thay, Viet Nam ch co khoang 500.000 ngi Thng,
nhng ho chia thanh 34 bo lac khac nhau, the th lam sao ma
nhng ke man r (sauvage) ay oi hoi thanh lap mot quoc gia
oc lap tren Cao Nguyen?
30
.
Ngay 8 thang 9 nam 1958, Ngo nh Diem ra lenh an
ap thang tay mat tran Bajaraka, bat nhng ngi lanh ao cua
to chc nay nh Y Bham Enuol, Paul Nr, Y Thih Eban, Y Ju
Eban, Nay Luett, Y Bih Aleo, v.v. a vao nha giam a Lat.
Rieng Y Bih Aleo c nhanh chong tra lai t do, v c quan an
ninh Viet Nam khong xem ong nay la thanh vien tch cc cua
phong trao Bajaraka
31
.
e giai thch s bat b nay, chuan tng Vnh Loc viet
rang ngi Thng la nhng oi tng phai giam gi, v
phong trao Bajaraka la mot to chc bat hp phap thu thap nhieu
nguon tai tr bat chnh
32
.

30
Vnh Loc, 1965: 43-44.
31
c xac nhan bi Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 15; N. C. La Brie, 1971: 69 va
32
Vnh Loc, 1965: 44.

38
Cuoc xuong ng cua dan toc Tay Nguyen Buon Me
Thuot

Ngay 12 thang 10 nam 1958, Y Dhn Adrng va Y Bih
Aleo (sau nay la thanh vien Viet Cong), gi en Ngo nh
Diem mot n khieu nai kem theo mot ngan ch ky cua dan toc
Tay Nguyen yeu cau chnh phu Sai Gon phai tra t do cho tat
ca nhng thanh vien Bajaraka ang b giam gi tai nha tu a
Lat. Cung thi gian o, khoang hai ngan ngi Tay Nguyen tu
tap tai Buon Me Thuot ho hao khau hieu chong chnh sach an
ap cua che o Sai Gon. Ngo nh Diem ra lenh cho s oan 23
bo binh tien vao thanh pho nay e dap tat cuoc bieu tnh nay
33
.
V tnh hnh qua cang thang, Ngo nh Diem ch th cho
tnh trng Darlac trieu tap nhng ai dien cua Bajaraka trong
mot hoi ngh tai Ban Me Thuot vao ngay 27-10-1958 e tm
cach giai quyet cuoc khung khoang chnh tr nay. Tiec rang hoi
ngh khong em lai ket qua g v chnh phu Sai Gon nhat quyet
khc t trao tra t do cho nhng thanh vien Bajaraka b bat t
ngay 8 thang 9 nam 1958. S that bai cua hoi ngh nay cang a
khu vc Tay Nguyen vao tnh trang mat on nh
34
.
Ngay 26 thang 11 nam 1958, co nhng tin on ve s
vung day cua dan toc Tay Nguyen nham tan cong cac nha tu va
giai phong nhng thanh vien Bajaraka b bat giam. Ngo nh
Diem lien ra lenh chuyen ong Y Bam Enuol ve trai giam Hue
va nhng ngi khac Sai Gon.
Theo thong tin cua mot vai nhan chng, chnh quyen Sai
Gon ra lenh tra tan da man nhng ngi Tay Nguyen b giam
gi e buoc ho phai khai s that
35
. Sau bien co nay, Ngo nh
Diem ra lenh thuyen chuyen tat ca cong chc va cong nhan

33
34
35
Tai lieu Fulro: 9-64. c xac nhan bi Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 58.

39
ngi Tay Nguyen ng vc la cam tnh vien cua Bajaraka ve
vung duyen hai ni ch co dan c goc ngi Viet nham cat t
moi moi quan he gia ho va khu vc Tay Nguyen
36
.

Sai Gon tm cach kiem soat dan toc Tay Nguyen

Nham thc thi cho bang c chnh sach trng dung at
ai Tay Nguyen ma chnh quyen Sai Gon xem o la yeu to thiet
thc nham kiem soat chat che hn sac dan ban a, ngay 12
thang12 nam 1958, Ngo nh Diem quyet nh ap dung t di
dan lan th 3 len cao nguyen va ban hanh sac lenh bai bo
quyen s hu at ai cua ngi Tay Nguyen. Chnh sach tc
quyen s hu at ai nay e phan phoi lai cho c dan Viet sang
lap nghiep Tay Nguyen a a ay dan toc nay vao nan
ngheo oi va khon cung e roi ho tr thanh mot tap the hoan
toan le thuoc, tren phng dien kinh te, vao cong ong ngi
Viet sinh song trong khu vc nay
37
.

Bien co nam 1959

Ngay 23 thang 01 nam 1959, chnh quyen Sai Gon
quyet nh thanh lap mot tnh mi la Quang c trong vung
ong Nai nham tao ieu kien thuan li cho chng trnh nh c
ngi Viet mien bac di c. Tru s hanh chanh cua tnh Quang
c la Gia Ngha, khu vc cua dan toc Mnong
38
.
Nhan dp bau c mi cua quoc hoi Viet Nam vao ngay
30 thang 7 nam 1959, Ngo nh Diem quyet nh giam ghe dan
bieu cua ngi Tay Nguyen t 4 en 2 ai bieu. Dan toc Tay
Nguyen ng ra phan oi quyet nh nay. Ngo nh Diem tra

36
37
38

40
li rang nha nc Viet Nam khong the at an qua nhieu oi vi
nhng ngi Thng phan ong. Them vao o, chnh quyen
Sai Gon chon Hia va Y Ut Nie (Buon Rit) lam ai dien cho dan
toc Tay Nguyen trong quoc hoi v ho khong phai la thanh vien
cua mat tran Bajaraka
39
.
Mot thang sau, tc la vao thang 9 nam 1959, Ngo nh
Diem tra t do cho Y Bham Enuol va Paul Nr. Va ra khoi trai
giam, hai ngi nay tm cach xay dng lai c cau to chc cua
phong trao Bajaraka. Mot vai thang sau, Ngo nh Diem, v xet
thay khong thuan li e hai ngi nay c song t do, lien ra
lenh bat giam tr lai
40
.
Cung vao thang 9, chnh quyen Sai Gon phat trien manh
chnh sach Viet Nam Hoa chng trnh giao duc trong cac
trng tieu hoc cua dan toc thieu so nham hoa nhap ho vao
cong ong Viet Nam
41
.

Bien co cua nam 1960

Vao thang 12 nam 1960, Ha Noi thanh lap Mat Tran
Giai Phong Mien Nam (Front National de LiberationF.N.L.)
mien nam Viet Nam. T o, Tay Nguyen, c xep vao vung
du kch cua cong san, tr thanh san khau soi ong cho nhng
hoat ong quan s va a ban tuyen truyen ve y thc he chnh
tr. Chnh quyen Sai Gon va Ha Noi, moi ben, tm cach loi keo
ngi Tay Nguyen ve pha cua mnh. Trc sc ep nang ne
nay, dan ban a mien trung Viet Nam b phan tan thanh hai

39
Bo Kinh Te1959: 18-2.
40
Tai lieu Fulro: 1-63. c xac nhan bi Gerald C. Hickey, 1982: 9.
41
Gerald C. Hickey, 1982: 9.

41
the lc: mot phan cua cac sac dan ay quay lng theo cong san
va mot phan khac theo chnh quyen Sai Gon
42
.
Vao cuoi nam 1960, ngi ta cung chng kien s ra i
tai Phnom-Penh hai phong trao au tranh chong chnh sach thc
dan cua Ngo nh Diem, o la:
Mat Tran Giai Phong Kampuchea Krom (Front de
Liberation du Kampuchea KromF.L.K.K.) vi muc ch giai
phong at ai Nam Viet (Cochinchine) la lanh tho cua vng
quoc Kh Me b nha Nguyen chiem ong
43
.
Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa (Front de Liberation du
ChampaF.L.C.) do ai ta Les Kosem sang lap. Les Kosem la
s quan nhay du cua quan oi Kh Me, goc ngi Cham Cao
Mien
44
.

Bien co nam 1961

Ngay 19 thang 5 nam 1961, Mat Tran Giai Phong Mien
Nam (cong san) to chc mot hoi ngh tap trung 23 ai bieu cua
cac dan toc thieu so mien nam Viet Nam. Trong dp nay, Mat
Tran Giai Phong Mien Nam thanh lap mot Phong Trao Tay
Nguyen T Tr (Mouvement pour l'Autonomie des Hauts
Plateaux) ma Y Bih Aleo c e c lam chu tch. Trc kia, Y
Bih Aleo
45

la cam tnh vien cua mat tran Bajaraka b cong an
Sai Gon bat ngay 08-9-1958. Sau khi c tra t do, ong ta ri

42
Tai lieu Fulro: 1-63. c xac nhan bi Vnh Loc, 1965: 46 va Gerald C.
Hickey, 1982b: 47.
43
Ngi ta khong biet la co s lien he g gia mat tran nay va Mat Tran Giai
Phong Dan Toc Kh Me thanh lap vao nam 1955 cua tu s Samouk Seng.
44
Tai lieu Fulro: 12-60. c xac nhan bi Nguyen Trac D, 1969b: 19-20 va
45
Theo Ngon Vnh (1995: 17), Abih Aleo c e c lam pho chu tch Mat
Tran Giai Phong Mien Nam.

42
Ban Me Thuot vao thang 9/1958
46
e hp tac vi quan cach
mang (cong san).

Theo chuan tng Vnh Loc, s hien hien cua Y Bih
Aleo trong hang ngu cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Mien Nam la
mot minh chng ro rang e ket luan rang ke au t nam 1961
nhng cuoc noi day cua ngi Thng khong phai la nguyen
vong cua dan toc ban a ma la cong cu cua cong san e tien
hanh y o lat o che o Sai Gon
47
.
au nam 1961 anh dau nam gia tang tch cc cua
chien tranh du kch do Mat Tran Giai Phong Mien Nam ch ao.
Nham oi pho vi tnh hnh quan s nay, gii quan s My va c
quan tnh bao CIA e ngh giai phap lam the nao e cho ngi
Tay Nguyen khong con tiep can vi Viet Cong na bang cach
tap trung ho lai trong nhng ap chien lc ben canh ng xa
bao boc xung quanh lang bang day kem gai va c phong ve
bi lc lng ngha quan trang b nhng sung nhe. C quan tnh
bao CIA My e ngh thanh lap mot lc lng Can Bo Trng
Sn ngi Tay Nguyen nham bao ve thon xom va kiem soat
chat che quan chung tap trung trong ap chien lc nay. Trc
sc ep cua Hoa Ky, Ngo nh Diem phai chap nhan d an vi
bao s do d, v ong ta lo ngai rang anh hng cua CIA My tren
cao nguyen co the khuech ai them y ch dan toc thieu so vung
day oi qui che t tr tren cao nguyen
48
.
Nam 1961 la nam khi au cua s hien dien quan oi
My tren Tay Nguyen. Muc tieu cua cac n v quan s My
trong khu vc nay la to chc phong ve ap chien lc. Li
dung c hoi o, tr thc Tay Nguyen tm cach that chat moi
quan he trc tiep vi nhng s quan cua quan oi My.

46
Tai lieu Fulro: 12-60. c xac nhan bi Nguyen Trac D, 1969b: 19-20
va Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 62.
47
Vnh Loc, 1965: 45.
48
N. C. La Brie, 1971: 71-72; Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 74.

43
Cung nam ay, Chau Dara
49
, chu tch Mat Tran Giai
Phong Kampuchea Krom a ra mot so yeu sach chnh tr nh
sau:
Yeu cau Ngo nh Diem ap dung chnh sach bnh
ang gia nhng ngi Kh Me sinh song Nam Viet va dan
toc Kinh.
Yeu cau Ngo nh Diem cong nhan dan toc Kh Me
Nam Viet la cong dan cua chnh quyen Nam Vang
50
.
Cung vao nam 1961, ai ta Les Kosem sang lap vien
Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa c chnh quyen Kh Me giao
nhiem vu bao ve an ninh cho thu tng Trung Quoc la Chu An
Lai trong cuoc vieng tham chnh thc Kampuchea. Li dung
c hoi nay, ai ta Les Kosem giai thch vi Chu An Lai ve
nguyen vong cua dan toc Champa cung nh muc tieu cua Mat
Tran Giai Phong Champa ma ong ta la sang lap vien. Tiep theo
s vieng tham ay, Les Kosem c thang chc tong t lenh
quan s thu o Nam Vang, ch huy tnh bao quan s va ch huy
pho bo tham mu quan oi Kh Me
51
.

Bien co nam 1962

Vao thang 2 nam 1962, tng Tran Van on chu toa tai
Buon Me Thuot ngay ra mat khoa au tien Can Bo Trng
Sn do CIA chu xng. Trong bai dien van, tng Tran Van
on khong do d at lai cau hoi au la muc tieu cua CIA nham
thanh lap n v Can Bo Trng Sn nay va co chang lc

49
Ngon Vnh (1995: 10) cho rang Chau Dara la biet hieu cua ai ta Um
Savuth, s quan quan oi Kh Me.
50
51
Ngon Vnh, 1995: 9.

44
lng nay se tr thanh cong cu cua mat tran Bajaraka trong
tng lai e phat trien them phong trao chong oi Viet Nam
52
.
Ngay 16 thang 2 nam 1962, Hoi ngh au tien cua Mat
Tran Giai Phong Mien Nam (cong san) a dien ra tai
Kampuchea. Y Bih Aleo c bau lam chu tch cua Hoi ong
Dan Toc Thieu So trong mat tran nay
53
. T may nam qua, ai
ta Les Kosem luon luon nuoi hoai bao a Y Bham Enuol ra
khoi trai giam Hue e ve hp tac vi ong ta Kampuchea.
Li dung hoi ngh nay, Les Kosem gap Abih Aleo tai thu o
Nam Vang e trao oi vi ong ta ve tnh hnh ong Y Bham
Enuol
54
.
Ngay 1 thang 5 nam 1962, Y Thih Eban t phong giam
cua mnh a gi mot van th cho ong Frederic E. Nolting, ai s
Hoa Ky tai Sai Gon, yeu cau ong ta can thiep vi chnh phu
Viet Nam nham tra t do cho cac thanh vien Bajaraka ang b
cam tu. Sau bc th o, ong Frederic E. Nolting co trao oi vi
Ngo nh Diem ve van e nay
55
.
Ngay 18 thang 8 nam 1962, Ngo nh Diem ch th trao
tra t do cho 5 thanh vien Bajaraka, o la Y Thih Ebhan (Rae),
Nay Luett (Jarai), Tou Neh Yh (Churu), Siu Sip (Jarai) Y Ju
Eban (Rae). Tiec rang, chnh quyen Sai Gon t choi giai quyet
ho s cua hai nhan vat quan trong o la Y Bhan Enuol (Rae)
va Paul Nr (Ba Na). Sau ngay tm c t do, Y Thih Eban va
Nay Luett c tuyen lam thong dch vien cho quan oi My
Ban Me Thuot va Quang Nam
56
.

52
Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 80-81.
53
Wilfred Burchett, 1963: 103-104.
54
Tai lieu Fulro: 2-62.
55
56

45
Vao thang 10 nam 1962, Y Thih Ebhan xin gap mot so
s quan quan oi Hoa ky e khieu nai ve viec Y Bham Enuol va
Paul Nr van b giam gi. Trong dp nay, Y Thih Eban tuyen bo
rang mat tran Bajaraka san sang cham dt tat ca nhng hoat
ong chong oi oi chnh quyen Sai Gon neu tat ca thanh vien
Bajaraka c tra t do
57
.
Cuoi nam 1962, Y Thih Eban tap hop nhng thanh vien
Bajaraka tai Buon Enao a ra e ngh mot chien lc au
tranh on hoa nham yeu cau chnh quyen Sai Gon trao tra t do
cho YBham Enuol va nhng ngi Tay Nguyen khac hien ang
b giam gi. The nhng, chnh phu Ngo nh Diem lai ra lenh
an ap thang tay nhom Y Thih Eban
58
.

Bien co nam 1963

Vao thang 2 nam 1963, da vao bai bao cao cua CIA,
quan oi My cho rang phong trao Bajaraka se bat tay vi to
chc cua Viet Cong trong tng lai. Khi nhan c ho s ay,
Gilbert Layton, nhan vien CIA phu trach ve cao nguyen, yeu
cau Y Thih Eban cho biet y kien ve bai bao cao nay. e tra li
cau hoi co chang YBham Enuol muon ket hp vi cong san hay
khong, Y Thih Eban va Gilbert Layton en Pleiku e gap tng
Nguyen Khanh, ch huy trng quan oan II. Sau o tung
Nguyen Khanh lien ra lenh a Y Bham Enuol va Paul Nr ra
khoi trai giam e gao ong ta, Y Thih Eban va Gilbert Layton tai
tong hanh dinh ch huy quan oan II. Trong phien hp nay, Y
Bham Enuol va Paul Nr, hai v lanh ao Bajaraka, tuyen bo
rang hai ong ta khong hay biet g ve d an lien ket gia mat

57
58

46
tran Bajaraka va cong san. Sau o, Nguyen Khanh lien a ho
tr lai nha giam
59
.

Ngay 1 thang 2 nam 1963, trong mot bc th gi cho Y
Thih Eban, ABih Aleo, pho chu tch Mat Tran Giai Phong Mien
Nam tiet lo rang neu Y Bham Enuol ch than khuyen giai th
ong ta se t bo hang ngu cong san e tr ve hp tac vi chnh
quyen Sai Gon. Li dung c hoi nay, Y Thih Eban, Gilbert
Layton (CIA) va vai nhan vat quan s Viet Nam quyet nh cho
Y Bham Enuol ra khoi nha giam e gap ong Y Bih Aleo tai mot
a iem b mat gan thap Yang Prong cua tnh Darlac. c tin
ay, ai ta Le Quang Trong, ch huy s oan 23 bo binh ra lenh
cho khong quan Viet Nam doi bom ngay tai a iem gap g.
The la cuoc gap mat nay b bai lo. T phong giam, Y Bham
Enuol gi mot bc th cho Gilbert Layton e ch trch thai o
hai mat cua quan oi My trong bien co nay
60
.
Theo tai lieu Fulro, ai ta Les Kosem la mot trong
nhng ngi e xng cuoc hp mat gia hai nha lanh ao Tay
Nguyen. Mac du b that bai, ong ta khong t bo y nh a Y
Bham ra khoi nha tu va ket nap nhng thanh vien cua Bajaraka
vao Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa. e tien hanh viec nay, ong
ta lap mot ng giay lien lac trc tiep vi nhng thanh vien
Bajaraka qua trung gian cua nhng ngi Tay Nguyen co mat
trong cac on lnh Viet Nam nam doc bien gii pha tay
61
.
Thang 6 nam 1963, Y Thh Eban i cong tac Buon
Sarpa, mot trai lnh gan bien gii Kh Me-Viet ma ai a so
quan nhan la ngi Tay Nguyen. Ngay khi en ni, ong ta phat
hoa lai chng trnh hoat ong cua phong trao Bajaraka. Sau o,

59
60
Tai lieu Fulro: 2-63. c xac nhan bi N. C. La Brie, 1971: 73-74 va
61

47
ong ta giao cho trung uy Y Nham Eban ch huy lc lng b mat
cua Bajaraka Buon Sarpa va c Y Klong Nie (Mnong) lam s
quan lien lac vi ai ta Les Kosem e chuan b ke hoach nham
a Y Bham Enuol ra khoi tu Hue. The la Y Klong Nie sang
Nam Vang e gap ai ta Les Kosem. Sau cuoc gap mat nay, ai
ta Les Kosem ha se tm moi giai phap e a Y Bham ra khoi
lao tu va tiep on tat ca thanh vien Bajaraka mong muon sang
Kampuchea e gia nhap vao Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa
62
.
Vao thang 6 nam 1963, trung tng Nguyen Khanh, t
lenh quan oan II at tai Pleiku cung gi mot s quan an ninh
cua ong ta ten Y Sen Nie Kdam (Rae) en Nam Vang gap ai
ta Les Kosem nham thao luan ve so phan cua Nguyen Chanh
Thi, ai ta quan oi Viet Nam, hien ang song lu vong tai
Kampuchea sau khi lat o Ngo nh Diem vao nam 1960.
Chnh ai ta Les Kosem la ngi bao tr cho ai ta Nguyen
Chanh Thi trong thi gian lu lac Nam Vang
63
.
Mot cuoc hop mat gia Y Sen Nie Kdam, ai ta Nguyen
Chanh Thi va ai ta Les Kosem a dien ra tai Phnom-Penh.
Trong dp nay, Les Kosem e ngh neu trung tng Nguyen
Khanh tra t do cho Y Bham Enuol, th ong ta se danh cho ai
ta Nguyen Chanh Thi nhieu a ai trong thi gian lu vong
Kampuchea. Qua cuoc hp mat nay, Les Kosem hy vong chnh
quyen Sai Gon se trao tra t do cho Y Bham Enuol
64
.
Ngay 27-8-1963, hoang t Norodom Sihanouk, quoc
trng Kampuchea, quyet nh cat dt moi lien he ngoai giao
vi chnh phu Sai Gon e phan oi hanh ong ap bc dan toc
Kh Me sinh song tai viet Nam
65
.

62
63
Tai lieu Fulro: 6-63. c xac nhan bi Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 88 va 91.
64
65
Charles Meyer, 1971: 263.

48
Sau bien co nay, Les Kosem c e c lam thanh vien
trong van phong phoi hp nhng phong trao chong chnh quyen
Sai Gon ma hoang than Norodom Sihanouk va mi thanh lap.
Nh chc vu o, Les Kosem c hng them nhng quyen
kha ac biet e phat trien Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa, mot
to chc c s bao tr cua quoc trng Norodom Sihanouk
66
.

S suy tan cua che o Ngo nh Diem

Vao thang 6 nam 1963, Henry Cabot Lodge c c lam
ai s My tai Sai Gon. S dien cua ong ta Viet Nam a tr
thanh mot hien tng chnh tr ang chu y. Henry Cabot Lodge
va en Viet Nam, d luan ban tan xon sao chung quanh van e
ngay suy tan cua che o Ngo nh Diem, mot nha lanh ao a
gap bao s chong oi cua phong trao phat giao cung nh oi
pho lien tuc vi nhng cuoc bieu tnh cac ng pho ma lc
lng an ninh cua che o Sai Gon khong tm ra giai phap e
dap tac
67
.
Ngay 1 thang 11 nam 1963, nam tng lanh Viet Nam
la Dng Van Minh, Tran Van on, Le Van Kim, Tran Thien
Khiem va Ton That nh, vi s thoa thuan cua quan oi My,
quyet nh lat o Ngo nh Diem. Ket qua, Ngo nh Diem b
giet trong bien co nay
68
.
Sau vu ao chanh, Les Kosem, ngi a tng quen biet
tng Le Van Kim va Ton That nh trong cac khoa quan s
Phap, thiet lap ng day lien he vi che o mi cua Sai Gon
nham at lai van e dan toc tieu so mien trung Viet Nam va
e ngh a ai ta Nguyen Chanh Thi ve Viet Nam vi ieu

66
67
68
Robert Shaplen, 1972: 16-17, 40-56; Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 89.

49
kien la chnh quyen Sai Gon tra t do cho Y Bham Enuol van
con giam trong tu Hue
69
.
Cuoc ao chnh ngay 1 thang 11 nam 1963 a a lch
s can ai ong Dng vao mot khuc quanh mi. Li dung s
xao tron chnh tr tai mien nam Viet Nam, cac nha lanh ao cua
mat tran giai phong Kampuchea Krom va Champa tien en mot
chien lc au tranh mi. Nham bieu dng tinh than oan ket
va gan bo gia cac to chc chnh tr Kampuchea Krom va
Champa, ho quyet nh thanh lap mot lien minh au tranh lay
ten la Front Unifie de Lutte des Races Oprimees, viet tat la
F.U.L.R.O (Mat Tran Thong Nhat au Tranh Cac Dan Toc B
Ap Bc). To chc lien minh nay qui tu ba mat tran:
Mat Tran Giai Phong Kampuchea Krom (Front de
Liberation du Kampuchea Krom-FLKK)
Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa (Front de Liberation du
ChampaFLC)
Mat Tran Giai Phong Kampuchea Pha Bac (Front de
Liberation du Kampuchea NordFLKN)
70
.

Muc tieu cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Kampuchea Krom
la nham giai phong vung Nam Viet (Cochichine) t Sai Gon
en mui Ca Mau, lanh tho cua Cao Mien b Viet Nam xam
chiem. Mat Tran Giai Phong Kampuchea Pha Bac oi quyen t
tr khu vc Champassak Lao, c xem nh la ni chun
nhau cat run cua vng quoc Cao Mien co ngoi en Wat Phu.
Muc tieu cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa la oi quyen oc
lap tren lanh tho Champa sau the ky XV, bao gom khu vc cao

69
70
Tai lieu Fulro: 11-63. c xac nhan bi Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 90 va
Charles Meyer, 1971: 269-271. Mat Tran Giai Phong Kampuchea Nord
ch la mot bong hnh, v khong co thanh vien e hoat ong.

50
nguyen trung phan Viet Nam va vung ven bien chay dai t Phu
yen en ong bang Phan R va tru tnh at thu o mi tai Nha
Trang
71
.
Hai nhan vat nong cot cua to chc Fulro la ai ta Um
Savuth (goc Kh Me sinh tai Tra Vinh, Viet Nam) va ai ta
Les Kosem (goc Cham tai Kampuchea). Ba mat tran nay c
hng s nang tinh than va chnh tr cua thong tung Lon
Nol, thu tng cua kampuchea va quoc trng Norodom
Sihanouk. Sau ngay ra i cua Fulro, Les Kosem tang cng
chien lc e a Y Bham Enuol ra khoi nguc giam, mot nhan
vat ma Les Kosem xem nh la v lanh ao toi cao cua dan toc
Tay Nguyen va cung la ngi nam gi cha khoa trong chien
lc lien minh gia phong trao Bajaraka va Mat Tran Giai
Phong Champa
72
.
Sau cuoc ao chnh ngay 1 thang 11 nam 1963, nha cam
quyen mi tai sai Gon quyet nh tra t do cho cac tu nhan Tay
Nguyen b che o Ngo nh Diem giam cam va keu goi nhng
nha chnh tr Viet Nam b ay ra nc ngoai, ac biet la ai ta
Nguyen Chanh Thi, hay tr ve Viet Nam
73
. Li dung c hoi
nay, Y Thih Eban, nhan danh phong trao Bajaraka, gi mot bc
th cho chnh phu Sai Gon do tng Dng Van Minh lanh ao,
yeu cau xet lai trng hp ong Paul Nr va Y Bham Enuol ma
Ngo nh Diem bat vao nguc giam cho en hom nay
74
.
Sau khi nhan c van th, chnh quyen Sai Gon chap
nhan tra t do cho ong Paul Nr. Ngay sau khi tr ve xum hp
vi gia nh, Paul Nr c chnh quyen Sai Gon giao chc vu
pho tnh trng cua tnh Kon Tum, phu trach thng vu. Ngc

71
72
73
Dennis J. Duncanson, 1966: 342-354.
74
Y Bham Enuol, 1965: 12; Gerald C. Hickey, 1982: 91.

51
lai, chnh phu Sai Gon t choi trao tra t do cho ong Y Bham
Enuol
75
.
Theo tai lieu Fulro, tng Dng Van Minh a ra ieu
kien la san sang tra t do cho ong Y Bham Enuol neu ai ta Les
Kosem chap nhan a ai ta Nguyen Chanh Thi ve Viet Nam.
The la Y Bham lai tr thanh con tin trong ho s trao oi tu binh
chnh tr cua Les Kosem
76

75
76

52

Trang khong

Bien co nam 1964

au nam 1964, Y Sen Nie Kdam (Rae) mot trong
nhng s quan tnh bao cua trung tng Nguyen Khanh, t lenh
quan oan II, tr lai Nam Vang e gap ai ta Les Kosem nham
thao luan ve viec ai ta Nguyen Chanh Thi tr ve Viet Nam
1
.
Les Kosem tra li la se xem xet trng hp Nguyen Chanh Thi
neu trung tng Nguyen Khanh ra lenh tra t do cho Y Bham
Enuol van b giam gi trong lao tu Buon Me Thuot
2
.
Vao tuan th ba cua thang 1 nam 1964, Les Kosem
chap thuan s tr ve Viet Nam cua Nguyen Chanh Thi sau khi
nhan c li ha cua tng Nguyen Khanh tra t do cho Y
Bham Enuol
3
.
Ngay 29 thang 1 nam 1964, trung tng Nguyen Khanh,
vi s ho tr cua ai ta Nguyen Chanh Thi t Nam Vang va
mi tr ve, cung tng Nguyen Thien Khiem, to chc cuoc ao
chanh Sai Gon. Trong chnh phu mi sau ngay ao chanh ay,
Nguyen Khanh tr thanh thu tng Viet Nam va tng Dng
Van Minh, quoc trng, nhng khong co quyen hanh g
4
.
Ngay 1 thang 2 nam 1964, ai ta Les Kosem gi van
th cho thu tng Nguyen Khanh yeu cau ong ta thc hien li
ha la tra t do cho Y Bham Enuol v Nguyen Chanh Thi a tr
ve Viet Nam. Sau khi nhan van th, trung tng Nguyen Khanh

1
2
3
4
Tai lieu Fulro: 1-64. c xac nhan bi Gerald C. Hickey, 2002: 109 va
Douglas Pike, 1966: 347-348.

54
a Y Bham Enuol ra khoi trai giam va e c ong ta lam pho
tnh trng tnh Darlac, phu trach thng vu
5
.
Sau 6 nam trong lao tu (1958-1964), Y Bham Enuol tm
lai t do trong cuoc song, nhng t do at di s giam sat cua
cong an Sai Gon. Du the, ong ta van lien lac vi nay Luett tai
Cheo Reo (tnh Pleiku) e hoi tin tc ve Bajaraka
6

nhat la lien
he vi ai ta Les Kosem hau thiet lap mot chien lc hp tac
gia to chc Bajaraka va Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa-Fulro
7
.

S gap g gia Les Kosem va Y Bham Enuol

Ngay 11 thang 3 nam 1964, theo yeu cau cua quoc
trng Norodom Sihanouk, khoang mi ngan ngi Kh Me
xuong ng tai thu o Phnom-Penh ho hao khau hieu chong
e quoc My va tan cong toa ai s Hoa Ky va Anh Quoc. Vao
ngay 3 thang 5 nam 1964, Kampuchea cat t lien he ngoai
giao vi Hoa Ky. e tra li cho thai o cua Norodom Sihanouk,
chnh quyen Sai Gon tang cng chien dch quay roi khu vc
bien gii Kampuchea. Ngay 10 thang 5 nam 1964 quoc trng
Norodom Sihanouk gi van th len hoi ong bao an Lien Hiep
Quoc to cao Hoa ky va chnh quyen Viet Nam xam pham bien
gii Cao Mien. Bat au t ngay ay, nhng bai dien van cua
hoang than Norodom Sihanouk tr thanh ban van tuyen chien
chong Hoa Ky va Viet Nam Cong Hoa. Quoc trng Norodom
Sihanouk cho rang: neu tat ca dan toc tren the gii nay nhat
quyet va cng tr chong anh hng cua Hoa Ky, th s banh
trng cua e quoc My ay kieu cang se b quet sach
8
. Tiep

5
Tai lieu Fulro: 2-64. c xac nhan bi N. C. La Brie, 1971: 76 va Gerald
C. Hickey, 1982b: 94; 2002: 110.
6
7
8
Charles Meyer, 1971: 242.

55
theo li keu goi ay, Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro to chc cuoc hop
lien tuc e tm phng hng tap trung cac lc lng chong s
banh trng cua My va chnh quyen Sai Gon. Theo Les Kosem,
dan toc can am va co nang lc chien au chong lai che o Sai
Gon, khong phai la ngi Cham Kampuachea v ho khong nam
vng a the quan s, cung khong phai la ngi Cham Phan
Rang va Phan R, v dan so ho khong c ong cho lam, ma la
dan toc Tay Nguyen
9
. Vao thang 3 nam 1964, Les Kosem tm
cach thuyet phuc Y Bham Enuol sang Kampuchea e lanh ao
Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa. Qua trung gian cua cac thanh
vien Bajaraka thng sang thu o Nam Vang, Les Kosem ta gi
mot bc th cho Y Bham Enuol co noi dung noi rang ay la gi
a iem cho cac dan toc Tay Nguyen vung day tai lap vng
quoc Champa oc lap ma lanh tho bao gom ca khu vc Tay
Nguyen. Mot nha lanh ao sang suot nh ong Y Bham Enuol
rat xng ang am nhiem trong trach trc dan toc Champa con
hn la gi chc vu pho tnh trng cua mot tnh Viet Nam.
Trong nhng th t trao oi, Les Kosem thng nhan manh
rang s t do ma nha nc Viet Nam danh cho Y Bham la ch
tam thi, v chnh quyen Sai Gon co the a ong vao tu tr lai
bat c luc nao. Khi nhan th nay, Y Bham Enuol khong t choi
li e ngh cua Les Kosem
10
.
Vao cuoi thang 3 nam 1964, mot s gap g gia ai ta
Les Kosem va Y Klong Nie (dan toc Mnong), ai dien cua Y
Bham Enuol, tren b song Dam, gan Buon Sarpa khong xa bien
gii Kh Me-Viet. Trong cuoc gap g nay, Y Klong Nie yeu
cau Les Kosem bao ve tanh mang cho nhng thanh vien
Bajaraka trong trng hp ho b che o Sai Gon truy na mot lan
na. Les Kosem khong t choi e ngh Y Klong Nie va gi mot
la th nh Y Klong Nie chuyen cho Y Bham Enuol. Trong bc

9
10

56
th nay, Les Kosem bay to s khen ngi va long knh trong oi
vi Y Bham Enuol ma ong ta xem nh ngi anh ruot tht va
ha danh cho ong ta moi on tiep nong hau Kampuchea
11
.

Cac cuoc tiep xuc gia che o Sai Gon va dan toc Tay
Nguyen

Ngay 28 thang 1 nam 1964, Nguyen Khanh, thu tng
chnh phu, to chc mot hoi ngh e giai quyet nhng van e dan
toc thieu so mien trung Viet Nam. Nam mi lam ai bieu
goc Tay Nguyen va Cham tham d, trong so o co Y Bham
Enuol, Paul Nr va Touprong Yaba
12
.
Ngay 5 thang 5 nam 1964, e tra li cho nhng nguyen
vong cua dan toc thieu so a bay to trong hoi ngh, thu tng
Nguyen Khanh ky mot sac lenh oi Nha Cong Tac Mien
Thng thanh Nha ac Trach Thng Vu. ai ta Viet Nam la
Nguyen Phi Phung c c lam giam oc. Tiec rang s quyet
nh a dan toc Kinh len lam vai chu ong cua Nha ac Trach
Thng Vu va mi thanh lap ch lam cho dan toc thieu so cang
khong tin vao chnh sac cua Sai Gon oi vi Tay Nguyen
na
13
.
Tiep theo sac lenh ay, Nguyen Khanh co mot cuoc am
thoai ngay 9 thang 5 nam 1964 tai Sai Gon vi nhng ai dien
Tay Nguyen. Trong cuoc gap g nay, phai oan Tay Nguyen
a ra yeu sach:
1. Thiet lap mot qui che ac biet danh cho dan toc Tay
Nguyen tng ng vi qui che Hoang Trieu Cng Tho cua
hoang e Bao ai.

11
12
13

57
2. Tang s so cong chc va quan nhan Tay Nguyen trong
cac s vu hanh chanh va quan s Viet Nam.
3. Tai lap nhng toa an phong tuc cho ngi Tay
Nguyen.
4. Cong nhan quyen s hu at ai cua dan toc Tay
Nguyen
14
.

Thang 6 nam 1964 la nam anh dau mot khuc quanh mi
trong to chc Bajaraka. Y Thih Eban buoc phai ri trai lnh Buon
Sarpa e nham chc pho tnh trng tnh Lam ong. Trc khi
len ng, ong ta giao quyen ieu khien Bajaraka cho Y Dhn
Adrng tai trai lnh nay. Mot vai ngay sau, Y Dhn Adrng
(Rae), Y Nhuin Hdok (Rae) va trung uy Y Nham Eban
(Rae) tham gia phien hp vi hai nhan vat chnh cua Fulro, o
la ai ta Les Kosem va ai ta Um Savuth (Khmer Krom) tai
bien gii Viet-Kh Me
15
. Trong cuoc ban thao nay, Les Kosem
giai thch rang Bajaraka phai am trach s mang lch s cua
mnh, o la giai phong Tay Nguyen, c xem nh la mot khu
vc quan trong trong lanh tho cu cua vng quoc Champa. Theo
Les Kosem, dan toc Tay Nguyen khong nen tap trung moi no
lc vao au tranh nham van xin che o Sai Gon ban cho ho mot
vai quyen li xa hoi, v muc tieu o khong em lai s ung ho
chnh tr cua nc ngoai. Mat khac, dan toc Tay Nguyen hom
nay hom nay la than dan cua vng quoc Champa trc kia,
chnh v the ong ta keu goi phong trao Bajaraka nen tham gia
vao Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa, la mot trong nhng to chc
lien minh cua mat tran Fulro
16
.
Qua s gap g ay, phai oan Bajaraka do Y Dhn
Adrng hng dan chap nhan e ngh cua Les Kosem la to chc

14
15
16

58
Bajaraka se chien au di ngon c chung cua Mat Tran Giai
Phong Champa-Fulro. Sau cung, Y Dhn Adrng, Les Kosem
va Um Savuth phat hoa ban thao au tien hieu ky cua to chc
lien minh au tranh mang ten la Fulro. Hieu ky Fulro gom ba
bang ngang mau xanh da tri, o va xanh la cay, bieu tng cho
ba mat tran: Mat Tran Giai Phong Kampuchea Krom, Mat Tran
Giai Phong Champa, Mat Tran Giai Phong Kampuchea Pha
Bac. Tren bang gia mau o la ba ngoi sao mau trang bieu hien
cho s oan ket cua 3 dan toc: Kh Me, Tay Nguyen va Cham
(xem hnh ba cuoi)
17
.
Ngay 25 thang 8 nam 1964, thu tng Nguyen Khanh to
chc tai DaLat hoi ngh lan th hai ve dan toc thieu so nham
nghien cu lai nhng nguyen vong cua ngi Tay Nguyen va
Cham mien trung Viet Nam. Vao cuoi thang 8 nam 1964, tng
Nguyen Hu Co, t lenh quan oan II tai Pleiku, tiep on mot
phai oan Tay Nguen khac do ong Y Bham Enuol hng dan
gom co cac ong Paul Nr, Y Dhe Adrng, Y Chon Mlo Duon
Du, Touneh Han Tho, v.v. Mot lan na, ngi Tay Nguyen oi
hoi tai lap qui che tng t nh qui che Hoang trieu cng tho
tren Cao Nguyen. Nhng chnh quyen Sai Gon t choi yeu sach
nay
18
.
Trong cuoc hop cua Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro tai Phnom-
Penh vao cuoi thang 8 nam 1964, Les Kosem chng minh rang
tat ca nhng hoi ngh do che o Sai Gon to chc vi ngi Tay
Nguyen t au nam 1964 en nay ch la mot chien lc chnh tr
nham ru ngu dan toc thieu so ch khong phai la mot thien ch
giai quyet nguyen vong va yeu sach cua ngi Tay Nguyen.
Theo Les Kosem, chnh quyen Sai Gon ch cu xet nhng yeu
sach cua dan toc Champa va tr lai ban hoi ngh e giai quyet
van e thieu so mien trung Viet Nam, khi nao dan toc

17
18

59
Champa chap nhan vung day au tranh vu trang. oi vi Les
Kosem, chien tranh khong phai la mot muc ch nhng la mot
phng tien buoc che o Sai Gon tra li cho cac yeu sach cua
cac dan toc b ho ap bc. Chnh v the, Les Kosem quyet nh
thanh lap lc lng vu trang chong lai chnh quyen Viet Nam
19
.

Ngay 19 thang 9 nam 1964, sau khi quyet nh at tong
hanh dinh chien au tai on lnh Le Rolland nam ngay tren bien
gii Kh Me-Viet, ai ta Les Kosem, ai ta Um Savuth va Y
Dhn Adrng ra lenh cho lc lng vu trang cua Fulro vung
day
20
. Trai lnh Buon Sarpa cua che o Sai Gon nam pha tay
nam Ban Me Thuot la c iem quan s au tien ma lc lng
vu trang Fulro a chon trong d an quan s e anh dau ngay ra
i cua mat tran Fulro. Luc 10 gi ngay 19 thang 9, tha lenh
cua ai ta LesKosem, ai dien cho to chc Fulro trong trai Buon
Sarpa thong bao vi ai uy Charles Darnell, ch huy binh lnh
My ong tai trai lnh nay: Fulro se tan cong on Sarpa trong
em nay, nhng khong nham vao lc lng Hoa Ky
21
.
ung mot gi sang ngay 20 thang 9 nam 1964, Mat
Tran Giai Phong Champa-Fulro ban tia an au tien nham bao
hieu s vung day cua to chc nay tren toan khu vc cao nguyen
mien trung Viet Nam. Ch can mot vai gi sau o, lc lng
Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa-Fulro a lam chu tnh hnh trai
lnh Buon Sarpa, loai ra khoi chien trng hau het binh lnh Sai
Gon co mat trai va bat sau ngi My lam tu binh. Y Dhn
Adrng ng day phat c Fulro va oc ban tuyen cao trc tu
binh Viet Nam va My vi noi dung nh sau: Mat tran Fulro

19
20
Theo Charles Meyer (1971: 269), cuoc vung day Buon Sarpa a c
chuan b t lau va co s yem tr cua thong tng Lon Nol, luc o la thu
tng Campuchia.
21
Tai lieu Fulro: 9-64. c xac nhan bi Vnh Loc, 1965: 34 va Gerald C.
Hickey, 1982b: 99.

60
cng quyet giai phong Kapuchea Krom va Champa ra khoi ach
thong tr cuaViet Nam. Ban tuyen cao chnh thc nay c ba v
lanh ao Fulro ky ten, o la Chau Dara nhan danh dan toc Kh
Me, Y Bham Enuol nhan danh dan toc Tay Nguyen va Po
Nagar (biet hieu cua Les Kosem) nhan danh dan toc Cham
22
.
Cung mot luc vao ngay 20 thang 9 nam 1964, lc lng
Fulro tan cong trai lnh Bu Prang, Ban on, Buon Mi Ga va
Buon Brieng thuoc tnh Darlac
23
. Vao luc 7 gi cung ngay, lc
lng cua mat tran nay tien ve Ban Me Thuot chiem ai phat
thanh e pho bien nhng yeu sach cua ho. Mot n v khac en
t gia cua Y Bham Enuol e a ong ta en trai Le Rolland gap
ai ta Les Kosem
24
.
Mot khi lam chu tnh hnh Ban Me Thuot, lc lng
Fulro pho bien truyen n mang ch ky cua ba v lanh ao:
Chau Dara, Y Bham va Po Nagar (Les Kosem), yeu cau che o
Sai Gon phai thc thi mot so yeu sach nh sau:
1. Chap nhan co mot so ghe bo trng goc dan toc thieu
so trong noi cac chnh phu Sai Gon.
2. Cham dt s thuyen chuyen nhng cong chc va binh
lnh Tay Nguyen en cac vung duyen hai.
3- Ap dung chnh sach bnh ang gia dan toc thieu so
va ngi Viet.

22
Tai lieu Fulro: 9-64. c xac nhan bi Jean Larteguy, 1965: 155; N. C. La
Brie, 1971: 77 va Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 99-100; 2002 :153.
23
Tai lieu Fulro: 9-64. c xac nhan bi Howard Sochurek, 1965: 38-65;
Vnh Loc, 1965: 54 va N. C. La Brie, 1971: 77.
24
Tai lieu Fulro: 9-64. c xac nhan bi B. Fall, 1966: 196; Kuno Knoebl,
1967: 195; N. C. La Brie, 1971: 77-79 va Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 101-
10.
Tng Vnh Loc (1965: 53-54) va Nguyen Trac D (1969a: 20) cho rang Fulro
vung day giet nhieu binh lnh ngi Viet trai Buon Sarpa. Sau khi
chiem Ban Me Thuot, to chc nay bat Y Bham Enuol a sang
Kampuchea. Theo Vnh Loc, s vung day cua Fulro co s ho tr cua Viet
Cong.

61
4- Trao tra lai cho cac dan thieu so nhng at ai cua
ho ma ngi Kinh xam chiem
25
.
Ngay 20 thang 9 nam 1964, George Tanham, nhan vien
Rand Corporation tc la to chc oi hnh cua c quan tnh bao
My, gap Maxwell Taylor, ai s Hoa Ky tai Sai Gon, co s hien
dien cua tng William Westmoreland, tong t lenh quan oi
My tai Viet Nam, e bao cao ve s noi day cua lc lng Fulro
tai Buon Sarpa, nhat la tnh hnh tu binh ngi My b Fulro bat
lam con tin
26
.
Ngay 21 thang 9 nam 1964, Ban Me Thuot tr thanh
mot ngha a vang bon ngi. Tat ca c dan ngi Kinh khong
ai dam ra ng pho v s nhng ngi Tay Nguyen tra thu va
rat lo au cho tng lai cua ho sau vu noi day nay
27
. Cung trong
thi gian o, ai ta John Freund, co van quan oan II Viet Nam
Pleiku, tnh nguyen en Buon Sarpa e giai quyet s khung
hoang nay va cu nguy cho nhng tu binh Hoa Ky. T tong
hanh dinh bien gii Kh Me-Viet, Les Kosem gi mot bc th
cho John Freund e thong bao rang Fulro san sang rut quan va
tra t do cho cac tu binh My vi ieu kien la tat ca c dan ngi
Kinh phai ri khoi khu vc Tay Nguyen. ai ta John Freund tra
li la ong ta khong co tham quyen e tra li cho nhng yeu
sach o. The la Les Kosem ra lenh bat gi luon ai ta John
Freund e lam con tin cho en khi nao quan oi My giai quyet
nhng yeu sach cua Fulro
28
. Tai lieu Fulro cung e cap en
viec Les Kosem yeu cau qua oi My chap thuan cho lc lng
Fulro thanh lap khu quan s bat kha xam pham (zone

25
Tai lieu Fulro: 9-64. c xac nhan bi Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 102,
Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 21 va Vnh Loc, 1965: 58.
26
27
.Tai lieu Fulro: 9-64. c xac nhan bi Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 103.
28
Tai lieu Fulro: 9-64. c xac nhan bi Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 103,
105; 2002: 157.

62
militaires exclusives)
29
tren lanh tho mien trung Viet Nam, tiep
te lng thc va sung an cho Fulro. o la yeu sach cua Fulro
ma quan oi Hoa Ky phai thoa thuan e tu binh My c tra t
do
30
.
Tai Sai Gon, chnh quyen Viet Nam bay to s phan no
ve cuoc vung day cua Fulro Tay Nguyen. Thu tng Nguyen
Khanh la nha lanh ao Viet Nam au tien len tieng to cao co s
nhung tay cua quan oi My trong bien co nay va ham doa dung
vu lc e dap tat quan phien loan neu Fulro khong rut lc lng
ra khoi Tay Nguyen trong mot thi gian a an nh
31
.
T tong hanh dinh Le Rolland tai bien gii, Les
Kosem ra lenh lc lng Fulro phai canh giac ve s ham doa
cua thu tng Nguyen Khanh va tuyen bo rang neu che o Sai
Gon tan cong n v Furo, ong ta se ra lenh x t tc khac tat
ca nhng tu binh Hoa Ky va Viet Nam
32
. Trc s ham doa o,
tng William Westmoreland, tong t lenh quan oi My tai
Viet Nam, yeu cau tng Nguyen Hu Co, t lenh quan oan II
tai Pleiku, khong nen s dung vu lc e giai quyet van e
Fulro. Theo William Westmoreland, dung giai phap quan s ch
gay them nguy c cho tnh mang cua tu binh My trai lnh
Buon Sarpa
33
.
Ngay 22 thang 9 nam 1964 mot hoi am gia Maxwell
Taylor, ai s Hoa Ky, tng William Westmoreland co s hien
dien cua mot so s quan My a dien ra tai Sai Gon e anh gia
tnh hnh tu binh My tai Buon Sarpa va cu xet nhng yeu sach
cua Fulro. Qua hoi am ay, ngi My ngh rang nhng ieu

29
Khu quan s bat kha xam pham tc la mat khu co ranh gii bat kha xam
pham, trong o Fulro at tong hanh dinh lc lng vu trang cua to chc
nay.
30
31
32
33

63
kien cua Fulro a ra co the giai quyet bang con ng thng
thuyet
34
.
Cung luc o, nhng tng lanh Viet Nam, nhat la tng
Nguyen Hu Co, t lenh quan oan II, to cao quan oi My
nhung tay trong s noi day cua Fulro. Theo tng Nguyeo Hu
Co, ngi My thanh lap lc lng ac biet (special forces)
nham huan luyen oi ngu vu trang danh cho dan toc thieu so.
Chnh cac lc lng ac biet ay la nhng n v a gop tay
vao s noi day cua Fulro Buon Sarpa. Chnh v the, quan oi
My t choi an ap lc lng phan ong Fulro
35
.
Ngay 22 thang 9, thanh pho Ban Me Thuot van trong
tnh trang chan ong bi cuoc noi day cua Fulro. C dan Viet
ang song trong s lo va au s set v s b tra thu. e tran ap
dan chung, tng Nguyen Hu Co ra lenh cho lc lng khong
quan phai ap dung tnh trang bao ong thng trc e chuan b
tan cong nhng oan quan Fulro bat c luc nao
36
.
Cung trong ngay 22 thang 9 nam 1964, ai ta Les
Kosem yeu cau thu tng chnh phu Sai Gon e c tng Le
Van Kim va tng Ton That nh ma ong ta tng quen biet
trong nhng khoa quan s Phap, nh la ngi trung gian e
giai quyet nhng khung hoang nay. Tiec rang, hai nha lanh ao
quan s nay ang b giam gi long tai DaLat sau ngay ao
chanh 22-1-1964 ma trung tng Nguyen Khanh a to chc
37
.
Ngay 23 thang 9 nam 1964, tng Richard Depuy, t
lenh cua Operation Switchback tren Cao Nguyen, en ban
Me Thuot e xem xet s dien bien Buon Sarpa. Theo Richard
Depuy, tnh hnh van con co loi thoat, bi v ai ta Les Kosem
va Y Bham Enuol van nghieng ve giai phap thng thuyet.

34
35
36
37

64
Da vao s phan tch cua chuyen vien My ac trach ve
chnh tr, Richard Dupuy a ra giai phap o la trc khi to chc
cuoc thng thuyet vi Fulro, mat tran nay phai chap nhan mot
ieu tien quyet la cho phep ai ta Freund hien ang giam gi
Buon Sarpa c quyen tiep xuc bang ien thoai vi nha lanh
ao quan oi My Ban Me Thuot va chap nhan mot tu binh
My ve Ban Me Thuot bang may bay trc thang hau chng minh
la ai ta Freund van con song
38
.
Trong bien co nay, tai lieu Fulro a ra quan iem khac
hn. Theo tai lieu nay, Les Kosem ch tha nhng tu binh My
khi nao quan oi Hoa Ky chap nhan cho lc lng Fulro co mat
tai Viet Nam c quyen thanh lap khu quan s bat kha xam
pham (zone militaires exclusives) va tiep te lng thc va
sung an cho mat tran nay. Tng Richard Dupuy chap nhan e
ngh ay
39
.

Sai Gon ne tranh ung o vi Fulro

Ngay 24 thang 9 nam 1964, thu tng Nguyen Khanh i
Pleiku e thao luan vi cac v ch huy quan oan II ve tnh hnh
Cao Nguyen. Ngay luc en ni, ong ta lien tuyen bo la s hien
dien cua ong ta trong thanh pho nay chng to ro s kien nhan
va thai o on hoa cua ong ta oi vi nhng ngi Thng phan
ong. Ong ta noi them la the theo e ngh cua ai ta Les
Kosem ngay 22 thang 9 nam 1964, ong ta san sang cho phep
tng Le Van Kim va Ton That nh se en Ban Me Thuot
ngay chieu cung ngay e am phan vi Fulro
40
.
Chieu 24 thang 9 nam 1964, tng Richard Dupuy gap
hai tng lanh Viet Nam la Le Van Kim va Ton That nh va

38
39
40

65
t DaLat en. Trong s gap g ay, ca ba tng lanh quyet nh
e ngh vi chnh phu Sai Gon to chc mot hoi ngh tap trung
ai dien cua moi sac toc va nhng ai bieu Fulro nham nghien
cu nhng nguyen vong that s cua cac dan toc thieu so mien
trung Viet Nam. Trong trng hp ma mat tran Fulro t khc
khong tham d hoi ngh, chnh quyen Sai Gon se co nhng bien
phap e an ap nhom phan ong nay. Sau phien hop vi tng
Richard Dupuy, tng Le Van Kim ien thoai cho thu tng
Nguyen Khanh DaLat e tng trnh lai li e ngh ay.
Nguyen Khanh ong y se to chc mot hoi ngh cac sac dan
thieu so nhng ngay thang cha quyet nh
41
.
Trong cong van e ngay 26 thang 9 nam 1964 gi en
thu tng Nguyen Khanh, Y Bham Enuol phan oi s im lang
cua chnh quyen Sai Gon ve nhng yeu sach cua Mat Tran Giai
Phong Champa-Fulro a a ra ngay 20 thang 9 nam 1964 cung
nh d an to chc mot hoi ngh dan toc thieu so. Y Bham Enuol
noi them rang Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa-Fulro se tham d
hoi ngh o vi ieu kien la nhng c dan ngi Kinh phai ri
khoi khu vc Cao Nguyen
42
.
Cung ngay 26 thang 9 nam 1964, tng Le Van Kim t
chc khoi uy ban ac trach thng thuyet vi Fulro ma khong
a ra mot li giai thch. Sau o, thu tng Nguyen Khanh ap
may bay sang Ban Me Thuot. Ngay luc en, ong bac bo ke
hoach giai phong tu binh My ma tng Richard Dupuy a e
ngh ngay 23-9-1964. Ong ta khang nh rang chnh quyen Viet
Nam se s dung vu lc e tran ap nhom phan ong Fulro va
khong bao gi trieu tap hoi ngh dan toc thieu so ma ngi My
mong muon. Ong ta cung nhac lai rang chnh quyen Sai Gon

41
42

66
khong bao gi nhng bo Fulro neu to chc nay khong trao tra
tu binh Viet Nam va My b bat Buon Sarpa
43
.

S thoa thuan gia Fulro va quan oi My

Ngay 26-9-1964, ai ta Les Kosem co tiep xuc vi ai
ta John Freund, tu binh My tai Buon Sarpa va cho phep ong ta
lien lac bang ien thoai, vao buoi chieu cung ngay, vi tng
Richard Dupuy e bao tin la ong ta van khoe manh nhng rat lo
au ve so phan cua nhng lnh My khac b Fulro bat giam sau khi
thu tng Nguyen Khanh ham doa se tan cong trai nay vao luc
9 g sang ngay 27 thang 9 nam 1964. Ong ta cho biet, ieu kien
tha tu binh My, theo Les Kosem, hoan toan tuy thuoc vao mot
iem cot yeu o la quan oi My phai chap thuan e cho Fulro
thanh lap khu quan s bat kha xam pham (zone militaires
exclusives) tren lanh tho Viet Nam
44
.
Sau khi nhan c thong tin t ai ta John Freund,
tng Richard Dupuy rat bc tc ve s ham doa cua thu tng
Nguyen Khanh va bay to s chong oi cua ong ta trong viec s
dung giai phap quan s chong lai Fulro tai Buon Sarpa. Theo
tng Richard Dupuy, mot hanh ong nh vay se gay nguy nan
cho s song con cua tu binh My trong trai nay, v Fulro se
khong lui bc trc vu lc. Nhng tng Richard Dupuy van
con phan van co chang s ham doa cua thu tng Nguyen
Khanh ch la mot chien lc nham ngan chan s nhung tay cua
quan oi My trong to chc cua Fulro
45

Ngay hom sau, 27-9-1964, tng Richard Dupuy e ngh
ke hoach giai phong tu binh My. Ong ta quyet nh ch than
en Buon Sarpa e giai quyet trc tiep cuoc khung hoang nay.

43
44
Tai lieu Fulro: 9-64. c xac nhan bi Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 106-107.
45
Tai lieu Fulro: 9-64. c xac nhan bi Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 106-107.

67
Ong ta bao tin cho thu tng Nguyen Khanh biet s viec tren va
c thu tng ong thuan. Con ve ai ta Les Kosem, ong ta rat
hoan ho s co mat cua tng Richard Dupuy Buon Sarpa e
tao thuan li cho s am phan.
ung 7 gi 46, ngay 17-9-1964, trc thang cua tng
Richard Dupuy va thieu ta Touprong Ya Ba (Churu), ha canh tai
Buon Sarpa. Ngay khi en ni, tng Richard Dupuy tuyen bo
la quan oi My ha se lam tat ca nhng g trong kha nang va
tham quyen cua ho e giai quyet cac yeu sach cua Fulro va co
gang thuyet phuc chnh quyen Sai Gon chap nhan giai quyet
nhng yeu sach o bang con ng thng thuyet
46
.
Theo tai lieu Fulro, tng Richard Dupuy noi vi Les
Kosem rang ong ta se quan tam en nhng yeu sach ma dan toc
thieu so mien trung Viet Nam a a ra va nhat la tao ieu
kien e hnh thanh khu quan s bat kha xam pham (zone
militaires exclusives) cho lc lng Fulro tai Viet Nam. Da
tren li ha nay, Les Kosem ra lenh cho Y Dhn Adrng tra t
do cho tu binh My va rut quan khoang 2.000 ngi ra khoi on
Sarpa e di chuyen ve tong hanh dinh Fulro (P.C) Mondulkiri,
Kampuchea
47
.

Sai Gon chap thuan nhng yeu sach cua Fulro

Ngay 2-10-1964, thu tng Nguyen Khanh m phien
hp vi mot so nha lanh ao cao cap Viet Nam trong dinh cua
ong ta tai Sai Gon
48
. Trong dp nay, ong ta a ra ba nhan nh
lien quan en bien co Sarpa vao ngay 20 thang 9 nam 1964:

46
Tai lieu Fulro: 9-64. c xac nhan bi Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 106-107;
M. A. Jaspan, 1970: 170-176 va Wilfred Burchett, 1970: 132-134.
47
48

68
1. S vung day cua Fulro co s yem tr cua quan oi
My, bi v nhng thanh vien tham gia vao bien co nay la nhng
ngi Thng va ngi Cham thuoc lc lng ac biet
(Special Forces) cua My c CIA thanh lap vao nam 1963 va
co s so khoang 20.000 quan goc dan toc thieu so.
2. Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa, mot trong nhng to
chc lien minh cua Fulro ma ngi sang lap la Les Kosem c
vng quoc Kampuchea yem tr ve mat chnh tr lan quan s.
Mat tran nay khong thoat khoi s nhung tay cua Viet Cong,
hien rat tch cc x Kh Me.
3. S e c Y Bham Enuol goc Rae vao ghe chu tch
Mat tran giai phong Champa-Fulro chng to la ngi Cham
ang da vao dan toc Tay Nguyen e giai phong lanh tho
Champa cu. Bang cach da vao yeu to lch s, Mat tran giai
phong Champa-Fulro co the thuyet phuc c d luan quoc te
ket toi Viet Nam a xam chiem lanh tho cua vng quoc nay
49
.
Rat y thc ve nguy c chnh tr ma Mat tran giai phong
Champa-Fulro a e xng, thu tng Nguyen Khanh yeu cau
cac cap lanh ao Viet Nam phai tm cach giai thch cho ngi
Thng biet rang dan toc Tay Nguyen khong co s lien he
lch s g vi sac dan Cham, hay noi mot cach khac Champa la
vng quoc cua ngi Cham. Chnh v the ma chnh phu Sai
Gon khong bao gi cong nhan Mat tran giai phong Champ
nhng ch cong nhan Fulro ma thoi, mot to chc co muc tieu
bao ve quyen li dan toc cao nguyen ch phai oi quyen oc
lap khu vc nay. Ong ta ch th phai thuyet phuc ngi
Thng khong nen theo got chan Y Bham Enuol, nhan vat
c xem la nha lanh ao bu nhn do ong Les Kosem tao dng
e bao ve quyen li cho dan toc Cham ma thoi
50
.

49
Tai lieu Fulro: 10-64. c xac nhan bi Gerald C. Hickey 1982b: 110.
50

69
Ngay 5 thang 10 nam 1964, tai Hoa Ky, George Ball,
th trng Bo ngoai giao e trnh ban bao cao cho ong Dean
Rusk, bo trng Bo Ngaoi Giao My va ong Robert MacNamara,
bo trng Bo Quoc Phong. Ban bao cao cho rang bien co Sarpa
ngay 20 thang 9 nam 1964 a a tnh hnh chnh tr Viet Nam
vao mot khuc quanh mi, v che o Sai Gon phai oi au vi
hai oi tng Cao nguyen, o la Viet Cong va Fulro
51
.
Ngay 15 thang 10 nam 1964, di sap lc cua tng
Richard Dupuy muon gi li ha ma ong ta a tuyen bo vi ai
ta Les Kosem vao ngay 27-9-1964 tai Buon Sarpa, chnh quyen
Sai Gon to chc mot hoi ngh tai Pleiku e ban ve van e dan
toc thieu so. Thanh phan tham d hoi ngh gom co phai oan
cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa-Fulro va 80 ai dien cua cac
dan toc thieu so trung phan Viet Nam, khong ke en cac
thanh vien cu cua Bajaraka, nh Paul Nr (Bana), Nay Luett
(Jarai), Touprong Hiou (Churu), Touprong YaBa (Churu), v.v.
Hoi ngh nay at di quyen chu toa cua tng Nguyen Hu
Co, t lenh quan oan II. Li dung dp nay, chnh quyen Sai
Gon keu goi quan chung ho hao khau hieu: Kinh Thng oan
ket e chong chu thuyet Viet Nam trung lap, chong cong san va
chong s nhung tay cua nc ngoai vao noi bo cua Viet Nam.
ay la bch chng am ch nc Kampuchea lang gieng, ni ma
lc lng Fulro chon lam hau c au tranh vu trang va am ch
chnh sach trung lap ong Dng do cong hoa Phap e
xng
52
.
Trong hoi ngh nay, phai oan Mat Tran Giai Phong
Champa-Fulro yeu cau chnh quyen Sai Gon phai giai quyet
yeu sach gom 8 iem nh sau:

51
George W. Ball, 1972: 36-50.
52
Tai lieu Fulro: 10-65. c xac nhan bi Gerald C. Hickey, 1967: 111; N.
C. La Brie, 1971: 82 va Vnh Loc, 1965: 60.

70
1. Thiet lap tren Cao Nguyen mot qui che tng t nh
qui che Hoang trieu cng tho trc ay.
2. Tuyet oi ton trong phong tuc, tap quan, tn ngng
cua dan toc thieu so.
3. Tang cng quan nhan va cong chc goc dan toc
thieu so trong to chc hanh chanh va quan s Viet Nam.
4. Cong nhan quyen s hu at ai cua dan toc thieu so
va tai lap toa an phong tuc.
5. Day tieng dan toc trong cac trng tieu hoc.
6. Thiet lap che o u ai danh cho con em dan toc
thieu so trong cac trng chuyen mon.
7. Chap nhan dan toc thieu so quyen c nhan vien tr
nc ngoai.
8. Chap nhan dan toc thieu so co quyen thanh lap mot
quan oi rieng
53
.

Ngay 16 thang 10 nam 1964, thu tng Nguyen Khanh
en Pleiku e lam le be mac hoi ngh. Nhan dp nay, ong ta a
ra ba quyet nh sau ay:
1. Chnh quyen Sai Gon san sang chap nhan sau iem
au trong yeu sach cua Fulro oi hoi, nhng t choi hai iem
cuoi cung, o la quyen nhan vien tr nc ngoai va thanh lap
quan oi rieng.
2. Ke t ngay hom nay, Nha ac Trach Thng Vu
khong le thuoc vao Bo Quoc Phong na ma la at di quyen
ieu hanh cua van phong thu tng chnh phu. Trung ta
Touprong Ya Ba (Churu) c e c lam giam oc c quan nay.
3. Se thanh lap mot trung tam ao tao danh cho can bo
ngi Thng va mot trng quan s cho cac con em binh s
cua dan toc thieu so
54

53
Tai lieu Fulro; 10-74. c xac nhan bi Vnh Loc, 1965: 60.

71

Ban chap hanh mi cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa-
Fulro

Ngay 17-10-1964, Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro m hoi ngh
tai Phnom-Penh e bau ban lanh ao mi cua Mat tran giai
phong Champa-Fulro. Y Bham Enuol c e c lam chu tch
cua to chc nay; Y Dhng Adrng (Rae), e nhat pho chu tch;
Y Dhe Adrng (Rae), Y Ju Eban (Rae), Y Wick Buon Ya
(Rae) va vai nhan vat goc Cham la thanh vien cua ban lanh
ao trung ng
55
.

Ban lanh ao mi cua Mat tran giai phong Champa-
Fulro at di quyen ieu hanh cua Bham Enuol (Rae) va van
phong thng trc cua to chc nay at tai Phnom-Penh cang
a chnh quyen Sai Gon vao the kho khan e giai quyet van
au tranh cua dan toc thieu so, trong khi o Nguyen Khanh phai
ng au hang ngay vi nhng cuoc bieu tnh chong chnh phu
Sai Gon cua phat t Viet Nam
56
.

Thanh lap phong trao oan ket quoc gia oc lap.

Vao thang 11 nam 1964, Y Thih Eban, thanh vien cu
cua Bajaraka, ng ra phe bnh gay gat s vung day cua Mat
Tran Giai Phong Champa-Fulro vao ngay 20 thang 9 nam 1964
Buon Sarpa va to cao ngi Cham li dung ngi Thung
e phuc vu cho mu o chnh tr cua hoang than Norodom
Sihanouk. Y Thih Eban viet mot van th cho ong Y Bham Enuol
keu goi ong ta ve hp tac vi chnh quyen Viet Nam e lanh

54
Tai lieu Fulro: 10-64. c xac nhan bi Vnh Loc, 1965: 60; Nguyen Trac
D, 1969a: 21; N. C. La Brie, 1971: 80-82; Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 112.
55
Le Haut-Comite1964: 12; Front de Liberation, 1965: 2-21, Gerald C.
Hickey, 1982b: 108-109.
56
Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 108-109

72
ao mot to chc mi mang ten la Phong Trao oan Ket Quoc
Gia oc Lap (Union des Mouvements pour l'Independance
Nationale)
57
.
S ra i cua Phong Trao oan Ket Quoc Gia oc Lap
a phan chia dan toc thieu so mien trung Viet Nam thanh 3 lc
lng chnh tr da vao s ung ho cua 3 quoc gia lang gieng:
Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa-Fulro at di s ieu
khien cua Les Kosem (Cham) va Y Bham Enuol (Rae), c
chnh quyen Kampuchea yem tr.
Phong Trao Tay Nguyen T Tr do Abih Aleo (Rae)
lanh ao, do chnh quyen Ha Noi thanh lap.
Phong Trao oan Ket Quoc Gia oc Lap do Y Thih
Eban (Rae) lanh ao, nhan hau thuan t chnh quyen Sai Gon.
oi vi chnh quyen Sai Gon, Mat Tran Giai Phong
Champa-Fulro la phong trao au tranh vu trang nguy hiem nhat
cho s on nh chnh tr mien nam Viet Nam
58
.

Bien co nam 1965

au nam 1965, mot vai v lanh ao Tay Nguyen co le b
anh hng bi nhng li tuyen truyen cua chnh quyen Sai Gon
va Y Thih Eban vao cuoi nam 1964, bat au at lai van e co
chang Champa trc ay ch la vng quoc cua rieng ngi
Cham va khong co moi lien he lch s hay van hoa g vi dan
toc Tay Nguyen ca. Chnh v the, ho at bao cau hoi vi Y
Bham Enuol tai sao to chc nay ch nham au tranh giai phong
Champa, nhng a so chien s la thanh vien goc Tay Nguyen.
oi vi ho, ten goi Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa-Fulro a noi

57
Tai lieu Fulro :11-64. c xac nhan bi Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 112-
113.
58

73
len dan toc Thng va Cao Nguyen khong co mot cho
ng trong to chc nay
59
.
Sau may lan suy ngh, Y Bham Enuol e ngh oi danh
xng Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa-Fulro thanh Mat Tran Giai
Phong Cao Nguyen Champa hay tot hn na Mat Tran Giai
Phong Dega-Cham. (Dega la mot t Rae am ch sac dan mien
nui)
60
. e giai quyet s khung hoang nay, Les Kosem va Y
Bham Enuol quyet nh ten goi mi cua mat tran la Mat Tran
Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro, dch t tieng Phap
Front de Liberation des Hauts Plateaux du Champa, viet tat
chnh thc la FLHPC-Fulro. Mac du a co quyet nh ve danh
xng mi nay, nhng Y Bham Enuol van dung ten goi Mat Tran
Giai Phong Dega-Cham trong mot so van th gi cho chnh
quyen Sai Gon
61
.

S ra i cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Dega-Cham a a
Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro vao mot khuc
quanh mi. Mot so thanh vien nh Y Dhn Adrng, Y Nhuin, Y
Bhan Kpr, Y Nham Eban, Ksor Duot, Kpa Dh, vv la nhng
ngi gan gui vi Les Kosem khong chap nhan ten goi Mat
Tran Giai Phong Dega-Cham, v t Dega khong co y ngha ro
rang. Ho cung to cao Y Bham Enuol la mot nha lanh ao thieu
tam nhn chnh tr
62
.
Mac du co mot so phan oi quan iem Y Bham Enuol,
Les Kosem van danh cho ong ta mot s quan tam ay tnh
huynh e va luon luon xem Y Bham Enuol nh la mot ngi
anh ca. S tiep on nong hau vao au nam 1965 tai Phnom-
Penh danh cho Y Bham Enuol va Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro cua

59
60
Nhieu dan toc khac Tay Nguyen khong hieu the nao la ngha chnh xac
cua ngon t Dega.
61
62

74
ong ta a chng to ieu o. Theo Les Kosem, ong Y Bham
Enuol khong co nang khieu ve to chc chnh tr, nhng ong ta la
mot nhan vat co uy tn va anh hng ln lao oi vi sac dan
Tay Nguyen, mot nha lanh ao duy nhat co u nang lc e tap
trung va thuyet phuc dan toc Tay Nguyen chap nhan ng
hng cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro.
Theo Les Kosem, cung nh uy tn cua Y Bham Enuol ma mat
tran Fulro a tap trung c mot lc lng hung manh e a to
chc nay vao mot cho ng tren ban c chnh tr cua Viet
Nam
63
.
au nam 1965, Les Kosem quyet nh mot chien lc
chnh tr mi la tang cng nhng hoat ong du kch nham tao
nen s hoang mang trong cong ong ngi Viet nh c sinh
song tren Cao nguyen bang cach tan cong nhng xe co Viet
Nam tren ng noi lien Quang c vi DaLat. Ngay 25 thang
1, mot trong nhng n v Fulro chan mot chiec xe o cay so
127 va x t 9 hanh khach ngi Kinh. Mot vai ngay sau o,
mot n v khac cung chan xe o giet chet 12 ngi Kinh, trong
o co 4 cong chc va 2 canh sat cua Sai Gon trc khi rut ve
mat khu Kampuchea
64
.
Ngay 15-1-1965, tng Nguyen Cao Ky va Nguyen Van
Thieu lat o thu tng Nguyen Khanh va thanh lap chnh phu
mi. Nguyen Van Thieu c e c lam chu tch Uy Ban Lanh
ao Quoc Gia, va Nguyen Cao Ky, chu tch Uy Ban Hanh Phap
Trung ng
65
.
Sau ngay ao chanh Sai Gon, ai ta Les Kosem hop
bo phan lanh ao Fulro e xem xet tnh hnh se tiep dien nh
the nao Viet Nam va phan tch yeu to lch s lien quan en
tng Nguyen Van Thieu la nhan vat xuat than t Phan Rang,

63
64
Tai lieu Fulro: 1-64. c xac nhan bi Vnh Loc, 1965: 61.
65
Dennis J. Duncanson 1966: 349-351.

75
ni co ong uc dan c Cham, trong khi o tng Nguyen Cao
Ky thuoc the he di c t Bac Viet
66
.
Thang 2 nam 1965, hoang than Norodom Sihanouk to
chc tai Phnom-Penh mot Hoi Ngh Dan Toc ong Dng
(Conference des Peuples Indochinois) di khau hieu hoa
bnh, oc lap, lien ket e giai quyet van e chnh tr ong
Dng
67
. Trong hoi ngh ay, Y Bham Enuol, chu tch Mat Tran
Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro la khach qu cua quoc
trng Kampuchea va cua thong tng Lon Nol, thu tng chnh
phu. Y Bih Aleo cung co mat vi t cach la chu tch Phong Trao
Tay Nguyen T Tr do Ha Noi thanh lap
68
.
Trong dien van cua mnh, Y Bham Enuol khong quen
lap lai moi quan he lch s rat la than thien gia Champa va
Kampuachea, hai nan nhan cua chnh sach banh trng Viet
nam va nhan manh rang muc tieu cua Mat Tran Giai Phong
Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro la giai phong Champa khoi ach
thong tr cua Viet Nam xam lc. Ong ta noi len li biet n sau
sac oi vi hoang than Norodom Sihanouk ve s ho tr chnh tr
va tinh than ma hoang than a danh cho Mat Tran Giai Phong
Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro. Ong ta cung bay to s han hanh
c mot nc lang gieng, Kampuchea, mi tham d hoi ngh
mot cach chnh thc e neu ra nhng nguyen vong cua dan toc
Tay Nguyen va Cham. Sau cung, ong ta ca tung nhng thanh
tch chien au cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-
Fulro
69
.
Hoi Ngh Dan Toc ong Dng la mot dien an chnh
tr quan trong. Nhan dp nay, Les Kosem da vao c hoi nay e
a d luan quoc te hng ve Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao

66
67
Ch. Meyer, 1971: 269-271.
68
69
Tai lieu Fulro: 2-65; Y Bham Enuol, Discours...15 mars 1965.

76
Nguyen Champa-Fulro ma ong ta la ngi sang lap vien. ong
thi s hien dien cua Y Bham Enuol tai Hoi Ngh Dan Toc
ong Dng a noi len s lien he chat che gia Mat Tran Giai
Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro va chnh quyen Kampuchea
chang han nh tong hanh dinh Fulro at tai Sen Monorom,
tnh l tnh Mondulkiri va nhat la s xuat hien cua mat tran
nay tren dien an quoc te
70
.
oi vi tng Vnh Loc, mot nha lanh ao quan s Sai
Gon at trach ve ho s Fulro, Hoi Ngh Dan Toc ong Dng
ch la mot dien an chnh tr cua hoang than Norodom
Sihanouk, co s yem tr cua Viet Cong, nham gii thieu Fulro
trc d luan quoc te. Tng Vnh Loc ngh rang Kampuchea
va Cong Hoa Phap la hai quoc gia yem tr trc tiep cho Fulro,
bang chng cu the o la chng trnh tieng noi Fulro c
chnh thc loan tin hang ngay t 13h00 gi tren lang song cua
ai phat thanh Kampuchea bang nhieu th tieng: Phap,
Kampuchea, Bana, Churu, Seang, v.v.
71
.
Sau Hoi Ngh Dan Toc ong Dng vao thang 2 nam
1965, mot phien hp cua hoi ong toi cao Fulro a dien ra tai
Phnom-Penh e nghien cu tnh hnh chnh tr va quan s cao
nguyen. oi vi Les Kosem, cao nguyen tr thanh mot khu vc
chien lc quan s ma 4 oi tng ang tranh danh nhau lam
chu tnh hnh: chnh quyen Sai Gon, quan oi My, Mat Tran
Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro c Kampuchea yem
tr va Phong Trao Tay Nguyen T Tr do Ha Noi thanh lap.
Theo Les Kosem, Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-
Fulro a tr mot oi tng quan s quan trong buoc chnh quyen
Sai Gon phai en ban hoi ngh e thng thuyet. Theo ong ta,
Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro can phai tiep
tuc lam ap lc vi chnh quyen Viet Nam bang cach gieo rac s

70
Tai lieu Fulro: 2-65. Xem them Ch. Meyer, 1971: 270.
71
Vnh Loc, 1965: 62.

77
xao tron tren Cao Nguyen. Neu chnh quyen Sai Gon t choi
giai quyet yeu sach Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen
Champa-Fulro, to chc nay se keu goi cac sac dan Tay Nguyen
lien ket vi Mat Tran Giai Phong Mien Nam (Front National de
Liberation) cua Ha Noi
72
.
Gan ung 1 thang sau ngay Hoi Ngh Dan Toc ong
Dng, chnh quyen Sai Son chap nhan thoa man ba yeu sach
sau cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro:
Tao ieu kien de dai cho cac sinh vien va hoc sinh
dan toc thieu so vao cac trng ac biet.
Thanh lap mot trng s pham tai Ban Me Thuot cho
cac sac dan thieu so.
Tai lap cac toa an phong tuc
73
.

Vao thang 3 nam 1965, Y Bih Aleo va Rcom Briu
(Jarai) thanh vien Hoi ong Toi Cao cua Mat Tran Giai Phong
Mien Nam en gap Y Bham Enuol tai Phnom-Penh. Trong cuoc
gap g nay, Y Bih Aleo tm cach thuyet phuc Y Bham Enuol gia
nhap Phong Trao Tay Nguyen T Tr cua Ha Noi. c Les
Kosem co van, Y Bham Enuol tra li cho Y Bih Aleo, ban hoc
cung trng va cung la thanh vien cu cua to chc Bajaraka, la
Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro khong co muc
tieu oi hoi qui che t tr Tay Nguyen ma la giai phong Tay
Nguyen ra khoi ach thong tr cua Viet Nam
74
.
S gap g gia Y Bih Aleo va Y Bham Enuol a a
chnh quyen Sai Gon thay oi cach nhn oi vi Fulro.

Ngay 29 thang 4 nam 1965, tng Nguyen Cao Ky, Chu
Tch Uy Ban Hanh Phap Trung ng gi cho Y Bham Enuol

72
Tai lieu Fulro: 2-65
73
74
Tai lieu Fulro: 3-65. Xem them Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 116.

78
mot van th khuyen khch s tr ve Viet nam cua ong ta. Ngay
sau khi tr ve, chnh quyen Sai Gon se giao cho ong ta mot chc
vu quan trong trong noi cac chnh phu va ban nhieu chc vu
quan s va hanh chanh chanh cho cac chien s khac cua Fulro
75
.
Trong tac pham cua ong ta, tng

Vnh Loc xac nhan s kien
nay, nhng lai noi rang bc th o a c trao cho Y Bham
Enuol ngay 5 thang 6 nam 1965 ch khong phai 29 thang 4
1965
76
.
Ngay 6 thang 6 nam 1965, trong bc th tra li cho
Nguyen Cao Ky, Y Bham Enuol viet rang ong ta san sang tr
ve Viet Nam vi ieu kien la chnh quyen Sai Gon phai chap
nhan thoa man ba yeu sach sau cua Fulro:
1- Chap nhan Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen
Champa-Fulro co la c rieng.
2- Chap nhan Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen
Champa-Fulro c quyen c thanh lap quan oi rieng vi s
so la 50.000 ngi.
3- To chc mot hoi ngh hoa bnh gia Mat Tran Giai
Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro va chnh quyen Sai Gon
mot quoc gia th 3, nh Thai Lan hoac Phi Luat Tan
77
.
Theo tng Vnh Loc, ba yeu sach nay cua Fulro a cho
thay ro thai o phan ong cua ngi Thng thieu van minh
va gay ton thng cho chnh quyen Viet Nam Sai Gon
78
.
Sau ngay 6 thang 6 nam 1965, William Beachner,
chuyen vien chnh tr cua toa ai s My va mot vai s quan khac
cua quan oi My gap ai dien Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao

75
Tai lieu Fulro: 4-65. c xac nhan bi Alexis U. Johnson, 1965
76
Vnh Loc, 1965: 65.
77
78
Vnh Loc, 1965: 65.

79
Nguyen Champa-Fulro tai Ban on, pha tay Ban Me Thuot e
ban ve yeu sach ma Fulro a a ra ngay 6 thang 6 nam 1965
79
.

Sai Gon ng trc nhng yeu sach cua Fulro

Ngay 8 thang 5 nam 1965, thu tng Cao Ba Quat e
n xin t chc. Tng Nguyen Cao Ky, ay quyen lc trong
tay, c tng Nguyen Hu Co vao chc vu bo trng Bo Quo c
Phong. Ke t o, chnh quyen mi Sai Gon thay oi chien
lc bang tai lap lai chnh sach thng thuyet vi Mat Tran
Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro
80
. That the, tng
Nguyen Cao Ky cho rang s t khc giai quyet nhng yeu
sach cua Fulro ch a ay khu vc cao nguyen vao ban tay cua
cong san. Bi v a so quan lnh cua quan oi Sai Gon tren Tay
Nguyen la nhng sac dan Thng. Ch can mot quyet nh
cua Fulro, nhng chien binh nay co the quay lng e hp tac
vi quan cach mang (cong san)
81
.
e giai quyet van e nay, Nguyen Cao Ky lap ng
day lien lac trc tiep vi Les Kosem Kampuchea hau trao oi
quan iem vi ong ta ve yeu sach ma Mat Tran Giai Phong
Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro oi hoi. Qua nhng cuoc tiep xuc,
Nguyen Cao Ky tran an Les Kosem ve s nhng bo cua ong ta
oi vi Fulro vi ieu kien ong ta t bo y nh lien ket vi viet
cong
82
.

My oi pho vi yeu sach cua Fulro

79
80
Tai lieu Fulro: 6-65. c xac nhan bi Dennis J. Duncanson, 1966: 351.
81
82

80
Ngay 16 thang 7 nam 1965, tng Vnh Loc, t lenh
quan oan II tai Pleiku, nhan ban bao cao ve cuoc hop b mat
tai t dinh cua William Beachner, nhan vien s quan My Ban
Me Thuot gia 4 ai dien cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao
Nguyen Champa-Fulro (Y Sen Nie Kdam, Y Ngo Buon Ya, Y
Preh Buon Krong, Nay Luett), ong Dorsey Anderson, nhan vien
CIA va ai uy ngi Uc ai Li la Barry Peterson, co van trung
tam ao tao can bo trng sn Tay Nguyen. Trong cuoc hop
nay, Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro yeu cau
ngi My phai ton trong li ha cua tng Richard Dupuy ngay
27-9-1964 buon Sarpa, a chap nhan cho Fulro c quyen to
chc khu quan s bat kha xam pham (zone militaires
exclusives)
83
.
Sau khi nghe tin ve cuoc hop hop b mat ay, tng
Nguyen Hu Co, bo trng Quoc Phong Viet Nam ng ra phe
bnh nghiem khac s can thiep cua My vao van e noi bo Viet
Nam. Ong ta ien thoai cho W. Beachner yeu cau giai thch s
co mat cua Nay Luett trong phien hop nay. V muon benh vc
cho Nay Luett, W. Beachner tra li rang Nay Luett khong co
trong phien hop tai nha ong ta
84
.

Ngay 20 thang 1 nam 1965, mot cuoc hop khac a dien
ra tai Buon Me Thuot gia trung ta Touprong Ya Ba (Churu)
thuoc Nha at Trach Thng Vu va cac ai bieu cua Mat Tran
Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro, vi s co mat cua mot
so co van My cua s oan 23 bo binh Viet Nam.
Sau khi nhac en mot so iem a e ra trong yeu sach,
phai oan cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro
yeu cau CIA My phai ton trong li ha cua tng Richard

83
Tai lieu Fulro: 7-65. c xac nhan bi Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 133;
Vnh Loc, 1965: 66.
84

81
Dupuy vao ngay 27-9-1965. e khong tiet lo nhng y nh cua
CIA trong van e nay, co van My, lay c la khong hieu tieng
Viet, xin phep rut lui ra khoi phien hp
85
.
Ngay 22 thang 7 nam 1965, sau khi xem xet d an ho
tr quan s cho Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-
Fulro, cac co van My chuyen en tng Vnh Loc mot e ngh
gom 3 iem:
1. Chap nhan thanh lap khu quan s bat kha xam
pham (zone militaires exclusives) danh cho cac n v chien
au Fulro ma lng thc va sung an do quan oi My cung cap.
2. Thanh lap mot ban lien lac gia nhng n v Fulro
va chnh quyen quan s Sai Gon.
3. e c mot s quan am trach viec phoi hp chng
trnh nay.

Tren thc te, s thanh lap nhng khu quan s bat kha
xam pham (zone militaires exclusives) danh rieng cho Fulro
phat xuat t y niem chong du kch cua My nham ngan chan mot
cach hu hieu s ot nhap cong san tren Cao Nguyen. Tng
Vnh Loc, rat bc mnh ve cac y nh cua My, phat bieu y kien
khong ong tnh vi ke hoach ay bang cach dung mot luan ieu
khoi hai: va mi nghe e ngh cua My thanh lap bon khu
quan s bat kha xam pham, Fulro a tuyen bo on ao la ho a co
bon tieu oan chien binh san sang ong chiem cac khu vc
ay
86
.

Ngay 23 thang 7 nam 1965, khong ch i s chap
thuan cua Sai Gon, Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-
Fulro ra lenh di chuyen nhng n v chien au en Buon
Brieng, gan Ban on, pha tay Ban Me Thuot, ma ho cho la

85
86
Vnh Loc, 1965: 69.

82
mot trong bon khu quan s bat kha xam pham (zone
militaires exclusives) ma ngi My a co y nh trao cho ho.
Va en, binh lnh Fulro thong tin cho s quan trach nhiem trai
quan s Sai Gon Buon Brieng ve s co mat cua ho. V ch huy
trai nay lien gi mot bc ien van cho cap lanh ao quan s
quan oan II Pleiku e bao cao tnh hnh quan s roi ren
Buon Brieng va xin quyet nh cua cap tren
87
.

Ngay 29 thang 7 nam 1965, mot phai oan quan s Viet
Nam en trai Buon Brieng e g roi cho cuoc khung hoang. Khi
phai oan en ni, Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-
Fulro lien tan cong Buon Brieng va lam chu tnh hnh trai lnh
nay. Sau khi loai binh s Viet Nam ra khoi chien trng, Fulro
bat mot so binh lnh Hoa Ky lam tu binh va keo c Fulro len
trc mat phai oan Sai Gon
88
. Bien co nay a lam cho tng
Vnh Loc, t lenh quan oan II, vo cung phan no. Theo tng
Vnh Loc, Fulro ch la mot nhom phan ong tuan lenh cong san
ma ong ta phai tieu diet bang cach ra lenh cho n v khong
quan tan cong trai lnh ay. Trong luc tan cong, mot vai binh s
Fulro b bat va chuyen ve trai giam Duc My, gan Nha
Trang
89
.

Ngay 30 thang 7 nam 1965, tng Nguyen Hu Co, bo
trng Quoc Phong, tuyen bo la s noi day cua Fulro Buon
Brieng ngay 29 thang 7 co lien quan en ke hoach cua My qua
phien hop mat ngay 16 thang 7 nam 1965 tai nha ong W.
Beachner. Chnh v the, ong ta rat phan no ve thai o c x cua
ngi My va e ngh mot cuoc hop khan cap tai Ban Me Thuot

87
88
Tai lieu Fulro: 7-65. c xac nhan bi Vnh Loc, 1965: 70-71.
89
Tai lieu Fulro: 7-65. c xac nhan bi Jean Larteguy, 1965: 165-166;
Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 23 va Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 134-135.

83
vi tng William Westmoreland (t lenh quan oi My tai Viet
Nam) va Philip Manfull (co van chnh tr tai toa ai s My tai
Sai Gon). Trong cuoc hop nay, tng Nguyen Hu Co tuyen bo
rang chnh quyen Sai gon khong chap nhan s can thiep cua
ngi My vao van e Fulro c xem la van e noi bo cua Viet
Nam. Ong ta ra lenh cho William Beachner va ai uy ngi Uc
Barry Peterson, hai nhan vat a tham d phien hop ngay 16-7-
1965 vi Fulro, phai ri khoi Cao Nguyen. Cung luc o, tng
Vnh Loc cung len tieng ch trch thai o trch thng cua ngi
My va ket toi cong khai ve s quyet nh n phng cua ho
trong viec thanh lap nhng khu quan s bat kha xam pham
(zone militaires exclusives) co li cho binh lnh Fulro ma khong
can xin y kien cua chnh quyen Viet Nam
90
.

Ngay 22 thang 8 nam 1965, chnh quyen Sai Gon e
ngh mot cuoc hp vi Fulro va gii tham quyen My nham giai
quyet van e Buon Brieng. Phai oan Sai gon do tng Vnh
Loc hng dan va phai oan My do tng Throck Morton, ai
dien cho van phong vien tr My tai Viet Nam
91
.
e tm ra loi thoat cho cuoc khung hoang, tng
Nguyen Cao Ky, Chu Tch Hoi ong Hanh Phap Trung ng
cho pho bien mot thong bao chnh thc khang nh la chnh
quyen Sai Gon tm cach thoa man nhng yeu sach ma Fulro a
e trnh trong hoi ngh ngay 16 thang 10 nam 1964. Cung luc
o, Alexis Johnson, co van th nhat cuaai s quan Hoa Ky
cung cho ra mot ban thong bao hoan nghenh sang kien cua
chnh phu Sai Gon a quan tam en Fulro
92
. Rat hai long ve
ket qua ay, Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro

90
Vnh Loc, 1965; Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 134.
91
Vnh Loc, 1965: 70-71.
92
Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 23; Vnh Loc, 1965: 73-77; Ngon Vnh, 1995: 63.

84
cho rut binh khoi trai Buon Brieng va di chuyen ve mat khu
Kampuchea
93
.

Ngay 6 thang 8 nam 1965, ba ai dien cua Mat Tran
Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro sang Kampuchea e
giao cho ong Y Bham Enuol hai thong bao cua My va Viet
Nam
94
.
Cung vao thang 8 nam 19965, chnh quyen Sai Gon,
nham duy tr lien lac vi Fulro, chap thuan thanh lap mot van
phong thng trc cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen
Champa-Fulro tai Viet nam, vi ten goi la Phai oan ac Biet
va Chnh Thc (Delegation Speciale et Officielle, viet tat la
DSO-Fulro). Van phong nay at buon Ale A, gan Ban Me
Thuot. ay la van phong lien lac gia bo ch huy cua Y Bham
Enuol va chnh quyen Sai Gon. Y Dhe Adrng c c lam
trng phai oan, va c cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen
Champa-Fulro c phep tung bay trong chu vi cua Buon Ale
A
95
.

S noi day cua Buon Brieng a a chnh quyen Sai
Gon en thai o mem deo hn oi vi Fulro. Hoan toan trai
ngc vi quan iem cua tng Vnh Loc, chnh quyen Sai Gon
khong xem Fulro nh mot nhom phien loan ma la mot phong
trao vu trang c nuc ngoai ho tr, o la Kampuchea. Khong

93
94
Nguyen Trac D, 1969: 24.
95
Tai lieu Fulro: 8-65; Gerald C. Hickey, 1965: 135.
Hieu k cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa hoan toan khac
biet vi hieu k cua Fulro. Hieu k nay la hnh ch nhat chia lam lam ba
phan. Phan ben trai la nen mau xanh la cay tren o co mat trang na
vong mau trang va ngoi sao mau trang tng trng cho hoi giao. Phan
chnh gia chia thanh 9 khuon theo chieu ngang: 4 khuon mau trang va 5
khuon mau xanh bien tng trng cho s oan ket. Phan th 3 ben phai
co nen mau o, tng trng cho s au tranh.

85
ke en nhng n v chien au tap trung trong chien khu tnh
Mondulkiri cua vng quoc nay, Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao
Nguyen Champa-Fulro con co nhng n v khac b mat trong
cac trai Lc Lng Trng Sn va Lc Lng ac Biet cua
My. V the, dung sc manh e tran ap phong trao nay ch lam
tang them s cang thang quan s tren Cao Nguyen. Hieu c
nh the, chnh quyen Sai Gon soan thao mot chien lc mi
nham giai quyet s khung hoang nay bang con ng thng
thuyet. Chnh v the, ho yeu cau Y Bham Enuol nen tr ve Viet
Nam e lanh ao dan toc Tay Nguyen. Chnh quyen Sai Gon
cho rang Y Bham Enuol la nan nhan cua ngi Cham la dan toc
muon oi Champa oc lap, mot van e lch s khong lien he g
en dan toc Tay Nguyen
96
.

Ngay 25 thang 8 nam 1965, Y Bham Enuol, nhan danh
Mat Tran Giai Phong X Dega-Cham T Do (Front de
Liberation du Pays Libre Dega-Cham) ten mi cua to chc
ma Y Bham va mi at ra gi en tng Vnh Loc, t lenh
quan oan oan II tai Pleiku, mot bc th noi rang lc lng
Fulro a san sang dung vu lc e giai phong Cao Nguyen khoi
ach thong tr Viet Nam neu chnh quyen Sai Gon khong chap
thuan cac yeu sach cua ho
97
. Mot ban sao cua bc th nay c
gi en tng Nguyen Hu Co, bo trng Quoc Phong. Sau khi
nhan bc th, tng Nguyen Hu Co to chc mot cuoc hop bao
tai Sai Gon vao ngay 25-8-1965 e cho biet y kien cua ong ta
ve Fulro. Nhan dp nay, tng Nguyen Hu Co to cao Y Bham
Enuol la ngi Thng muon oi Tay Nguyen oc lap. Theo
Nguyen Hu Co, chnh quyen Sai Gon khong chap nhan lien
lac na vi nhng quan phien loan Thng [] . Ong ta se an
nh thi gian e ho tr ve Viet Nam hp tac. Qua thi gian o,

96
97
c xac nhan bi Norman C. La Brie, 1971: 84.

86
chnh quyen Sai Gon se co nhng giai phap thch ang e tieu
diet to chc nay
98
.
Cung luc, tng Vnh Loc len an ket toi nghiem khac to
chc Fulro. Theo ong ta, lc lng Fulro ch la mot to chc oi
hnh cua Norodom Sihanouk, lam tay sai cho Phap va cong cu
cua viet cong. a so nhng binh s Fulro la ngi Tay Nguyen,
mot tap the de b mua chuot, t hoc, lam con c cho nc ngoai
xao tra va oc ac muon chong pha Viet Nam. Chnh v the,
che o Sai Gon xet khong xng ang e ng ra thng lng
vi nhng ngi Thng thieu van minh, nhng can phai dung
vu lc e tieu diet ho
99
.

Sau s bat ong y kien lan th nhat vao au nam 1965
ve ten goi Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa-Fulro, Y Bham Enuol
va Les Kosem a i en mot thoa hiep bang cach x dung mot
danh xng mi cho to chc o la Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao
Nguyen Champa-Fulro. Sau khi nghe tin Y Bham Enuol dung
ten goi Mat Tran Giai Phong X Dega-Cham T Do trong bc
th gi cho tng Vnh Loc, ai ta Les Kosem bay to s ngac
nhien cua mnh va at van e vi Y Bham Enuol ve ten goi mi
nay cua to chc ma ngay ca Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro cung cha
he hay biet. Y Bham Enuol tra li rang mot vai thanh vien goc
Tay Nguyen khong hieu y ngha chnh xac cua t Champa trong
cach s dung hang ngay. Theo Y Bham Enuol, dan toc Tay
Nguyen hieu rang Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-
Fulro co y nh giai phong lanh tho cu cua Champa t Quang
Bnh cho en Sai Gon, yeu sach ma chnh quyen Sai Gon khong
muon nghe noi en
100
. Cuoc khung hoang lan th ba ve danh

98
Vnh Loc, 1965: 85. Xem them Norman C. La Brie, 1971: 81-84; Gerald C.
Hickey, 1982b: 135; Ngon Vnh, 1995: 66.
99
Vnh Loc, 1965: 72.
100

87
xng Champa trong to chc ang i vao con ng be tat,
khong co s thoa hiep nao ca gia Les Kosem va Y Bham
Enuol.

Sau ngay di chuyen cac n v Fulro tren lanh tho Viet
Nam va viec tan cong trai lnh Buon Brieng ngay 29-7-1965,
tng Vnh Loc ra mot tuyen cao xem Fulro nh mot nhom vu
trang c nc ngoai va cong san yem tr tm cach gieo rac s
xao tron va oi hoi nhng yeu sach khong the bien bach c,
co nguy c en an ninh cua at nc Viet Nam
101
. Va ong ta
them rang tat ca s di chuyen n v vu trang Fulro t nay ve
sau se c xem la mot hanh ong phien loan ma quan oi Viet
Nam se khong do d tieu diet bang vu lc
102
.
Tiep theo tuyen cao nay, Y Bham Emuol gi cho tng
Vnh Loc mot bc th khang nh la Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao
Nguyen Champa-Fulro se tiep tuc chien au cho en khi che o
Sai Gon thc hien yeu sach Fulro gom 4 iem sau ay:
1. Bien Cao Nguyen thanh mot quoc gia lien ket (Etat
Associe) vi Viet Nam.
2. Co quyen x dung quoc ky rieng.
3. Co quyen thanh lap quan oi rieng.
4. Giam so lng ngi Viet nh c tren Caonguyen
bang so lng cua nam 1954.
Neu chnh quyen Sai gon chap thuan yeu sach ay, Mat
Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro san sang tham d
cuoc thao luan vi Sai gon mot quoc gia th 3 nh Phi Luat
Tan chang han
103
.

101
Vnh Loc, 1965: 78
102
Vnh Loc, 1965: 79
103
Tai lieu Fulro: 9-65. c xac nhan bi Vnh Loc, 1965: 83 va Norman C.
La Brie, 1971: 84.

88
Khi nhan bc th nay, tng Vnh Loc to cao Y Bham
Enuol la mot nhan vat ngoan co, ngao man dam oi t tr cho
Cao nguyen t v tuyen17 cho en Bien Hoa
104
.

Fulor tan cong Pleiku

Vao ngay 8 thang 9 nam 1965, tc la bon ngay sau
tuyen bao cua tng Vnh Loc, lc lng Fulro tan cong mot
trai lnh Viet Nam gan Pleiku va chiem khu vc Buon Ea Yong.
Hai tieu oan cua quan oi Sai Gon c gi en lap tc e
tran ap s noi day nay. Cung luc o, co nhieu nguon tin cho
rang 200 binh s Fulro b chet v ngi Viet Nam bo thuoc au
oc ho. Bien co nay lam cho ngi Viet nh c tren Cao
Nguyen phai khiep s, hoang mang v s dan toc Tay Nguyen
tra thu
105
.

Nhng yeu sach mi cua Fulro

Ngay 13 thang 10 nam 1965, mot s gap g gia phai
oan Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro va ai
ta Thanh, ai dien chnh quyen Sai Gon a dien ra Buon Me
Thuot. Vao dp nay, Fulro yeu cau ai ta Thanh chuyen en
chnh quyen Sai Gon nhng yeu sach sau ay:
1. Chap nhan cho Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen
Champa-Fulro quyen c s dung la c rieng.
2. Cho phep Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen
Champa-Fulro thanh lap quan oi rieng.
3. Ban hanh mot qui che ac biet cho cac dan toc thieu
so.

104
Vnh Loc, 1965: 82. c xac nhan bi Norman C. La Brie, 1971: 84.
105
N. C. La Brie, 1971: 85; Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 136; Vnh Loc, 1965:
87.

89
4. Cho phep thanh lap Phu Tong Uy Sac Toc co qui che
ngoai giao giong nh qui che cua mot toa ai s va tru s cua
Phu Tong Uy at tai Ban Me Thuot.
5. Chap thuan cho Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen
Champa-Fulro c tham gia cac hoi ngh quoc te lien quan en
cac dan toc thieu so
106
.

ai ta Thanh tra li rang chnh phu Sai Son khong the
thoa man nam yeu sach o v Viet Nam a thc hien trong vong
mot nam nay nhieu yeu sach cua Fulro, cu the:
1. Thanh lap mot trng quan s danh cho con em cua
binh s dan toc thieu so.
2. Bai bo ngh nh 1958 cua Ngo nh Diem nham tch
thu at ai tren Cao Nguyen.
3. Chap thuan ngay 22-7-1965 tai lap lai toa an phong
tuc.
4. Xay dng mot trng s pham mi tai Ban Me Thuot
do ngi My tai tr.
5. Thanh lap mot trng trung hoc ky thuat Y Ut tai ban
Me Thuot danh rieng cho hoc sinh dan toc thieu so.
6. Chap thuan danh moi de dang cho cac hoc sinh va
sinh vien thieu so vao nhng trng ac biet.
7. Thanh lap nhng trng trung hoc cho nhng dan toc
thieu so tren cao nguyen va ong bang nh phan Rang va
Phan R
107
.

au thang 11 nam 1965, uy ban ac trach cac van e
dan toc thieu so cua toa ai s My trao cho ong ai s Hoa Ky
mot bao cao cho biet la viec thng thuyet gia Fulro va chnh
quyen Sai Gon i vao con ng be tat v hai v tng Vnh Loc

106
107
Nguyen Trac D, 1969; Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 135.

90
va Nguyen Hu Co co mot thai o oi vi Fulro hoan toan khac
biet, nhat la khong cung quan iem vi chnh quyen Sai Gon ve
mat tran nay. Theo Vnh Loc va Nguyen Hu Co, chnh quyen
Sai Gon phai dung vu lc e tieu diet phong trao Fulro. Ho con
to cao Nha ac Trach Thng Vu khong co vai tro tch cc
trong van e Fulro, mot c quan cua nha nc do trung ta
Touprong Ya Ba (Churu) ieu hanh, mot ngi Thng bat
lc, khong co mot t anh hng nao oi vi to chc Fulro
108
.

Mot khi cuoc am phan vi che o Sai Gon i vao ngo
be tat, Y Bham Enuol, vi t cach la chu tch Mat Tran Giai
Phong Dega-Cham a gi mot van th e ngay 8-11-1965 cho
Lyndon B. Johnson, tong thong Hoa Ky yeu cau ong ta lam ap
lc vi chnh quyen Sai Gon e ban hanh mot qui che ac biet
tren Cao Nguyen tng ta nh qui che cu cua Hoang trieu
cng tho. Ong ta cung a gi cho Lien Hiep Quoc mot van th
khac co noi th tng ta
109
.
Cung nh bc th gi cho tng Vnh Loc, Les Kosem
mi biet la Y Bham Enuol co chuyen hai la th chnh thc tong
thong Hoa Ky va Lien Hiep Quoc vi t cach la chu tch Mat
Tran Giai Phong Dega-Cham trc kia la Mat Tran Giai
Phong X Dega-Cham T Do ten goi mi ma Hoi ong Toi
Cao Fulro cha tng biet en. Les Kosem yeu cau Y Bham
Enuol giai thch nguyen nhan cua s thay oi nay. S xoa bo t
Champa trong danh xng nay a lam cho Les Kosem co cam
giac rang Y Bham Enuol, v co s ap lc cua mot vai thanh vien
Tay Nguyen, khong muon ten goi Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao
Nguyen Champa-Fulro na ma la Mat Tran Giai Phong Dega-
Cham. V muc tieu cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Dega-Cham

108
109
Tai lieu Fulro: 11-65; Y Bham Enuol, 1965. c xac nhan bi N. C. La
Brie, 1971: 85 va Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 139.

91
khong phai la phong trao oi giai phong Champa ma la bao ve
quyen li kinh te, xa hoi va chnh tr cua ngi Thng (Dega)
tren cao nguyen va ngi Cham ong bang Phan Rang va
Phan R, phu hp vi nguyen vong cua chnh quyen Sai Gon
110
.
Viec s dung danh xng Mat Tran Giai Phong Dega-
Cham a khuech ai them s ran nt gia cac thanh vien Fulro.
Mot so ngi gan gui vi Les Kosem nh Y Dhn Adrng,
YBhan Kpr, Y Nham Eban, Ksor Duot, Kpa Dh, ch trch
nang ne Y Bham Enuol ve s thieu tam nhn lch s, ve thai o
thieu trung thanh vi cng lnh cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao
Nguyen Champa-Fulro, ve s do d khong muon dung giai
phap quan s chong lai Viet Nam. V khong chap nhan nhng
li ch trch ay, Y Bham Enuol quyet nh cat t lien lac vi Y
Dhn Adrng va nhom cua ong ta
111
.

Ngay 19 thang 9 nam 1965, bao ch Kampuchea loan tin
thanh phan mi trong Hoi ong Toi Cao cua to chc Fulro:
- Chu tch Fulro: Chau Dara.
- e nhat pho chu tch Fulro: Y Bham Enuol.
- e nh pho chu tch Fulro: Po Nagar (biet hieu Les
Kosem)

Ngoai ra con co mot so nhan vat Kh Me trong Hoi
ong Toi Cao, nh Ung Hony Sath (chu tch quoc hoi Cao
Mien), ai tng Lon Nol (e nhat pho thu tng Cao Mien) va
Son Sann (e nh pho thu tng Cao Mien).
Sau ngay 19 thang 9 nam 1965, Y Bham Enuol am
trach chnh thc hai chc vu: chu tch Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao

110
111

92
Nguyen Champa-Fulro va e nhat pho chu tch Fulro, tc la
Mat Tran Thong Nhat au Tranh Dan Toc B Ap Bc
112
.

Cung trong nam 1965, tac pham cua Dorohiem va
Dohamide goc Cham Chau oc, co ta e la Dan Toc Cham
Lc S (Hiep Hoi Hoi Giao Cham Viet Nam xuat ban 1965)
tr thanh oi tng cua phien hop Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro vao
ngay 20 thang 11 nam 1965 va gay s tranh cai soi noi gia Les
Kosem va Y Bham Enuol. Neu da vao quan iem cua
Dorohiem va Dohamide, Champa ch la vng quoc cua ngi
Cham. Cam thay b xuc pham, Y Bham Enuol va cac thanh vien
Fulro than can vi ong ta ng ra phan oi quyen sach nay cho
rang ch co ngi Cham mi co lch s con ngi Thng la dan
toc ma r khong co lch s. Ta e cua tac pham viet rang
Dan Toc Cham Lc S do hai ngi Cham bien soan a
chng minh y o cua hai tac gia nay. Y Bham Enuol to cao
Dorohiem va Dohamide la hai nhan vat co ha uy tn ngi
Thng. Les Kosem va nhng ngi than can cua ong ta
cung phan oi noi dung quyen sach nay ma ong ta cho la mot
tai lieu tuyen truyen cua che o Sai Gon. Sau o, Les Kosem
cho rang hai tac gia nay khong phai la nhng nha nghien cu
lch s ma la hai quan chc cao cap cua chnh phu Sai Gon tm
cach ba at lch s Champa theo menh lenh cua chnh quyen
Viet Nam nham ly gian ngi Thng vi ngi Cham. Sau
o, Souleiman (ten that la Thien Sanh Thi, Cham Phan Rang)
yeu cau Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro ket toi tac pham nay ma noi
dung hoan toan i ngc lai vi quan iem cua nhieu nha s
hoc cho rang dan toc Thng a tng ong mot vai tro quan
trong trong lch s cua vng quoc Champa
113
.

112
Tai lieu Fulro: 11-65; Comite Administratif...1965. c xac nhan bi
113

93

Mac du Y Bham Enuol a nhieu lan len tieng vi chnh
phu Hoa Ky va Lien hiep Quoc, nhng chnh sach thng
thuyet vi to chc Fulro cua chnh quyen Viet Nam van i vao
con ng be tat. Theo Les Kosem, neu s kien o xay ra la v
che o Sai Gon co hai quan iem khac nhau ve Fulro: Phai
chnh quyen Sai Gon ma tng Nguyen Cao Ky la ngi tieu
bieu mong muon am phan vi Fulro va phai quan s Pleiku
cua tng Vnh Loc muon dung vu lc e tieu diet phong trao
nay
114
.
Mot khi giai phap thng thuyet i vao be tat, ai ta
Les Kosem quyet nh dung giai phap quan s e quay pha a
ban Cao Nguyen. c tin tng Nguyen Cao Ky se en
Pleiku e lam le be mac khoa Can Bo Trng Sn vao ngay 16-
12-1965, ai ta Les Kosem ra lenh cho Y Dhn Adrng, Y
Nham Eban va Y Bhan Kpr m cac cuoc tan cong tren Cao
Nguyen. Mot vai gi sau, lc lng Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao
Nguyen Champa-Fulro xam chiem tnh l Gia Ngha gan buon
Sarpa. Sau o, mat tran nay lai tan cong mot so trai lnh trong
tnh Darlac va rai truyen n to cao tng Vnh Loc la nha lanh
ao kieu cang, ch biet dung vu lc e giai quyet nhng van e
cua ngi Thng ma ong ta cho la nhng ngi ngu
ngoc
115
.
Trc tnh hnh quan s nay, thieu tng thu tng
Nguyen Cao Ky van tiep tuc len Pleiku chu toa le be mac khoa
Can Bo Trng Snn vao gay 17-12-1965. Thieu tng Nguyen
Cao Ky va oc xong bai dien van trong buoi le, lc lng
Fulro no sung tan cong Pleiku va Phu Bon gay thiet hai tanh

114
115
Tai lieu Fulro: 12-65. c xac nhan bi Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 24; N.
C. La Brie, 1971: 85-86 va Ngon Vnh, 1995: 67.

94
mang cho ca hai pha. Trong tran chien nay, quan oi Viet Nam
bat song c 19 chien s Fulro
116
.

Hai quan iem khac biet gia cac tng lanh Viet nam

Sau bien co nay, thieu tng thu tng Nguyen Cao Ky
ch trch cong khai tng Vnh Loc ve thai o kieu cang va
ng loi chnh tr khieu khch cua ong ta a thuc ay Fulro
dung vu lc thach thc chnh quyen Sai Gon. Nhng tng
Nguyen Hu Co, bo trng Quoc Phong, lai benh vc quan
iem tng Vnh Loc, cho rang s tan cong cua Fulro vao ngay
17 thang 12 nam 1965 la mot s tuyen chien that s cua mot
nc lang gieng (am ch Kampuchea) chong lai Viet Nam. Theo
tng Nguyen Hu Co, mat tran Fulro c Lon Nol, e nhat
pho thu tng cua vng quoc nay ho tr cong khai, cha ke
cac bo trng khac
117
. oi vi ong ta, quan oi My phai chu
trach nhiem phan nao trong bien co nay, v khong co s giup
cua My, lc lng Fulro khong the tan cong cung mot luc ca ba
thanh pho Viet Nam: Gia Ngha, Pleiku, Ban Me Thuot
118
. Mac
du co s ch trch cua tng Nguyen Cao Ky, tng Vnh Loc
van tiep tuc ap dung chien lc quan s an ap Fulro. Chnh v
the, ong ta ra lenh di Nha ac Trach Thng Vu ve Pleiku,
gan tong hanh dinh cua ong ta, chuyen cac nhan s Tay Nguyen
co dnh dang vi vu tan cong 17-12-1965 ve mien duyen hai va
cho truy to cac nhan vat Thng ma ong ta cho la bat hao nh
Siu Phun, (Jarai), RMah Liu (Jarai), Y Thih Eban (Rae), v.v.
Trc s truy na nay, ngi Tay Nguyen tm cach vt bien

116
Tai lieu Fulro: 12-65. c xac nhan bi N. C. La Brie, 1971: 86 va
117
118

95
gii sang Cao Mien e ang ky gia nhap Fulro cang nhieu
hn
119
.

Bai bo che o quan dch cho cac dan toc thieu so

Sau bien co ngay 17 thang 12 nam 1965, tng Vnh
Loc ra lenh kiem tra lai ly lch cua nhng binh lnh Fulro a
tham gia vao s phan ong nay. Che o Sai Gon tm thay trong
nhom binh s ay co rat nhieu ngi a c quan oi Viet Nam
ao tao trong cac trng khoa quan dch. V the, ngay 22-12-
1965, tng Vnh Loc e ngh chnh quyen Sai Gon bai bo che
quan dch cho cac dan toc thieu so e chnh phu Viet Nam
khong con gop phan vao viec ao tao cac binh lnh Thng,
e roi ho tr thanh chien s cua Fulro
120
.

Phan ng cua Hoang than Norodom Sihanouk

Ngay 27 thang 12 nam 1965, hoang than Norodom
Sihanouk len tieng ket toi nhng luan ieu lao khoet cua tng
Vnh Loc a to cao Kampuchea giup Fulro tan cong Pleiku
vao ngay 17-12-1965. Trong ban thong cao cua mnh, quoc
trng Kh Me cho rang Kampuchea la quoc gia qua ngheo
khong the nuoi dng binh lnh Fulro, them vao o, phai oan
kiem soat nh chien cua Lien Hiep Quoc tai Kampuchea
khong bao gi len tieng ve s hien dien cua Mat Tran Giai
Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro tren lanh tho Cao Mien. V
vay, s to cao lao khoet cua tng vnh Loc ch nham muc ch
chong pha hoa bnh vng quoc nay
121
.

119
Tai lieu Fulro: 12-65. c xac nhan bi N. C. La Brie, 1971: 88 va
120
121

96
Vao nhng ngay 27 va 28 thang 12 nam 1965, tng
Vnh Loc ch th cho toa an quan s tai Pleiku tien hanh xet s
nhng tu binh ngi Thng b bat vao ngay 17-12-1965 ma
ong ta cho la toi pham Fulro pha hoai nen an ninh quoc gia
Viet Nam. Ket qua, toa an quan oi Viet Nam a ket toi t hnh
4 chien s Fulro va an chung than cho 15 ngi khac
122
.
Ngay hom sau, toa an quan oi Viet Nam ra lenh t
hnh cong khai 4 chien s Fulro trc mat hang ngan ngi Tay
Nguyen va ngi Kinh
123
. Theo Ngon Vnh, nhng chien s
Fulro b ket an t hnh la nhng ngi Jarai ten la Nay Ri, Kror
Cam, Kror Boh, Kror Pieo
124
.
Vu an t hnh chien s Fulro a a Hoi ong Toi Cao
Fulro len tieng ch trch kch liet chnh sach Sai Gon. Theo ai
ta Les Kosem, ay la vu an man r, phi phap ly, nham diet
chung dan toc thieu so th ung hn. V theo ong ta, neu che o
Sai Gon ra lenh t hnh chien s Fulro bi v ho la ngi
Thng, khong cung nguon goc vi ngi Viet, trong khi o
o che o Sai Gon luon luon khoan dung oi nhng tu binh Viet
Cong bi v ho la ngi Kinh
125
.
Theo thieu tng thu tng Nguyen Cao Ky va tng
Nguyen Hu Co, bo trng Quoc Phong, s ket an t hnh 4
chien s Fulro la chnh sach sai lam cua tng Vnh Loc. V
rang, vu an nay cang khuech ai them phong trao dan toc thieu
so cam thu ngi Viet them va khong tin tng vao chnh
quyen Sai Gon na. Ban an ay cang tang cng them d luan
quoc te ket toi che o Sai Gon thc thi chnh sach diet chung
dan toc thieu so Viet Nam
126
.

122
c xac nhan bi Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 25 va N. C. La Brie, 1971: 87.
123
Tai lieu Fulro: 12-65. c xac nhan bi Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 25.
124
Ngon Vnh, 1995: 69.
125
126
Tai lieu Fulro: 12-65. c xac nhan bi Charles Mohr, 1966 va Gerald
C. Hickey, 1982: 141.

97
Vu an t hnh 4 chien s Thng a gay ra mot hau
qua kinh hoang tren Cao Nguyen. Cac bao ch Viet Nam ang
tai hang loat tin tc cho rang linh hon cua cac chien s Fulro b
t hnh se nhap vao Y Bham Enuol e lam cho ong ta tr thanh
nhan vat sieu pham co nhng quyen lc than du nham tra thu
nhng ngi Viet nh c va tay chay ho ra khoi Tay Nguyen.
Trc tnh the nay, ngi Viet nh c tren Cao Nguyen ang
song trong mot boi canh hoang mang va s hai. Chnh v the,
cong ong ngi Viet Cao Nguyen yeu cau chnh quyen Sai
Gon bao ve ho e thoat khoi nguy c tren. e tran an dan
chung em lai an ninh va lam du bt tnh hnh cang thang nay,
chnh quyen Sai Gon ban lenh thieu quan luat tren Cao
Nguyen va cam nhng ngi Thng mang vu kh hay nhng
dung cu sac nhon nh dao, ra, giao mac trong thanh pho
127
.

Keu goi Lien Hiep Quoc

Ngay 29-12-1965, ai ta Les Kosem to chc mot cuoc
hop Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro tai Phnom-Penh e nghien cu lai
vu t hnh 4 chien s Fulro. Ong ta e ngh Y Bham Enuol gi
cho Lien Hiep Quoc mot bc th phan oi chnh sach tieu diet
dan toc thieu so cua chnh quyen Sai Gon. Trong bc th nay,
Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro nhan manh
rang nhng chien s b bat trong chien trng Pleiku vao ngay
17 thang 12 nam 1965 la nhng tu binh chien tranh ch khong
phai la nhng toi pham hnh s co hanh ong chong pha
chnh phu Viet Nam nh Sai Gon a tuyen bo. Y Bham Enuol
thnh cau Lien Hiep Quoc to cao vu an tren hoan toan i ngc
lai vi qui c ve tu binh chien tranh cua Lien Hiep Quoc
128
.

127
128

98
ai ta Les Kosem ch th cho Y Bham Enuol gi mot
bc th cho tong thong Ma e bay to s that vong cua Fulro
trc s im lang cua chnh quyen Hoa Ky ve vu an t hnh
chien s Fulro. Va ong ta to cao Hoa Ky ap dung la bai hai mat.
Mot ben, quan oi My x dung ngi Thng e chien au
chong lai cong san va mot ben quan oi My lai cho phep chnh
phu Sai Gon tan sat ngi Thng
129
.

Bien co nam 1966

S bat hoa gia long FLHPC-Fulro

S vung day cua Fulro vao ngay 17 thang 12 nam 1965
a tao nen moi bat hoa tram trong gia cap lanh ao cua Mat
Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro. Bc vao them
nam mi 1966, Y Bham Enuol to cao Y Dhn Adrng, Y Nhuin,
Y Nham Eban va Y Bhan Kpr la nhng nha lanh ao quan s
phai chu trach nhiem ve s thiet mang cua chien s Fulro hn
100 ngi trong vu tan cong ngay 17-12-1965 cha ke bon
chien s Jarai b t hnh. Theo Y Bham Enuol, nhng thanh vien
nay la nhng v ch huy vo trach nhiem a khi ong mot tran
chien chong Viet Nam ma khong can s ong y cua ong ta.
Chnh v the, Y Dhn Adrng, Y Nhuin, Y Nham Eban va Y
Bhan Kpr phai nhan lanh mot hnh phat gng mau
130
.
e tra li cho s ket toi ay, Y Dhn Adrng, Y Nhuin, Y
Nham Eban va Y Bhan Kpr tuyen bo rang chnh ai ta Les
Kosem la ngi ra lenh cho cuoc tan cong nay. V vay, ong Y
Bham Enuol nen tc tiep at van e vi Les Ksem hn la o loi
cho ho
131
.

129
130
Tai lieu Fulro: 1-65. c xac nhan bi Nguyen Trac D, 1969: 25.
131

99
Da vao cau tra li tren, Y Bham Enuol ngh rang co s
thong ong gia Les Kosem va nhom Y Dhn Adrng. V
khong con tin tng vao nhom Y Dhn Adrng na, Y Bham
Enuol e ngh hai thanh vien tre tuoi la Y Sen Nie Kdam va Y
Ngo Buon Ya quyen ieu hanh lc lng vu trang cua phong
trao nay va viet mot ban tng trnh to cao nhom Y Dhn
Adrng ang chuan b mu o lat o ong ta. Bien co nay a
a Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro vao khong kh ngot ngac, nghi k
va hiem khch nhau. e tra li cho Y Bham Enuol, nhom Y
Dhn Adrng len tieng to cao Y Sen Nie Kdam la nhan vien
tnh bao cua tng Nguyen Khanh ke t nam 1964 tm cach len
loi vao Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro hau dap tan mat tran nay. S
kien tren a tao ra s tranh cai gay gat gia Y Bham Enuol va
nhom Y Dhn Adrng
132
.

Ap lc quan oi My oi vi Sai Gon

S an ap chong lc lng Fulro sau bien co ngay 17-
12-1965 tai Peiku a a cac nha lanh ao quan oi My vao
con ng boi roi. Trong dp tiep xuc vi tng Nguyen Hu
Co, bo trng Bo Quoc Phong Viet Nam, vao au nam 1966 tai
Sai Gon, tng William Westmoreland, tong t lenh quan oi
Hoa Ky tai Viet Nam tuyen bo rang chnh sach an ap Fulro se
a van e an ninh Cao Nguyen i vao con ng nguy hiem va
cang thuc ay them ngi Thng lien ket vi cong san. e
thao ngoi cho cuoc khung hoang nay, ong ta e ngh nen thoa
man nhng yeu sach Fulro gom 3 iem nh sau:
1. Thiet lap lai toa an phong tuc cho dan toc thieu so
2. Tai lap chng trnh day tieng me e cho con em dan
toc thieu so.

132

100
3. Cong nhan quyen s hu chu at ai cua dan toc
thieu so.
Tng Nguyen Hu Co ha se trnh bay lai nhng yeu
sach nay khi co phien hop hoi ong chnh phu.

Nhan dp vieng tham Viet Nam, ong Dean Rusk, Bo
Trng Ngoai Giao Hoa Ky, co phien gap mat vi tng
Nguyen Cao Ky va yeu cau ong ta nen tm mot giai phap hp ly
e giai quyet yeu sach Fulro nham am bao s on nh chnh tr
va quan s tren Cao Nguyen
133
.
Sau cuoc gap mat nay, chnh quyen Sai Gon to chc
ngay 12-2-1966 tai Pleiku, mot hoi ngh mang ten la Kinh
Thng oan ket nham xoa du s phan no cua dan toc Tay
Nguyen ve vu an t hnh 4 chien s Fulro va thuyet phuc dan
toc vung cao nguyen cong tac chat che hn vi chnh quyen
Viet Nam
134
.

Ngay 15 thang 2 nam 1966, ai ta Les Kosem nhan ban
bao cao ve s mat tch cua Y Dhn Adrng va Y Nhuin, hai
thanh vien trong nhom oi lap chong Y Bham Enuol va ra lenh
tm kiem hai ngi nay cho bang c. Sau vai ngay hanh quan
truy luc, ngi ta tm thay thi hai cua Y Dhn Adrng va Y
Nhuin tai Dak Dam khong xa bien gii Kh Me-Viet. Theo ban
ieu tra cua c quan co tham quyen cho biet, Y Dhn Adrng
va Y Nhuin b tra tan en chet va thi hai cua ho tran truong
c nem vao mot con suoi
135
. Mot so nha lanh ao Fulro nghi
ng Y Bham Enuol la nhan co lien he trong mu o am sat ong
Y Dhn Adrng va Y Nhuin. Mot so ngi khac to cao Y Sen
Niek Dam va Y Ngo Buon Ya la hai nhan vien ma chnh quyen

133
134
135

101
Sai Gon giao trach nhiem e thu tieu ong Y Dhn Adrng va Y
Nhuin. Trc bien co nay, Les Kosem en mat khu
Mondulkiri gap Y Bham Enuol va yeu cau ong ta giai thch s
kien a xay ra. Y Bham Enuol the thot rang ong ta hoan toan
khong lien he g en cai chet cua Y Dhn Adrng va Y
Nhuin
136
.
S am sat hai nha lanh ao Y Dhn Adrng va Y Nhuin
a a Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro i vao
mot khuc quanh mi. T nay ve sau, to chc cua mat tran b
chia ra thanh hai nhom oi choi nhau mot cach cong khai.
Nhom th nhat tap trung nhng ngi than cua Y Dhn Adrng
o la Y Bhan Kpr (Rae), Y Nham Eban (Rae), Kpa Dh
(Jarai) va Ksor Duot (Jarai) va nhom th hai gom nhng thanh
vien trung thanh vi Y Bham Enuol.
V qua lo au ve hau qua cua bien co nay, ai ta Les
Kosem khong muon a van e ra xet x cong khai, e rang mot
so nhan vat cao cap trong mat tran co nhung tay vao vu am hai
Y Dhn Adrng va Y Nhuin. Rieng ca nhan Les Kosem, ong ta
van con nghi ng rang Y Bham Enuol co lien he trc tiep hay
gian tiep trong vu an nay.
Theo Les Kosem, Y Bham Enuol la mot nhan vat bao
thu, khong bao gi chap nhan bat c ai ch trch hay phe bnh
ong ta, thng ong vai tro tu trng cua mot bo lac hn la mot
nha lanh ao chnh tr. e am bao an ninh cho nhom oi
nghch vi Y Bham Enuol, Les Kosem quyet nh thanh lap mot
mat khu mi vao cuoi thang 2 nam 1966 tai Poh Cah trong tnh
Mondulkisi mang ten la mat khu III danh cho nhom Y Bham
Kpr, Y Nham Eban, Kpa Dh va Ksor Duot
137
.

136
Theo Ngon Vnh (1995: 70), Y Bham Enuol la ngi ra lenh am sat hai ngi
nay, nhng tac gia khong cho biet nguon t lieu au.
137

102

Di s ap lc cua My va da vao ket qua cua hoi ngh
Kinh Thng oan Ket Pleiku ngay 12-2-1966, thieu tng
Nguyen Cao Ky quyet nh ngay 21-12-1966 oi Nha ac
Trach Thng Vu thanh Phu ac Uy Thng Vu ac di
quyen ieu hanh trc tiep cua hoi ong bo trng, co s mang
cung cap cho chnh quyen Sai Gon nhng e ngh cu the e giai
quyet nhng van e Tay Nguyen ma to chc Fulro a e ra.
Ong Paul Nr (Bana) c e c vao chc vu giam oc cua c
quan nay
138
.
Ngay sau khi nham chc, Paul Nr to chc mot cuoc hop
gom bon nhan vat Tay Nguyen va mot ngi Cham (Chau Van
Mo) hau vach ra mot chng trnh hoat ong. Ong ta giao cho
Nay Luett (Jarai) va Ychon Mlo Duon Du (Rae), cu sinh vien
quoc gia hanh chanh Sai Gon, s mang gi moi lien lac vi
Fulro
139
.

ay manh s am phan gia Fulro va chnh quyen Sai
Gon

Ngay 11 thang 4 nam 1966, Y Dhe Adrng, trng Phai
oan ac Biet va Chnh Thc cua Fulro (Delegation Speciale
et Officielle, viet tat la DSO-Fulro) tai Buon Me thuot gi cho
thu tng Nguyen Cao Ky mot van th bay to s ung ho cua
Fulro ve viec e c ong Paul Nr lam giam oc Phu ac Uy
Thng Vu va mong muon m lai cuoc am phan gia Viet
Nam va Fulro. Ngay khi nhan c bc th nay, tng Nguyen
Cao Ky ra lenh sa soan cuoc thng thuyet vi Fulro
140
vao

138
N. C. La Brie, 1971: 88.
139
140
Tai lieu Fulro: 4-66. c xac nhan bi Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 34 va N.
C. La Brie, 1971: 88.

103
ngay 6-5-1066 tai Buon Me Thuot. Phai oan Sai Gon c at
di s hng dan cua Paul Nr, co nhng ai dien cua quan
oan II va cua tnh Darlac. Phai oan cua Mat Tran Giai Phong
Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro th Do Y Dhe Adrng hng dan.
Sau hai ngay am phan, phai oan Fulro oi ba yeu sach di
ay:
1- Phai ban hanh qui che ac biet cho dan toc thieu so.
2- Chap nhan cho Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen
Champa-Fulro quyen co mot la c rieng.
3- Cho phep thanh lap mot quan oi rieng cua Mat Tran
Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro tren Cao Nguyen
141
.

Ngay 6 thang 6 nam 1966, mot cuoc am phan lan th
hai a xay ra tai Buon Me Thuot. Trong dp nay, chnh quyen
Sai Gon chap nhan chnh thc hoa Phai oan ac Biet va
Chnh Thc (Delegation Speciale et Officielle, DSO-Fulro)
bang mot sac lenh cua thu tng e ngay 8 thang 8 nam
1966
142
. Trong cuoc am phan nay, Y Dhe Adrng, trng Phai
oan ac Biet va Chnh Thc (DSO Fulro), thong bao vi
chnh quyen Sai Gon la Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen
Champa-Fulro chap nhan cho 500 binh s cua ho ang co mat tai
cac khu quan s bat kha xam pham (zone militaires
exclusives) ve hp tac vi chnh quyen Viet Nam
143
.

Ngay 12 thang 7 nam 1966, thieu tng thu tng Nguyen Cao
Ky

141
Tai lieu Fulro: 5-66. c xac nhan bi Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 34 va N.
C. La Brie, 1971: 89.
142
143
Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 34.

104
ky sac lenh so 28/66 trieu tap Quoc Hoi phu trach bien soan
hien phap cua e nh cong hoa Viet Nam. Trong sac lenh nay,
che o Sai Gon chap thuan hai ghe cho Fulro trong Quoc
Hoi
144
. Trong mot thong bao do Les Kosem va Y Bham Enuol
ky, ong Y Wik Buon Ya (Rae) va Ksor Rt (Jarai) c ch
nh ai dien Fulro trong Quoc Hoi nay
145
.

Ngay 15 thang 10 nam 1966, tng Vnh Loc, t lenh
quan oan II, to chc tai Pleiku mot buoi le ln e anh dau s
tr ve hp tac cua cac chien binh Fulro vi chnh quyen Sai
Gon, nh a neu ra trong cuoc am phan ngay 6 thang 6 nam
1966
146
. Theo chnh phu Sai Gon, con so cac chien binh Fulro
tr ve hp tac len en 800 ngi. S that, nhng ngi nay ch
la chien s t cac khu quan s bat kha xam pham (zone
militaires exclusives) tren lanh tho Viet Nam va so lng cua
ho t hn so vi ch so ma Sai Gon a ra
147
. Theo tai lieu
Fulro, ch v ngi My khong tiep te lng thc, sung an nh
a ha ma Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro a
cho phep ho tr ve hp tac vi chnh quyen Sai Gon
148
.
Tng Nguyen Van Thieu, chu tch Uy Ban Lanh ao
Quoc Gia va tng Nguyen Cao Ky, chu tch Uy Ban Hanh
Phap Trung ng, en Pleiku vao ngay 15 thang 10 nam 1966

144
145
Tai lieu Fulro: 9-66. c xac nhan bi N. C. La Brie, 1971: 130.
146
N. C. La Brie, 1971: 90-91 va Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 155.
147
Nhng quan sat vien cho rang ch co 200 chien s Fulro trong so 800 ngi
ma chnh quyen Sai Gon neu ra, con 600 ngi khac la nhng binh lnh
dan toc thieu so hien ang phuc vu trong quan oi Sai Gon (Gerald C.
Hickey, 1982b: 155). Ngc lai, Nguyen Trac D (1969a: 41, 51) cho rang
le tr ve hp tac xay ra ngay 16-10-1966 co s hien dien cua 500 binh s
Fulro tr ve (trang 41). Nhng trang 51, ong ta lai viet ch co 250 ngi,
trong o co 1000 cam tnh vien cua Fulro tham d le nay.
148

105
e tham d buoi le Fulro tr ve hp tac. Trong dp nay Tng
Nguyen Van Thieu tuyen bo rang chnh quyen Viet Nam quyet
nh tra t cho 50 tu binh Fulro e mng ngay tr ve hp tac
nay
149
.
e thoa man mot trong nhng yeu sach cua Fulro, mot
phien hop gia Phu ac Uy Thng Vu va ai dien cua Fulro
c to chc vao vao ngay 15 thang 10 nam 1966 e thanh lap
mot ban lien lac gia chnh quen Sai Gon va Hoi ong Toi Cao
cua mat tran nay
150
.

Ngay 26 thang 12 nam 1966, Sai Gon to chc mot hoi
am khac tai Pleiku gia phai oan Viet Nam do tng Vnh
Loc hng dan, co s hien dien cua Panl Nr va nhng ai bieu
cua Fulro. Muc ch cua hoi am la ban luan cuoc tr ve hp
tac lan th hai cua cac chien binh Fulro ang sinh hoat tai cac
khu quan s bat kha xam pham (zone militaires exclusives)
thuoc tnh Darlac
151
.

Bien co nam 1967

au thang 1 nam 1967, ai ta Les Kosem va Y Bham
Enuol to chc phien hop e ban ve viec tr ve Viet Nam cua
mot so gia nh binh s khong con Kampuchea na
152
. c
giay trieu tap cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-
Fulro, Y Dhe Adrng, trng Phai oan ac Biet va Chnh
Thc (DSO-Fulro) sang Kampuchea ngay 27 thang 2 nam 1967
e thao luan van e nay
153
.

149
Tai lieu Fulro: 10-66. c xac nhan bi Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 42 va
150
151
152
153

106

Nhng yeu sach cua Fulro

Ngay 29 thang 3 nam 1967, Y Dhe Adrng tr ve Viet
Nam mang theo mot cong van cua Y Bham Enuol cho biet Mat
Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro chap thuan s tr
ve lan th hai cua 2500 chien binh Fulro neu chnh quyen Viet
Nam chap nhan nhng yeu sach sau ay:
1. Chap nhan mot qui che ac biet danh cho dan toc
thieu so.
2. Thanh lap mot Tong Uy Sac Toc ma tru s at tai
Ban Me Thuot.
3. Cong nhan cho Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen
Champa-Fulro c quyen co quan oi rieng.
Champa-Fulro c quyen nhan trc tiep vien tr cua nc
ngoai.
Champa-Fulro co la c rieng.
6. am bao s tiep te lng thc va sung an cho cac
chien s Fulro.
7. Cam ket khong truy na va bat giam cac chien s
Fulro.
8. Chap thuan s tham gia cua Mat Tran Giai Phong
Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro vao hoi ong bo trng Viet Nam.
9. Tra t do cho tat ca tu binh Fulro
10. Cho phep dan toc thieu so co quyen tiep te lng
thc cho lc lng Fulro
154
.

Sau khi nhan c van th cua Y Bham Enuol, Phu ac
Uy Thng Vu, nhan danh chnh phu Viet Nam, tra li cho Mat

154

107
Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro vi noi dung nh
sau:
1. Ban hanh qui che ac biet va thanh lap Tong Uy Sac
Toc se c cu xet phu hp vi luat phap Viet Nam.
2. S thanh lap mot quan oi rieng cua Fulro co the d
kien, nhng van e nay con tuy thuoc vao ngan sach quoc gia
va s ong y cua Bo Quoc Phong.
3. Quyen Fulro co mot la c rieng phai c hoi ong
sac toc chap nhan.
4. Viec tra t do cho cac tu binh Fulro ch co the xay ra
sau khi co s tr ve hp tac cua Fulro lan th hai.
5- Chnh quyen Sai Gon khong chap thuan dan toc thieu
so tiep lng thc cho binh s Fulro
155
.

Thanh lap hoi ong sac toc

Ngay 1 thang 4 nam 1967, chnh quyen Sai Gon cong bo
hien phap mi cua Viet Nam. ieu 66 cua hien phap co ghi ro
la pho tong thong nc Cong Hoa Viet Nam kiem nhiem chc
vu chu tch Hoi ong Sac Toc nay. ieu 97 cho rang hoi ong
nay co trach nhiem e trnh len chnh phu nhng e ngh cu the
lien quan en van e dan toc thieu so. Theo ieu 98 cua hien
phap mi, mot phan t thanh vien cua Hoi ong Sac Toc se
c tong thong tuyen chon, nhng ngi khac se do c tri dan
toc thieu so bau ra trong mot nhiem ky la bon nam
156
.
Theo ai ta Les Kosem, s hnh thanh Hoi ong Sac
Toc la mot van chng la gat, v c quan nay ch la hoi ong
tham van nhng khong co quyen lc g e giai quyet nhng van
e dan toc thieu so
157
. Cung trong thi gian o, Mat Tran Giai

155
Tai lieu Fulro 3-67. c xac nhan bi Nguen Trac D, 1969a: 57-58.
156
157

108
Phong Kampuchea Krom-Fulro ra mot thong bao ung ho 10
iem trong yeu sach cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen
Champa-Fulro a e ra vao ngay 29-3-1967
158
.

Nham giai quyet s on nh chnh tr va quan s tren
Cao Nguyen, chnh quyen Viet Nam chap thuan to chc mot hoi
ngh thng thuyet vi Fulro vao ngay 15-4-1967 tai Ban Me
Thuot. Trong hoi ngh nay, tng Vnh Loc la ngi ai dien
cho chnh phu Sai Gon va Paul Nr la phu ta. V co s mau
thuan trong noi bo, Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro yeu cau di hoi
ngh sang ngay lai
159
. Theo tai lieu Fulro cho biet, Hoi ong
Toi Cao Fulro t choi cho phep Y Bham Enuol tham d hoi
ngh ay vi danh ngha la ai dien cho cac dan toc Thng va
Cha ma la ai dien cho tat ca ba to chc lien minh cua Fulro.
Da tren danh ngh nay, Y Bham Enuol co the a ra van e
cua tat ca dan toc thieu so mien nam Viet Nam trong o co
dan toc Kh Mer. Y Bham Enuol t choi quan iem nay, ly luan
rang chnh phu Sai Gon khong chap thuan ban en van e
ngi Kh Me song tai mien nam Viet Nam.
e giai quyet s rac roi ay, Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro
nhng bo mot bc cho phep Y Bham Enuol tham gia hoi ngh
du chng trnh cua hoi am ch e cap en cac van e ngi
Thng va ngi Cham mien trung Viet Nam
160
. S tiep xuc
au tien dien ra ngay 02-5-1967 tai Ban Me Thuot gia Y
Bham Enuol, ai dien Fulro va tng Vnh Loc, ai dien chnh
phu Sai Gon. Ket qua cua hoi am, Y Bham va Vnh Loc ra
mot thong cao chung vao ngay 5-5-1967 ghi ro la chnh quyen
Viet Nam ch chap nhan ban hanh qui che ac biet sau ngay

158
South Vietnam...1967: 29-30; Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 161.
159
Nguyen Trac D, 1969: 59; Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 161.
160

109
tr ve hp tac vi chnh quyen Sai Gon cua tat ca lc lng
Fulro
161
.
Theo Nguyen Trac D, s gap g lan au tien nay a
dien ra trong bau khong kh ci m. Ngc lai, mot so quan sat
vien co mat trong hoi ngh ng vc ve ket qua cua cuoc am
phan nay. Ho biet rang Y Bham Enuol la ngi ai dien cho
mat tran Fulro trong hoi ngh, nhng ch nam gi vai tro phu
thuoc trong phong trao nay. Chnh v the, nhng quan sat vien
tien oan la Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro co tru s at tai Phnom-
Penh se khong tan thanh noi dung ban thong cao cua Y Bham
va Vnh Loc
162
.

Y Bham Enuol nh chnh

Ngay 12 thang 5 nam 1967, Y Bham gap ai ta Les
Kosem tai Phnom-Penh e thong tin ve nhng e ngh cua Viet
Nam. Theo Les Kosem, nhng e ngh ay ch la mot chien lc
che mat (poudre aux yeux). Fulro khong bao gi chap nhan Y
Bham Enuol va lc lng Fulro tr ve Viet Nam hp tac trong
khi o chnh quyen Sai Gon cha ban hanh qui che ac biet
cho Cao Nguyen. Da theo li yeu cau cua Les Kosem, Y
Bham Enuol viet mot cong van
163
cho tng Vnh Loc e so
65/ FLHPC/Fulro tc la ch viet tat cua Mat Tran Giai Phong
Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro, phu nhan noi dung cua thong cao
ngay 5 thang 5 nam 1967 va oi hoi chnh quyen Sai Gon phai
thoa man nhng yeu sach sau ay cua Fulro:

161
Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 61; N. C. La Brie, 1971: 91 va Gerald C. Hickey,
1982b: 162.
162
163

110
1. To chc hoi ngh Phi Luat Tan gia Mat Tran Giai
Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro va chnh quyen Sai Gon co
s hien dien cua cac phai oan nc ngoai, nham duyet xet lai
noi dung cua qui che ac biet danh cho cac dan toc thieu so
trung phan Viet Nam.
2. Sau khi chap nhan qui che ac biet nay, chnh
quyen Sai Gon bai bo Phu ac Uy Thng Vu e thanh lap
Tong Uy Sac Toc co tru s at tai Buon Me Thuot. Tong Uy
nay co s menh quan ly khu vc Cao Nguyen t tr.
3. Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro co
quyen thanh lap quan oi rieng gom 150.000 ngi at di s
ch huy cua Tong Uy Sac Toc.
quyen co la c rieng
5. Chnh quyen Sai gon se to chc mot hoi ngh e trien
khai va hp phap hoa qui che ac biet nay.
quyen nhan trc tiep vien tr cua nc ngoai
164
.

e chng to s thien ch cua mnh, chnh quyen Viet
Nam tra li rang moi yeu sach cua Fulro phai do dan toc thieu
so bieu quyet trong mot hoi ngh. Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro chap
nhan ieu kien ma Sai Gon a a ra.
Ngay 25 va 26 thang 6 nam 1967, chnh quyen Sai Gon
to chc mot hoi ngh cac dan toc thieu so tai Ban Me thuot
nham cu xet yeu sach Fulro e ra ngay 12-5-1967. Phai oan
Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro gom co Y
Dhe Adrng, trng Phai oan ac Biet va Chnh Thc
(DSO-Fulro) va Y Ngo Buon Ya, Y Druin Mlo (con goi la

164
Tai lieu Fulro , 5-67. c xac nhan bi Nguyen Trac D, 1969: 63.

111
Philippe Drouin)
165
.
Sau hai ngay thao luan, hoi ngh nay a ra
quyet nh chung gom co 5 iem sau:

1. Chnh quyen Sai Gon phai ban hanh trong thi gian
ngan nhat qui che ac biet cho cac dan toc thieu so.
2. Neu khong the thanh lap mot Phu Tong Uy Sac Toc,
chnh quyen Sai Gon phai thay the Phu ac Uy Thng Vu
hien hanh thanh Bo Sac Toc.
3- Chnh quyen Sai Gon se thanh lap cac tnh co dan
toc thieu so mot lc lng vu trang a phng tap trung cac
binh lnh sac toc ac di quyen ch huy cua v tnh trng.
4- Hoi ngh khong chap nhan Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao
Nguyen Champa-Fulro co la c rieng.
5- Hoi ngh khong chap nhan to chc cuoc am phan ve
sac toc Phi Luat Tan
166
.

Van e cac ai dien cua Fulro trong hoi ngh nay

S co mat cua Y Ngo Buon Ya, Y Tang Phaok va Y
Druin Mlo (Phippe Drouin) trong phai oan Mat Tran Giai
Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro e tham gia hoi ngh cac dan
toc thieu so ngay 25 va 26-6-1967 a tr thanh mot e tai tranh
luan trong phien hop Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro. Theo t lieu
Fulro, mot so tr thc Thng khong a thch ba chien s tre
tuoi nay, ac biet la Nay Luett a to cao cong khai Y Ngo Buon
Ya lam gian iep cho Sai Gon va cho Y Druin Mlo la ke tham
o, li dung, song nh ong lng cua cac chien s Fulro ong
gop
167
. Theo Y Bham Enuol, ba ngi nay khong phai do ong ta

165
Tai lieu Fulro: 6-67. c xac nhan bi Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 6; N. C.
La Brie, 1971: 92 va Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 163.
166
Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 65-66 va N. C. La Brie, 1971: 93.
167

112
e c ma do Y Dhe Adrng, trng Phai oan ac Biet va
Chnh Thc (DSO-Fulro) Buon Me Thuot a ra
168
.

Ap dung lan th nhat ngh quyet cua hoi ngh

Ngay 3-9-1967 la ngay bau c tong thong Viet Nam
Cong Hoa. e c la phieu cua cac dan toc thieu so, tng
Nguyen Van Thieu va tng Nguyen Cao Ky, ng c vien tong
thong va pho tong thong en Ban Me Thuot ngay 28-8-1967 e
van ong c tri. Trong dp nay, Nguyen Van Thieu, chu tch Uy
Ban Lanh ao Quoc Gia ky sac lenh so 0033/76 e ban hanh
qui che ac biet danh cho dan toc thieu so ma hoi ngh cac
dan toc thieu so ngay 25 va 26-6-1967 a yeu cau, va mot sac
lenh khac mang so 0034/67 cong nhan quyen s hu at ai cua
cac dan toc thieu so, yeu sach ma Fulro a oi hoi t may nam
qua
169
.

Quan iem cua Y Bham Enuol oi vi hai sac lenh nay

Sau khi nhan c ban sao cua cac sac lenh ay, Y Bham
Enuol a gi cho tong thong Nguyen Van Thieu mot cong van
cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro mang so
238/FLHPC/Fulro e ngay ngay 11-10-1967
170

(FLHPC la ch
viet tat cua Front de Liberation des Hauts Plateaux du Champa,
tc la Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa). Trong bc
th nay, Y Bham Enuol rat hoan nghenh s ra i cua qui che
ac biet va cong nhan quyen s hu at ai cua dan toc thieu

168
169
Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 67; N. C. La Brie, 1971: 94; Gerald C. Hickey,
1982b: 163; Ngon Vnh, 1995: 84.
170
N. C. La Brie, 1971: 95.

113
so, nhng ong ta phan oi chnh quyen Sai Gon v khong chap
nhan giai quyet bon iem sau ay:
1. S thanh lap Phu Tong Uy Sac Toc
2. Fulro c quyen co mot quan oi rieng ch khong
phai lc lng a phng cap tnh.
3. Fulro co mot mot la c rieng.
4. Fulro c quyen nhan trc tiep nhng vien tr cua
nc ngoai
171
.

Ngay 3 thang 9 nam 1967, Nguyen Van Thieu ac c
tong thong va Nguyen Cao Ky, pho tong thong. Trong khi o,
Ksor Rt (Jarai) va Ton Ai Lieng (Cham Chau oc) la hai thanh
vien Fulro, ac c thng ngh s
172
. Nhan dp nay Les Kosem
viet th chuc mng Ksor Rt va Ton Ai Lieng
173
.

Mot thang sau, ngay 22 thang 10 nam 1967, trong cuoc
bau c Quoc Hoi, Y WiK Buon Ya (Rae) ac c dan bieu di
nhan hieu Fulro, nam ngi khac gom Thng va Cham ac c
vi t cach la ng c vien oc lap
174
.

Cuoi thang 9 nam 1967, trong cuoc hop cua Mat Tran
Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro tai Phnom-Penh e ban
ve cuoc bau c Viet Nam, ai ta Les Kosem gi en cac ai
bieu dan toc thieu so mot thong iep khen ngi. ong thi ong
ta cung len tieng bay to s lo au cua ong ve mot so ng c vien
Cham Phan Rang va Phan R khong ton trong ch th cua Mat
Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro, li dung c hoi
bau c e tranh chap quyen li rieng t va tra thu oi thu cua

171
172
173
174

114
mnh e roi gay ra s chia re va ran nc trong cong ong ngi
Cham Viet Nam
175
.

Thanh lap Bo Phat Trien Sac Toc

S ac c tong thong cua tng Nguyen Van Thieu, nha
lanh ao goc ngi Phan Rang ni co ong dan c ngi Cham,
a anh dau mot bc ngoat trong moi lien he chnh tr gia
chnh quyen Sai Gon va Fulro, bi v Nguyen Van Thieu co
quan iem rang chnh phu Sai Gon phai giai quyet van e dan
toc thieu so cua mien trung Viet Nam e co lap anh hng cua
cong san tren Cao Nguyen.
Da vao ket qua cua hoi ngh cac dan toc thieu so vao
ngay 25 va 26 thang 6 nam 1967 va sau khi tham khao nhng
ai bieu cua hai vien Quoc Hoi, tong thong Nguyen Van Thieu
ky ngay 16-12-1967 mot so sac lenh thay the Phu ac Uy
Thng Vu thanh Bo Phat Trien Sac Toc.
S e c mot nhan vat e ieu hanh Bo Phat Trien Sac
Toc la ket qua cua mot cuoc thng thuyet kho khan gia Fulro
va chnh quyen Sai Gon. Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro e ngh Nay
Luett (Jarai) lam bo trng. Ngc lai, chnh phu Sai gon muon
chon Paul Nr (Bana). Cuoi cung, Paul Nr c e c vao
chc vu nay. Tong thong Nguyen Van Thieu cung e c hai th
trng, mot ngi phu trach ve dan toc Cham va mot ngi phu
trach ve dan toc thieu so Bac Viet di c sau 1954. Nhng Sai
Gon t choi c mot th trng Bo Phat Trien Sac Toc phu trach
ve dan toc Kh Me Krom
176
.
Sau ngay thanh lap Bo Phat Trien Sac Toc, ai ta Les
Kosem van gi thai o khong tin tng vao che o Sai Gon va

175
Tai lieu Fulro: 10-67. c xac nhan bi Jata Aneh, 1968: 23 va Lo
Trung Can, 1999, 127-134.
176

115
yeu cau cac v lanh ao cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen
Champa-Fulro khong nen anh gia thap tai nang chnh tr cua
tong thong Nguyen Van Thieu, mot nhan vat co the lat lai the
c bat c luc nao e em li ch cho chnh quyen Sai Gon hn
la cho to chc cua Fulro
177
.

Sai Gon tra li van th cua Y Bham Enuol e ngay 11-
10-1967

e tra li van th cua Y Bham Enuol e ngay 11-10-
1967 yeu cau bo sung sac lenh lien quan en qui che ac biet
cua cac dan toc thieu so ky ngay 28-8-1967 cua chnh phu Sai
gon, van phong thu tng chnh phu Viet nam gi en ong Y
Bham Enuol mot van th e ngay 23-12-1067 mang so 98/P-
TH.T/VP/M co noi dung cho rang chnh quyen Sai Gon khong
co chc nang e tu bo qui che ay, v o thuoc ve tham quyen
cua Quoc Hoi Viet Nam
178
.
Sau khi nhan bc th ay, Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao
Nguyen Champa-Fulro tuyen bo se dung vu lc e giai quyet
s bat ong quan iem nay
179
.

Ngay 26 thang 12 nam 1967, Paul Nr, bo trng Bo
Phat Trien Sac Toc e ngh vi to chc Fulro m mot phien hop
nham tm cach thao g viec sa oi qui che ac biet ma Fulro
oi hoi
180
.

Bien co nam 1968

177
178
179
180

116
Cach chc quan trng quan An Phc

Vao cuoi nam 1967, tng Vnh Loc, t lenh quan oan
II ong tai Pleiku, nhan c mot ban bao cao noi rang ai uy
Dng Tan S (dan toc Cham), quan trng quan An phc
c s ung ho cua Fulro, khong con tuan theo lenh cua cap
tren na, ac biet la trung ta Kha Van Huy, tnh trng Ninh
Thuan. Ngay 6-1-1968, tng Vnh Loc a lc lng s oan
23 bo binh en Phan Rang, xam chiem tru s quan An Phc va
cach chc ai uy Dng Tan S v toi theo Fulro, chong nha
nc Viet Nam. Ngay 17-01-1968, tng Vnh Loc ra lenh
chuyen ai uy Dng Tan S ve DaLat. Ngay 1-01-1968 hang
tram chc sac ton giao va tr thc Cham tu tap tai tnh l Phan
Rang yeu cau chnh quyen Sai Gon tra t do cho ong Dng
Tan S. Trc tnh hnh o, tng Vnh Loc a ai uy Dng
Tan S ve tam tru Ban Me Thuot e tien viec canh chng
can mat
181
.

S t hnh Y Kdruin Mlo

Ngay 26 thang 1 nam 1968, da vao ban bao cao cua c
quan tnh bao Fulro, Y Bham Enuol ra mot thong cao ket toi Y
Kdruin Mlo (tc Philippe Drouin) la thanh vien phan boi to
chc, lam gian iep cho Sai Gon, li dung tien qu cua Fulro
lam cua rieng t cua mnh. Mot vai ngay sau, Y Kdruin Mlo b
t hnh tai cau 14 gan Ban Me Thuot
182
.

S t hnh cua Y Wik Buon Ya

181
182
Y Bham Enuol, 1968. c xac nhan bi Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 169-
172.

117
Nam, sau khi m cuoc tan cong goi la tong tan cong Tet mau
than, chiem tru s Phai oan ac Biet va Chnh Thc (DSO-
Fulro) tai BanMe Thuot. Trong cuoc tan cong nay, Y Wik Buon
Ya, dan bieu Quoc Hoi Viet Nam ac c di la c Fulro, b bat
va b t hnh
183
.
Sau cuoc tong tan cong tet mau than (1968), ngoai
thanh pho ln va cac can c chien lc quan s Viet Nam,
toan khu vc Cao Nguyen eu b quan cong san kiem soat. T
o, lc lng Fulro ong quan tai Viet Nam khong con lien lac
c vi tong hanh dinh Kampuchea na. Ke t o Y Bham
Enuol bat au ngh en chnh sach tr ve Viet Nam e hp tac
vi chnh phu Sai Gon. ai ta Les Kosem phan oi chien lc
nay, ly luan rang s tr ve hp tac cua Y Bham Enuol vi chnh
quyen Sai Gon se keo theo s sup o cua to chc Fulro
184
.
Vao tuan th ba cua cuoi thang 3 nam 1969, Y Bham Enuol bao
cho ong Y Dhe Adrng, trng Phai oan ac Biet va Chnh
Thc (DSO-Fulro) tai Ban Me Thuot, biet rang ong ta co y nh
tr ve hp tac vi chnh phu Viet Nam va yeu cau chnh quyen
Sai gon bao am an ninh cho s tr ve nay
185
.

Trc s phan oi cua Les Kosem, Y Bham Enuol ham
doa rut lui ra khoi Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-
Fulro e thanh lap mot phong trao mi mang ten la Front de
Liberation des Hauts du Pays Montagnards du Sud (FLPMSI),
tc la Mat Tran Giai Phong X Thng Mien Nam ong
Dng va yeu cau Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro cong nhan mat
tran mi nay nh la mot trong to chc lien minh cua Fulro. Theo
Y Bham Enuol, danh xng mat tran mi nay cung nham giai

183
N. C. La Brie, 1971: 131 va Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 181.
184
185
Norman C. La Brie, 1971: 96; Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 187.

118
thch vi dan toc Tay Nguyen rang ong ta khong phai
Kampuchea e au tranh cho chnh ngha Champa nh ai ta
Les Kosem mong muon ma la e bao ve quyen li nhng ngi
Thng mien trung Viet Nam
186
.
Theo bao cao cua c quan tnh bao Fulro, s thanh lap
Mat Tran Giai Phong X Thng Mien Nam ong Dng phat
xuat t Phai oan ac Biet va Chnh Thc (DSO-Fulro) tai
Buon Me Thuot a giai thch cho Y Bham Enuol rang chnh
quyen Sai gon t choi moi s thng thuyet vi Mat Tran Giai
Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro , bi v, theo Sai gon, Y
Bham Enuol khong co lien he lch s vi Champa, mot vng
quoc cua ngi Cham, ch khong phai la x s cua ngi
Thng.
Mot cuoc hop dien ra vao cuoi thang 3 nam 1968 tai
Phnom-Penh gia Les Kosem va thanh vien trung thanh vi
ong ta nh Ksor Duot (Jarai), Kpa Dh (Jarai), Y Nham Eban
(Rae) Y Bhan Kpr (Rae), Yang Neh (ang Nang Giao,
Cham Phan Rang) e nghien c lai van e cua Mat Tran Giai
Phong X Thng Mien Nam ong Dng. Trong dp nay,
nhng ngi co mat yeu cau Les Kosem chinh phuc Y Bham
Enuol phai lai trong ban lanh ao cua Mat Tran Giai Phong
Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro. Va neu can th lam ap lc vi ong
ta bang cach a ra toa an cua mat tran e giai thch vu am sat
Y Dhn Adrng, Y Nhuin (1966) va vu t hnh Y Druin Mlo
(1968). Les Kosem tra li rang Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro khong
the can tr Y Bham Enuol tr ve Viet Nam. e giai quyet van
e, Les Kosem yeu cau phai tm mot giai phap khac lam the
nao s tr ve Viet nam cua Y Bham se mang li ch cho ca oi
ben
187
.

186
Tai lieu Fulro: 3-68. c xac nhan bi N. C. La Brie, 1971: 96 va Gerald
C. Hickey, 1982b: 187.
187

119

Ngay 10 thang 4 nam 1968, thu tng Viet Nam gi
cong van so 245/th.T/VT/M en ong Paul Nr, bo trng Bo
Phat Trien Sac Toc, cho phep ong ta mi ong Y Bham Enuol
en ban hoi ngh. Y Dhe Adrng, trng Phai oan ac Biet
va Chnh Thc (DSO-Fulro) en tong hanh dinh Fulro
Mondulkisi (Kampuchea) e trao van th nay cho Y Bham
Enuol
188
.

Ngay 2 thang 5 nam 1968, Y Bham Enuol, nhan danh
Mat Tran Giai Phong X Thng Mien Nam ong Dng ma
ong ta va thanh lap vao thang 3 nam 1968, gi cho tong thong
Nguyen Van Thieu mot cong van so 211/FLPMSI/S.

Ngay 9 thang 5 nam 1968, Y Dhe Adrng ri
Mondulkiri e tr ve Viet Nam va trao cho chnh quyen Sai gon
van th chnh thc ay, trong o Y Bham Enuol cho biet on ta se
ve Viet Nam tham d cuoc thng thuyet nay vi ieu kien la
chnh phu Sai Gon phai gi cho ong nhng van ban sau ay:
1. Mot bc th co ch ky cua tong thong Nguyen Van
Thieu va ch ky cua ai s Hoa Ky tai Sai gon bao am an
ninh cho phai oan Mat Tran Giai Phong X Thng Mien
Nam ong Dng trong nhng ngay c tru tai Viet Nam.
2. am bao cung cap cho cac thanh vien cua phai oan
nhng s de dai ve lng thc va cho trong thi gian am
phan
189
.

Sau khi nhan c ban sao cong van cua Y Bham Enuol
gi en chnh quyen Sai Gon nhan danh Mat Tran Giai Phong
X Thng Mien Nam ong Dng nhng khong e cap en

188
189

120
Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro, Les Kosem
yeu cau Y Bham Enuol en Phnom-Penh e giai thch ly do cua
s thay oi danh xng nay. V khong con loi thoat, ai ta Um
Savuth va Les Kosem chap nhan mat Mat Tran Giai Phong X
Thng Mien Nam ong Dng la mot thanh vien trong to
chc lien minh Fulro, vi ieu kien la v chu tch cua Mat Tran
Giai Phong X Thng Mien Nam ong Dng khong phai la
Y Bham Enuol ma la Y Dhe Adrng, trng Phai oan ac
Biet va Chnh Thc (DSO-Fulro). Theo Um Savuth va Les
Kosem, s hnh thanh Mat Tran Giai Phong X Thng Mien
Nam ong Dng la mot yeu to rat thch hp vi hoan canh, v
mat tran mi nay co the thay the cho Mat Tran Giai Phong
Kampuchea Nord khong con hoat ong na v thieu thanh vien
gia nhap. e ket thuc phien hop nay, ai ta Um Savuth va Les
Kosem e ngh la cuoc thng thuyet vi chnh phu Sai Gon
c at di s bao tr Mat tran Thong Nhat au Tranh Dan
Toc B Ap Bc (Fulro) va ong Y Bham Enuol la ngi ch ao
ca ba phai oan di ay:
1. Phai oan Mat Tran Giai Phong Kampuchea Krom
at di s hng dan cua Tham Apol (biet hieu Thach Chea,
Kh Me Krom).
2. Phai oan Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa
do ong Souleiman (Thien Sanh Thi, Cham Phan Rang) hng
dan
190
.
3. Phai oan Mat Tran Giai Phong X Thng Mien
Nam ong Dng do Y Dhe ADrng (Ra e) hng dan
191
.
Les Kosem va Um Savuth cho rang ay la giai phap
cuoi cung ma Y Bham Enuol phai chap nhan, neu khong, Hoi

190
Tai lieu Fulro (5-68) noi la trung ng Fulro giao cho Yang Neh ( ang
Nang Giao) lam trng phai oan, nhng Y Bham phan oi.
191

121
ong To Cao Fulro se khong cho phep ong ta tham d cuoc
am phan
192
.

Ngay 19 thang 6 nam 1968, thu tng Viet Nam Tran
Van Hng e ngh to chc mot hoi ngh gia chnh quyen Sai
Gon va Fulro vao ngay 2 thang 8 nam 1968 tai trng trung hoc
ky thuat Y Ut, Ban Me Thuot. Trong dp nay, ong ta gi cho Y
Bham Enuol mot th mi chnh thc noi ro la chnh quyen Sai
Gon se chap thuan danh cho cac thanh vien Fulro moi s de dai
trong nhng ngay lu tru taiViet nam
193
.
Theo chng trnh, phai oan Viet Nam at di quyen
hng dan cua ong Paul Nr, Bo Trng Phat Trien Sac Toc co
s hien dien cua Chau Van Mo, th trng phu trach ve van e
Cham va nhng thanh vien cua Bo Quoc Phong, Bo Noi Vu
cung nh nhieu nha lanh ao quan s quan oan II. Ngay 1
thang 8 nam 1968, Paul Nr to chc mot buoi hop e chuan b
tiep on, nhng phai oan Y Bham Enuol ch en Viet Nam
vao buoi chieu ngay 2-8-1968
194
.

Nhng yeu sach cua Fulro

Cuoc am phan dien ra tai trng trung hoc ky thuat Y
Ut Ban Me Thuot t ngay 3 en 9 thang 8 nam 1968, Trong
dien van khai mac, Paul Nr phan oi s co mat cua phai oan
Mat Tran Giai Phong Kampuchea Krom do ong Tham Pol (Kh
Mer mien nam) hng dan, v cuoc am phan nay ch e cap en
cac van e ngi Thng va Cham. Y Bham Enuol tra li neu ong

192
Tai lieu Fulro: 5-68. c xac nhan bi Ngon Vnh, 1995: 85
193
1982b: 188.
194
1982b: 188;

122
Tham Pol co mat ay, v Fulro la mot to chc lien hiep gom
co ba mat tran sau ay:
Mat Tran Giai Phong Kampuchea Krom
Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa
Mat Tran Giai Phong X Thng Mien Nam ong
Dng thay the cho Mat Tran Giai Phong Kampuchea Pha
Bac
195
.

Sau cuoc ban cai gay go, chnh quyen Sai Gon chap
nhan s co mat cua Mat Tran Giai Phong Kampuchea Krom
nh la quan sat vien.
Trong dien van cua mnh, ong Y Bham Enuol vi t
cach la trng phai oan Fulro (Mat tran Thong Nhat au
Tranh Dan Toc B Ap Bc) nhac lai nhng yeu sach cua to
chc e ngay 11 thang 10 nam 1967.
1. Thay the Bo Phat Trien Sac Toc bang Phu Tong Uy
Sac Toc (commissariat general des minorites ethniques) ma tru
s at tai Ban Me Thuot. Phu Tong Uy la n v hanh chanh co
quy che t tr.
2. Fulro c quyen thanh lap mot quan oi rieng trong
nhng khu vc co sac dan thieu so.
3. Fulro co mot la c rieng mang ba ngoi sao tng
trng cho s oan ket cua Kh Me, Cham va ngi Thng.
4. Fulro co quyen nhan vien tr cua nc ngoai.
5. Fulro c quyen tham d nhng hoi ngh quoc te
lien quan en ba sac dan e cap tren ay
196
.

Phai oan Sai Gon tra li la ho khong co tham quyen
e thoa man nhng yeu sach tren va e ngh ong Y Bham
Enuol en Sai Gon e gap thu tng chnh phu Viet Nam
197
.

195
196
Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 80; Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 189

123

Ngay 11 thang 8 nam 1968, Y Bham Enuol hng dan
phai oan Fulro ve Sai Gon e gap thu tng Tran Van Hng.
Cuoc hoi am keo dai t 11 en 14 thang 8 . Tiep theo o, van
phong phu thu tng tuyen bo la nhng e ngh cua Fulro phai
c nghien cu sau am hn va thu tng chnh phu se tra li
sau
198
.

Sai Gon phan oi e ngh Fulro

Ngay 24 thang 8 nam 1968, chnh quyen Sai Gon ra mot
thong cao co noi dung nh sau:
1. Fulro co the co mot la c rieng, nhng la c nay phai
c chnh quyen Sai Gon chap nhan.
2. Chnh phu Viet Nam t choi giai the Bo Phat Trien
Sac Toc. Ngc lai, chanh phu Sai Gon chap nhan thanh lap
Phu Tong Uy Sac Toc (commissariat general des minorites
ethniques), nhng ch tng ng vi mot ban co quyen hanh
cao nhat trong Bo Phat Trien Sac Toc nay
3. Y Bham Enuol se c e c gi chc vu quan trong
trong phu Tong Uy Sac Toc nay.
4. Chnh phu Viet Nam chap thuan e c tai moi tnh co
ong ong bao thieu so, mot pho tnh trng ac trach ve cac
dan toc thieu so va thanh lap nhng a phng nay mot Ty
Phat Trien Sac Toc.

197
1982b: 189; Ngon Vnh, 1995: 85-86.
198
Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 86 va N. C. La Brie, 1971: 99.

124
5. Lc lng vu trang Fulro co the lien ket lai thanh ai
oi trong to chc quan s co qui che hanh chanh va lng bong
cua a phng quan
199
.

Ngay 26 thang 8 nam 1968 Y Bham Enuol va phai oan
Fulro ri Viet Nam ve mat khu Mondulkiri (Kampuchea). Ngay
17-9-1968, ong ta i Phnom-Penh e bao cao lai ket qua cua
hoi ngh.
Sau khi nhan c ay u thong tin, Les Kosem ket
luan rang hoi ngh hoa bnh gia Fulro va che o Sai Gon
khong mang lai ket qua g la cu the ca. Da vao iem 2 va 3
ma chnh quyen Sai Gon a a ra trong cuoc am phan nay,
Les Kosem cho rang chnh quyen Viet Nam khong danh cho Y
Bham Enuol mot vai tro quan trong g trong bo may hanh chnh
Viet Nam, v Y Bham Enuol ch gi mot chc v cao nhat cua
mot n v hanh chanh at di quyen ch huy cua bo trng
Bo Phat Trien Sac Toc ma thoi.
Tom lai, nhng e ngh cua Sai Gon nham giai quyet
van e dan toc thieu so khong c Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro
chap nhan.

Nhng yeu sach mi cua FULRO

Sau phien hop Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro vao ngay 17-
9-0t, ai ta Um Savuth va Les Kosem yeu cau Y Bham Enuol
tra li cho chnh quyen Viet Nam nham a ra nhng yeu sach
cu the cua Fulro nh sau:

1. Gi la c Fulro tng trng cho s oan ket cac dan
toc Kh Me, Cham va Thng. La c nay co dien tch bang hai

199
1982b: 189.

125
phan ba la c Sai Gon va se dc treo ben trai cua la c Viet
Nam.
2. Phu Tong Uy Sac Toc se la c quan quan ly lanh tho
t tr cua Cao Nguyen. Lanh tho nay se co nen hanh chanh
rieng, cong an rieng, quan oi rieng, tien te rieng (neu viec in
tien la can thiet), nhng khong phai la mot quoc gia oc lap.
3. Ve quan oi, Fulro co quyen thanh lap nhng n v
ai oi cap huyen va tieu oan cap tnh.
4. Chnh phu Sai Gon tien c Y Bham Enuol len chc
chuan tng e ieu hanh Phu Tong Uy Sac Toc nay
200
.

Theo tai lieu Fulro, s thanh lap Phu Tong Uy Sac Toc
la mot yeu sach toi quan trong, v ay la qui che hanh chanh t
tr co the giup ong bao thieu so mien trung Viet Nam co
quyen nhan vien tr cua nc ngoai, nhat la cua Kampuchea,
mot quoc gia co cung bien gii vi Tay Nguyen, nham phat
trien chng trnh kinh te, giao duc, quan s va ac biet la c
cau ha tang c s tren Cao Nguyen
201
.

Ngay 18 thang 10 nam 1968, van phong phu thu tng
Viet Nam gi cho Y Bham Enuol van th so 1083/P.Th.T
/VP/M e thong bao rang chnh quyen Sai gon t choi yeu sach
cua Fulro nham bien Tay Nguyen thanh mot lanh tho t tr at
di s ieu hanh cua Phu Tong Uy Sac Toc ma Y Bham Enuol
la ngi ng ra ieu hanh
202
.

Trc khi Sai Gon gi cho Y Bham Enuol cong van so
1083/P.Th.T /VP/M e ngay 18 thang 10 nam 1968, Y Dhe
Adrng, trng Phai oan ac Biet va Chnh Thc (DSO-

200
Tai lieu Fulro: 9-68. c xac nhan bi Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 89-90.
201
202

126
Fulro), to chc tai Ban Me Thuot mot phien hop vao ngay 14-
10-1968. Trong phien hop nay, Jaya Mrang (Huynh Ngoc San)
at lai van e the nao la vai tro cua ngi Cham Viet Nam
trong mat tran Fulro
203
. Nhng ai bieu khac neu ra giai phap
nham thuyet phuc Y Bham Enuol t bo Mat Tran Giai Phong
Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro e thanh lap mot mat tran mi vi
ten goi la Mat Tran Giai Phong Dega-Cham. S hnh thanh mat
tran mi nay nham a Y Bham Enuol tr ve hp tac vi chnh
quyen Sai Gon. Y Dhe Adrng va cac thanh vien trong phien
hop cung len tieng ung hoi noi dung bc th cua van phong phu
thu tng Viet Nam e ngay 24-8-1968, co ngha la bac bo yeu
sach Tay Nguyen t tr cua Fulro.

Ngay 22 thang 10 nam 1968 Y Dhe Adrng gi cho
Paul Nr, bo trng Bo Phat Trien Sac Toc, mot cong van
mang so 1048 FLHPC/Fulro/DSO/4p (HLHPC la ch viet tat
cua Front de Liberation des Hauts Plateaux du Champa tc la
Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa) e cap en mot so
yeu sach ma nhom ong ta a a ra trong phien hp ngay 14-
10-1968:
1. Thanh lap Phu Tong Uy Sac Toc tng ng vi
Nha hay bo phan hanh chanh trong to chc cua mot Bo.
2. e c Y Bham Enuol lam Tong Uy Sac Toc.
3. Chap thuan cho cac thanh vien Mat Tran Giai Phong
Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro tr ve Viet Nam hp tac vi chnh
quyen Sai Gon
204
.

Ngay 15 thang 11 nam 1968, Phai oan ac Biet va
Chnh Thc (DSO-Fulro) di s hng dan cua Y Bling Krong
Pang (Rae) cung vi ong Y Dhat Nie Kdam (Rae), Ya

203
204

127
Duck (Churu) Jaya Mrang (Cham) en Sai gon gap Paul Nr e
at lai van e lien quan en s tr ve Viet Nam cua ong Y
Bham Enuol. Bo trng Paul Ntra li rang ong ta mong muon
co s trao oi vi ong Y Dhe Adrng trc khi a ra thoa
thuan
205
.

Ngay 22 thang 11 nam 1968, Y Dhe Adrng va ba 3
thanh vien cua Phai oan ac Biet va Chnh Thc (DSO-Fulro)
en Sai gon e xem lai lan cuoi cung noi dung cua hiep c
lien quan en s tr ve Viet Nam cua ong Y Bham Enuol
206
.

Ngay 12 thang 12 nam 1968, hiep c thoa thuan ve
viec Y Bham Enuol tr ve hp tac vi chnh quyen Sai Gon
c ky ket gia ong Paul Nr (ai dien chnh phu Viet Nam)
va Y Dhe Adrng, nhan danh Y Bham Enuol. Hiep c nay co
nam iem nh sau:
1. Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro se
co la c rieng phu hp vi luat phap hien hanh Viet Nam.
2. Bo Phat Trien Sac Toc se c thay the bang Bo Sac
Toc
3. Sau ngay tr ve, Y Bham Enuol se c e c vao
chc vu xng ang trong c cau to chc hanh chanh Viet Nam.
4. Se thanh lap mot van phong ai dien cac sac toc tren
cao nguyen co quyen han tng ng vi c quan cao cap nhat
trong mot Bo.
quan oi rieng cap ai oi
207
.

205
206
Nguyen Trac D, 1969: 93 va N. C. La Brie, 1971: 100.
207
Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 64-67 va N. C. La Brie, 1971: 100.

128
Da vao s thoa thuan nay, thu tng Tran Van Hng
ky sac lenh so 1421/P/Th.T/T Tr/M

e ngay 19/12/1968 cho
phep s tr ve Viet Nam cua YBham Enuol
208
.

Sau khi nhan c ban sao sac lenh so 1421/P/Th.T/T
Tr/M cua thu tng Tran Van Hng do c quan tnh bao
chuyen en, Les Kosem lien to chc mot cuoc hop Hoi ong
Toi Cao Fulro tai Phnom-Penh nhng khong co s hien dien
cua YBham Enuol, nham cu xet dien bien chnh tr mi
nay
209
. Theo Les Kosem, Y Bham Enuol va mot so thanh vien
than can cua ong ta quyet nh t bo chnh sach au tranh vu
trang e tr ve Viet Nam hp tac vi chnh quyen Sai Gon.
Ngc lai, nhng ngi than can vi Les Kosem nh Kpa Dh
(Jarai), Ksor Duot (Jarai), Y Nham Eban (Rae), Y Bhan Kpr
(Rae), Yang Neh (ang Nang Giao, Cham Phan rang) chong
oi kch liet quan iem cua ong Y Bham Enuol. Theo ai ta Les
Kosem va Um Savuth, s tr ve Viet Nam cua Y Bham Enuol
se anh dau s sup o cua to chc Fulro. Nham tranh s tan ra
ay, Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro quyet nh gi lai Y Bham Enuol
tren lanh tho Cao Mien va giao viec ieu hanh Mat Tran Giai
Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro cho nhom KapaDh, Ksor
Duot, Y Nham Eban, YBhan Kpr, Yang Neh, Souleiman
210
.

Viec bat gi Y Bham Enuol

Ngay 28 thang 12 nam 1968, nhng thanh vien cua
Phai oan ac Biet va Chnh Thc (DSO-Fulro) en
Kampuchea e trao cho Y Bham Enuol van ban thoa thuan cua
thu tng Tran Van Hng e ngay 19-12-1968. Tha lenh ai

208
209
c xac nhan bi N. C. La Brie, 1971: 101.
210

129
ta Les Kosem, ai uy Souleiman (Cham Hoi Giao
Kampuchea)
211
cua quan oi hoang gia Kh Me, a mot lc
lng nhay du en bien gii gan trai lnh Le Rolland, e bat
giam nhng thanh vien cua Phai oan ac Biet va Chnh Thc
(DSO-Fulro) mang van th cua thu tng Tran Van Hng t
Viet Nam sang va tch thu ho s cua ho. Sau o, ai uy
Souleiman en tong hanh dinh Fulro Sen Monorom (tnh
Mondulkiri) yeu cau ong Y Bham Enuol phai ve Phnom-Penh
cung vi ong ta
212
.
V khong chap nhan s ap che cua lc lng nhay du
Kh Me, Y Bham Enuol yeu cau Souleiman phai rut quan ra
khoi tong hanh dinh Fulro trc khi ong ta tra li cau hoi cua
ong ai uy nay. Nhan danh chu tch Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao
Nguyen Champa-Fulro, Y Bham Enuol khan nh rang ong ta
khong chap nhan bat c ai dung vu lc e gay sc ep oi vi
ong ta. Sau cung, ong ta tuyen bo rang ay la mu o ao chnh
do Les Kosem to chc chong lai ong ta
213
.
Trc tnh hnh hon on nay, lc lng vu trang Fulro
bao ong cac n v nham bao ve YBham Enuol. V khong loi
thoat, ai uy Souleiman cha sung luc vao Y Bham Enuol yeu
cau ong ta ra lenh cho lc lng Fulro ha vu kh, neu khong ai
uy Souleiman bat buoc phai ban ong ta. Theo li yeu cau cua Y
Bham Enuol, lc lng vu trang Fulro quyet nh ra hang. Sau
o, ai uy Souleiman bat Y Bham Enuol cung ca gia nh ch
ve Phnom-Penh. Ngay 31/12/1968 ai ta Les Kosem gap ong Y
Bham tai t dinh danh cho ong ta e giai thch nhng ly do cua
s bat giam nay
214
.

211
Khong phai Souleiman biet hieu cua Thien Sanh Thi, Cham Phan Rang.
212
Tai lieu Fulro: 12-68. c xac nhan bi va Nguyen Trac D, 1969a :100;
Norman C., La Brie, 1971: 101-103 va Gerald C. Hickey, 1982b: 190.
213
214

130

Bien co nam 1969

S ran nt trong to chc Fulro Mondulkiri

Ngay 1 thang 1 nam 1969, Kpa Dh, Ksor Duot, Y
Nham Eban, Y Bhan Kpr, Yang Neh va Sonleiman (Thien
Sanh Thi), en Moudulkiri, nhan danh ai ta Les Kosem, e
giai thch chnh sach cua Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro va nhng ly
do phai bat gi ong YBham Enuol. Sau cung ho cho biet la Hoi
ong Toi Cao Fulro yeu cau cac chien s nen chon la hai giai
phap: Hoac tr ve Viet Nam e hp tac vi chnh quyen Sai
gon, hoac lai Kampuchea e tiep tuc au tranh vu trang. a
so chien s Fulro ngi Tay Nguyen than can vi ong Y Bham
Enuol bo sung va ho khau hieu chong oi ngi Cham, nht la
ong Les Kosem ve mu o lat o Y Bham Enuol. Sau o, ho ri
khoi mat khu Fulro Mondulkiri e tr ve Viet nam. Nhng
ngi khac gan gui vi Les Kosem bay to s trung thanh vi to
chc Fulro tiep tuc lai Kampuchea e au tranh
215
.
Theo bao cao cua Fulro, co rat nhieu chien s Fulro tr
ve Viet Nam ngay 2 thang 1 nam 1969, nhng cung co mot so
ngi khac van lai Kampuchea
216
.

S tr ve hp tac vi chnh quyen Sai Gon

Ngay sau khi en Viet nam, nhng chien binh Fulro yeu
cau chnh quyen Sai gon giai thoat Y Bham Enuol va gia nh
ta ang b giam gi tai Phnom Penh va dung nhng bien phap
cng ran oi vi Kpa Dh, Ksor Duot, Y Nham Eban, Y Bhan

215
216

131
Kpr,Yang Neh va Souleiman (Thien Sanh Thi), la thanh phan
kch ong trong cuoc lat o YBham Enuol
217
.

Ngay 15 thang 1 nam 1969, Y Dhe Adrng, Y Bling
Buon Krong Pang, Y Sen Nie ve Sai gon e thong bao cho Bo
Phat Trien Sac Toc biet rang nhng chien binh cua Fulro a tr
ve Viet Nam e hp tac vi chnh quyen Sai gon va t bo moi
au tranh vu trang chong lai quoc gia nay
218
.

Ngay 1 thang 2 nam 1969, tong thong Nguyen Van
Thieu en Ban Me Thuot e chu toa le chieu hoi cua 2017
chien binh Fulro trc s hien dien cua 7 v bo trng Viet
Nam va phai oan ngoai giao tai Sai gon
219
.
Trong bai dien van cua mnh, tong thong Nguyen Van
Thieu phe bnh cc lc va to cao chnh quyen Kh Me a
nhung tay vao noi bo Viet Nam, yeu cau quoc trng Norodom
Sihanouk phai tra t do vo ieu kien cho ong Y Bham Enuol
ang b cam gi lam con tin tai Phnom Penh
220
.
e tra li cho bai dien van nay, chnh phu Kh Me ra
mot thong cao ngay 21-2-1969 cho rang s to cao cua Sai gon
ch la mot ban an boi nho quoc gia Kampuchea v quan oi
hoang gia Khme khong lien he g en viec bat ong YBham
Enuol lam con tin vao ngay 28-12-1968
221
.

Theo Nguyen Trac D, nhng thanh vien Fulro tr ve
hp tac vi chnh quyen Sai Gon ngay 1 thang 2 nam 1969,

217
Nguyen Trac D, 1969a: 101 va N. C. La Brie, 1971: 102.
218
219
220
221
Realitea cambodgiennes, n. 636,1969: 17 va N. C. La Brie, 1971: 103.

132
mang theo 895 vu kh ca nhan hay tap the va co so lng nh
sau:
2.575 chien binh xuat than t hang ngu quan oi Sai
Gon
28 cu cong chc cua Sai gon
165 s quan cu cua Sai Gon
162 thng dan goc Tay Nguyen
2.754 phu n va tre em
222
.

Nam 1969 cung la nam anh dau cho s bien ong
chnh tr quan trong vng quoc Campuchia. Vao thang 6 nam
1969 Lon Nol, thu tng Kampuchea, ng ra phan oi cong
khai ve s hien dien qua ong ao tren lanh tho Khme cua lc
lng vu trang Mat Tran Giai Phong Mien Nam (cong san).
Theo Lon Nol, lc lng vu trang cua cong san co ch so gap
bon lan so vi quan oi Kh Me. Chnh v the ong ta ra lenh
hanh quan e truy na nhng toan binh Viet Cong trong cac tnh
Mondulkiri va Rattanakiri. Nhng s quan Fulro ang theo khoa
huan luyen Phnom-Penh c lenh tham gia vao cuoc hanh
quan ay
223
.

Ngay 29 thang 7 nam 1969, ai ta Les Kosem m phien
hop tai Phnom-Penh e xem xet lai tnh hnh noi bo cua to chc
Fulro va a ra giai phap e c mot v lanh ao mi thay the
YBham Enuol e ieu hanh Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen
Champa-Fulro. Trong dp nay, Les Kosem e ngh ong Y Bun
Sur (Mnong Rlam) ang theo hoc tai Phap lam chu tch Mat
Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa-Fulro.

222
223
Tai lieu Fulro: 6-69. c xac nhan bi Ngon Vnh, 1995: 113.

Bien co nam 1970

Cuoc ao chanh tai Kampuchea

Trc khi len ng vieng tham chnh thc cac nc
Phap, Lien Xo, Trung quoc, v.v., hoang than Norodom
Sihanouk yeu cau thong tng Lon Nol, thu tng chnh phu, to
chc nhng cuoc bieu tnh bat bao ong oi hoi Mat Tran Giai
Phong Mien Nam (cong san) phai rut quan ra khoi lanh tho
Campuchia

.
ai ta Les Kosem, cung la nhan vat chu chot trong bien
co nay, trieu tap Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro e giai thch the nao
la vai tro cua to chc Fulro trong cuoc bieu tnh quan chung sap
en. Les Kosem chia nhng thanh vien Fulro co mat tai Phnom-
Penh thanh ba nhom. Nhom th nhat co nhiem vu tra tron vao
am ong e ho nhng khau hieu chong e quoc Viet Nam
xam chiem Champa va Kampuchea Krom. Nhom th hai phai
co mat trc toa ai s Mat Tran Giai Phong Mien Nam (Viet
cong) e xui quan chung bieu tnh tan cong tru s ngoai giao
nay. Nhom th ba tm cach van ong am ong ot pha s quan
cua Ha Noi.
Ngay 11-3-1970 anh dau ngay xuong ng cua han
tram ngan ngi Kh Me ho hao khau hieu viet cong phai rut
quan ra khoi Campuchia, a ao Viet Nam xam chiem
Campuchia Krom va Champa Kap Yuon, Kap Yuon tc la
chem au ngi Viet, chem au ngi Viett va ap pha toa
ai s Mat Tran Giai Phong Mien Nam va Ha Noi

.


134
Sau khi c tin oan bieu tnh tan cong toa ai s Mat
Tran Giai Phong Mien Nam va Ha Noi, hoang than Norodom
Sihanouk ang Paris len tieng to cao thong tng Lon Nol am
mu xui duc quan chung lat o chnh quyen. Ngay 18-3-1970,
thu tng Lon Nol trieu tap quoc hoi va hoi ong hoang gia
Kampuchea bo phieu truat phe hoang than Norodom Sihanouk
va thanh lap chnh the cong hoa Campuchia ma quyen lc
hoan toan nam trong tay cua thong tng Lon Nol

.

Ngay 27-3-1970 chnh quye Ha Noi va Mat Tran Giai
Phong Mien Nam tuyen bo cat t quan he ngoai giao vi
Kampuchea va ra lenh cho lc lng vu trang cua Mat Tran
Giai Phong Mien Nam tan cong Campuchia

. Les Kosem yeu
cau cac n v vu trang phai bao ve can c Fulro nam trong
lanh tho cua vng quoc nay

. au thang 4 nam 1970, ngoai tr
nhng thanh pho ln va nhng khu vc chien lc quan s, lanh
tho Kampuchea a ri vao ban tay kiem soat cu a cong san.

e tra li cho quan xam lc, nhan dan Campuchia
vung day chem giet hang nghn ngi Viet kieu nh c
vng quoc nay

. Bien co nay buoc chnh quyen Sai Gon phai
gi en Phnom-Penh mot ham oi thuy quan nham a Viet
kieu con song sot tr ve Viet Nam

va a quan vao
Camphuchia e truy na lc lng cong san, trong khi o quan
oi Hoa Ky, the theo li yeu cau cua chnh phu Lon Nol, a co
mat tren vng quoc nay ke t ngay 30-4-1970

.

Tnh trang kho x cua chien binh Fulro

S co mat cua quan oi Sai gon tai Campuchia buoc
Les Kosem phai giai thch cho chien s Fulro tai Phnom Penh
biet rang s hien dien cua quan lc Viet Nam Cong Hoa tren
lanh tho Campuchia la nham chien au anh uoi quan xam

135
lc Viet Cong. Chnh v the, cac binh s Fulro phai xem ho la
lc lng ong ban. Chnh v the, Les Kosem ra lenh trng phat
nhng ai dung vu kh chong lai quan lnh Sai Gon tren lanh tho
Campuchia. Mac du co s ham doa ay, nhng van co nhieu
cuoc ung o a xay ra gia chien s Fulro va binh lnh Sai Gon
trong khu vc Phnom-Penh

.

Vao thang 5 nam 1970, mot cuoc hop cua Hoi ong Toi
Cao Fulro a dien ra tai Phnom-Penh. Les Kosem nhan manh
rang s hien dien cua quan oi Sai Gon tai Phnom-Penh khong
ch co much ch chong lai Cong San ma con co nhiem vu
thuyet phuc Y Bham Enuol va chien s Fulro tr ve hp tac vi
chnh quyen Sai Gon. Chnh v the, Les Kosem yeu cau thanh
vien Fulro co mat tai thu o Nam Vang nay phai:
1. Tang cng an ninh xung quanh t dinh cua Y Bham
Enuol, v tnh bao Sai Gon ang chuan b bat coc ong ta e a
ve Viet Nam.
2. Tang cng hoat ong tnh bao Fulro e bao ve b
mat cua to chc, v co mot vai thanh vien Fulro a hnh thanh
ng day lien he vi nhan vien toa ai s Sai Gon tai Nam
Vang. Cuoi cung Les Kosem lu y tat ca moi ngi ve s kien
la Phnom Penh a tr thanh mot a iem tap trung rat tnh bao
nc ngoai, ac biet la tnh bao cua Sai Gon

.

Ngay 25 thang 6 nam 1970, Cheng Heng, tan quoc
trng Campuchia, ky mot sac lenh tong ong vien vng
quoc nay. ai ta les Kosem li dung c hoi nay e ky vi chnh
quyen Kh Me mot qui c cho phep thanh lap 5e Brigade
d'Infanterie Speciale-5BIS, tc la l oan 5 bo binh ac biet
qui tu tat ca chien s Fulro ang co mat tai Campuchia at di
quyen ch huy cua ong ta. ay la noi dung chnh ghi trong qui
c:

136
1. L oan 5 bo binh ac biet (5BIS) gom co bon tieu
oan. Ba tieu oan do cac s quan quan oi Kh Me, goc Cham
hoi giao, ch huy trong o co thieu ta Cheik Ibrahim, Souleiman
va Osman. Tieu oan th t, gom nhng chien s Fulro goc Tay
Nguyen ac di s ch huy cua bon thieu ta: Kpa Dh (Jarai),
Ksor Duot (Jarai), Y Nham Eban (Rae) va Y Bhan Kph
(Rae).
2. Nhng chien s Fulro se c thang chc theo tham
nien va kha nang vao chc vu ha s quan hay s quan e phuc
vu trong L oan 5 bo binh ac biet (5BIS) nay. Can c vao e
ngh cua Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro, bo quoc phong Campuchia
ky sac lenh thang chc.
3. L oan 5 bo binh ac biet (5BIS) co nhng quyen
li va bon phan nh tat ca cac l oan khac cua quan oi
Khme.
4. L oan 5 bo binh ac biet (5BIS) c phep s dung
nhng vu kh va dung cu chien tranh cu cua ho ma khong can
phai ghi vao s kiem ke cua bo quoc phong Kh Me.
5. Sau khi cham dt chien tranh Campuchia, l oan 5
bo binh ac biet (5BIS) co quyen tr lai chien khu cua Fulro
vi cac vu kh cua ho e tiep tuc au tranh vu trang

.

Vao thang 7 nam 1970, Les Kosem a Y Bun Sur
(Mnong Rlam) t Phap ve Phnom Penh va thang chc thieu ta
cho ong ta e ch huy tieu oan Tay Nguyen, kiem tnh trng
tnh Mondulkiri

. Trong phien hop Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro
cung vao thang 7 nay, Les Kosem neu ra van e vai tro cua Y
Bham Enuol trong mat tran Fulro. Les Kosem cho biet rang sau
khi Y Bham Enuol b bat vao thang 12 nam 1968, ong ta khong
con tuan theo menh lenh cua Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro na va
thng hay t choi ky cac ho s hanh chanh cua to chc vi ly
do la ong ta khong con la chu tch Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao

137
Nguyen Champa-Fulro na. Chnh v the, Les Kosem e ngh Y
Bun Sur thay the Y Bham Enuol e ieu hanh mat tran

.

Bien co nam 1971

Bo trng bo phat trien sac toc mi

Vao au nam 1971, li dung s hien dien quan oi Viet
Nam Cong Hoa Campuchia, Paul Nr, bo trng Bo Phat
Trien Sac Toc, a ra ke hoach theo s ch ao chnh quyen Sai
Gon e a Y Bham Enuol ve Viet Nam. e thc thi d an nay,
Paul Nr gi phu nhan cua ong ta va Domeyet (Cham Chau
oc), trng ty Phat Trien Sac Toc tnh Tay Ninh sang
Campuchia. Lay c la kinh doanh xe co, hai ngi nay tm cach
tham do a ch t dinh cua Y Bham Enuol tai Phnom Penh va
thuyet phuc nhng thanh vien Fulro tr ve hp tac vi chnh
quyen Sai Gon.
Les Kosem, a c thang chc thieu tng vao cuoi
nam 1970, ra lenh bat gi hai ngi nay lai bang cach chup anh
nhng vu kh ma nhan vien tnh bao Kh Me a at vao xe cua
ho. Vai ngay sau, tng Les Kosem loan tin vi bao ch Kh
Me va Viet Nam la phu nhan cua Paul Nr va Domeyet sang
Campuchia buon lau sung an. Sau khi cho pho bien nhng anh
chup c, Les Kosem yeu cau Paul Nr phai t chc ghe bo
trng Bo Phat Trien Sac Toc, neu khong phu nhan ong ta se b
giam gi Campuchia cho en khi co phien toa xet x.
e cham dt bien co lien he en phu nhan cua mot ong
bo trng sang Campuchia mua ban vu kh ma bao ch Viet
Nam ang khai thac, chnh phu Viet Nam tm cach thng
thuyet vi tng Les Kosem. e cu phu nhan cua mnh, Paul
Nr ch con con cach la chap nhan t chc. Trong dp nay, Les
Kosem e ngh Nay Luett (Jarai) len lam bo trng Bo Phat
Trien Sac Toc thay the Paul Nr

. Sau o tong thong Nguyen

138
Van Thieu ky ngh nh e c Nay Luett vao chc vu bo trng
vao ngay 15 thang 6 nam 1971

.

ao tao can bo va s quan Fulro nc ngoai

S hien dien cua Nay Luett, cu thanh vien Bajaraka va
Fulro v tr toi cao cua Bo Phat Trien Sac Toc a a Mat
Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa ngh en mot chien lc
mi trong to chc au tranh. Vao thang 8 nam 1971, Hoi ong
Toi Cao Fulro hoac nh mot chng trnh ao tao can bo va s
quan nc ngoai. Chng trnh au tien la ao tao mot so can
bo Fulro Phap. Mot so s quan khac c ao tao trong cac
trng quan s Hoa Ky, Okinawa va Indonesia

.

Bau c quoc hoi lap hien tai Viet Nam

e chuan b cho cuoc bau c quoc hoi lap hien vao
ngay 29-8-1971, chnh quyen Sai Gon a ra mot ao luat bau
c mi qui nh rang nhng ai bieu ai dien cho dan toc thieu
so trong nc se khong do c tri dan toc thieu so bo phieu ma
ca c tri ngi Viet na.
Muc ch cua ao luat mi nay la buoc ng c vien
thieu so phai ra tranh c di nhan hieu cua mot ang phai Viet
Nam, nhat la ang phai cua Nguyen Van Thieu, neu khong, ho
khong co may man e c ac c. Chnh v the, Hoi ong Toi
Cao Fulro ra thong cao yeu cau cac dan toc thieu so toan quoc
ch nen e c mot ng c vien duy nhat cho mot n v bau c.
Viec nay se tao thuan li cho cac dan toc thieu so chon la ai
bieu cua mnh vao quoc hoi hn la do c tri ngi Viet quyet
nh

.
Phai cong nhan rang, hau het dan toc Tay Nguyen a
ap dung ch th cua Fulro ve viec chon la ngi ai dien cho
ho trong quoc hoi Viet Nam. Ngc lai, ngi Cham ong

139
bang khong ai biet en ch th nay, chon la hn 9 ng c vien
trong mot n v bau c khu vc Phan Rang, e roi nhng ng
c vien nay oi cho nhau mot cach quyet liet, gay chia re tram
trong trong cong ong ngi Cham. Thieu tng Les Kosem
ng ra ch trch cong khai nhng ng c vien ngi Cham
Phan Rang khong ton trong ch th cua Fulro va thai o khong
oan ket cua ho

.
Cuoc bau c a dien ra vao cuoi nam 1971. Ba thng
ngh s trung c di nhan hieu Fulro la Ksor Rt (Jarai) Y
Bling Buon Krong Pang (Rae), Ton Ai Lieng (Cham) va cung
hai dan bieu: Y Dhe Adrng trng Phai oan ac Biet va
Chnh Thc (DSO-Fulro) va Recom Anhot (Jarai). Them vao o
co 6 dan bieu khac c ac c di nhan hieu cua mot ang
phai Viet Nam

. Theo Les Kosem, ket qua cua cuoc bau c nay
a noi len the nao la vai tro cua Fulro trong ban c chnh tr
Viet Nam

Bien co nam 1972

au nam 1972, chnh quyen Sai Gon ch th cho Trng
Kim Cang, ai s Viet Nam tai Phnom-Penh phai lam bat c
gia nao e a Y Bham Enuol ve Viet Nam. Tnh bao Fulro
bao cao vi tng Les Kosem ve vu nay. Ke t o, Fulro ra
lenh tang cng canh phong rat nghiem ngat xung quanh nha t
dinh cua Y Bham Enuol
Nhan thay d an cua Trng Kim Cang a b that bai,
bo trng Bo Phat Trien Sac Toc la Nay Luett gi en Phnom-
Penh vao au thang 5 nam 1972, mot thanh vien Fulro ten la
Jaya Mrang (Huynh Ngoc San, Cham Phan Rang) ma tnh bao
Fulro a canh giac t thang 5 nam 1968 va b Les Kosem cam
khong c vao chien khu Fulro Mondulkiri na

. Jaya
Marang tm cach gap Y Bham Enuol mot cach b mat. Nhan dp
nay, Y Bham Enuol giao cho Jaya Marang mot bc th trong o

140
ong ta cho biet se tr ve Viet Nam vao thang 7 nam 1972. Tiec
rang d an nay b tnh bao Fulro pha hong

.

Trc s tan cong ngay cang gia tang cua Mat Tran
Giai Phong Mien Nam tren Cao Nguyen t thang 5-1972

trong
khi o quan oi My chuan b rut quan ra khoi Viet Nam, tong
thong Nguyen Van Thieu cho ra mot ao luat bai bo che o
mien quan dch danh cho dan toc thieu so. Nay Luett ng ra
phan oi ao luat mi nay, nhng khong thanh

.
Ngay 26 thang 10 nam 1972, tong thong Lon Nol giao
trach nhiem cho tng Les Kosem at moi quan he vi cac
nc hoi giao. Ke t thang 12 nam 1972, Les Kosem gi rat
nhieu phai oan gom co ngi Cham hoi giao Kampuchea en
mot so quoc gia hoi giao nham giai thch tnh hnh chien tranh
Campuchia va quang cao muc ch cua Fulro la giai phong
Champa ra khoi ach thong tr cua Viet nam

.

Bien co nam 1973

Ngay 27-1-1973 tai Paris, chnh phu Hoa Ky, Ha Noi,
Sai Gon va Mat Tran Giai Phong Mien Nam ky hiep c hoa
bnh Viet Nam. Theo hiep c nay, Hoa Ky se rut quan ra khoi
Viet Nam trc thang 3 nam 1973.
Thang 12 nam 1973, Kapa Koi (Jarai) va Y Preh Buon
Krong (Rae) gi cho Y Bih Aleo, pho chu tch Mat Tran Giai
Phong Mien Nam kiem chu tch Phong Trao Tay Nguyen T
Tr mot bc th cho biet la nhom Fulro cua ong ta mong muon
hp tac vi Mat Tran Giai Phong Mien Nam. Cong an Sai Gon
phat hien s kien nay nen nhom Kapa Koi phai chay vao bng
bien thanh lap lc lng vu trang ngam. T xng la ngi ai
dien cho Y Bham Enuol, Kapa Koi keu goi quan chung Tay
Nguyen gia nhap Fulro e chong lai chnh sach Sai gon. Nhom
Kapa Koi la mot lc lng vu trang oc lap, khong lien he g

141
vi to chc Fulro Kampuchea. Co chang v to chc Fulro co
trung ng Nam Vang a thay oi chien lc la khong gay
chien vi che o Sai Gon na va ang giam gi Y Bham e
lam con tin.
Ch trong vong mot vai thang, Nhom Kapa Koi a ket
nap kha nhieu binh s, nhat la nhng thanh vien cu cua Fulro a
tr ve hp tac vao nam 1969, nhng rat bat mang che o Sai
Gon v khong thc hien li ha giup ho. e ngan chan
phong trao Kapa Koi, Nay Luett ra mot thong cao keu goi ngi
Thng khong nen tin vao li tuyen truyen cua nhom nay v
Kapa Koi khong phai la ngi ai dien cho to chc Fulro that
s

.

Mot so nhan vat quan trong Tay Nguyen tiep tay vi
nhom Fulro cua Kpa Koi o la Y Chon Mlo Duon Du, nhan
vien cao cap cua Bo Phat Trien Sac Toc va Y Preh Buon
Krong. Ho thng gap nhau e ban thao ve tnh hnh Viet Nam
va i en ket luan rang mien Nam Viet Nam se ri vao tay cua
cong san sau ngay quan oi Hoa Ky rut khoi Viet Nam. Chnh
v the, ho tm cach hp tac vi Mat Tran Giai Phong Mien
Nam.
Vao cuoi nam 1973, ho to chc mot cuoc gap g tai on
ien ca phe Mewal, gan Ban Me Thuot vi ong c Kim, s
quan Mat Tran Giai Phong Mien Nam, nham thao luan mot
chng trnh lien ket cua nhom Kapa Koi vi Viet Cong

.

Bien co nam 1974

Vao thang 3 nam 1974, Y Jut (Rae), nhan vien cao cap
cua Bo Phat Trien Sac Toc thong tin cho chnh phu Sai Gon
rang Mat Tran Giai Phong Mien Nam a qui tu c nhom
Fulro cua Kapa Koi, trong o co Y Preh Buon Krong va Y Chon
Mlo Duon Du. Y Jut cho rang s co mat cua mot so thanh vien

142
Fulro quan trong trong s oan E 25 cua Mat Tran Giai Phong
Mien Nam la bang chng cu the. Nhom Kapa Koi tuyen bo
rang chnh Y Bham Enuol la ngi ng ra keu goi nhan dan
Tay Nguyen au tranh ben canh Mat Tran Giai Phong Mien
Nam.
Nhan c thong tin nay, cong an Sai Gon truy na ba
ngi lanh ao tren. e bao ve cho ngi ban cua mnh, Y Jut
e c Y Chon Mlo Duon Du vao chc vu giam oc Trung Tam
Nghien Cu Dan Toc Thieu So tai Dalat. Y Chon Mlo chap
nhan. Ngc lai, Kpa Koi tiep tuc thu nap tren cao nguyen ong
ao chien s Fulro e tiep tuc cuoc cuoc au tranh vu trang
chong quan oi Sai Gon. Ngay 2 thang 11 nam 1974, t bao
New York Times, loan tin co khoang 500 binh s t cho la
chien s Fulro, at di s ch ao cua Kpa Koi, chuan b tan
cong nhng can c quan s cua Sai gon va a giet hn nam
chuc binh s cua Nguyen Van Thieu trong vong mot thang.
Chnh v the, chnh quyen Sai gon phai gi hai tieu oan len
cao nguyen e chong lai to chc cua Kpa Koi

.

S lien he cuoi cung cua Y Bham Enuol vi Sai gon

Trong khoang thi gian o, tng Les Kosem ra lenh
cho ong Y Bham Enuol gi mot bc th vao thang 6 nam 1974
cho Nay Luett, noi rang ong ta chap nhan tr ve Viet nam neu
chnh quyen Sai Gon giai quyet ba iem ma Hoi ong Toi Cao
Fulro oi hoi:
1. Chap thuan qui che t tr cho Cao Nguyen.
2. Chap thuan cho Fulro thanh lap quan oi rieng
3. Chap thuan cho Fulro co mot la c rieng.
Neu Sai Gon khong tra li cho 3 yeu sach nay, Hoi
ong Toi Cao Fulro se ch th cho lc lng Fulro khong au
tranh ben canh quan oi Sai Gon e chong Mat Tran Giai
Phong Mien Nam tren Cao Nguyen na

.


143

Bien co nam 1975

Ngay 10 thang 3 nam 1975, vi s ho tr cua nhom
Kapa Koi, Mat Tran Giai Phong Mien Nam xam chiem Ban Me
Thuot, tnh l au tien ri vao tay cong san sau hiep nh
Geneve.
Nam chiem them tnh l KonTum, Pleiku, Phu Bon. Chieu 23
thang 3 nam 1975, Nay Luett, bo trng Bo Phat Trien Sac Toc
to chc phien hp vi khoang 50 nha lanh ao ngi Thng va
Cham e ngh quyen t tr Tay Nguyen nh Fulro a oi hoi
t nam 1965

.

Kampuchea, Kh Me o sa soan tan cong thu o
Phnom-Penh. Ngay 8 thang 4 nam 1975, tng Les Kosem va
gia nh ri bo Kampuchea e sang Phap. Trc khi len ng,
ong ta ra lenh cho cac thanh vien cua Hoi ong Toi Cao Fulro
vao toa ai s Phap e an nau, trong trng hp thu o Phnom
Penh ri vao tay Kh Me o

.
Phan rang, quan oi Sai Gon tm cach thoat than, rut
lui hon loan, trc a tien cua quan Mat Tran Giai Phong Mien
Nam. Jaya Marang (Cham), cu thanh vien cua Phai oan ac
Biet va Chnh Thc (DSO-Fulro) Buon Me Thuot

keu goi
mot so ngi Cham nh Van Thanh Bnh (cu ng c vien dan
bieu quoc hoi), Kieu Ngoc Quyen (thanh vien Fulro, tr ve
Viet Nam chieu hoi vao nam 1971), T Cong Xuan (cu dan
bieu) va nhieu thanh nien Cham khac thanh lap mot n v vu
trang vi danh ngha Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao Nguyen
Champa-Fulro, du ho khong lien lac c vi to chc Fulro
Phnom Penh. Nhom Jaya Marang thanh lap mat khu trong vung
Song Pha, pha tay Phan Rang va tm cach lien lac vi cac

144
nhom Tay Nguyen cung t tuyen bo la Fulro, at di quyen
ch ao cua Ya Duck (Churu) Dalat va Y Djai (Rae) Buon
Me Thuot

.
Ngay 8 thang 4 nam 1975, Jaya Marang ra lenh phat c
Fulro trong cac lang Cham vung Phan Rang. T tong hanh
dinh tai lang Hu c, Jaya Marang ra lenh cho Nai Thanh
Hung (Cham), s quan quan oi Sai Gon, sa soan mot cuoc
vung day. Trong khi o, Van Thanh Bnh (cu ng c vien dan
bieu quoc hoi) va Thanh Phu Ba (quan oc trng trung hoc
Cham Phan Rang) lien lac vi ong Thiet Ng (Cham Phan
Rang, can bo phu trach van e Cham cua Mat Tran Giai Phong
Mien Nam) ang co mat gan thap Po Rome, Phan Rang. i
cung vi Van Thanh Bnh va Thanh Phu Ba, ong Thiet Ng
en tham vieng hn hai mi hai lang Cham va c ong bao
Cham tiep on Thiet Ng nh la mot lanh tu cach mang tr ve
que hng. Mot vai ngay sau o, quan cach mang tan cong
nhom Fulro cua Jaya Marang va giet chet v ch huy quan s la
Nai Thanh Hung

.
Ngay 17 thang 4 nam 1975, Kh Me o xam chiem
Phnom Penh. Tat ca nhng nha lanh ao trong Hoi ong Toi
Cao ngaoi tr thieu ta Y Bhan Kpr (Rae) va ai uy Ksor
Kt (Jarai) ang hoc trng quan s Fort Benning, tieu bang
Georgie Hoa Ky eu chay vao toa ai s Phap e xin t nan
nh li Les Kosem a yeu cau

.
Ngay 20 thang 4 nam 1975, Kh Me o dung vu lc e
xam nhap vao toa ai s Phap, bat tat ca nhng thanh vien
Fulro trc mat ong ai s toan quyen Phap. Mot vai gi sau,
Kh Me o t hnh ong Y Bham Enuol, Y Bun Sur, Kpa Dh,
Ksor Duot, va Y Nham Eban

.
Ngay 20 thang 4 nam 1975 anh dau s sup o hoan
toan cua mot to chc mang ten la Mat Tran Giai Phong Cao
Nguyen Champa-Fulro.


145
Tai lieu trch dan

Agence Khmere de Presse,
Comite Administratif de lAmicale des Peuples Austriens,
19 Novembre 1965.
Archives du Fulro, 1964-1974.
Ball, George W.,
Top Secret: The Prophecy the President Rejected, in
Atlantic Monthly 230, n. 1, 1972.
Boulbet, J.,
Le Miir, culture itinerante sur brlis avec jachere
forestiere en pays Maa, in BEFEO, LIII., fasc. 1, 1966,
p. 77-98.
Burchett, Wilfred,
The Furtive War: The United Sates in Vietnam and Laos,
New York, 1963.
Vietnam Will Win, 2e ed., A Guardian Book, New York,
1970.
Bo Kinh-Te Quoc-Gia,
Viet-Nam Nien-Giam Thong Ke, Saigon, 1953.
Department of State,
A Threat to the Peace: Nord Viet-Nams effort to
Conquer South Viet-Nam, Department of State,
Washington, 1981.
Duncanson, Dennis J.,
Gouvernment and revolution in Vietnam, Frederick A.
Praeger, New York, 1966.
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(Pays Montagnard du Sud-Indochinois), zone
dorganisation, 1956.
Fall, Bernard,
The Two Vietnam: A Policital and Military Analysis,
Frederick A. Praeger, New York, 1963.

146
Viet-Nam Witness, 1953-1966, Frederick A. Praeger,
New York, 1966.
Foreign Operation Administration,
Project Proposal and Approval Summary, P.M.S. Land
Developpment, Saigon, 1967.
Front de liberation des Hauts Plateaux du Champa,
Historique, Phnom-Penh, 1965.
Hickey, Gerald C.,
The Highland People of South Vietnam: Social and
Economique Development, The Rand Corporation, Santa
Monica California, september 1967.
Free in the Forest. Ethnohistory of the Vietnamese
Central Highlands 1954-1976, New Haven and London,
Yale University Press, 1982.
Jackson, Larry,
The Vietnamese Revolution and the Montagnards, in
Asian Survey 9, n. 5, 1969.
Jaspan, M. A.,
Recent developments among the Chams of Indochina.
The revival of Champa, in Asian Affairs 57-2 (1970),
pp. 170-176.
Jata Aneh,
Xin hay cham dt, in c Vong, n. 1, 1968.
Johnson, Alexis U.,
Communique of the United States Government, Saigon, 2-
8-1965.
Kuno Knoebl,
Victor Charlie, The face of war in Viet-Nam, Frederick
A. Praeger, New York, 1967.
La Brie, Norman C.,
FULRO: The History of Political Tension in the South
Vietnamese Highlands, Diplome de maitrise de
lUniversity of Massachusetts, 1971.

147
Lafont, P-B.,
LAgriculture sur brulis chez les Proto-indochinois des
hauts-plateaux du centre Vietnam, in Les Cahiers
dOutre-Mer, Revue de geographie, tome XX, 1967, p.
37-50.
Larteguy, Jean,
Un million de dollars le Viet, Raoul Solar, 1965.
Le Haut Comite du Front Unifie de Lutte des Races Oprimees,
Gouvernement Provisoire des Hauts Plateaux du
Champa, Zone libre, 17 octobre 1964.
Lo Trung Can
Xin hay cham dt. Quan iem ve cuoc trang c dan
bieu ngi Cham 1967, in Champaka, so 1, 1999.
Markham, James M.,
Montagnard Uprising Poses a Threat to Saigon Drive,
in New York Time, 2 novembre 1974.
Meyer, Charles,
Derriere le sourire khmer, Plon, Paris,1971.
Michigan State University Vietnam Advisory Group,
Preliminary Research Report on the PMS, Saigon 1957.
Mohr, Charles,
Vietnamese Fear a Tribal Uprising, in New York
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National Institute of Administration,
Viet Nam Government Organisation Manual, Saigon,
1957-1958.
Ngon Vnh
FULRO, Nha Xuat Ban Van Hoc, tai ban lan th 3,
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Nghiem Dang,
The National Institute of Administration, in Vietnam:
the First Five Years, Michigan State Univesity Press,
1959.

148
Nguyen Trac D
Tm hieu phong trao au tranh Fulro, 1958-1969, Bo
Phat Trien Sac Toc, Saigon, 1969a.
Nhat-ky cac phong-trao au tranh cua ong bao
Thng, in Thng Vu so 17, 1969b.
Pike, Douglas,
Viet Cong: The Organization and Techniques of the
National Liberation Front of South Vietnam, Mass.
M.I.T. Press, Cambridge,1966.
Ponchaud, F.,
Cambodge, Annee zero, Document, Juilliard, Paris, 1977.
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Nine Years after a Fateful Assassination : The Cult of
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Sochurek, Howard,
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Area Handbook for Vietnam, DA Pamphlet, N. 550-55,
The American University, Government Printing Office,
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Cai goi la phong trao oi t tr Fulro, Pleiku-
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Y Bham Enul,

149
Le President du Front de Libeation Dega-Cham a Son
Excellence, Monsieur le Preident des Etats-Unis
dAmerique, Zone liberee, le 8 novembre 1965.
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FULRO, Agence Khmer de Presse, Phnom-Penh, n. 5,
15 mars 1965.
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Y Kdruin Mlo selon les renseignements recueillis, P.C.
FULRO, 26 Janvier 1968.


150

Y Bham Enuol
va le chao c
Champa
tai chien khu 1
(TL. Fulro, 1975)

ai uy Soulaiman
(eo gng ben phai)
nhan vat ao chanh Y Bham Enuol

151

Jaya Marang (eo gng ang
ch ngon tay) va
chien s goc Cham Panduranga
Chien s Tay
Nguyen va la c
Champa

152

Trang Khong

Fulro:
Bien co nhat thi trong lch s hay
truyen thong au tranh cua dan toc
Champa*

Ts. Po Dharma
(Pho giao s Vien Vien ong Phap)

Trong nhng nam 1965-1975 cua chien tranh ong
Dng lan th hai, mot phong trao vu trang ma chnh quyen a
phng va thong tin ai chung thng noi en, o la Fulro, ch
viet tat cua Front Unifie de Lutte des Races Opprimees, tc la
Mat Tran Thong Nhat au Tranh Dan Toc B Ap Bc. Mac du
to chc Fulro khong con na, nhng phong trao nay a tr thanh
mot cot truyen huyen thoai ma quan chung hom nay van thng
nhac en.
Fulro
1
la cuoc vung day cua dan toc thieu so mien
trung Viet Nam, xa kia la lanh tho cua vng quoc Champa,
bao gom khu vc ong bang duyen hai va vung nui non ma
ngi ta thng goi la Cao Nguyen Trng Sn. Trong nhng

*
Bai ang au tien trong tac pham Deuxieme symposium franco-sovietique sur
lAsie du Sud-Est, Institut dOrientalisme de lAcademie des Sciences de
lURSS, Moscou, 1993, tr. 263-277.
1
Conference des peuples indochinois, FULRO: Historique, Phnom-Penh, 25
Fevrier 1965; Norman C. La Brie, Fulro, The history of political tension in
the South Vietnamese Highlands (Diplome de maitrise de lUniversity of
Massachusetts), 1971; Y Chon Mlo Duon Du, Quan niem ve nep song
cua ong bao Thng va anh em Fulro in Nguyet San Thng Vu, so 3,
1966; Gerald C. Hickey, Free in the Forest. Ethnohistory of the Vietnamese
Central Highlands 1945-1976, Yale University Press, 1982.
Fulro: Bien co nhat thi...

156
thi vang son cua Champa, vung duyen hai la ni c tru cua dan
toc Cham. Ngc lai, Cao Nguyen Trng Sn la ni c tru cua
cac sac dan ban a (Rae, Jarai, BaNa, Seang, Churu,
Raglai,Kaho, Sre v..v) tc la than dan Champa a tng gop
phan xay dng vng quoc nay trong qua trnh lch s
2
.
Bc vao them the ky th 10, ai Viet vng mnh phat
huy cuoc Nam Tien, xuat quan xam chiem dan dan lanh tho
Champa va a hang loat c dan ngi Viet en tru tru
3
gay ra
bao cuoc xung ot vi dan toc ban a Champa, mot cong ong
toc ngi khong bao gi chap nhan mot quoc gia lang gieng
dung vu lc e xam chiem at ai va boc lot ho e roi ho tr
thanh mot tap the cong dan ngoai le ang sinh song tren at
nc Viet Nam hom nay.
Luc ban au, cuoc Nam Tien cua ai Viet ch at trong
tam xam chiem mien duyen hai va ne tranh toi a viec tien
quan len cao nguyen, mot khu vc khong thuan tien cho viec
nh c cua dan toc Viet. Chnh v the, trong nhng nam ma
ngi Phap co mat tai Viet Nam vao cuoi the ky th XIX, cao
nguyen Champa hoan toan vang bong ngi Kinh.
Nam 1955 anh dau mot khuc quanh mi trong lch s
can ai cua dan toc Tay Nguyen. Mot khi len nam chnh quyen,
Ngo nh Diem phat ong phong trao di dan en vung Tay
Nguyen. Ke t o, so dan ngi Kinh ngay cang ong ao, nhat
la nhng ngi Bac Viet di c. Ho en lap nghiep tai cac tnh

2
B. Gay, Vue nouvelle sur la composition ethnique du Campa, in Actes du
seminaire sur le Campa, Travaux du CHCPI, Paris, 1988, tr. 49-58; Po
Dharma, Le Panduranga (Campa). Ses rapports avec le Vietnam (1802-
1835). Public. de lEFEO (Tap 1), 1987.
3
Nguyen The Anh, Le Nam Tien dans les textes vietnamiens, in Les
Frontieres du Vietnam (P-B. Lafont, ed.), LHarmattan, Paris, 1989, tr.
121-127; Po Dharma, Les frontieres du Campa: Dernier etat des
recherches, in Les Frontieres du Vietnam (P-B. Lafont, ed.),
LHarmattan, Paris, 1989, tr. 128-135.

157
Kontum, Pleiku, Darlac, Quang c, Tuyen c, Lam ong,
lan ap at ai c dan ban a Tay Nguyen theo mo hnh ma
dan toc Viet a tng ap dung e xam chiem vung duyen hai
Champa mien Trung Viet Nam.
B xo uoi ra khoi mieng at do chnh ban tay va mo
hoi nc mat mnh tao ra, dan toc Tay Nguyen tr thanh mot
tap the dan ban a song lenh enh trong nhng khu vc can
coi,e roi ho lam vao canh ngheo oi khon cung khong biet
trong cay vao ai e nng than. Nhng ai giam ng ra chong
oi s boc lot cua ngi Kinh tren Tay Nguyen thi o th se b
a vao lao tu hay b chup mu la thanh vien Viet Cong va cuoi
cung ho b ket toi t hnh. Trc boi canh lch s nay, dan toc
Tay Nguyen tm cach hnh thanh mot phong trao au tranh b
mat vao nam 1958 mang ten la Bajaraka (ch viet tat: Bana +
Jarai + Rae + Kaho) nham oi quyen t do c song tren
manh at cua to tien mnh e lai; phan oi s hien dien cua c
dan Kinh qua ong ao tren Tay Nguyen va chong lai chnh
sach Viet Nam a pha tan moi c cau to chc xa hoi, ton giao,
kinh te dan toc ban a Tay Nguyen
4
. V khong chap nhan chnh
sach qua tan bao cua che o Sai Gon, dan toc Tay Nguyen tm
cach gieo s bat on tren Cao nguyen. Ngay 22-2-1957 phong
trao Bajaraka to chc cuoc am sat Ngo nh Diem, tong thong
Cong Hoa Viet Nam thi o. Cung trong thi iem ay, chnh
quyen Kh Me, tc la oi tng thu ch cua che o Sai gon va
chnh phu Hoa Ky
5
, ang m rong ban tay on nhan nhng
thanh vien Bajaraka b cong an Viet Nam truy na. Mot khi a
thoat than en Campuchia, nhng thanh vien nay lien ket vi
mot so quan nhan goc ngi Cham va Campuchia Krom c
chnh phu hoang than Norodom Sihanouk yem tr, e to chc
nhng mat tran quan s nham giai phong dan toc Cham va Tay

4
Gerald C. Hickey, 1982, Sd., tr. 47-60.
5
C. Meyer, Derriere le sourire khmer, Plon, Paris,1971.

158
Nguyen mien trung Viet nam, dan toc Campuchia Krom
mien nam Viet Nam va dan toc Campuchia Nord vung
Champassak (Lao)
6
. Trong khi o Mat Tran Giai Phong
Champa cung a ra i vao nam 1960 at di s lanh ao cua
Les Kosem, ai ta nhay du cua quan oi Campuchia goc ngi
Cham. Nam 1963, Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa lien ket vi
Mat Tran Giai Phong Campuchia Krom va Mat Tran Giai
Phong Campuchia Nord e hnh thanh mot to chc lien minh
mang ten la Front Unifie de Lutte des Races Opprimees, viet tat
la Fulro (Mat tran Thong Nhat au Tranh Dan Toc B Ap Bc).
Mat tran Fulro co tru s at tai Phnom-Penh thng neu ra mot
yeu sach chnh ang, o la tai lap lai mot vng quoc Champa
oc lap
7
. Ngay 20 thang 9 nam 1964, lc lng vu trang Fulro
vung day tan cong mot so tnh mien trung Viet Nam, chiem
ai ai phat thanh Ban Me Thuot e pho bien yeu sach cua
mnh o la giai phong Cao Nguyen Champa ra khoi ach no le
cua quan xam lc Viet Nam. Sau cuoc tan cong nay, lc lng
Fulro rut quan ve hau c tnh Mondulkiri, pha bac
Campuchia. Trong khi o, mot so thanh vien khac cua Fulro
chon la con ng lai hp tac vi chnh quyen Sai Gon, a
phan chia phong trao nay thanh hai phe oi nghch. Mot bo
phan th da vao chnh quyen Sai Gon e au tranh oi quyen
li, trong luc o phe th hai th da vao vng quoc Campuchia
tiep tuc cuoc au tranh vu trang e giai phong Champa.
Nam 1969 anh dau s khung hoang tram trong trong
noi bo Fulro, a a ai a so chien s Fulro tr ve hp tac vi
chnh quyen Viet Nam. Nhng ngi con lai Cao Mien buoc
phai theo thong tng Lon Nol, thu tng Campuchia, nhan vat
ng ra to chc cuoc ao chnh Campuchia vao thang 3 nam

6
C. Meyer, 1971, Sd, 270.
7
M. A. Jaspan, Recent developments among the Cham of Indo-China, in
Asian Affaires, 57-2 (1970), tr. 170-176..

159
1970 va thanh lap nc Cong Hoa Kh Me. Cuoc ao chnh nay
a dan en s cau cu chnh quyen Sai Gon gi quan sang
Campuchia e truy na Viet Cong. S hien dien cua quan oi
Sai Gon tren lanh tho Cao Mien thi o a lam cho cac chien s
Fulro mat het niem hy vong ve muc tieu au tranh cua mnh.
The la phong trao Fulro tr thanh mot bong hnh ke t nam
1970 e roi i dan vao s tan v. Nam 1975, to chc Fulro b
giai the, mot khi vng quoc Campuchia ri vao tay cua Kh
Me o.

Ngc lai vi nhng g ma cac nha nghien cu, thong
tin ai chung Viet Nam va quan oi My a tng a ra, Fulro
khong phai la phong trao vu trang au tien chong Viet Nam a
bung no ra tren lanh tho Champa cu. V rang bien nien s
Champa va t lieu lch s Viet Nam a tng nhac en nhieu
cuoc noi day khac cua dan toc Champa a dien ra mien
duyen hai cung nh Cao Nguyen trung phan Viet Nam gia
the ky XVII va XX.
Khong dng lai cac phong trao nho nhoi chong oi
Viet Nam trai dai trong ba the ky, chung toi ch e cap en
nhng cuoc vung day quan trong a xay ra t 1693 en 1887,
tc la nhng cuoc au tranh vu trang a tng lam ao lon lch
s quan he gia che o phong kien Viet Nam va nhan dan
Champa thi o.
Cuoc khi ngha co tam voc rong ln vao cuoi the k th
XIX la Kalin Biang Thang (1886-1887), a xay ra khu vc
Phan Rang va Phan R vi s yem tr cua E. Aymonier
8
, s quan
ngi Phap hien co mat trong khu vc nay. ay la s vung day
cua nhan dan Champa chong lai phong trao Can Vng nham
oi quyen t tr Panduranga.

8
Sach Cham co so CM 37(29). c xac nhan bi C. Fourniau, Annam-
Tonkin 1885-1896, Harmattan, Paris, 1989, tr. 66-67.

160
Trc cuoc au tranh cua Biang Thang, ngi ta con ghi
nhan mot cuoc noi day khac chong Viet Nam at di quyen
lanh ao cua Ja Thak Wa (goc Cham Van Lam) cung a xay ra
vao nam 1834-1835
9
. Mot khi a tap hop cac thanh vien chien
au khu vc Bnh Thuan, Khanh Hoa va ong Nai Thng, Ja
Thak Wa ra lenh vung day chong lai quan xam lang nham a
dan toc Champa ra khoi ach no le cua trieu nh Hue. ay la
cuoc vung day cua toan dan Champa tap trung toan bo lc
lung goc ngi Cham va anh em Tay Nguyen. Chnh v the
mat tran cua Ja Thak Wa a gay bao lo au that s cho chnh
quyen Viet Nam thi o.
Mot tram ba mi mot nam trc s hnh thanh to chc
Furo, mot cuoc khi ngha khac cung a xay Panduranga vao
nam 1833-1834. Phong trao nay at di quyen lanh ao cua
Katip Sumat, mot chc sac hoi giao, ho hao khau hieu thanh
chien e chong quan xam lc cua trieu nh Hue
10
nhng b
that bai trc lc lng quan s hung manh cua hoang e Minh
Mang.
Trc Katip Sumat, ngi ta cung khong quen mot
phong trao khac a bung no tai Panduranga vao nam 1776 at
di quyen ieu hanh cua Tuan Phaow ma bien nien s Viet
Nam phien am la Tuan Phu
11
. Muc tieu to chc cua Tuan
Phaow la giai phong x s Champa ra khoi ach thong tr quan
s cua nha Nguyen va chong lai mot so ngi Cham a ket cau
vi chnh quyen Viet Nam thi o.
Nam 1728, tc la 236 nam trc s ra i cua Fulro,
ngi ta con chng kien mot cuoc noi day cua nhan dan

9
Bu Cam, Mot oan lch s Chiem Thanh. T Nguyen Hoang en trieu
Minh Menh in Van Hoa Nguyet San, so 37, 1958, tr. 1246-1249; 1598, tr.
1246-1249.
10
Po Dharma, 1987, tap I, Sd., tr. 41-149.
11
Po Dharma, 1987, tap II, Sd., tr. 74.

161
Champa chong lai s boc lot cua ngi Kinh nh c
Panduranga chu trng vay mn vi lai suat tren 150% mot
nam. V lai xuat qua cao, dan toc Champa khong the tra noi so
n e roi ngi Kinh cho vay chiem oat at ai hay ca ban
than cua ho. Thai o bot loc nay a a en s xung ot lien
mien gia dan toc Champa va c dan ngi Viet sinh song
Panduranga thi o va phat sinh nhng phong trao bai tr ngi
Kinh
12
.
Ben canh nhng cuoc au tranh ma chung toi va mi
a ra, mot phong trao au tranh quan trong nhat nham bao ve
s song con cua Champa la s vung day cua nhan dan Champa
vao nam 1693.
Ai cung biet, nam 1692 anh dau mot khuc quanh mi
trong tien trnh lch s Champa. Nham nut tron lanh tho
Champa con lai mien nam, nha Nguyen xua quam xam chiem
Champa vao nam 1692, chia lanh tho cua vng quoc nay thanh
ba n v hanh chanh Viet Nam o la Pho Hai, Phan R, Phan
Rang at di quyen lanh ao cua 3 tng lanh goc ngi Kinh.
Mot thang sau, nha Nguyen quyet nh xoa bo ba n v hanh
chanh nay e thanh lap phu Bnh Thuan tren lanh tho Champa.
The la Champa a b xoa ten tren ban o lan au tien trong lch
s. Chnh sach xam lc cua nha Nguyen vao nam 1692 a
khuyech ai moi cam thu cua dan toc Champa chong lai dan toc
Viet va nay sinh ra cuoc khi ngha cua nhan dan Champa
chong quan xam lc cua nha Nguyen vao thang 12 nam Qu
Dau (1693). Vi hai ban tay trang, dan toc Champa a thanh
cong anh uoi quan xam lc nha Nguyen va buoc trieu nh
Hue phai trao tra lai nen oc lap cua Champa.
S vung day cua nhan dan Champa vao nam 1693 la
cuoc khi ngha au tien trong danh sach rat dai cua cac cuoc

12
ai Nam Thc Luc Chnh Bien (DNTLCB), Tap I, XVI, Nha Xuat Ban
Khoa Hoc Xa Hoi, Ha Noi, 1962-1966.

162
khi ngha chong Viet Nam ma chung toi a e cap. Chnh v
the, s vung day cua Fulro vao nam 1964 ch la mot cuoc khi
ngha sau cung trong tien trnh lch s au tranh cua dan toc
Champa.
Nhn qua s thong ke ma chung toi va neu ra tren ay,
nhng phong trao khi ngha cua nhan dan Champa eu co mot
muc tieu chung o la chong chnh sach xam lc Viet Nam
dung vu lc e thon tnh vng quoc nho be nay va thong tr
dan toc Champa con song xot sau khi vng quoc nay b xoa bo
tren ban o vao nam 1832. Va nhng cuoc khi ngha nay hau
het ch gat hai s that bai trc lc lng quan s hung manh
cua Viet Nam, ngoai tr cuoc khi ngha 1693 a mang lai s
chien thang ve vang ma lch s khong the bo quen c.

Tr lai van e Fulro. Cau hoi au tien ma chung toi
muon a ra ay o la i tm lai lch nhng thanh vien trong
to chc Fulro.

Da vao t lieu ma chung toi a tham khao, a so chien
s Fulro la nhng thanh vien cu cua phong trao Bajaraka, ve sau
a hoa nhap vao Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa
13
. Nh the,
Fulro qui tu khong nhng sac dan Cham, ma con la nhng thanh
vien sac dan Tay Nguyen mien trung Viet Nam, co ngha la
than dan xa kia cua vng quoc Champa. Ho vung day au
tranh e oi Champa oc lap va chong lai chnh sach Viet Nam
a tch thu quyen song c ban cua ho. Du la cuoc khi ngha
cua Biang Thang (1886-1887), Ja Thak Wa (1834-1835), Katip
Sumat (1833-1834), Tuan Phaow (1796-1797) hay cuoc vung
day cua nhan dan Champa vao nam 1693, nhieu t lieu a

13
Le Front de Liberation du Champa (Mat Tran Giai Phong Champa) sau
nay la Front de Liberation des Hauts Plateaux du Champa (Mat Tran
Giai Phong Cao Nguyen Champa).

163
chng minh rang cac cuoc khi ngha tren eu co s ket hp va
ong tnh gia dan toc Tay Nguyen (con goi la Ngi Thng
hay Dan Ban a ong Dng (Proto-Indochinois) va c dan
ong bang, tc la dan toc Cham. Tai lieu nay cung cho biet
rang tat ca cong trnh au tranh chung cua ngi Tay Nguyen
va Cham nham chong lai che o Viet Nam a tr thanh mot
truyen thong trong lch s. V rang, vao the the ky XIII, dan toc
Tay Nguyen va Cham a tng chung vai sat canh e anh uoi
quan xam lc Mong Co
14
. Cung vao the ky XII, cac dan toc
Rae, Jarai cung tng lien ket vi dan toc Cham vung day
chong lai tan quoc vng Champa va mi len ngoi Vijaya
ma ho cho la v vua chiem oat ngai vang cua trieu ai khac
bang con ung vu lc
15
. Thanh ra, s chien au chung cua dan
toc Tay Nguyen va Cham, tc la than dan xa kia cua Champa,
trong mat tran Fulro ch la s tiep noi cua mot truyen thong lau
i a tng dien ra trong lch s cua vng quoc nay.

Mot s kien khac ma chung toi rat lu y en o la hai
nhan vat lanh ao toi cao cua Fulro: ai ta Les Kosem, dan toc
Cham Kampuchea va Y Bham Enuol, dan toc Rae. oi vi
chnh quyen Sai gon, s hien dien Y Bham Enuol trong to chc
Fulro ch la mu o cua ngi Cham muon li dung dan toc Tay
Nguyen
16
, la chien lc cua hoang than Norodom Sihanouk va
thc dan Phap nham leo lai dan toc Tay Nguyen theo chu
thuyet trung lap hoa ong Dng cua ho
17
, va cung la thu oan
cua Viet Cong nham loi keo Fulro vao to chc cua Mat Tran

14
G. Maspero, Le royaume de Champa, Paris (Van Oest), 1928, tr. 174-176.
15
L. Finot, Notes depigraphie XI. Les inscriptions de Mi Son, in BEFEO,
IV (1904), tr. 906.
16
Nguyen Trac D, Phong trao au tranh Fulro 1958-1969, Bo Phat Trien Sac
Toc, Saigon, 1969, tr. 22.
17
Nguyen Trac D, 1969, Sd., tr. 12.

164
Giai Phong Mien Nam
18
. ay ch la chieu bai tuyen truyen cua
Sai Gon ma cac quan sat vien khong ai tin vao o. V rang hau
het nhng phong trao au tranh Champa thng c to chc
chung tap trung dan toc Cham c tru ong bang va dan toc
Tay Nguyen c tru mien cao. Trong qua trnh lch s, dan toc
Tay Nguyen luon luon ong mot vai tro quan trong trong to
chc cua Champa. Sau the ky th XV, nhieu t lieu cho rang
dan toc Tay Nguyen thng gi nhieu chc vu quan trong trong
trieu nh va may lan lam quoc vng Champa. Bang chng cu
the vua Po Rome (1627-1651) co ba me goc Tay Nguyen va Po
War Palei, c ton vinh lam quoc vng Panduranga-Champa
trong thi ky noi day cua Ja Thak Wa la mot ngi Raglai
19
. S
hien dien cua Y Bham Enuol, goc Tay Nguyen va Les Kosem,
goc Cham trong danh sach cua nhan vat lanh ao phong trao
Fulro la mot s kien bnh thng va logc a tng xay ra trong
qua trnh lch s au tranh cua dan toc Champa.
S hien cua dan toc Tay Nguyen trong phong trao au
tranh chong e quoc Viet Nam t the ky th XVII a giai thch
the nao vai tro chien lc cua day trng sn trong moi cuoc
khi ngha. oc qua nhng bien nien s Viet Nam hay Champa,
ngi ta a ra li ket luan rang trong moi lan khi ngha, day
nui trng sn luc nao cung la phao ai quan s e lam mat khu
au tranh va cung la khu vc lui quan cho cac cuoc chien vu
trang chong cac che o Viet Nam. ai Nam Thc Luc Chnh
Bien (XVI, trang 84) cung cho biet rang, neu Jathak Wa (1834-
1835) tao dng c mot phong trao au tranh vu trang hung
manh la v ong ta co hau thuan t nhng bon ngu ngoc, man r
song trong rng nui, y noi la hau thuan cua dan toc mien

18
Nguyen Trac D, 1969, Sd., tr. 6, Vnh Loc, Cai goi la phong trao oi t
tr Fulro, Pleiku-Banmethuot, 9-1965, tr. 72.
19
Sach co Cham so CM 24(5), tr. 168-189 et CM 32(6), tr. 104-103.

165
cao
20
. Katip Sumat cung at tong hanh dinh cua cuoc khi ngha
1833-1834 tren nui Aih Amrak
21
ong Nai Thng. e tron
thoat ra khoi lao tu cua Tay Sn va nha Nguyen, vua Po Cei
Brei cung a chon vung cao ben canh ngi Kaho e an nau t
1786 en 1795
22
. Va Tuan Phaow, trong cuoc noi day chong
quan xam lc nha Nguyen vao nam 1876, cung thanh lap
chien khu vung nui pha tay Bnh Thuan. Ngi ta co the a
them nhieu v du na bang cach ngc dong thi gian cho en
the ky XIII, b v trong nhng nam ma quan Mong Co xam
chiem Champa, cung tai cac day nui pha tay at nc nay, tc
la khu vc Tay Nguyen ma vua chua Champa va quan lnh cua
ngai a lam chien khu an nao. Va cung phat xuat t khu vc
Tay Nguyen ma lc lng Champa tien hanh cac cuoc du kch
chien chong lai quan xam lc Mong Co
23
. Chnh v the, chung
toi khong ngac nhien cho lam tai sao nhng hoat ong quan s
cua Fulro thng dien ra trong nhng tnh Darlac va Pleiku,
ngha la trong vung cao cua Champa. at nhng chien khu au
tranh vung cao, Fulro ch ap dung lai nhng chien lc truyen
thong a tng xay ra ke t the k th XIII.

Ai cung biet, Fulro khong the hnh thanh cuoc au tranh
vu trang neu khong co s giup cua chnh quyen Kh Me,
mot quoc gia a gap phai bao s e doa cua e quoc Viet Nam
ke t nam 1658
24
. Champa va Campuchia la hai nc lang

20
Chnh trong khu vc trng sn pha tay tnh Phu Yen, Khanh Hoa va
Bnh Thuan ma Ja Thak Wa a dung lam mat khu au tranh vu trang.
21
DNTLCB (XVI, tr. 120) goi la nui Ch ien. Ngc lai, bien nien s
Champa goi la Cek Amrak nui con cong.
22
Mohamad Zain Musa, Contribution a lhistoire du Panduranga- Campa: La
fuite du Po Cei Bei (Luan van cua lEPHE, IVe section), Paris, 1990.
23
G. Maspero, 1928, Sd., tr. 240-245.
24
Mak Phoeun et Po Dharma, La premiere intervention militaire
vietnamienne au Cambodge (1658-1659), in BEFEO, LXXIII, 1984, tr.
285-318.

166
gieng cung mang chung mot so phan trc a Nam Tien cua
ai Viet. Mot khi a y thc en yeu to lch s nay, Campuchia
thng bay to tinh than hu ngh va tng than tng tr vi
dan toc Champa, cung la nan nhan cua cuoc Nam Tien nh ho.
Chnh v the, hau thuan cua chnh quyen Nam Vang danh cho
Fulro ch la mot truyen thong lch s trong moi quan he gia hai
vng quoc Kh Me va Champa ke t the ky XVII
25
.

Rieng ve cong thcchia e tr ma chnh quyen Sai
Gon va to chc cong san thng ap dung e lam suy yeu Fulro
va dap tan to chc nay
26
ch la mot sach lc co xa a c
cac vua Viet Nam s dung t lau i e ay lui nhng phong
trao noi day chong Viet Nam xam lc. Cung can nhac lai,
hoang e Minh Mang cung a tng mua chuoc cu quoc vng
Champa la Po Phaok The (1828-1832) e yem tr chnh sach
cua trieu nh Hue nham thay the toan dien nhng quan lai goc
Champa thi o bang quan lai Viet Nam, phai xa lanh phong
trao chong che o Viet Nam cua Katp Sumat (1833-1834) va
tuyen the khong bao gi tham gia vao phong trao au tranh cua
Ja Thak Wa (1834-1835). Mac du Po Phaok The a chap nhan
luon cui va phuc tung trieu nh Hue, nhng Minh Mang van
ket toi t hnh Po Phaok The vao nam 1835 mot khi vua chua
Viet Nam khong con can en ong ta na
27
. Ngay ca quoc vng

25
Po Dharma, Note sur les Cam du Cambodge. Aspects historiques, in
Seksa Khmer, so 3-4, 1981, pp. 162-183.
26
Paul Nr la thanh vien quan trong trong phong trao Bajaraka a tr ve hp
tac vi chnh quyen Sai gon vao nam 1966, tr thanh bo trng Bo Phat
Trien Sac Toc cuoi nam 1967. Ngoai Paul Nr ra, co nhieu thanh vien
Fulro khac cung tr thanh ngh s va dan bieu cua che o Viet Nam Cong
Hoa (Nguyen Trac D, 1969, Sd., tr. 30). Mot so ngi khac th theo Mat
Tran Giai Phong Mien Nam nh Abih Aleo (G. Hickey, 1982, Sd, tr. 66,
86, 115-116).
27
DNTLCB, tap XVI, tr. 279. Xem them tap XII, tr. 282; Sach Cham co so
CM 29(1).

167
Champa la Po Cei Brei (1783-1786) cung b truy na bi cac
quan lai ma chnh quoc vng nay a phong chc lam viec
trong trieu nh Champa, v ho la nhng ngi muon luon cui va
phuc tung phe nhom Tay Sn hay Nguyen Anh
28
. Cung can
nhac lai rang, trong suot cuoc noi chien Viet Nam t nam
1771 en 1802, hai phe oi nghch Tay Sn va Nguyen Anh
cung tm cach chinh phuc nhng quan lai Champa nga ve phe
mnh bang cach danh cho ho nhieu chc vu quan trong trong
chnh quyen mot khi phe Tay Sn hay Nguyen Anh thang tran.
Mu lc chia e tr co muc tieu duy nhat o la pha tan y
thc he oan ket cua dan toc Champa e roi dan toc nay khong
con sc manh nham au tranh oi oc lap na.

S ra i cua to chc Fulro con phat xuat t chnh sach
ong hoa dan toc Champa cua che o Sai Gon, du di thi
Ngo nh Diem, Nguyen Khanh hay di thi Nguyen Cao Ky
va Nguyen Van Thieu i na. Muc tieu cua chnh sach ong
hoa la tap trung dan toc Champa vao cac ap chien lc ke
t nam 1961 hau de dang kiem soat ho va bien ho thanh mot
tap the lai cang va mat nguon goc van hoa
29
. Cung trong thi
gian o, cac che o Sai Gon ra lenh trng dung va chiem oat
at ai dan toc Tay Nguyen e phan phoi cho hang tram ngan
ngi Kinh en nh c. Nhng manh at nay c nhanh chong
o ac lai, cat xen e xat nhap vao n v hanh chanh Viet
Nam.
Da vao quyen lc cua chnh quyen va quan oi Sai
Gon tran gi khu vc Tay Nguyen, dan toc Kinh o at keo nhau
len vung cao lap nghiep. Sau vai nam c dan ngi Kinh tr

28
Mohamad Zain Musa, 1990, Sd.
29
Ve noi dung lien quan en ap chien lc, xin tham khao tac pham cua M.
E. Osborne, Strategic Hamlets in South Viet-Nam: A Survey and a
Comparaison, Data paper, N. 55, Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 1965.

168
thanh mot cong ong a so, thng bay to ban chat cua mot dan
toc thang tran, tm cach bien dan toc Tay Nguyen thanh mot tap
the no le khon cung. ay cung la mot kch ban e quoc cua
che o Viet Nam a tng dien ra trong qua kh va lap i lap lai
trong lch s can ai cua Champa vao cuoi the ky XX nay.
Trong tam cua kch ban e quoc nay la ap chien lc tc
la mo hnh thong tr nham phan chia at ai Champa ma chnh
quyen Viet Nam a tng ap dung vao nam 1832-1833. Trong
mo hnh thong tr nay, vua chua Viet Nam thi o phan chia
lang Cham thanh nhieu thon ap tra tron vao cac thon xom ngi
Viet e tien viec giam sat va che ng c dan Cham. S nh c
o at cua dan toc Kinh tren Tay Nguyen do Ngo nh Diem va
nhng ngi ke v cua ong ta e xng ch la chnh sach cu rch
ma Phu Bnh Thuan a ap dung ke t nam 1694 va khuyech ai
them mot cach tch cc hn mien duyen hai cua Panduranga
ke t cuoi the ky XVIII. S tt oat at ai Champa tren cao
nguyen e phan phoi cho c dan Viet ke t nam 1955-1956
cung la s ke tha cua chnh sach xam chiem at ai cua tho
dan Cham bat au t nam 1695
30
, cang phat trien tch cc hn
vao nhng nam 1800 va khuyech ai them vao nhng nam
1830-1835
31
.
Chng trnh ong hoa dan toc Champa thanh ngi
Kinh a tr thanh mot quoc sach ma Menh Mang a thc hien
vao nam 1832-1834
32
. The th chu trng cua chnh quyen Sai
Gon nham chiem oat at ai tren cao nguyen vao nhng nam
1955-1975 ch la s noi tiep cua ban chat banh trng lanh tho
ve phng nam ma vua chua nha Nguyen a tng ap dung. V
khong con lam chu nh menh cua mnh, dan toc Champa ch

30
DNTLCB (tap XII), tr. 41.
31
Xem sach Cham co so CM 29(1), cau 23, 130; CM 30 (15), tr. 119-120.
32
Minh Menh Chnh Yeu, tap VI, Bo Van Hoa Giao Duc va Thanh Nien,
Saigon, 1974, tr. 43.

169
con giai phap la vung day nham ci bo ach no le cua che o
Sai Gon va giai phong x s Champa e tm lai quyen t do
c song va bao ton nhan pham cua ho.

*
Sau ngay ra mat bai khao luan nay, dan toc Tay
Nguyen a tao ra hai bien co quan trong mien trung Viet
Nam.
Ngay 1 thang 2 nam 2001 a dien ra mot cuoc noi day
cua dan toc Tay Nguyen. Hang nghn ngi Rae, Jarai va cac
dan ban a ong Dng xuong ng trong cac thanh pho
cao nguyen e oi hoi chnh quyen Ha Noi thoa man nhng yeu
sach cua ho gom bon iem sau ay:
1. Tra lai cho dan toc Tay Nguyen nhng at ai cua ho
ma ngi Kinh xam chiem mot cach bat hp phap.
2. Cham dt chnh sach Viet Nam hoa dan toc Tay
Nguyen
3. Cham dt viec di dan ngi Kinh len cao nguyen.
4. Ton trong tuyet oi phong tuc tap quan Tay Nguyen
va cham dt thai o trch thng khinh khi ngi dan toc ban
a.

T khi che o Sai Gon b sup o vao nam 1975, ay la
lan au tien ma dan toc Tay Nguyen dam ng ra thach o
chnh quyen Ha noi. e tra li cho cuoc au tranh nay, chnh
quyen Viet Nam ra lenh cho quan oi va cong an trng tr thang
tay nhng ngi tham gia vao cuoc bieu tnh nay
33
. The la chnh
sach an ap dan toc Tay Nguyen lai tai dien
34
. Trc s e doa

33
New Straits Times : 2-2-2001 et Frederique Martin, Les paysans des
minorites ethniques revendiquent leurs terres ancestrales. Hanoi face a la
revolte des Montagnards, in Figaro, 9-2-2001.
34
New Straits Times: 10-2-2001.

170
nay, mot so nhan vat Tay Nguyen tm ng chay sang
Campuchia lanh nan. Noi got ngi i au, hang nghn ngi
Tay Nguyen khac cung tm cach chay sang tnh Mondulkiri cua
Campuchia sau o ho c phep sang Hoa Ky nh c
35
.
Ba nam sau, tc la ngay 10-4-2004, lai xay ra vu bien
ong lan th hai tren Tay Nguyen. Hang nghn ngi Tay
Nguyen dung may cay va xe mo to chong lai lc lng an ninh
Viet Nam bang cach ho hao nhng khau hieu: t do ton giao,
tra lai at ai cho dan toc Tay Nguyen, quoc gia Dega oc lap.
Theo nguon tin chnh thc, cuoc bieu tnh nay a gay thiet hai
tang mang cho hai ngi Tay Nguyen va lam b thng nhieu
nhan vien cong an va quan oi cua chnh quuen Ha Noi. Ngoai
ra, co chng ba tram ngi Tay Nguyen bieu tnh b tong giam
vao lao tu
36
.
Ngay 22-4-2004, th trng bo ngoai giao cua Ha Noi
la Le Cong Phung len an ket toi to chc Montagnard
Foundation tai Hoa Ky a co vu va chu ong cuoc bieu tnh
nay
37
.
Bien co nam 2004 cung nh vao nam 2001, a a hang
ngan dan Tay Nguyen i tm mot quoc gia th hai e lanh nan.
Quoc gia th hai nay cung la Campuchia, mot vng quoc a
tng m rong ban tay on nhan dan toc Champa trong qua trnh
lch s
38
.

35
New Straits Times: 24-3-2001.
36
Agence Reuters, Hanoi, 11 avril 2004; Press Release, Roma, 10 avril 2004;
Web Montagnard Foundation, 11 avril 2004; Fr. Tourane, Vietnam, la
jacquerie religieuse, in Le Point, 22-4-2004.
37
Web VNA, 22 avril 2004; Web Champa Human Right, 22 avril 2004.
38
Son Chhay, Courrier electronique au Prince Norodom Sihanouk, Ref.
SCO4/010, National Assembly, 11 avril 2004; Norodom Sihanouk,
Statement, in Courrier electronique, Pyongyang, 14 avril 2004.

Nhn lai moi quan he cua Campuchia oi
vi Champa va cac dan toc mien nui

Ts. Mak Phoeun
(Trung Tam Nghien Cu Quoc Gia Phap)

S d chnh quyen Campuchia hay ung hn la mot so
nhan vat Kh Mer co anh hng ln tren ban c chnh tr va
quan s vng quoc nay chap nhan bao tr lc lng Fulro t
ngay ra i cua no cung nh mai ve sau, ch v quoc gia Kh
Me, ke t the k th XVII, cung mang chung mot so phan nh
Champa va dan toc mien nui pha nam ong Dng, tc la
nan nhan cua cuoc Nam Tien hay noi mot cach khac nan nhan
cua chnh sach banh trng lanh tho ve phng nam cua dan toc
Viet. Ngoai yeu to tren, chung toi cung khong quen mot vai d
kien khac co the giai thch tai sao vng quoc Campuchia luon
luon chung vai sat canh vi to chc Fulro. Chung toi muon ngh
en moi lien he lch s rat la hu ngh a dien ra hang the ky
gia Campuchia va Champa, cung nh gia vung quoc Kh
Me va dan toc mien nui sinh song khu vc bien gii cua
Campuchia va Viet Nam.
e tra li cho nhng cau hoi va neu ra, chung toi th
phat hoa s qua ay mot tam nhn bao quat ve lch s quan he
gia vng quoc Kh Me va Champa cung nh cac dan toc
mien nui pha ong song Mekong hay pha ong bien gii
Kampachia. Da tren tai lieu Kh Me hay nhng thong tin nhan
c Campuchia, chung toi cung khong quen lam sang to lai
yeu to chnh tr va quan s trong moi quan he gia hai quoc gia
chu anh hng nen van minh An o Giao ong Dng cung
nh mot so s kien xa hoi hiem hoi a xay ra trong thi iem
o.
Nhn lai moi quan he cua Campuchia

172
Du chung toi noi en bien co a xay ra trong lch s can
ai cua hai quoc gia nay, nhng chung toi ch nghien cu moi
quan he cua no en the ky XIX ma thoi. Vao nhng nam bao
quanh 1832, chung toi at lai van e bang giao chnh tr gia
Campuchia va Champa va vao nhng nam au cua trieu ai
Norodom (1860-1904), chung toi e cap nhng moi quan he
gia Campuchia va cac dan toc mien nui.

A. Moi quan he gia Campuchia va Champa

Sau may the k vang son cua chnh sach bang giao hu
ngh, nha nc Campuchia va Champa bat au tr thanh hai oi
tng thu ch sau ngay ra i thanh a Angkor, ngha la vao
the ky th IX. Trong bat c cuoc chien nao cung co ngi thang
ke thua. Luc ban au, Campuchia xua quan chiem ong
Champa t 1145 en 1149. Tiep theo Champa cung tien quan
xam chiem thu o Kh Me vao nam 1177. Va sau cung vng
quoc Campuchia ra quan anh bai Champa va xat nhap lanh tho
cua quoc gia nay vao a ban kiem soat cua trieu ai Angkor
gan 20 nam, tc la t 1203 en 1220. Sau the ky XV, hai vng
quoc nay quyet nh t bo moi chnh sach thu ch e tai lap lai
moi bang giao hu ngh c cu the hoa qua nhieu phng cach
o la Campuchia luon luon m rong ban tay on nhan hang
tram ngan c dan Champa sang lanh nan trc s banh trng
ve pha nam cua dan toc Viet.

I.Thi ky tien Angkor

Vao the ky th VII, vng quoc Campuchia ma Trung
Hoa goi la Tchen-La co moi bang giao rat bnh thng vi
Champa. Vao nam 600, Campuchia gi mot v bo trng en
Champa nh mot ai s toan quyen e xac nhan tnh hu ngh
gia hai quoc gia. Sau o, con trai cua quoc vng Campuchia

173
cung nh nhng quoc vng ke tiep tr v Isanapura (Sambor
Preikuk, Kampong Thom) van tiep tuc ap dung chnh sach bang
giao hu ngh ay. V quoc vng nay a danh cho hoang t
Champa mot cuoc on tiep rat nong hau Bavapura
(Campuchia) va ga cho chnh khach nay cong chua cua
Campuchia. Sau ngay ket hon, hai v chong hoang toc sanh ha
c mot hoang t, sau nay tr thanh quoc vng Champa vao
nam 653 tr v khoang 30 nam. Bien co lch s nay a chng
minh rang suot the ky VII va chac chan la ca the ky sau o,
Campuchia va Champa khong nhng la hai quoc gia lang gieng
ma la hai vng quoc co moi lien he rat la hu ngh.

II.Thi ky AngKor

1. T the ky th IX en the ky th XI

Sau ngay hoan tat cong trnh xay dng thanh a
Angkor vao au the ky th IX, van e bang giao gia
Campuchia va Champa lai bc vao mot khuc quanh mi, o la
hai quoc gia nay thng dung vu lc e giai quyet s khac biet
gia oi ben. Nhng cuoc chien ay co le bat nguon t nhng
khuc mat trong gia nh hoang toc cua hai vng quoc nay, du
rang ngi ta khong hieu ro the nao la chi tiet cua s khung
hoang o. Luc ban au, hai quoc gia ch ngh en mot vai chien
tranh chinh phat lan nhau. Nhng ve sau, ho lai bc vao cuoc
chien tng tan vao gia the ky th X. Vao nam 950, vua
Angkor tien binh anh pha Champa va bien mot so thanh pho
cua vng quoc nay thanh tro bui. Nhng oan quan ay a tng
xam chiem thanh a Kauthara roi tc oat ca pho tng bang
vang cua en Po Nagar Nha Trang.
Ngoai bien co nay, ngi ta khong con nhan thong tin g
na ve s quan he gia hai vng quoc nay trong nhng the ky
ve sau. Ngc lai, vao nam 1051 co dien ra nhieu s xao tron

174
chnh tr trong noi bo Campuchia. Mot khi b anh bai, v ch
huy cua phe oi lap phai chay sang Champa e an nau. Vai
chuc nam sau, tc la vao nam 1060, ai Viet xuat quan tan
cong Champa. V thua tran, quoc vng Champa phai chay sang
t nan Campuchia nhng b quan a Viet bat gi. Nam 1075,
Champa va Campuchia lien ket vi nhau e tien quan chong
pha Thang Long. Trong khi o Trung Hoa cung tnh gi oan
quan vien chinh trng phat ch hau ai Viet. Chnh v the
cng quoc mien bac nay loi keo Campuchia va Champa ve
pha cua mnh e tan cong ai Viet. Quan oi cua Campuchia
va Champa tran vao Nghe An. Tiec rang s that bai cua quan
Trung Hoa bai chien trng buoc quan Kh Me va Champa
phai rut ra khoi Bac Viet. Mac du co s lien hiep chnh tr gia
hai nc lang gieng, Campuchia va Champa van la hai oi
tng thu ch. Sau mot thi gian an bnh va nhat la li dung c
hoi ai Viet ang oi pho vi s quay nhieu cua Trung Hoa
phng bac, Champa lai tien hanh chien tranh chong
Campuchia vao nam 1080 khu vc Sambhupura (Sambor) ma
nhng vet tch en th b pha huy van con e lai dau an cho
en hom nay.

2. Na au the ky XII

Sau ngay len ngoi cua mot nhan vat ng ra xay dng
thanh a Angkor Vat vao nam 1113, moi quan he gia
Campuchia va Champa bc sang mot ky nguyen mi mang
tnh chat hu ngh hn. Moi quan he nay nay bat nguon t s
thay oi can can quan s trong khu vc ong Dng mot khi
ai Viet thoat khoi nen o ho cua Trung Hoa e gianh oc lap
vao nam 939. Nham m rong chien dch quan s chong pha ai
Viet, vng quoc Kh Me tm cach lien ket vi Champa e tm
mot cho da vng chac. Va mi len ngoi Angkor, vua
Campuchia bat au xua quan quay nhieu ai Viet, mot quoc

175
gia khong ngng cha chap nhng quan phien loan Kh Me va
Champa b chnh quyen ho truy na. Vao nam 1128, Campuchia
to chc mot cuoc vien chinh bang ng bo va ng bien cp
pha ai Viet, thuyet phuc c vng quoc Champa yem tr
cho ham oi hai quan Kh Me. Cuoc vien chinh khong a en
ket qua mong muon, bi v quan yem tr cua Champa ch en
ni hen Nghe An mot vai thang sau khi lc lng Kh Me
xuat quan len ng. Ngoai ra, Campuchia thng hay lien ket
vi vng quoc Champa trong nhieu tran chien khac chong ai
Viet.
Nam 1145, Campuchia lai xua quan tan cong thu o
Vijaya va lam chu at nc Champa. Quoc vng Champa b
chet trong cuoc chien nay, tc la cuoc chien gia hai quoc gia
lang gieng co moi quan he rat la mat thiet rat la lau i. Co
chang Campuchia m chien dch chong Champa la v e yem
tr mot dong ho hoang gia nao o Champa b lat o bi mot
ong vua khac? Co chang v Champa t choi gup Campuchia
e quay pha ai Viet vao nam 1138? Du sao i na,
Campuchia a chiem ong Champa t nam 1145 en 1149.
Nam 1147, tieu vng quoc Panduranga t ton vinh mot
ngi ban a cua mnh len lam quoc trng Champa va xuat
quan ra phng bac chong lai vng quyen Champa ma ngi
Kh Me dng nen tai Vijaya (Bnh nh). Trong tran chien nay,
quan oi Panduranga giet c v vua Champa Vijaya do
Campuchia ton vinh, lam chu tnh hnh tren toan lanh tho
Champa va cham dt cuoc xam chiem Kh Me vao nam 1949.

3. Gia the ky th XII en nhng thap nien au cua the
ky th XIII.

a. Champa ot pha thanh Angkor vao nam 1177


176
Nhng tran chien va dien ra a a moi bang giao gia
Campuchia va Champa vao mot khuc quanh mi. Quoc vng
Champa va chiem quyen Vijaya t nam 1166-1167 tm cach
don moi no lc vao cuoc chien chong Campuchia. Nham am
bao s an bnh bien gii pha bac, vua Champa gi nhng qua
bieu en trieu nh ai Viet vao nam 1170. Sau o Champa
xuat quan tan cong vng quoc Angkor bang ng bo nhng
khong gat hai s thanh cong. Vao nam 1177, da vao chien
lc cua mot s gia Trung Hoa, Champa xua quan chinh phat
Campuchia bang cach dung song Mekong e tien quan. en
thu o Angkor, ham oi Champa tien hanh ot pha thanh a
nay va giet c quoc vng Campuchia.
Trc tnh the nay, v quoc vng mi cua Campuchia
la Jayavarman VII (1181-1218), ngi a tng sinh song
Champa vao nhng nam 1160, a cu vng quoc Campuchia
ra khoi vong tam toi va ngan chan moi xam lang cua Champa.
Trc tien, Jayavarman VII anh bai quan vien chinh Champa
trong nhieu tran chien Campuchia, nhat la chien tran thuy
binh tren song Tonle Sap va mot chien tran quyet liet en
Preah Khan a lam thiet hai tanh mang quoc trng Champa.
Sau ngay thang tran vao nam 1181, Jayavarman VII len ngoi va
lam chu hoan toan tren toan lanh tho Campuchia.

b. Champa tr thanh mot tnh cua Campuchia

Nam 1190, hai quoc gia lang gieng Campuchia va
Champa tr thanh hai oi tng thu ch. ay cung la giai oan
chien tranh dai dang nhat, nhng vua Campuchia quyet nh
ng au cho ti cung. Trc khi xuat quan chong Champa,
Jayavarman VII giao quyen ch huy quan oi cho
Vidhyanandana, mot hoang t Champa tre tuoi c nhan lam
con nuoi cua vua Angkor t nam 1182. Trong tran chien nay,
oan quan cua Vidhyanandana xam chiem Vijaya va bat c

177
quoc trng Champa a sang Campuchia. Sau o Jayavarman
VII ton vinh anh re cua mnh len lam vua Vijaya (Bnh nh)
va hoang t Champa Vidhyanandana a tng sinh song
Angkor, lam quoc vng Champa phng nam, tc la tieu
vng quoc Panduranga.
Hai nam sau, dan chung Champa Vijaya vung day
anh uoi anh re cua vua Kh Me chay ve Campuchia. e tra
li cho cuoc vung day nay, Jayavarman VII gi en Champa
vao nam 1192 mot oan quan hung manh co s hien dien cua
cu quoc vng Champa b bat, lien ket vi oan quan cua
hoang t Vidhyanandana tc la vua Champa ong o
Panduranpa e tan cong Vijaya. Li dung ngay thang tran nay,
hoang t Vidhyanandana t xng la quoc trng Champa, thong
nhat at nc va at moi uy quyen quoc gia Champa vao trong
ban tay cua mnh. e tra li cho thai o cp ngoi nay,
Jayavarman VII gi hai oan quan en Champa vao nam 1193
va 1194, e chinh phat hoang t Vidhyanandana, nhng khong
thanh cong. en nam 1203, quoc trng Champa la
Vidhyanandana b truc xuat ra khoi ngai vang bi mot hoang t
Champa khac, mot nhan vat cung thng sinh song trong trieu
nh Campuchia. The la ke t nam 1203 vng quoc Champa
tr thanh mot n v hanh chanh cua Campuchia.
Cuoc chien dai dang vao nhng nam 1190-1192 a chia
cat Champa thanh hai vng quoc le thuoc vao Campuchia va
ke t nam 1203 Champa b sap nhap vao vng quoc Kh Me
a chng minh rang lch s Campuchia va Champa hay t nhat
lch s cua cac gia nh hoang toc thuoc hai vng quoc co s
giao lu rat la sau am
1
.

1
Theo J. Boisselier (La statuaire du Champa, Paris, Publ. de lEFEO, 1963, tr.
316), yeu to lien ket va s lien he giong toc trong cuoc ket hon gia nhng
thanh vien trong gia nh vua chua cua hai vng quoc Camphuchia va
Champa la mot e tai cha ai nghien cu. Tuy nhien ngi ta cung kham

178

c. Quan oi Kh Me ri khoi Champa.

S sap nhap lanh tho Champa vao vng quoc Kh Me
keo dai gan 20 nam. Trong thi ky ay, Angsaraja, mot hoang t
khac cua Champa cung c nhan lam con nuoi cua vua chua
Angkor va tr thanh quoc vng Champa vao nam 1226, lanh
ao mot oan quan Kh Me chac chan co s hp lc cua
quan lnh Champa va thnh thoang lai co ca ngi Mien ien va
Xiem tien quan chong pha ai Viet. Tran chien cuoi cung a
xay ra vao nam 1216 va 1218.
Nam 1220, Campapuchia cham dt hoan toan chnh
sach thong tr Champa, quyet nh rut quan ra khoi vng quoc
nay. Theo van bia Champa a ghi lai, nhng ngi Kh Me i
ve x thanh va dan toc Champa lai tr ve x s Vijaya. Neu
bien co nay a xay ra, la v Campuchia khong the banh trng
qua xa chnh sach e quoc cua mnh, trong khi o tnh hnh noi
bo Campuchia lai gap phai bao van e kho khan.
Neu hai yeu to chnh tr va quan s a gi mot vai tro
chu chot trong chnh sach bang giao gia hai quoc gia chu anh
hng nen van minh An Giao, ngi ta cung khong quen rang
nhng yeu to nay a gay ra mot anh hng kha quan trong tren
nhieu lanh vc khac hai vng quoc nay. Chung toi muon noi
en lanh vc dan c, kinh te, nghe thuat, kien truc, ton giao,
v.v.

III. Thi ky hau Angkor

pha c, trong mot so trng hp, moi day lien he trong cuoc ci hoi
nay. S kien ang lu y la s quyet nh cua vua chua Kh Me trong viec
ci hoi la ca mot s chon loc, v ho thch lam xuoi gia vi gia nh cua
hoang t Champa nay ma lai khong thch lien ket vi gia nh hoang gia
Champa khac.

179

Trong suot thi gian hau Ang Kor, s bang giao gia
Camphuchia va Champa c the hien qua s ra i o at cua
than dan Champa sang lanh nan Campuchia, mot khi vng
quoc cua ho b tan cong bi quan xam lang ai Viet. e thoat
khoi ach no le cua dan toc Viet, c dan Champa ch con cach la
tron khoi x s cua mnh e di tan en Campuchia, mot quoc
gia se cu mang ho. Noi en s di tan cua dan toc Cham sang
Campuchia, th ngi ta khong the bo quen vai tro chnh tr va
quan s cua nhom ngi t nan nay, vai tro khong phai la th
yeu ma chung toi se giai thch trong phan sap ti
2
.

1. T the ky th XIV en the the ky th XVII

Ke t the ky XIV cho en s sup o thu o Vijaya vao
nam 1471, ngi ta khong co tin tc g ve moi bang giao gia
hai vng quoc Campuchia va Champa na. Nhng hau qua tc
thi cua cuoc Nam Tien la s ra i cua nhieu ngi Cham sang
Campuchia lanh nan, trong luc o, nhng ngi khac, theo bien
nien s Kh Me, chay len mien Thng, ac biet la x Rae.
Mat khac, nhieu tieu vng quoc Champa lai hnh thanh mien
nam ni ma ai Viet cha xam chiem. Tiec rang phong trao
Nam Tien cua ai Viet a lam bien mat dan dan mot so vng
quoc nh Kauthara chang han, e roi vao cuoi the ky XVII,

2
Lien quan en cong ong ngi Cham va Ma Lai Campuchia, xem Mak
Phoeun, La communaute cam au Cambodge du XVe au XIXe siecle.
Historique de son implantation et son role dans la vie politique khmere,
in Actes du seminaire organise a lUniversite de Copenhague le 23 mai
1987, Paris, Travaux du CHCPI, 1988, tr. 83-93; Mak Phoeun, La
communaute malaise musulmane au Cambodge (de la fin du XVIe siecle
jusquau roi musulman Ramadhipati I), in Le monde indochinois et la
peinsule malaise, Kuala Lumpur, Contributions de la delegation franaise
au Deuxieme Congres international sur la civilisation malaise, 1990, tr.
47-68.

180
vng quoc Champa ch con von ven trong lanh tho cua tieu
vng quoc Panduranga, mot lanh tho t tr, nhng at di
quyen kiem soat chnh tr cua trieu nh Hue cho en nam 1832.
Phai ch en cuoi the ky XVI ma t lieu Bo ao Nha
va Tay Ban Nha lai noi en s bang giao gia Campuchia va
Champa. Nhng ban van nay cho biet la sau ngay xam chiem
Campuchia cua Xiem La vao nam 1593-1594, quoc vng Kh
Me ong o Longvek gi hai v ch huy quan s en Champa,
chac chan la e tuyen mot so quan lnh Champa nham oi au
vi Xiem La. Vao thap nien au cua the ky th XVII, bien nien
s Kh Me lai e cap en Champa cho rang x nay buoc phai
tra lai cho Campuchia at ai cua tnh Barea (Viet goi Ba ra)
va Daung Nay (Viet ong Nai) ma Champa a chiem ong
trong qua kh.
Nam 1962-1963 anh dau mot bc ngoat mi trong
lch s Champa, nam ma nha Nguyen xua quan chinh phat
Champa va xo bo vng quoc nay tren ban o ong Dng. V
khong chap nhan chnh sach e quoc cua nha Nguyen, nhieu
thanh vien trong gia nh hoang gia Champa vi 5.000 gia nh
ngi Cham khac bo que hng chay sang Campuchia o
quoc trng Kh Me danh cho ho mot cuoc tiep on an can va
phan phoi cho ho at ai gan thu o va trong cac tnh e lap
nghiep.

2. Nhng the ky XVIII va XIX

Sau bien co 1962, bien nien s hoang gia Kh Me
khong nhac en moi quan he vi Champa na. Noi nh the
khong co ngh la dan toc Champa khong con chay sang
Campuchia lanh nan na.
Mot nhan vat ngi Phap ten la Pierre Poivre a tng
song tai Nam Viet (Cochinchine) vao nam 1748-1750 co neu ra
nguyen nhan tai sao ngi Cham lai bo que hng chay sang

181
lanh nan Campuchia. Pierre Poivre ke rang mot khu vc
Champa b nha Nguen xam chiem roi xat nhap vao ban o
hanh chanh Viet Nam mang ten la Nia Hang (?)

toa lac pha
tay nam cua Phan R va Phan Rang. Nia Hang la lanh tho nam
trong bien gii vng quoc TsiamPa va than dan cua vng
quoc nay b ngi Viet a ay sang Campuchia
3
. Ngoai ra,
van ban viet bang tieng Cham cung cho biet la Po Cei Brei (Po
Ceng) la quoc vng a cai tr Champa t nam 1783 en 1786,
v khong chap nhan chien tranh tng tan (1771-1802) do Tay
Sn va Nguyen Anh gay ra phai bo que hng vao nam 1795-
1796 vi nhng ngi trung thanh cua mnh chay sang
Campuchia e an nau. Mot khi en vng quoc nay, ngai c
phep nh c tai Roka Po Pram cua tnh Thbaung Khmum
(Kampong Cham). Da vao nguon tin t Campuchia, J. Moura
4

cho biet co mot hoang t Champa co ten la Po Chung (hay la Po
Cei Brei hay Po Ceng?) c c vua Kh Me phong chc vao
nam 1817 Ukanya Arajun, ngha la thong oc tnh Thbaung
Khmum, ni tap trung nhieu ong hng Cham. Theo J. Moura,
mot s di tan khac o at hn cua ngi Cham sang Campuchia
lai dien ra vao nam 1835, tc la sau ngay vung day cua dan toc
Champa e anh uoi quan xam lc ra khoi que hng cua ho.
ay khong phai la mot s di c tnh nguyen ma la lenh cua
trieu nh Hue nham truc xuat nhng gia nh ngi Cham co
anh hng, nhat la nhng thanh vien trong gia nh hoang toc,
chung toi cha ke en hang nghn ngi Cham khac b uoi ra
khoi at ai cua ho va b buoc phai chay sang lanh nan
Campuchia.
Mac du ngi ta khong nhac en vai tro chnh tr va
quan s cua cong ong Cham nh c tai Campuchia, nhng ai
cung cong nhan rang Campuchia khong bao gi co y nh ong

3
Pierre Poirre, Voyages dun philosophe, Paris, Dupuis, an V (1797), tr. 165.
4
J. Moura, Le royaume du Cambodge, Paris, Leroux, 1883, 2 vol.

182
hoa ngi Cham thanh dan toc Kh Me. Mat khac, ngi Cham
vng quoc nay cang ngay cang phat trien ong uc va dan
so ong hn so vi ngi Cham Panduranga. Ho sinh song
nhp nhang luon luon ton trong dan c ban a va hng quyen
cong dan nh dan toc Kh Me that s.

B. S quan he gia Campuchia
va cac dan toc thieu so

Dan toc thieu so c tru tai cao nguyen Campuchia, Lao
va Viet Nam la tap the cong ong nh c lau i nhat mien
Nam ong dng. Ho la ngi Mnong va Stieng thuoc he ngon
ng mon-Kh Me, Jarai va Rae thuoc he Mai Lai a ao.
Cung chung song tren a ban dan c cua ngi Kh Me
va Cham, dan toc cao nguyen nay co nhieu moi quan he vi ho
trong qua trnh lch s.
Trong thc te, ngi ta khong co nhng d kien ro rang
e giai thch the nao la the thc va mo hnh quan he ay. Mot
ieu chac chan ma khong ai choi cai, o la s co mat cua dan
toc cao nguyen pha ong Campuchia t thi ky xa xa. Ngi
ta con nhan thay, ac biet la vao thi ky co, co s hien dien cua
cac vien chc va quan oi Kh Me tren lanh tho cua ho. Cac
vien chc nay chu yeu la phai bo ngoai giao Kh Me sang
vieng tham Champa, trong luc o quan oi Kh Me thng
dung ng mon cao nguyen e tien quan chong lai vng quoc
lang gieng la Champa.

I. Thi ky tien AngKor

Nc Tchen-la (Campuchia) la hau due cua vng quoc
Phu Nam ke t na cuoi the ky th VI, co nhieu moi quan he
vi cac toc ngi cao nguyen pha ong song Mekong. Trong

183
thi gian o, phai bo ngoai giao Kh Me thng bang qua lanh
tho cua dan toc mien nui e sang vieng tham Champa. Chnh v
the, cao nguyen a tr thanh mot gach noi gia hai vng quoc
nay.

II. Thi ky AngKor

1. Moi lien he gia ngi Kh Me va dan toc mien nui
nhn qua cac cuoc chien tranh

Ke t the ky th IX, moi quan he gia vng quoc Kh
Me va cac dan toc mien nui pha ong Campuchia khong thay
oi g tren van e c ban. Nhng moi lan co van e trong ai
trong moi lien he gia Campuchia va Champa thng a dan
toc mien nui vao khuc quanh mi.
Trc the ky th IX, lanh tho mien nui la mot khu vc
hoa bnh. Sau the ky th IX, lanh tho cao nguyen tr thanh mot
ng mon chien lc ma quan oi cua Campuachia va
Champa thng dung en e tien quan chinh phat lan nhau.
Chnh con ng mon nay ma vua Campuchia la Jayavarman II
(802-835?) va nhng v vua ke tiep thng bang qua e tan
cong Champa. Khu chien lc nay cung c x dung bi quan
oi Kh Me nham tran sang Champa ot pha thanh a
Kauthara (Nha Trang) vao nam 950; chinh phat Champa vao
nam 1145-1149 hay tran chien chong ai Viet vao nam 1128.
Moi lan Campuchia va Champa ri vao chien tranh
chinh phat lan nhau hay moi lan Campuchia tien quan chong
pha ai Viet, lanh tho cao nguyen luc nao cung tr thanh khu
chien lc ma nhng oan quan cua ba quoc gia nay phai chinh
phuc cho bang c, trc khi tien quan anh pha oi phng.
Chien lc nay a tr thanh mot khau hieu u viet cua oan
quan Kh Me trong nhng nam ma Campuchia a xam chiem
Champa e xat nhap vao vng quoc Angkor. Trc nam 1191,

184
cong trnh xay dng mot truc giao thong va 57 tram tiep te chay
dai t thanh pho Angkor en thu o Champa la Vijaya ma vua
Jayavarman VII a thiet ke, cang tang cng them moi quan he
gia nhng ngi Kh Me va dan toc mien nui. Bi v truc
giao thong nay d nhien phai bang qua khu vc cao nguyen noi
lien lanh tho Campuchia vi Champa.

2. T lieu bia ava va hnh anh khac hoa

Ai cung biet, tin tc noi ve moi quan he gia dan toc
mien nui va x Tchen-la (Campuchia) hay vng quoc Angkor
thi o rat la khan hiem. Ngc lai, bia a Kh Me
5
lai cung
cap mot so ngon t e am ch dan toc mien nui nay. S kien
nay a chng minh co s hien dien cua ho trong bien gii cua
vng quoc Kh Me hay nc lang gieng gan nhat o la
Champa. Tren bia khac, ngi ta co ngon t nh Kirata (goc
Phan ng) am ch dan toc bo lac mien nui, Vnang tc la ngon t
phien am t Pnong, Vrau ch toc ngi mien nui ma ngi ta
thng ngh en ngi Brau, nh c tren cao nguyen nam gia
song Sesan va Srepok.
Ben canh bia a ma chung toi va trnh bay, hnh anh
khac hoa tren tng Angkor Vat cung cap hang nghn vu n
(apsara) goc dan toc Kh Me, trong o co mot vai vu n an mac
giong nh dan toc cao nguyen mien nam ong Dng. Mot
vai vu n lai an mac theo kieu ao cua mot so toc ngi rat la
ac biet hoan toan khac la vi kieu mau cua dan toc mien nui
lan can mien nam ong Dng hom nay. Loi ieu khac nay
cho phep chung toi ket luan rang ngi Kh Me a tiep xuc vi
dan toc mien nui nh c trong bien gii cua Campuchia t lau

5
Muon hieu them noi dung cua bia a nay, xem G. Coedes, Inscriptions du
Cambodge, Hanoi, EFEO (Collection de Textes et Documents sur
lIndochine), 1937-1966, 8 vol.

185
i. Chnh v the ma cac nha ieu khac thi Angkor mi chi tiet
hoa cac hnh tng minh hoa cua cac vu n dan toc mien nui
trong tac pham ieu khac cua mnh
6
. Nhng hnh anh nh the a
chng minh dan toc Kh Me thi Angkor biet mot cach ro ret
nguon goc xuat x cua dan toc mien nui nay va co moi lien he
rat chat che vi ho. Bi v nhng y phuc va n trang cua cac vu
n thi Angkor Vat rat la phong phu va a dang, phan anh
nhng tap quan y phuc cua cac dan toc mien nui khac nhau
Campuchia
7
. Mat khac, mot so hnh anh ieu khac tren tng
Angkor Vat cung cho thay nhng gia no thuoc hang ha ang tc
la nhng ngi khuan vac hay no le ch mac mot tam kho kha
rat gan gui vi tam kho cua vai toc ngi mien nui hom nay
8
.

3. Ky s cua Tcheou Ta-Kouan

Vao cuoi the ky th XIII, Tcheou Ta-Kouan la mot nha
du hanh Trung Hoa co e cap en s hien dien vng quoc
Angkor mot cong ong toc ngi ma ong ta goi la nhng ngi
man r hay nhng ngi co oc mien nui. Tcheou Ta-Kouan
chia cong ong toc ngi ay ra thanh hai nhom rieng biet.
Nhom th nhat, hieu va noi c tieng pho thong, la nhom no
le ma ngi ta co the em ra ban cac thanh th. Nhom th
hai khong biet nen van minh la g, khong xay dng nha ca,
la nhom du muc thng di chuyen ni nay sang ni khac vi gia
nh, luc nao cung mang theo hu ln e lam ru can va thng
nh c tren nhng sn nui. Vu kh cua ho la na hay giao mac,
song nh san ban va thuoc oc dung e san ban cua ho rat nguy

6
J. Boulbet, Des femmes Bu Dih a quelques apsaras originales dAngkor
Vat, in Arts Asiatiques, 1968, t. XVII, tr. 209-218.
7
M. Giteau, Histoire dAngkor, Paris, Ed. Kailash, 1996, tr. 63.
8
J. Boisselier, La statuaire khmere et son evolution, Saigon, Publ. de lEFEO,
1955, tr. 77.

186
hiem. Tap the cua ho co ban tnh rat la can am va khuat phuc.
Ho co the chem giet lan nhau trong nhom cua ho
9
. Nh the,
ngi ta thay la cac thi ky co xa, dan toc mien nui c
phan thanh nhom phuc tung vng quoc Campuchia va nhom
oc lap khong at di quyen kiem soat cua vng quoc nay.
Theo Tcheou Ta-Kouan, san pham qu vng quoc
Angkor gom co nga voi, sng te giac do dan toc mien nui cung
cap. Va ong ta con noi them rang ch co nhng c dan mien
nui lac hau mi co the lam nghe i tm nga voi. Tiec rang
khong co t lieu nao cho biet nhng san pham nay la thue vu
bang hien vat ma dan toc mien nui phai ong hang nam cho
nha nc Angkor hay ay ch la san pham thu nhan qua s trao
oi hang hoa bang hien vat.

III. Thi ky hau Angkor

S rut quan cua Campuchia ra khoi Champa vao nam
1220 cung la nam cham dt hoan toan moi quan he gia ngi
Kh Me va dan toc mien nui pha ong cua Tay Nguyen. Tuy
nhien, moi quan he gia ngi Kh Me va dan toc mien nui
pha tay van con tiep tuc dien tien ngay trong thi ky ma
Campuchia khong con lam chu lanh tho thng nguon va
trung nguon Mekong na hay vao luc ma vng quoc nay di
thu o Angkor en mot ni khac mien nam vao nam 1432.

1. T thi ky tien s en the ky th XVI

Bien nien s hoang gia Campuchia t khi e cap en
dan toc mien nui vng quoc nay. Vao thi ky tien s, ch co

9
P. Pelliot, Memoires sur les coutumes du Cambodge de Tcheou Ta-kouan.
Version nouvelle suivie dun commentaire inacheve, Paris, Adrien-
Maisonneuve, 1951.

187
bien nien s goi la Vatt Dit (DV) cung cap ten goi mot vai toc
ngi dan mien nui nh Pnong, Stieng, Rae c xem nh la
than dan phuc tung oai quyen vua chua Campuchia.

Bc vao thi ky lch s, bien nien s mang ma so la
Ang En (AE)
10
, ban dch sang tieng Xiem La, cho biet vao the
ky th XV, dan toc mien nui gom co nhom ngi Kuoy va
Karieng cong khai xen lan vao viec noi bo cua ngi Kh Me,
nhan co s tranh chap quyen lc gia ba hoang t Campuchia.
Bien co nay a tr thanh mot van e nan giai, v nhng bien
nien s khac viet bang nhng ch Kh Me khong bao gi noi
en. Bc qua them the ky th XVI, mot oan bien nien s
(F1170) cung la ban dch sang tieng Xiem La co neu ra s day
loan cua ngi Kh Me-Chong, tc la toc ngi mien nui song
tay nam Campuchia, thng tuyen mo quan du kch trong
cong ong dan toc mien nui khac. Tiec rang bien nien s khac
viet bang tieng Kh Me khong bao gi nhac en s tham gia
cua dan toc mien nui vao s phien loan nay.

2. The ky th XVII

Vao the ky th XVII, co rat nhieu t lieu ban ve moi
quan he gia Campuchia va dan toc mien nui pha ong song
Mekong. Trong kho tan t lieu nay, chung toi khong quen nhac
en bien nien s hoang gia DV, luat tuc Campuchia, ky s cua
cac thng gia phng tay va lch s chua Sambok. The ky
XVII nay cung anh dau nam len ngoi cua Paramaraja VII
(1602-1619), mot quoc vng Campuchia danh moi u tien cho
chnh sach on nh chnh tr va phuc hng quyen lc nha vua.

10
Ve bien nien s nay va lch s Campuchia t the ky XVI en XVIII, xem
Mak Phoeun, Histoire du Cambodge, Paris, Presses de lEFEO
(Monographies so 176), 1995.

188
Qua cac cuoc hanh quan nham bnh nh x s ma bien nien s
hoang gia DV a a ra mot so chi tiet lien quan en s quan
he gia ngi Kh Me va dan toc mien nui. o la viec thang
chc cho mot ngi Pnong ma trc kia ong ta ch la ngi no
le khi con tre. Mat khac, lch s chua Sambok cung nhac en
moi quan he gia vua Kh Me va cac Vua La va Vua Nc
cua dan toc Jarai.

a. Bien nien s hoang gia DV

Bien nien s nay ke rang vao the ky XVII, Ukanya
Tejo Yat, mot v tnh trng noi tieng la nhan vat xuat than t
dan toc Pnong. c mua nh mot ngi no le bi Ukanya Tejo
Purajaj Mas, tnh trng cua tnh Kampong Svay va cung la
tong t lenh quan oi hoang gia thi o. Khi con tre, Ukanya
Tejo Yat c ngi chu nuoi dng va giao duc co trng
lp. Bam theo chu va giup chu moi ni, Ukanya Tejo
Yat noi bac len trong nhieu tran chien e tai lap hoa bnh
trong vng quoc. Khi Ukanya Tejo Purajaj Mas qua i, mac
du xuat x la dan toc Pnong, ong ta c nha vua tn nhiem e
len thay the chc vu cua ngi chu. Vi nhng thanh tch chien
tran, ong ta ci mot ngi v xuat than t gia nh trung lu va
c quoc vng lam le ban phc lanh v cam phuc tai nang
cua ong ta. Theo A. Leclere
11
, vao cuoi the ky th XIX, ngi ta
tm thay ba tng nho ieu khac tren mot khoi a ma dan chung
th phng trong chua Kampong Thom. Bc tng nay la
bieu tng cua De chou Peunong, hay la than Tejo Pnong.

11
A. Leclere, Cambodge. Contes et legendes recueillis et publies en franais,
Paris, E. Bouillon, 1895, tr. 52, ct. 1.

189
b. Luat tuc Campuchia

Nhng sach luat tuc Campuchia
12
c bien soan vao
the ky th XVII, thng co mot phan m au noi ve nhng
hoan canh dan en s bien soan o. Tac gia cua phan m au
nay la quoc vng Campuchia. Trong phan nay, quoc vng
thng e cap en chnh sach yen dan, hoa bnh, on nh va
nhat mong muon khong gay kho s, khong lam phien ha quoc
dan, nhng ngi lao ong cc nhoc hay nhng ngi Kuoy va
Pear khac. Cung nh bo luat tuc nay ma ngi ta biet dan toc
mien nui trong nc cung c cac nha soan luat quan tam. Mat
khac, nhng ao luat lien quan en cac no le ghi rang nhng
ngi Pnong, Rae va nhng thanh vien khac cua cac toc ngi
mien nui, co con sanh tai Campuchia, th cac a tre nay se
c xem nh la than dan Campuchia thuoc the he th ba va
ca th hai.

c. Lch s chua Sambok

Lch s chua Sambok viet vao au thang 2 nam 1602,
e cap en nhng moi quan he gia cac vua chua Campuchia
va hai v vua Jarai goi la Vua la (Stec Bhloen) va Vua
nc (Stec Dik). T lieu nay co nhac en nhng qua bieu ma
quoc vng Campuchia phai gi en Vua La va Vua Nc cua
dan toc Jarai va nhat la le nghi can the hien trong trng hp
mot trong hai v vua nay qua i. Van ban nay cung noi ro la
theo tap quan xa kia, c ba nam, vua chua Campuchia phai tm
cach biet tin tc ve hai v vua Jarai. Nhng v co nhieu s xao
tron trong vng quoc, thanh ra tap quan nay a b quen lang.
Neu tnh ra, ngi ta co the oan rang tuc le nay khong con
hien hanh na ke t trieu ai cua Norodom (1860-1904).

12
A. Leclere, Les codes cambodgiens, 1898, 2 vol.

190
Cung theo lch s chua Sambok, c vua Campuchia
thng ton vinh Vua La va Vua Nc, di danh xng la
ngi chau va thng giao cho hai v vua nay quyen uy e cai
tr x s Rae, Jarai va Pnong thch nghi vi truyen thong cua
ho. Mat khac, vua Kh Me cung giao cho Vua La va Vua
Nc hai trach nhiem ac biet: trach nhiem gi gn thay cho
ngi chu (vua Kh Me), thanh kiem thieng lieng (Brah Khan)
va kiem soat chat che nhng truc giao thong trong khu vc rng
nui nham chong lai moi s pha hoai cua ke thu.
Theo bien nien s hoang gia DV, thanh kiem thieng
lieng xa kia la bao vat cua Brahm Kil, v vua huyen thoai tr v
tai Angkor. Nhng khi mat, v vua nay sang c ngu at nc
cua Vua La va Vua Nc, hai vng quoc ang bao ve cho v
Dhammikaraj tng lai. Theo truyen thuyet, trc khi nham
mat, Brahm Kil a co nhng li tran troi vi cac v vua tng lai
nh sau: c moi ba nam mot lan, quoc vng Campuchia phai
gi li chuc mng en Vua La va Vua Nc kem theo nhng
tang pham ma c vua Brahm Kil a ghi san trong mot danh
sach cung nh cac hien vat ma Vua La vao Vua Nc gi tang
tr lai. Nhng ngi Jarai va cac toc ngi khac cung co truyen
thuyet tng t, du mot so tnh tiet co bien oi tuy theo dan
toc
13
. Truyen thuyet ay noi rang Po The (?) giao thanh kiem cho
Vua La e gi gn va khuyen nhu ngi Jarai nen an hoa
hp vi ngi Campuchia, v ho la ngi ang gi vo cua thanh
kiem nay. Mot khi ang than linh a giao thanh kiem cho ngi
Jarai va vo kiem cho ngi Kh Me, the th hai dan toc nay
phai song hoa hp vi nhau.
Vua Brahm Kil cung nhan nhu rang Jarai la dan toc co
trach nhiem canh gi can than nhng truc giao thong va lanh
tho mien nui chong lai cac ke thu, co ngha la nhng ke thu t
pha ong (Champa hay ai Viet). V rang, vao thi Angkor

13
H. Maitre, Les jungles Moi, Paris, E. Larose, 1912.

191
quan oi Champa a tng anh pha Campuchia va Viet Nam
thng xua quan tan cong vng quoc nay t 1658 en 1659.

d. T lieu co nguon goc t phng tay

Thng thuyen G. Van Wuysthoff goc Hoa Lan la ngi
phng Tay cung cap lan au tien nhng thong tin ve quan he
gia Campuchia va cac dan toc mien nui. Sang nc Lao bang
ng Mekong vao thang 7 va 8 nam 1641, ong G. Van
Wuysthoff, v ai dien cua VOC (Vereenigde de Oost Indische
Compagnie) lai vi cac ngi ong nghiep cua mnh t ngay 6
en 10 thang 8 tai Sambor va thu thap nhieu tin tc rat chnh
xac ve khu vc nay
14
. Ong ta ghi nhan rang dan chung Kh Mer
Sambor thng en vung Attopeu nc Lao va cung en tan
x Pnong e tm vang, sng te giac va nga voi, ma ho oi vi
muoi, sat, nhng chieng nho bang ong va nhng san pham
khac t gia tr. G. Van Wuysthoff cung noi them rang mot phan
lanh tho cua x Pnong at di quyen kiem soat cua
Campuchia va mot phan con lai ma qui che khong c ghi ro,
la lanh tho rieng biet trai dai en b bien Champa. Thng
thuyen Hoa Lan con cho biet la vao nam 1621, vua Kh Me
Jayajettha II a gi en x Thng thuoc vung Attopeu mot
oan tham hiem e tm vang. S kien nay a chng minh la vao
au the ky XVII, lanh tho Campuchia bat nguon t vung nui
non, bao gom thng nguon cua Sekong va Nam Noy, va vng
quoc nay luon luon gi moi quan he vi cac dan toc mien nui
c tru trong khu vc nay.

14
J.-Cl. Lejosne, Le journal de voyage de Gerrit van Wuysthoff et de ses
assistants au Laos (1641-1642). Seconde edition, revue et completee,
[Metz], Centre de documentation et dinformation sur le Laos, 1993.

192
3. The ky XVIII va XIX

Tren thc te, bien nien s hoang gia Campuchia khong
nhac en dan toc mien nui trong suot hai the ky XVIII va XIX,
ngoai tr nhng tin tc lien quan en dan toc Samre (mien Tay
Campuchia), Kuoy va Stieng. Theo bien nien s nay, dan toc
Samre co a tham gia vao cuoc noi day nam 1702-1703
Pursat, ni ma trieu nh nha vua va at thu o mi hau ne
tranh nhng cuoc tan cong cua Viet Nam. Dan toc Samre cung
a tham gia vao cuoc tranh chap nam 1714 gia hai hoang t
Campuchia tm cach tranh gianh ngoi bau. Mai cho en trieu
ai Norodom (1860-1904) bien nien s hoang gia Campuchia
mi bat au neu ra van e dan toc mien nui. Theo bien nien s
nay, vao nam 1860, nhng ngi Stieng, Knoy va ngi Kh
Me vung cao thng tham gia vao cuoc phan loan. Khu vc
dan toc mien nui pha ong (vung ngi Stieng) c s dung
nhieu lan nh la ni an nau vng chac cho nhng quan phien
loan Kh Me chong lai uy quyen vua chua Campuchia, ke ca
nhng thanh vien theo hoang t tre cung cha khac me vi vua
Norodom, tc la hoang t Si Votha.
Trc nhng cong trnh kham pha khoa hoc c thc
hien trong thi Phap thuoc va tiep theo o, co nhng nhom
tham hiem ngi Phap, ke t the ky XVIII a vieng tham nhieu
khu vc thuoc lanh tho cua dan toc mien nui. Vao the ky XIX,
P. Bouillevaux
15
, vao thang 9 nam 1851, sang vieng tham ngi
Pnong, dan toc thng gia nhap vao to chc phien loan, ch
khong phai qui phuc nha vua Campuchia. Ni ay, ong ta a
gap nhieu ngi Campuchia tron tranh v toi chong oi chnh
quyen va thng lap gia nh vi dan toc mien nui. Nam 1859,

15
C. E. Bouillevaux, Voyage dans lIndo-chine, 1848-1856, Paris, Palme, 1858.

193
H. Mouhot sang vieng tham ngi Stieng
16
viet rang ngi
Campuchia, cung nh ngi Lao va Viet Nam, thng buoc
ngi Stieng phai nop thue cho ho c ba nam mot lan. Ong ta
cung ghi lai rang vua Campuchia cung rat mong muon a
nhng ngi Stieng en lap nghiep trong nhng tnh rat tha
ngi. Noi en tnh trang trao oi nhng qua bieu gia vua chua
Campuchia va vua Jarai, b gian oan vao thi ky Norodom,
ai uy Cupet
17
a tng i t Kratie en Kontum vao nam 1891,
khang nh rang nhng ngi Jarai than can vi Vua La van
con trong ch nhng qua bieu cua vua Kh Me gi sang. Theo
phong thuc ngi Kh Me Sambok, du khong con nghi thc
trao oi qua bieu na, ngi ta van con to chc nhng le tuc
Sambok e chuc mng thanh than a phng mang ten la Vua
La va Vua Nc.
Nhng nhanh song ngoi pha ong song Mekong la
truc giao thong thuy li rat t nhien. T o co nhieu ghe va
thuyen oc moc i lai ch theo nhng ngi Kh Me va dan toc
mien nui nh ngi Brao, Tampuon va Jarai pha bac va dan
Mnong, Rae va Stieng xa hn ve pha nam. Mat khac, t lieu
cung noi en nhng truc giao thong bang xe bo doc theo b
song ln dan en cao nguyen bang qua mot khu vc menh
mong rong ln Tay Nguyen. Nhng ieu kien di chuyen nh
the tao nhieu thuan li e nhng ngi Kh Me va cac dan toc
thieu so giao lu vi nhau. Khoang nam 1960, mac du co s
canh tranh cua nhng ngi mi en, ngi ban rong Kh Me
van tiep tuc theo truyen thong cu, di chuyen khap ni tren mien
nui va en tan thon xom Jarai e ban va oi chac cac loai cay

16
H. Mouhot, Voyage dans les royaumes de Siam, de Cambodge, de Laos et
autres parties centrales de lIndo-Chine, Paris, Hachette, 1868.
17
Cupet, Voyage au Laos et chez les sauvages du Sud-Est de lIndo-chine,
in A. Pavie, Mission Pavie. 1879-1895. Geographie et voyages III, Paris,
Ernest Leroux, 1900.

194
coi y dc, nhng bua phep, nhng bo c cung nh cac san
pham khac
18
. Mot so cot truyen truyen khau cua dan toc mien
nui cung thng nhac en dan toc Kh Me va vng quoc
Campuchia. S kien ay chng to co s lien tuc trong van e tiep
can, lien hiep thong gia, giao lu van hoa va nhat la trao oi
buon ban gia ngi KhMe va dan toc mien nui pha ong.
Trong qua kh, chac chan la dan toc Kh Me va dan toc mien
nui phai co nhng cuoc tranh chap va cp boc lan nhau, nhng
dan toc mien nui khong con gi mot ky niem nao lien quan en
cac tran chien chong lai ngi Campuchia. Va ngi Kh Me
cung khong bao gi noi rang dan toc mien nui la doi tng thu
ch cua ho.

*

Ngi Cham cung nh cac dan toc mien nui pha ong
song Mekong a song ke can va tiep xuc thng xuyen vi
nhng ngi Kh Me t nhieu the ky nay. Ho thng giao lu
vi nhau tren bnh dien nhan van, van hoa va thng mai. Moi
nhom trong ba cong ong toc ngi nay eu la nan nhan cua
cuoc Nam Tien cua ngi Viet. Trc het la dan toc Champa
ma a so a thoat khoi s tan sat gay ra bi chien tranh, a tm
ni an nau x s Kh Me. Ke tiep, t the ky XVII tr i,
vng quoc Campuchia cung b quan oi Hue anh pha va tm
cach xam chiem mien nam va mien ong nam cua vng quoc
nay. Cuoi cung en lt nhng dan toc mien nui. Luc ban au,
dan toc mien cao khong bao gi nghe en cuoc Nam Tien, v
ngi Viet Nam khong giam phieu lu tren vung at cao. Sau
nam 1955 tr i, cuoc chien tng tan gia Bac viet va Nam

18
P.-B. Lafont, Toloi Djuat. Coutumier de la tribu Jarai, Paris, Publ. de
lEFEO LI, 1963.

195
viet a a dan toc Viet di c o at len Tay Nguyen, xua uoi
nhng dan ban x ra khoi at ai ma to tien cua ho a e lai.

Paris, thang 3 nam 2005


196

Trang Khong
Ban o
197

Phan Rang
Saigon
Dalat
Banmethuot
Nha Trang
Binh Dinh
Pleiku
Kontum
Quang Ngai
Quang Nam
Hu
Phan Ri
THAILANDE
Phnom-Penh
Bangkok
CAMBODGE
LAOS
VIETNAM
0 200Km
(Mondulkiri)
(Ratanakiri)
Chu Dc
Krati
Ty Ninh
Stung Treng

1
2
5
6
7
8
9
11
10
4
3

Mien nam ong Dng
trc nam 1975
Po Dharma, 2005
Thanh pho Banmethuot 1968
1. Van phong CIA
2. San bay Banmethuot
3 Van phong tnh bao Viet Nam
4. Trai giam Banmethuot
5. MACV
6. Trung Tam Lc Lng ac Biet
7. Trng trung hoc Y Ut
8. USAID
9. Toa o chanh Darlac
10. L oan 23
11. Van phong DSO-Fulro
Ban o
198

Kontum
Pleiku
Cheo Reo
(Phu Bn)
Qui Nhon
Duc Lap
Gia Nghia
Dalat
Nha Trang
Phanrang
Blao
(Bao Lc)
Lomphat
Sen Monorom
Snuol
Yang Prong
Ban Dn
Bun H
Mewal
Bun Brieng
Bun Sarpa Camp Le Rolland
PC 1
PC 2
PC 3
Sng Pha
Huu Duc
Vietnam
(Mondulkiri)
(Ratanakiri)
Cam Ranh
Banmethuot
(14)
(14)
(14)
(7)
(21)
(11)
(20)
Cambodge
Lac Thin
Bun Mi Ga
Buprang
0 40 km
Laos
Ninh Hoa
Tuy Hoa

Ban o tong quat khu vc 3 bien gii
Chu thch: = thanh pho = ni goi = mat khu Fulro (14) = quoc lo

Po Dharma, 2005

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Champaka 7

Cam Ranh Bi"n gi!i 1653

Cam Ranh Bi"n gi!i 1653

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