You are on page 1of 9

Ti liu n thi Tt nghip THPT v tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng mn Ha hc

Phan Cng Huy Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn 63


Part: 4
PHNG PHP GII NHANH
TRC NGHIM MN HO HC


I. MT S PHNG PHP BO TON THNG DNG TRONG HA HC
1. Phng php bo ton in tch
- Nguyn tc: Tng in tch dng lun lun bng tng in tch m v gi tr tuyt i. V th dd
lun lun trung ho v in.
- Cc v d:
V d 1: Kt qu xc nh nng mol ca cc ion trong mt dd ghi bng di y:

Ion Na
+
Ca
2+
NO
3
-
Cl
-
HCO
3
-

S mol 0,05 0,01 0,01 0,04 0,025

Hi kt qu ng hay sai? Ti sao?
Gii: Do in tch ca mt ion trong dd bng tch ca in tch v s mol ca n, nn ta c:
Tng in tch dng l: (+1).0,05 + (+2).0,01 = + 0,07
Tng in tch m l: (-1).0,01 + (-1).0,04 + (-1).0,025 = - 0,075.
Gi tr tuyt i ca in tch dng khc in tch m. Vy kt qu trn l sai.
V d 2: Dung dch A cha cc ion Na
+
: a mol ; HCO
3
-
: b mol;
CO
3
2-
: c mol; SO
4
2-
: d mol. to ra kt ta ln nht ngi ta dng 100 ml dd Ba(OH)
2
nng x mol/l.
Lp biu thc tnh x theo a v b.
Gii: HCO
3
-
+ OH
-
CO
3
2-
+ H
2
O
b mol b mol
Ba
2+
+ CO
3
2-
BaCO
3
+
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2-
BaSO
4
+
Dd sau phn ng ch c Na
+
: a mol. V bo ton in tch nn cng phi c: a mol OH
-
. tc dng vi
HCO
3
-
cn b mol OH
-
.
Vy s mol OH
-
do Ba(OH)
2
cung cp l (a + b) mol
Ta c:
( )
2
2
b a
n
OH Ba
+
= v nng
2 , 0 1 , 0
2
b a
b a
x
+
=
+
= mol/l
2. Phng php bo ton khi lng
- Nguyn tc:
+ Trong mt phn ng ha hc tng khi lng ca cc sn phm bng tng khi lng ca cc
cht phn ng.
+ Khi c cn dd th khi lng hn hp mui thu c bng tng khi lng ca cc cation kim
loi v anion gc axit.
- Cc v d:
V d 1: Cho t t mt lung kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
un
nng thu c 64g st, kh i ra sau phn ng cho i qua dd Ca(OH)
2
d c 40g kt ta. Tnh m.
Gii: Kh i ra sau phn ng gm CO
2
v CO d
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ + H
2
O
0,4 4 , 0
100
40
=
Ti liu n thi Tt nghip THPT v tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng mn Ha hc


Phan Cng Huy Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn 64
ta c: 4 , 0
2
= =
CO CO
n n
pu

Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng:
m + 28.0,4 = 64 + 44.0,4 m = 70,4g.
V d 2: Mt dd c cha 2 cation l Fe
2+
: 0,1mol v Al
3+
: 0,2mol v 2 anion l Cl
-
: x mol v SO
4
2-
: y mol.
Tnh x v y, bit rng khi c cn dd thu c 46,9 g cht rn khan.
Gii:
Do bo ton khi lng: 56.0,1 + 27.0,2 + 35,5x + 96y = 46,9 (1)
Do bo ton in tch: 2.0,1 + 3.0,2 = 1.x + 2.y (2)
T (1) v (2) gii ra x = 0,2 ; y = 0,3.
V d 3: un 132,8 g hn hp 3 ru no, n chc vi H
2
SO
4
c 140
0
C thu c 111,2g hn hp cc
ete trong cc ete c s mol bng nhau. Tnh s mol mi ete.
Gii: un hn hp 3 ru c
( )
6
2
1 3 3
=
+
ete.
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng: m
ru
= m
ete
=
O H
m
2

O H
m
2
= m
ru
- m
ete
= 132,8 111,2 = 21,6 g.
Tng s mol cc ete = s mol H
2
O =
18
6 , 21
= 1,2
S mol mi ete = 2 , 0
6
2 , 1
= mol.
V d 4: Ho tan hon ton 23,8g hn hp gm mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr I v mt mui
cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II vo dd HCl thu c 0,2mol kh CO
2
. Tnh khi lng mui mi to ra
trong dung dch.
Gii: t cng thc ca cc mui l M
2
CO
3
v RCO
3


M
2
CO
3
+ RCO
3
+ 4HCl 2MCl + RCl
2
+ 2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
0,4 0,2 mol 0,2
Theo nh lut BTKL: 23,8 + 0,4.36,5 = m
mui
+
O H CO
m m
2 2
+
hay: 23,8 + 0,4.36,5 = m
mui
+ 0,2.44 + 0,2.18 m
mui
= 26g
3. Phng php bo ton electron
- Nguyn tc: Trong qu trnh phn ng th: S e nhng = s e thu
hoc: s mol e nhng = s mol e thu
Khi gii khng cn vit phng trnh phn ng m ch cn tm xem trong qu trnh phn ng c bao nhiu
mol e do cht kh nhng ra v bao nhiu mol e do cht oxi ho thu vo.
- Cc v d:
V d 1: Trn 60g bt Fe vi 30g bt lu hunh ri un nng (khng c khng kh) thu c cht rn A.
Ho tan A bng dd axit HCl d c dd B v kh C. t chy C cn V lt O
2
(ktc). Tnh V, bit cc phn
ng xy ra hon ton.
Gii:
32
30
= >
S Fe
n n nn Fe d v S ht.
Kh C l hn hp H
2
S v H
2
. t C thu c SO
2
v H
2
O. Kt qu cui cng ca qu trnh phn ng l
Fe v S nhng e, cn O
2
thu e.
Nhng e: Fe 2e Fe
2+

2 .
56
60
50
60
mol
S 4e S
+4
(SO
2
)
4 .
32
30
32
20
mol
Thu e: Gi s mol O
2
l x mol.
Ti liu n thi Tt nghip THPT v tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng mn Ha hc


Phan Cng Huy Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn 65
O
2
+ 4e 2O
-2

2 mol 4x
Ta c: 4 .
32
30
2 .
56
60
4 + = x gii ra x = 1,47 mol.
928 , 32 47 , 1 . 4 , 22
2
= =
O
V lit
V d 2: Hn hp A gm 2 kim loi R
1
, R
2
c ho tr x, y khng i (R
1
, R
2
khng tc dng vi nc v
ng trc Cu trong dy hot ng ha hc ca kim loi). Cho hn hp A phn ng hon ton vi dd
HNO
3
d thu c 1,12 l kh NO duy nht ktc. Nu cho lng hn hp A trn phn ng hon ton vi
dd HNO
3
th thu c bao nhiu lt N
2
. Cc th tch kh o ktc.
Gii: Trong bi ton ny c 2 th nghim:
th nghim 1: R
1
v R
2
nhng e cho Cu
2+
chuyn thnh Cu sau Cu li nhng e cho
5 +
N thnh
2 +
N (NO). S mol e do R
1
v R
2
nhng ra l:

5 +
N + 3e
2 +
N
0,15 05 , 0
4 , 22
12 , 1
=
th nghim 1: R
1
v R
2
trc tip nhng e cho
5 +
N to ra N
2
. Gi x l s mol N
2
, th s mol e thu vo
l:
2
5 +
N + 10e
0
2
N
10x x mol
Ta c: 10x = 0,15 x = 0,015
2
N
V = 22,4.0,015 = 0,336 lit
V d 3: Cho 1,35 g hn hp gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng ht vi dd HNO
3
thu c hn hp kh gm 0,01
mol NO vo 0,04 mol NO
2
. Tnh khi lng mui to ra trong dd.
Gii: t x, y, z ln lt l s mol Cu, Mg, Al.
Nhng e: Cu 2e =
+ 2
Cu
x 2x x
Mg 2e =
+ 2
Mg
y 2y y
Al 3e =
+ 3
Al
z 3z z
Thu e:
5 +
N + 3e =
2 +
N (NO)
0,03 0,01

5 +
N + 1e =
4 +
N (NO
2
)
0,04 0,04
Ta c: 2x + 2y + 3z = 0,03 + 0,04 = 0,07 (1)
Nhng 0,07 cng chnh l s mol NO
3
-

Khi lng mui nitrat l: 1,35 + 62.0,07 = 5,69g.
II. PHNG PHP TRUNG BNH (khi lng mol trung bnh, s nguyn t trung bnh)
1. Cch gii:
- PP trung bnh ch p dng cho bi ton hn hp cc cht.
- Gi tr trung bnh dng bin lun tm ra nguyn t khi hoc phn t khi hay s nguyn t trong
phn t hp cht.
- Khi lng mol trung bnh l khi lng ca mt mol hn hp (k hiu l M )
- Cng thc tnh khi lng mol trung bnh:
Ti liu n thi Tt nghip THPT v tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng mn Ha hc


Phan Cng Huy Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn 66

M =

2. Cc v d:
V d 1: Ho tan hon ton 4,68g hn hp mui cacbonat ca hai kim loi A v B k tip trong nhm IIA
vo dd HCl thu c 1,12 lit CO
2
ktc. Xc nh tn kim loi A v B.
Gii: t M l NTK trung bnh ca 2 kim loi A v B
M CO
3
+ 2HCl M Cl
2
+ CO
2
| + H
2
O
0,05 mol 05 , 0
4 , 22
12 , 1
=
M CO
3
= ; 6 , 93
05 , 0
68 , 4
= M = 93,6 60 = 33,6
Bin lun: A < 33,6 A l Mg = 24
B > 33,6 B l Ca = 40.
V d 2: t chy hon ton a g hn hp hai ru no, n chc lin tip trong dy ng ng thu c
3,584 lt CO
2
ktc v 3,96g H
2
O. Tnh a v xc nh CTPT ca cc ru.
Gii: Gi n l s ngt C trung bnh v x l tng s mol ca hai ru.
( ) O H n CO n O
n
OH H C
n n
2 2 2
1 2
1
2
3
+ + +
+

x mol ( )x n x n 1 +
16 , 0
4 , 22
584 , 3
2
= = = x n n
CO
(1)
( ) 22 , 0
18
96 , 3
. 1
2
= = + = x n n
O H
(2)
T (1) v (2) gii ra x = 0,06 v n = 2,67
Ta c: a = (14 n + 18).x = (14.2,67) + 18.0,06 = 3,32g
n = 2,67
OH H C
OH H C
7 3
5 2

V d 3: Hn hp 3 ru n chc A, B, C c tng s mol l 0,08 v khi lng l 3,387. Xc nh
CTPT ca A, B, C, bit rng B v C c cng s ngt cacbon v s mol ru A bng
3
5
tng s mol ca
ru B v C.
Gii: 2 , 42
08 , 0
38 , 3
= = M
Nh vy phi c t nht mt ru c M < 42,2. Ch c CH
3
OH = 32
Ta c: 05 , 0
3 5
5 . 08 , 0
=
+
=
A
n ; m
A
= 32.0,05 = 1,67.
m
B + C
= 3,38 1,6 = 1,78g; n
B + C
= 03 , 0
3 5
3 . 08 , 0
=
+

3 , 59
03 , 0
78 , 1
, = = C B M
Gi y l s ngt H trung bnh trong pht hai ru B v C
Ta c: C
x
H
y
OH = 59,3 hay 12x + y + 17 = 59,3
Rt ra: 12x + y = 42,3
Bin lun:
Khi lng hn hp
S mol hn hp
Ti liu n thi Tt nghip THPT v tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng mn Ha hc


Phan Cng Huy Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn 67
x 1 2 3 4
y
30,3 18,3 6,3 <0
Ch c nghim khi x = 3. B, C phi c mt ru c s ngt H < 6,3 v mt ru c s ngt H > 6,3.
C 2 cp nghim: C
3
H
5
OH (CH
2
= CH CH
2
OH) v C
3
H
7
OH
C
3
H
3
OH (CH C CH
2
OH) v C
3
H
7
OH
III. PHNG PHP GHP N S
1. Cch gii: Mt s bi ton cho thiu d kin nn gii bng PP i s ta c s n nhiu hn s phng
trnh v c dng v nh, khng gii c. Nu dng PP ghp n s ta c th gii loi bi ton ny mt
cch d dng.
2. Cc v d:
V d 1: t chy hon ton ag hn hp hai ru no, n chc c hn hp kh v hi. Cho hn hp
kh v hi ny ln lt i qua bnh 1 ng H
2
SO
4
c v bnh 2 ng nc vi trong d, thy bnh 1 tng
1,98g v bnh 2 c 8g kt ta. Tnh a.
Gii: t CTPT ca cc ru l C
n
H
2n+1
-OH v C
m
H
2m+1
-OH.
Gi x, y l s mol cc ru.
C
n
H
2n+1
OH +
2
3n
O
2
nCO
2
+ (n + 1)H
2
O
x nx (n + 1)x

C
m
H
2m+1
OH +
2
3m
O
2
mCO
2
+ (m + 1)H
2
O
y my (m + 1)y
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ + H
2
O
0,08 08 , 0
100
8
=
Ta lp c 2 phng trnh i s theo s mol CO
2
v s mol H
2
O:
2
CO
n = nx + my = 0,08 (1)
( ) ( ) 11 , 0
18
98 , 1
1 1
2
= = + + + = y m x n n
O H
(2)
y, vi 4 n s (n, m, x, y) m ch c 2 phng trnh nn c dng v nh.
Ta trin khai (2) ghp n s
T (2):
O H
n
2
= nx + x + my + y = (nx + my) + (x + y) = 0,11
Thay nx + my = 0,08, rt ra x + y = 0,11 0,08 = 0,03.
Tnh a: a = (14n + 18)x + (14m + 18)y
hay a = 14nx + 18x + 14my + 18y.
Ghp n s c a = 14(nx + my) + 18(x + y).
Thay cc gi tr bit c a = 14.0,08 + 18.0,03 = 1,66g
V d 2: un p gam hn hp 2 ru vi H
2
SO
4
c thu c V lt (ktc) hn hp 2 anken. t chy
hon ton hn hp anken thu c x lt CO
2
(ktc) v y gam H
2
O.
Lp biu thc tnh x, y theo p, V.
Gii: un nng vi H
2
SO
4
c thu c hn hp 2 anken, suy ra hn hp 2 ru phi thuc loi no,
n chc.
C
n
H
2n+1
OH C
n
H
2n
+ H
2
(1)
a mol a
C
m
H
2m+1
OH C
m
H
2m
+ H
2
O (2)
b mol b
C
n
H
2n
+
2
3n
O
2
nCO
2
+ nH
2
O (3)
a mol na na
Ti liu n thi Tt nghip THPT v tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng mn Ha hc


Phan Cng Huy Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn 68
C
m
H
2m
+
2
3m
O
2
mCO
2
+ mH
2
O (4)
b mol mb mb
Theo (1), (2): a + b =
4 , 22
V
(5). Theo (3), (4):
O H CO
n n
2 2
= = na + mb (6)
Khi lng 2 ru l: (14n + 18)a + (14m + 18)b = p
hay 14(na + mb) + 18(a + b) = p (7)
Th (5) vo (7) c:
na + mb =
14
4 , 22
. 18
V
p

= = y m
O H
2
14
4 , 22
. 18
V
p
.18
7
23 , 7 9 V p
y

=
= = x V
CO
2
14
4 , 22
. 18
V
p
.22,4
7
9 2 , 11 V p
x

=
IV. PHNG PHP TNG GIM KHI LNG
1. Cch gii: Khi chuyn t cht ny sang cht khc khi lng c th tng hoc gim do cc cht
khc nhau c khi lng mol khc nhau. Da vo mi tng quan t l thun ca s tng gim ta tnh
c lng cht tham gia hay to thnh sau phn ng.
2. Cc v d
V d 1: Nhng thanh km vo dd cha 8,32g CdSO
4
. Sau khi kh hon ton ion Cd
2+
khi lng thanh
km tng 2,35% so vi ban u. Hi khi lng thanh km ban u.
Gii: Gi khi lng thanh km ban u l a gam th khi lng tng thm l
100
35 , 2 a
gam.
Zn + CdSO
4
ZnSO
4
+ Cd
65g 1mol 112g tng 112 65 = 47g
04 , 0
208
32 , 8
= mol
100
35 , 2 a
g
Ta c t l:
100
35 , 2
47
04 , 0
1
a
= . Gii ra a = 80g.
V d 2: Nhng thanh kim loi M ho tr 2 vo dd CuSO
4
, sau mt thi gian ly thanh kim loi ra thy khi
lng gim 0,05%. Mt khc nhng thanh kim loi trn vo dd Pb(NO
3
)
2
, sau mt thi gian thy khi lng
tng 7,1%. Xc nh M, bit rng s mol CuSO
4
v Pb(NO
3
)
2
tham gia 2 trng hp nh nhau.
Gii: Gi m l khi lng thanh kim loi, A l NTK ca kim loi, x l s mol mui phn ng.
M + CuSO
4
MSO
4
+ Cu+
Ag 1mol 64g gim (A 64)g
xmol
100
05 , 0 m
g
Rt ra: x =
64
100
05 , 0
A
m
(1)
M + Pb(NO
3
)
2
M(NO
3
)
2
+ Pb+
Ag 1mol 207 tng (207 A)g
xmol tng
100
1 , 7 m
g
Ti liu n thi Tt nghip THPT v tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng mn Ha hc


Phan Cng Huy Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn 69
Rt ra: x =
A
m
207
100
1 , 7
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c:
64
100
05 , 0
A
m
=
A
m
207
100
1 , 7
(3)
T (3) gii ra A = 65. Vy kim loi M l km.
V d 3: Cho 3,78g bt Al phn ng va vi dd mui XCl
3
to thnh dd Y. Khi lng cht tan trong
dd Y gim 4,06g so vi dd XCl
3
. Xc nh cng thc ca mui XCl
3
.
Gii: Gi A l NTK ca kim loi X.
Al + XCl
3
AlCl
3
+ X
14 , 0 14 , 0
27
78 , 3
= 0,14
Ta c: (A + 35,5.3).0,14 (133,5.0,14) = 4,06
Gii ra A = 56. Kim loi X l Fe v mui FeCl
3
.
V d 4: Nung 100g hn hp gm Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
cho n khi khi lng hn hp khng i c
69g cht rn. Xc nh phn trm khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp.
Gii: Ch c NaHCO
3
b phn hy. t x l s gam NaHCO
3
.
2NaHCO
3

0
t
Na
2
CO
3
+ CO
2
| + H
2
O|
2.84g gim: 44 + 18 = 62g
xg gim: 100 69 = 31g
Ta c: g x
x
84
31
62 84 , 2
= =
Vy NaHCO
3
chim 84% v Na
2
CO
3
chim 16%.
V d 5: Ho tan hon ton 23,8g hn hp mt mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr I v mt mui
cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II vo dd HCl thy thot ra 0,2mol kh. Khi c cn dd sau phn ng th thu
c bao nhiu gam mui khan?
Gii: K hiu kim loi ho tr I l M, s mol l x kim loi, ho tr II l R, s mol l y.
M
2
CO
3
+ 2HCl 2MCl + CO
2
| + H
2
O (1)
1mol(2M+60)g 2(M+35,5) tng (2M+71)-(2M+60) = 11gam
xmol 11gam

RCO
3
+ 2HCl RCl
2
+ CO
2
| + H
2
O (2)
1mol(R+60)g (R+71) tng (R+71)-(R+60) = 11g
ymol 11ygam

T (1) v (2): m
hh
= x + y =
2
CO
n = 0,2
Theo (1), (2): (x + y)mol hn hp phn ng th khi lng hh mui tng (11x + 11y)g = 11(x + y) =
11.0,2 = 2,2g.
Vy khi lng mui thu c bng khi lng mui ban u cng vi khi tng tng thm.
m
mui
= 23,8 + 2,2 = 26g.
V. PHNG PHP NG CHO
1. Cch gii:
- PP ng cho thng dng gii bi ton trn ln cc cht vi nhau c th ng th hoc d th
nhng hn hp cui cng phi l ng th.
- Nu trn ln cc dd th phi l cc dd ca cng mt cht (hoc cht khc, nhng do phn ng vi
H
2
O li cho cng mt cht. V d trn Na
2
O vi dd NaOH ta c cng mt cht l NaOH).
- Trn hai dd ca cht A vi nng khc nhau, ta thu c mt dd cht A vi nng duy nht.
Nh vy lng cht tan trong phn c gim xung phi bng lng cht tan trong phn long tng ln.
S tng qut ca PP ng cho nh sau:
Ti liu n thi Tt nghip THPT v tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng mn Ha hc


Phan Cng Huy Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn 70
g m
m
O H
O H
250
8
4
500
2
2
= =
D
1
x
1
|x x
2
|
x
x x
x x
D
D

=
1
2
2
1

D
2
x
2
|x
1
x|
x
1
, x
2
, x l khi lng cht ta quan tm vi x
1
> x > x
2

D
1
, D
2
l khi lng hay th tch cc cht (hay dd) em trn ln.
2. Cc v d:
V d 1: Cn thm bao nhiu gam nc vo 500g dd NaOH 12% c dd NaOH 8% ?
Gii:
O H
m
2
0 4


m
dd12%
12

( y x
1
= 0, v nc th nng NaOH bng 0).
V d 2: Cn trn H
2
v CO theo t l th tch nh th no c hn hp kh c t khi so vi metan
bng 1,5.
Gii: hh M = 1,5.16 = 24
2
H
V 2 4
24
11
2
22
4
2
= =
CO
H
V
V


CO
V 28 22
V d 3: Ho tan 4,59g Al bng dd HNO
3
long thu c hn hp kh NO v N
2
O c t khi so vi H
2
bng
16,75. Tnh t l th tch kh trong hn hp.
Gii: hh M = 16,75.2 = 33,5
O N
V
2
44 3,5
33,5
3
1
5 , 10
5 , 3
2
= =
NO
O N
V
V


NO
V 30 10,5
V d 4: Trn 2 th tch CH
4
vi 1 th tch hirocacbon X thu c hn hp kh (ktc) c t khi so vi
H
2
bng 15. Xc nh CTPT ca X.
Gii: hh M = 15.2 = 30
2V 16 |M
X
30|

30

1V M
X
30 16

58
16 30
30
1
2
=

=
X
X
M
M
V
V
. Vi 12x + y = 58 ch c nghim khi x = 4 v y = 10 C
4
H
10

V d 5: T 1 tn qung hematit (A) iu ch c 420kg st. T 1 tn qung manhetit (B) iu ch c
504kg st. Phi trn 2 qung trn vi t l v khi lng l bao nhiu c 1 tn qung hn hp m t
1 tn qung hn hp ny iu ch c 480kg st ?
Gii:
m
A
420 24
480
5
2
60
24
= =
B
A
m
m

m
B
504 6\
8
8
Ti liu n thi Tt nghip THPT v tuyn sinh i hc Cao ng mn Ha hc


Phan Cng Huy Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn 71

You might also like