Ψηφιοποίησης Κινούµενης Εικόνας

2000-2006
: 1 -
: 1.3 ,
@

4
:
( )
, 2005
1. .............................................4
.......................................7
3. ....................11
.......................................18
4.1.1 ............................20
4.1.2 ......................................................................21
4.1.3 .......................................................22
4.1.4 ................................25
4.2.1 .......................................32
4.2.2 .........................................33
4.2.3 - ....34
4.2.4
( )..............................................37
5. ................40
5.2.1 DV.......................................................................41
5.2.2 MPEG-1................................................................41
5.2.3 MPEG-2................................................................42
5.2.4 ..................................................43
5.2.5 MPEG-4.............................................................................43
5.2.6 .264/AVC.........................................................................45
6. ..............................47
6.3.1 .........................................................51
6.3.2
(Low-level versus high-level descriptions)..............54
6.3.4 (Extensibility).............................................55
6.3.4 ...................................................55
6.3.5 ..................................................................57
6.6.1 (Systems Tools)................................63
2
6.6.2 DDL (DDL Tools)...................................................67

6.6.3 (Visual Tools)............................................68
6.8.1 (Color)....................................................................70
6.8.2 (Texture)....................................................................71
6.8.3 (Shape)...................................................................72
7. MPEG-21: Multimedia Framework............................................75
8.................................................................................87
........................................................92
...........................................................................94
..........................................................................103
1.

,
1900 .

( )

. ,
, ,

, ,
, .
(negatif)
,
,
(, ,
.) (VHS, BETA)
.
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( 16mm, Super 16 35mm),
betacam.
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:
2 (2048 1556 pixel) 4 (4096

3112 pixel) ( 2
4 16
35 mm- )
MPEG-2, Full D1 PAL
MPEG-1 SIF VHS
MPEG-1 QSIF
5

(
),
DVD, digital beta (video servers) ,
DVD. ,

MPEG-7
.
,

:

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.
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),
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6
DVD

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35mm,
16 Super 16.
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MPEG-2 , MPEG-7 MPEG-21
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( DVD
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,

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10
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3.
.
,
,
,
. BBC
(British
Broadcasting
Corporation),
INA
(Insititut
National
De
Audioviseul), SVT (Swedish TV Archive) , NRK (Norwegian Broadcasting

Archive), NAA (Netherlands Audio-visual Archive), TRT (Turkish
Broadcast Archive), ORF (Osterreichischer Rundfunk,
RAI,
(British Film Institute).
inerva
(National Representatives
Group) ,
- .
3.1

,
11

.
.
1

, .
1.
(Pixels)
(Frame)
(mm)
16-mm
pixels
9.65x7.26
1.33
Mbyte Mbyte Gbyte

s s/sec
s/1-
Frame
Mpixel
s
1.06 x 0.85
N / Pr
3.2
77
285
N
N / Pr
6.6
4.1
160
100
595
366
x 2.37
N
8.1
N / IP / 8.9
195
214
731
769
x 1.66
1.13
2.1 x 2.64
IN /Pr
N / IP/ 9.9
238
856
x 1.78
1.26
2.3 x 2.99
IN / Pr
N / Pr
11.2
270
1008
1.3
2.3
N / Pr
14.5
350
1306
31.2
750
2803
N / IP/ 13.8
332
1190
IN/ Pr
N / Pr
471
1764
0.8
Super
12.20x7.35
1.66
16
1.34 x 1.09
0.81
35-mm
20.95x11.3
(USA)
35-mm
3
20.95
(EUR)
35-mm
12.62
20.95
(TV)
35-mm
11.78
20.95 x
Academ
15.29
1.85
1.37
2.1
x 3.87
1.68
y
35-mm
Cinema
20.95 x
scope
35-mm
17.53
24.00
full
18.00
2.39
x 1.33
2.1
x 3.67
1.75
2.64 x 5.23
19.6
1.98
12
screen
(USA)
N
41.3
992
3715

() telecine 4

. :
frames
, .. 4:4:4 4:2:2.
,
2K (2048x1556), 4 (4096x3112)
HD
(1920x1080).
bits
, .. 8, 10, 12, 16, 24 bits.
2
.
2. (
)

4 (4096 x
2

1920 pixels x 1080
3112
(2048x15
56
4:4:4
)
4:4:4
4:4:4
4:2:2
4:2:2
frames/sec
10-bit
24
38.24
10-bit
24
9.56
10-bit
24
6.22
10-bit
30
4.15
10-bit
25
4.15
47.8b
12b
7.77b
5.18b
4.15b
13

bits/sec
9.18 Gbit/s
2.3 Gbit/s
1.5 Gbit/s
1.25
830
Gbit/s
Mbit/s
bits/sec
1.15 Gb/s
286.8
186.6
155.5
104 Mb/s
4.13
Mb/s
1
Mb/s
672 GB
Mb/s
560 GB
374 GB

,
DLT,
DTF, super DLT, SAIT .
.
3.2
:
(digital video format)

.

(data tapes) .
3.3
,

,

.

. ,
, ,
14
, ,
, ,

.
,

.
,
,
,
courier
:

.
,

(courier).

.
:
,
.
, ,
, 24-bit, 48 kHz.

- (post-production).
15
,

.
:

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:
,
, , ,
.
,
.

.

.
-,
,
. ,
,
250.000,
,
, .
16
, ,
, .

,

.
, DVD,
(home
(High
cinema)
Definition
TV),
.

(HD-TV).

. 8 bit
4:2:0 4:2:2 .
HD-TV 1920x1080 pixel (~2K)
60:1 200:1.

. 10 12 bit,
4:4:4
40:1.
, ,
cintel,

4112x3138 pixels (4).

.
17
MPEG-1, MPEG-2, M-JPEG, M-JPEG2000
JPEG-LS
, ,
.

.
Layered Low-complexity Lossless (L^3) DALSA
Adaptive Block Size DCT (ABSDCT) QUALCOMM.
1.
, (negatives)

(telecine).

.

(, ).
4-5
.
telecine . ,
(color correction),

telecine. , ,
24
()
, 12 MBytes
2K 50 MBytes 4.
1,5 TBytes
18
2K 5 TBytes
4.
(
telecine .
( DCT-based , 4:1 26:1
)
200-500 GBytes. ,
(
, 5 GBytes )
MPEG-2, MPEG-1 SIF MPEG-1 QSIF (
)
(DVD) . 4
.

(MPEG2-DVD)
()
()
(telecine)

(digital beta)

(2 4)

(MPEG1-SIF)

(MPEG1-QSIF)
1.
1-2
( ) (master
file), 1 , 1
, 1
MPEG-2, 1
MPEG-1 SIF 1 MPEG1 QSIF ( ).
19
2 4
( 16 mm
4
35 mm ), (
) .
(
) , 20%

4. , ( 20%)

,

.
,

.
4.1

4.1.1
1890

.
,
(stability).
20
2:
4.1.2
. , (gauge),

35mm, 16mm 8mm ( 2).

, .
( - perforations),
,
.
,
.

. 70mm
.
21
35mm. 1893,
35mm,
. ,
6
(cellulose nitrate plastic). 1948 Eastman Kodam Company

.
16mm. Kodak 1923 ,
. ,
.
8mm Super 8mm.
8mm, Kodak 1932
. 8mm
16mm
8mm. ,
8mm. 16mm 8mm
.
Super 8mm, 1965,
. ,
.
.
. Pathe,
, 28mm 1912 9.5mm 1922.
Kodak.
4.1.3
, .
. ,
22
(emulsion), .
, , .
.
:
(cellulose nitrate), (cellulose acetate),
(polyester). .
3
.
. 1890,

. ,
: .
.
1920 Kodak NITRATE FILM
( 3).
3:
3.

23
1893 1950
1909
35mm
35mm, 28mm, 16mm,
9.5mm, Regular 8mm,
1950 -
Super 8mm
35mm, 16mm,
Super 8mm
.
.
1909,
(cellulose triacetate 1940).
Kodak SAFETY FILM
.
. 1950, Kodak
.

. ,
.

. ,
.
(ultrasonic splicer).
,
.
(Emulsion).
,
. .

(silver salts)
(metallic silver particles) . ( 4).
24
,
.
4:
,
(yellow), (cyan)
(magenta).
,

.
4.1.4

. .

,
.
.
,
.
(Mechanical Damage).
, .
25

,
, .
.
,
(perforations) .
.
.
,
.
,
.
, (Mold, Mildew, and Fungus).
,
.
.

.

.
.

( 5).
26
5:
- (Acetate Decay - Vinegar
Syndrome)). ,
.
,
, .
, ( 6).
6: , (
) .
:
1. .
2.
,
. (curl)
(warp) .
3. .
4.
.
5.
.

27
, .

.
,
.
,
.
, ,
.
(Shrinkage).
,
.
15% ,
, .

. 16mm 8mm
0.8% (1% 35mm),
. 2%
.
(Color Fading).
,
.

. , .
,
.
. .
28
.

.
, .
(Nitrate Decay).
.
:
( 7).
7:

.
(International Federation of Film Archives
FIAF),
.
, .
29

.
,

.
.

1.
. .
2. . .
3. ,
. .
4. . .
5. .
4.2 :

,
.

:
1) ( )
(, .)
.
2)
( 16mm, Super
16 35mm).
3)

,
30

.
, (
) (
) .

.

.

.

,
(

).
,
,
(
,
, ( ))
(
) format.
, ,
.

,
() ,
31
() ,
()
.
35mm 16 mm
Super
16
mm.
4.2.1

(grains) (pixels).
pixels.

pixels.
8
.
w
w 3
=
h 2
8:
32

Agfa, Kodak, Fuji, Konica
200 lpmm
(lines per millimeter / ).
8,
(w, w = 35mm) 35mm x
200 lpmm = 7000 ( ),
pixel, 7000 pixels
.
(h, h = 24mm),
3:2 ( w/h) 4800 pixels.
7000 x 4800 = 33.6
Mpixels.
(..
) 900 lpmm
680 Mpixels.

200 lpmm.

.
4.2.2
,
,

. ,
, ,

(
4 Mpixels
). Kodak Agfa
33

, , ,

35mm
20
pixels ( ).
4.2.3 -

,

,
.
)

. ,
,

.
( - )

.

,
.

.
,
34

.
,
, :
SR(lpmm) =
1
1
1
+
LR (lpmm) FR(lpmm)
SR (System Resolution) , LR (Lens

Resolution) FR (Film Resolution)
.
, 100
lpmm 200 lpmm,
67 lpmm (150 lpmm)
(100 lpmm).
4

.
4. -
10
10
0
12
0
14
0
16
0
18
SR
50
55
58
62
64
35
20
0
10
0
12
0
14
20
0
0
16
0
18
0
20
0
10
0
12
0
14
30
0
0
16
0
18
0
20
0
10
0
12
0
14
40
0
0
16
0
18
0
20
0
10
0
12
0
14
50
0
0
16
0
18
0
20
0
60
10
0
12
67
67
75
82
89
95
100
75
86
95
104
113
120
80
92
104
114
124
133
83
97
109
121
132
143
86
100
36
14
0
16
0
18
0
20
0
114
126
138
150

- 50 lpmm ( LR = 100 lpmm FR =
100 lpmm), 150 lpmm ( LR = 600 lpmm FR = 200
lpmm), (
(300 400 lpmm) (160 200 lpmm) )
120 130 lpmm.
4200 4550 pixels (w) 2880
- 3120
pixels (h) 35mm.

( < 2 )
.
35mm
4400 3100 pixels,
4 (4096 3112 pixels).
4.2.4
( )
,
5
:
5.
37
35
4K (4096 x 3112
mm
4:4:4
10-bit
35
2 (2048 x 1556
mm
4:4:4
10-bit
16
2 (2048 x 1556
mm
4:4:4
10-bit
(

Super
2 (2048 x 1556
16
4:4:4
10-bit
mm
(

)
35
mm,
16
mm,
1920 x 1080
Super
16
4:4:4
10-bit

38
mm
, , ,
,
4 2 frames.
6
.
6.

4 (4096 x
1920 pixels x 1080
3112
(2048x15
56
4:4:4
)
4:4:4
4:4:4
4:2:2
4:2:2
frame /
10-bit
24
10-bit
24
10-bit
24
10-bit
30
10-bit
25
38.24
9.56
6.22
4.15
4.15
12b
7.77
5.18
4.15
2.3 Gbit/s
b
1.5
b
1.25
b
830
/

Bit-rate
47.8b
9.18 Gbit/s
(Byte-rate
)

Gbit/s
Gbit/s Mbit/s
1.15 Gb/s
286.8
186.6
155.5
104
4.13
Mb/s
1
Mb/s
672
Mb/s
560
Mb/s
374
GB
GB
GB
39
5.
,

, .
(HDTV)

4 .
5.1

.

, (
) .
5.2 :

, :
(..
).

(nternet-2)
(.. ).
// .
40

. DV, MPEG-1,
MPEG-2, MPEG-4, H-264.
5.2.1 DV
DV
. DV
DVC (Digital Video Cassette),
720 x 480, 4:1:1 NTSC 720x576, 4:2:0
PAL.
DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform)
25 Mbits/sec ( 5:1).
DVCAM DVCPRO,
.
5.2.2 MPEG-1
MPEG-1
, ,

.
CDROM,
1.5 Mbits/sec
650 Mbytes. format
SIF format (352 x 288 pixels 25 frames/sec 352 x
240 pixels 30 frames/sec)
VHS format ,
(forward, pause .) .
MPEG-1
H.26X,
41
DCT 8 x 8 , DCT
,
DCT zig
zag, variable length coding DCT
,
frames,
frames ( intra frames)

frames.
P frames ( predictive frames)

frames.
frames
bidirectionally
predictive
frames)
/ frames.
5.2.3 MPEG-2
MPEG-2 ,
, ,
. MPEG-2
,
. MPEG-2
, format
( 1
64 kbits),

.
MPEG-2 :
.

MPEG-1,
42
.

,
.
MPEG-2
4
9 Mbits/sec. , MPEG-2
, HDTV (10 50 Mbits/sec),

. MPEG-2
,
bits
,
.
5.2.4

: MPEG-4 H.264.
,
,

(
)
.

.
5.2.5 MPEG-4
MPEG-1
MPEG-2
, . ,
43
frames,
frame.
MPEG-4

.
MPEG-4 :
).
(.. ,
, .)
MPEG-4 :
(progressive)
(interlaced).
: 8*8
2048*2048, .. SQSIF/SQCIF, QSIF/QCIF, SIF/CIF, 4*SIF/CIF, CCIR
601.
: , Y, Cr, Cb,
( Y).
: 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2.
MPEG-1/2) MPEG-4
( 8 Kbits/sec 4
Mbits/sec).
, MPEG-4

(2048*2048 pixels) (4
MBits/sec),
44
, MPEG-4
( .. 16384*16384
pixels) ( .. 1
GBit/sec).
5.2.6 .264/AVC
H.264/AVC
ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group ISO/IEC Moving
Picture Experts Group.
H.264/AVC

( ) (
, ,
(streaming)).
H.264/AVC
:
( ).

H.264/AVC
MPEG,
50 %
.
45
5.3

7 ,
:
7:
720 x 480
4:2:2
10-bit
Format
MPEG -2
Video Editing
40 50
pixels
Mbits/s

(SD)
4 20 Mbits/s
(Broadcast over cable,
352 x 288
4:2:1
10-bit
satellite, terrestrial)
DVD,
4 10 Mbits/s
MPEG -1
CDROM,
1 1.5 Mbits/s
SIF
Intranet,
pixels
Remote Video Surveillance

176 x 144
4:1:0
8-bit
MPEG -1
.
,
32 256
QSIF
Multimedia Messaging
Kbits/s
pixels
Services (MMS) over

mobile networks,
/
,
,
multimedia mailing
8
.
8:
MPEG-1
MPEG-1
MPEG-2
46
QSIF
176 x 144
SIF
352 x 288
720 x 480 pixels
pixels
4:1:0
pixels
4:2:1
4:2:2
frame /
8-bit
15
10-bit
25
10-bit
25
Bit-rate
64 384
1 - 1.5
4 50 Mbit/s
Kbit/s
40 160 MB
Mbit/s
600 650
2.5 30 GB
MB
6.

.

.
.
, , ,
/ ,
.
,
.

(,
, .).
.

,
.
47

: Dublin Core, MPEG-7, MPEG-21
W3C (semantic web).
MPEG-7
MPEG-21,
.
6.1 To MPEG-7
PEG-7,
(Multimedia Content Description Interface),

( (descriptors),
(description schemes), (language)) ,

(, , , )
).

(multimedia portals) .
MPEG-7. ,
.
MPEG-7.
MPEG-7.
.
6.2
MPEG-7,
(Multimedia Content Description Interface),
ISO/IEC MPEG,
MPEG-1, MPEG-2, MPEG-4.
,
48
MPEG-7

, , ,
, . MPEG-7
formats,
non-MPEG formats noncompressed formats.
1998, MPEG-7
2001. MPEG-7
MPEG:
, ,
,
, ,
, ,
, .
MPEG-7
, .
,

,
,

.
,
.
, MPEG-7
.
(..
,
),
(..
49
) (.. ,
, ). MPEG-7
9.
9: MPEG-7
.
,

.
MPEG-7 Society of Motion Picture and Television
Engineers (SMPTE), European Broadcasting Union (EBU), Dublin Core,
Digital Imaging Group (DIG), TV-Anytime, Ohio Online Computer
Center/Research
Libraries
Group
(OCLC/RLG).
50
.
MPEG-7, normative
nonnormative
MPEG-7.
MPEG-7 .
, MPEG-7:
(systems), Description Definition Language (DDL),
(audiovisual Descriptor (D)),
(Description Schemes (DSs)).
Special Issue MPEG-7 .
MPEG-7 ,
.
6.3 MPEG-7: Multimedia Content Description Interface
6.3.1

,
MPEG (Moving Picture Experts Group), 1996.
Tampere, MPEG

. ,
MPEG
(Multimedia Content Description Interface), MPEG7 . MPEG-7
, format
(.., ) (.., ,
). MPEG-7
, ,
, . MPEG-7
MPEG. MPEG-1, -2
51
4, bits MPEG-7
bits
bits.
MPEG, MPEG-7

, ,
.
, , , , ,
3D .
,
,
HTML (HyperText Markup Language), SGML (Standardized General
Markup
Language)
RDF
(Resource
Description
Framework)
. MPEG-7
,

, ,
. , MPEG-7

.
MPEG-7
. MPEG7 , on-line off-line,
, .. (broadcast)
(Internet). real-time
non real-time . ,
real-time

.
52
, , MPEG-7
,
formats , MPEG-1, MPEG-2,
MPEG-4,
.
,
. MPEG-7
,
.
. formats
,
.
MPEG-7

, format ,
.
MPEG-4, -2, -1, JPEG,
:
MPEG-7
. , MPEG-7
MPEG-4,
MPEG-7
,
MPEG-4 . MPEG-4, MPEG-7
, .
, MPEG-4
MPEG-7
.
53
6.3.2
(Low-level versus high-level descriptions)
:

,
.
, ,
,
,
,

, ..
, .

( ),
,
.

. MPEG-7

54
(query matching process).

MPEG-7,

.
6.3.4 (Extensibility)

.
. MPEG-7
. , MPEG-7
. , MPEG-7 ,
,
.
( )
, Description Definition Language (DDL).
6.3.4
MPEG-7
(granularity)
, , .
,

.
,
.

.

55

. MPEG-7

.
MPEG-7 (application
driven).
MPEG-7.
MPEG-7. MPEG-7

(MPEG-7 Applications)

MPEG-7, :
Pull (Pull applications)
,
,
Push (Push applications)
,
.
,
, ,
(surveillance).
,
MPEG-7 ,
.
,
56
MPEG
.
MPEG-7
,

, , .

MPEG-7,
. MPEG-7
(descriptors),
(description schemes), Description Definition Language,
(descriptions) (systems).
6.3.5
MPEG-7 :
(Descriptors
D)

.
,

(descriptor value).
,
(color
descriptors).
time-code
color
moments
(character string) (titles).
(Description Schemes - DS)

(DS)
,
. DS

57
. : ,
,
,
, , .
Description Definition Language (DDL) Description Definition

Language
,
(Systems Tools)
, ,
,
.
. ,

,
.
6.4 O MPEG-7
, ,
MPEG-7 Parts) :
ISO/IEC 15938-1 MPEG-7 Part 1 (Systems)

MPEG-7 ,
,
.
58
ISO/IEC 15938-2 MPEG-7 Part 2 - Description Definition

Language

.
ISO/IEC 15938-3 MPEG-7 Part 3

(Visual)
.
ISO/IEC 15938-4 MPEG-7 Part 4 (Audio)

.
(Generic
Entities
and
Multimedia Description Schemes)

(
) .

(Reference Software)
MPEG-7 .

(Conformance Testing)
MPEG-7
.
MPEG-7
(Extraction
and
Use
of
MPEG-7
Descriptions) (-)

MPEG-7,

.
ISO/IEC 15938-9 MPEG-7 Part 9 (Profiles)

MPEG-7 .
59

(Schema Definition)
MPEG-7
MPEG-7.

MPEG-7. MPEG-7
Description Definition
Language MPEG-7 .
1 6 9 10
MPEG-7, 7 8 .
MPEG-7
, ,

. MPEG ,
, 9 MPEG-7
.
6.5 MPEG-7

, MPEG7 , 1998,
(Call for Proposals) 665
(proposal pre-registrations) 1 1998,
. 390 ( 60%)
1 1999,
. 390
231 116 .
MPEG,
1999, Lancaster (UK),
MPEG-7 , .

60
. 32
, .
MPEG .

MPEG-7.

MPEG-7,

.
,
.

.
MPEG-7,
, (work plan)
9.
9. MPEG-7
10/2000
03/2001
07/2001
Description Definition
12/2002
10/2000
07/2003
03/2001
12/2003
07/2001
Language

10/2000
03/2001
07/2001
03/2003
10/2000
07/2003
03/2001
12/2003
07/2001
05/2002
10/2000
10/2002
03/2001
07/2003
07/2001
05/2002
10/2000
10/2002
03/2001
07/2003
07/2001
05/2002
12/2001
03/2003
03/2002
10/2003
07/2002
61
07/2003
03/2002
10/2003
-
03/2004
05/2002
9
10
MPEG-7

10/2003
10/2003
07/2004
03/2004
01/2005
07/2004

MPEG,

MPEG-7 (MPEG-7 Systems).
,

, .

.
1
2 (Version 2).
62
6.6
MPEG-7
MPEG-7
(MPEG-
7Description Tools)
1999, MPEG

MPEG-7.
MPEG-7.
6.6.1 (Systems Tools)
MPEG
Description Definition Language
( 1 2 ) , .
MPEG-7
(),

. DDL
(Description Schemes) .
MPEG-7
, , ,
. MPEG-7

. (lossless)
. format - BiM (Binary
format MPEG-7) 1 (Part 1):
. format TeM (Textual format
MPEG-7 ) 2 (Part 2): DDL - Description
Definition Language .
3, 4, 5 (Parts 3, 4 5) (,
) , , .
format (
format ) MPEG-7. ,
format
63
, ( ,
98%
)
format
format. , format
(streaming
applications)
(depth-first tree
order). ,
: BiM
. BiM
MPEG-7
(bitstream),
.
() ,
format .
BiM
,
.
,
CPU .
format (global header),
(Decoding Modes),
,
(coding patterns).

DDL ,
.
MPEG-7
. MPEG-7
10) , (queries),
.
, framing
64
MPEG-7,
. MPEG-7

. , TCP/IP, MPEG-2
Transport
Stream
(TS)
CD-ROM
.
(elementary streams) MPEG-7

(Access Units)

(timing information).
: (i)

MPEG-7 (ii)

.
65
Application
APIs
Schema
Decoder
Description
Decoder
Reconstruction
BiM or Textual
Decoding
Compression
Layer
BiM or Textual
Parsing
Schema
streams
Description
streams
Defines
Multimedia
streams
Upstream
Data
Describe
Elementary Streams
Multiplex
MPEG -2
Multiplex
IP
ATM
Demultiplex
...
MP4
Delivery
Layer
Multiplexed Streams
Transmission/
Storage Medium
10: MPEG-7.
1 MPEG-7
(MPEG-7 Systems Version 1) , 2004
,

.
.
MPEG-7
MPEG-7,
66
MPEG-7
.
6.6.2 DDL (DDL Tools)

Description Definition Language ( format )
XML (eXtensible Markup Language) Schema Language W3C . ,
XML Schema
DDL DDL MPEG-7 .
, DDL :
structural
language
XML
Schema
components)
(XML
Schema
1 XML Schema
XML 1.0.
XML Schema (XML

Schema data type language components)
2 XML Schema ,

(elements) (attributes)
XML Schema.
MPEG-7 (MPEG-7 specific extensions)

XML Schema Language
MPEG-7,
.
(parsers) MPEG-7 DDL

MPEG-7
XML Schema. ,
DDL
XML Schema, XML Schema
67
MPEG-7
, MPEG-7
.
BiM format
DDL,
XML
XML,
DDL XML Schema
DDL XML schema .
6.6.3 (Visual Tools)

MPEG
MPEG-7 ( 3
) . MPEG-7

,
, , ,
.
DDL,

(syntactic elements). :
, ,
-
.
6.7 : (Basic structures: elements
and containers)
MPEG-7 :
2D (Spatial 2D coordinates)
2D
68
(by reference) D/DS,
: (local integrated).
, (frame)

frame .
(Temporal interpolation)

,
.

.
(containers) MPEG-7

/ :
(Grid layout)
,
.

.
(Time series) TimeSeries
(video segment)
frame
frame . TimeSeries:
RegularTimeSeries IrregularTimeSeries. RegularTimeSeries,
( )
. , IrregularTimeSeries,
69

.
(Multiple view) MultipleView
2D ,
3D
. 3D
(
), 2D ,
, .
6.8
(Descriptors
and
description schemes)
MPEG-7
(localization).
6.8.1 (Color)
MPEG-7:
(Color space)
MPEG-7 .
: RGB, YCbCr, HSV,
HMMD, RGB,
(monochrome).
(Color
quantization)
(Dominant color)

( 8 ).
(Scalable color)
HSV ,
Haar
(bins)
70
bit (bit representation accuracy)

.
(Color layout)
.
,
,
.
(Color structure)
( )

.
GoF/GoP (GoF/GoP color)

() ,
.

(contiguous video segment)
.
6.8.2 (Texture)
MPEG-7. ,
(directionality),
(coarseness), (regularity of
patterns):
(Homogeneous texture)
(deviation)
.
30 .
(angular direction) (
30 ),
(radial direction).
71
(Texture
browsing)
, (,
,
11),
(0o, 30o, 60o, 90o, 120o, 150o)

(, , , ).
11:
.
(Edge histogram)

12 (
).
a) vertical
edge
b) horizontal
edge
()
c) 45 degree
()
d) 135 degree
edge
() 45
e)non-directional
edge
() 135
edge
()
12:
MPEG-7 .
6.8.3 (Shape)
MPEG-7:
72
(Region-based
shape:
Angular
Radial
Transform) pixels
,

.
ART (Angular Radial Transform). ART
,
Fnm = Vnm ( , ) , f ( , ) =
V ( , ) f ( , ) dd
1
nm
Fmn ART n m, f(,)

Vnm(,)
ART ( 13).
13: ART .
: Scale-Space
(Contour-based shape: Curvature Scale-Space
representation)
2D
(
14).
Curvature Scale Space (CSS) ,

( 14 bytes
, ).
73
14: : ART
. CSS

.
15: CSS .
CSS

.
.
,
,
74
. ,
,
CSS
( CSS), ,
x
, , y

( 15).
3 (Shape 3D)
3D mesh , 3D
3D
.
7. MPEG-21: Multimedia Framework

7.1
,
,
. ,

,
.
, ,
/ ,
, .

75
,
.

.
,

,
. ,

, ( ), , ,
( ) .
, ,
.

MPEG
MPEG-21, (Multimedia
Framework) .

. ,
MPEG-21
.
,
//
.

. ,
, .
MPEG-21
. , MPEG-21
. ,
MPEG-7
76
MPEG-21.
, MPEG-21

,

.
MPEG-21 : )
, (Digital Item) )
, (User).
(..,
, , .)
.
7.3. MPEG-21

, , ,
, .
7.3
MPEG-21. MPEG-21
. ,
Digital Item
Declaration (DID),
Digital Item Identification (DII). ,

Digital Item Adaptation (DIA). DIA MPEG21 ,
(multimedia bitstreams)
,
77
( )
.
78
7.2 (Applications and Requirements)
MPEG-21
(..
.)
( JPEG2000, GIF, MPEG-4).

MPEG-21 format.
.
peer to peer client-server . ,

MPEG-21 ,
MPEG-21
( )
: ,

, ,
(
,
), /
, (..,
, ), .
MPEG-21,
. Use Case Scenarios ,
. o
:
(Multimedia data distribution and archiving)
(.., ),
, ,
79
Universal Media Access (UMA)
, , /
,
(streaming
services/applications) 3G ,
QoS
management),
(terminal
(Quality
of
Service)
.
MPEG-7,
.
MPEG-21 ,
MPEG-21,
MPEG
(Calls for Proposals)

,
MPEG-21 (.., ISO/IEC 21000-x, x ).
7.3 (Basic Elements)

MPEG-21, : ,
. .
MPEG-21 (MPEG-21 Digital Items)

( MP3, MPEG-4). ,
.
80
,
( 16).
-,
tracks, (lyrics),
, video clips,
copyright,
. -
(.., MP3 tracks, MPEG-4
video clip, MPEG-21 (Rights Expression)
copyright, hash 128-bit
), .
,
. ,
(lyrics)
tracks (' A track X').

( The
Best of Puccini Giacomo Puccini'),
- (' track
Nessun Dorma'). ,
-, '
track Y
192 kbps' ' track
Z '.
81
album title: best of Puccini

composer: Giacomo Puccini
...
aria title: Nessun Dorma
track number: 04
...
nessunDorma.txt
type: lyrics
opera: Turandot
composer: Giacomo Puccini
libretto: Adami AND Simoni
copyright: xyz.com
...
nessunDorma.mp3
type: audio
format: audio/mp3
duration: 200 s
minBitrate: 192 kbps
copyright: abc.net
condition: paid
...
title: concert recording

date: July 2003
location: Royal Music Hall
...
aria title: O mio babbino caro

track number: 07
...
babbinoCaro.doc
type: lyrics
opera: Gianni Schicci
composer:Giacomo Puccini
libretto: Forzano
copyright: xyz.com
...
ACA01039.jpg
type: cover art
format: image/jpeg
size: 300x400
copyright: alpha ltd.
...
babbinoCaro.wav
type: audio
format: wav
duration: 170 s
minBitrate: 128 kbps
copyright: abc.net
condition: paid
...
concert.mov
type: concert
video
format: video/mp4
duration: 4500 s
bitrate: 500 kbps
size: 320x240
...
16:
MPEG-21
,

.
HTML (
) (.. JPEG GIF),
(layout information) (..,
stylesheets) rendering.
HTML

HTML,
.

script (.., JavaScript)
viewer
82
/ ,
(default choice)
. scripting

script
. , ,

, .
(Digital Item
Declaration specification) ( 2 MPEG-21)
.

,

, MPEG-21.

MPEG-21.
MPEG-21 (MPEG-21 User) MPEG-21,

MPEG-21 .
,
,
,
.
. , MPEG-21

, .
, , ).
MPEG-21
83
MPEG-21

MPEG21.
MPEG-21

.
, , , ,
, , , ,
,
. MPEG-21 ,
MPEG-21 .
7.4 MPEG-21 (MPEG-21 Standard Organization)
MPEG-7,
, , MPEG-21
(Parts):
ISO/IEC 21000-1 MPEG-21 1 ,
(Vision, Technologies and Strategy)

, .
ISO/IEC 21000-2 MPEG-21 2 - Digital Item Declaration
(DID)
.
ISO/IEC 21000-3 MPEG-21 3 - Digital Item Identification
(DII)
, (granularity) .
ISO/IEC 21000-4 MPEG-21 4
(Intellectual Property Management and
84
Protection - IPMP)

.
(Rights Expression Language - REL)

(permissions)
(Rights Data Dictionary) .
ISO/IEC
21000-6
MPEG-21
(Rights Data Dictionary - RDD)

,
.
(Digital Item Adaptation - DIA)
format
, , ,
.
(Reference Software)
MPEG-21.
MPEG-21 ISO
copyright .
ISO/IEC 21000-9 MPEG-21 9 Format (File
Format) format
.
ISO/IEC 21000-10 MPEG-21 10
(Digital Item Processing - DIP)

.
ISO/IEC 21000-11 MPEG-21 11
(Evaluation
Tools
for
85
Persistent Association Technologies)

.
ISO/IEC 21000-12 MPEG-21 12
MPEG-21 (Test Bed for MPEG-21 Resource Delivery)
( ) (i)
(scalable media delivery),
(ii)
(streaming environments) (..,

) .
ISO/IEC
21000-13
MPEG-21
13
(Scalable Video Coding)

(scalable video coding - SVC)
SVC
Internet / ,
,
-,
(layered
protection) .
ISO/IEC
21000-14
MPEG-21
14
(Conformance) MPEG-21 .
ISO/IEC 21000-15 MPEG-21 15
(Event Reporting)
(Event Report
Requests) (Event Reports).

MPEG-21.
,
, (Resources) ,
.
86
ISO/IEC 21000-16 or MPEG-21 16 Format (Binary

Format) format,
MPEG-7
(MPEG-7
Systems)
, ,
MPEG-21 .
8.
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[WS.1]
American Association for State and Local History (AASLH):

www.aaslh.org.
[WS.2]
American Association of Museums (AAM): www.aam-us.org
[WS.3]
Association of Moving Image Archivists (AMIA): www.amianet.org
[WS.4]
Conservation OnLine: Resources for Conservation Professionals:

palimpsest.stanford.edu
[WS.5]
Eastman Kodak Company: www.kodak.com
[WS.6]
Film Forever: The Home Film Preservation Guide: www.filmforever.org
[WS.7]
Image
Permanence
Institute
(IPI),
Rochester
Institute
of
Technology: www.rit.edu/ipi
[WS.8]
Independent Media Arts Preservation (IMAP): www.imappreserve.org

92
[WS.9]
International Federation of Film Archives (FIAF): www.fiafnet.org
[WS.10] Internet Archive: Movie Archive: www.archive.org/movies

[WS.11] Library of Congress: www.loc.gov
[WS.12] Moving Image Collections (MIC): gondolin.rutgers.edu/MIC/
[WS.13] National Film Preservation Board (NFPB): lcweb.loc.gov/film
[WS.14] National Film Preservation Foundation (NFPF): www.filmpreservation.org
[WS.15] Online Computer Library Center (OCLC): www.oclc.org
[WS.16] Research Libraries Information Network (RLIN), Research Libraries
Group: www.rlg.org/rlin.html
[WS.17] ScreenSound
Australia
(National
Screen
and
Sound
Archive
of
Australia):
www.screensound.gov.au
93

,

A.1
,
.
.

(.. MPEG2)

(.. )

(.. SD digital beta)

(.. )
(telecine)

(2, 4, HD)

(.. MPEG1-SIF,
MPEG4)
(.. MPEG1-QSIF)
: .
94
A.2
A.2.1

.

.

(,
).
(VHS, Betacam SP, Hi8 .)
( )
.
A.2.2

.
:
( pixels),
,
frames/sec).

.

(, ,
, , .),
(, , .),
( , telecine .)
.).
95

,
.

,
( ,
).
A:
4096 x 3112 (4)
9.18 Gbit/s
2048x1556 (2)
2.3 Gbit/s
1920 x 1080 (HD)
830 Mbit/s - 1.5
1920 x 1080 (HD)
Gbit/s
830 Mbit/s - 1.5
720 x 480 (SD)
Gbit/s
40 50 Mbits/s
1920 x 1080 (HD)
830 Mbit/s - 1.5
720 x 480 (SD)
Gbit/s
4 20 Mbits/s
720 x 480 (SD)
4 10 Mbits/s
352 x 288
1 1.5 Mbits/s
176 x 144
32 256 Kbits/s
Video Editing
(Broadcast over cable, satellite,

terrestrial)
DVD,
CD-ROM,
Bit-Rate
Intranet, Remote Video

Surveillance
,
Multimedia Messaging Services
(MMS) over mobile networks,
/
,
, multimedia
mailing
96
35mm
35 / 16
mm
35 / 16
mm
35 / 16
mm
VHS,
Betaca
m SP,
4096 x 3112
4:4:4
10-bit
24
4:4:4
10-bit
24
4:4:4
10-bit
24
720 x 480 (SD)
4:2:2
10-bit
25
352 x 288
4:2:1
10-bit
25
176 x 144
4:1:0
8-bit
15
(4)
2048x1556
(2)
1920 x 1080
(HD)
Hi8
VHS,
Betaca
m SP,
Hi8
VHS,
Betaca
m SP,
Hi8
: ()

.
,
, ()
()
() (, ,
).
(..

).
A.2.3
97
(format) .
format
, .
(.263+,
.264)
,
.
.
: Formats .
A.3

4096 x 3112 (4)
2048x1556 (2)
1920 x 1080 (HD)
Format
frames
frames
HD
720 x 480 (SD)
MPEG-2
352 x 288
176 x 144
MPEG-1 SIF
MPEG-1 QSIF, MPEG-4

.

/,
/,
/
,
.
.

,
/ .
98
: format

4096 x 3112 (4)
2048x1556 (2)
1920 x 1080 (HD)
720 x 480 (SD)
352 x 288
176 x 144
Format
frames
frames
HD
MPEG-2
MPEG-1 SIF
MPEG-1 QSIF, MPEG-4
1
4.13
1
370 670 G
2.5 30 GB
600 650 MB
40 160 MB
: /

CD
DVD

650 700
4.7 8.5 - 60 () GB
20 500 GB
100 GB 1TB
(DLT, DTF, SAIT, LTO .)

RAID
Robotic Systems
2 PB
PB
99
A.4
,
. .

.
:
(,
.)
( ,
.)
( ,
.)
,
,
, , .
:
Dublin Core
MPEG (MPEG-7, MPEG-21)
W3C
A.5
:
1.

. VHS,
100
BETACAM SP, Hi8

.
2.
(Telecine)
Telecine
.
.
3.
VHS, BETACAM SP, Hi8

.
4.
/
(> 100 GB) (.. SATA, >=7200rpm)
DVD (>=8).
5.

format .
101
6.
,
. , DVD, RAID CD.
102

SPECIFICATIONS FOR DIGITIZATION, STORAGE AND
DOCUMENTATION OF MOVING PICTURES
.1
INTRODUCTION
In the chapters that follow, a brief description of general specifications for

the digitization, storage and documentation of moving picture files can be
found. The overall digitization procedure is depicted in Figure A.
Figure A: Digitization procedure.

Section
describes procedures regarding preservation, digitization and
encoding of the material, Section describes the sizes of the digital material
that is produced from the digitization procedure as well as the possible
storage media, while Section
describes the archival and annotation
procedures as well as the moving picture metadata standards.

.2
DIGITIZATION PROCEDURE
.2.1Preservation of the material

103
Before playing back the raw material in a suitable device, preservation

procedures must be performed. In the case of film preservation, firstly
damages to negatives are restored and then the film is cleansed using a
specific liquid in order to remove all foreign substances and reduce
degradation during playback. The duration of this procedure depends on the
original condition of the film (age, number of copies produced etc).
In the case of magnetic media (VHS, Betacam SP, Hi8 etc.), only when
deemed necessary, a process of dehumidification will precede digitization
with use of the appropriate device.
.2.2Digitization
An important parameter for the fidelity of a copy in comparison to the
original material is the resolution chosen during digitization. Resolution
consists of four parameters: spatial sampling frequency along vertical and
horizontal directions (measured in pixels), sampling structure, as well as
each samples quantization parameters and temporal sampling frequency
(number of frames/sec). The quality of digitization strongly depends on the
quality of the original material to be digitized.
The choice of the above parameters depends on the objective of the
digitization process (recovery, processing, movie screening, television
screening, screening on the internet etc), on the original material (type,
quality, condition etc), on the production cost (preparation cost, telecine
cost etc), as well as the viability of the final material (life span of the digital
material, preservation possibilities etc).
Since the detailed report of all the possible combinations of the above
parameters is impossible, the current specifications focus on the objective of
the digitization process and the original material. In more detail, Table A
that follows presents all possible digitization objectives along with the
digitization parameters in order to meet each objective, while Table B lists
the digitization possibilities depending on the original material (the type, the
quality and the condition of the material).
104
Table A: Digitization resolution depending on the application

Application
Digitization
Bit-Rate
Digital Cinema
Resolution
4096 x 3112 (4)
9.18 Gbit/s
2048x1556 (2)
2.3 Gbit/s
1920 x 1080 (HD)
830 Mbit/s - 1.5
1920 x 1080 (HD)
Gbit/s
830 Mbit/s - 1.5
720 x 480 (SD)
Gbit/s
40 50 Mbits/s
1920 x 1080 (HD)
830 Mbit/s - 1.5
720 x 480 (SD)
Gbit/s
4 20 Mbits/s
720 x 480 (SD)
4 10 Mbits/s
352 x 288
1 1.5 Mbits/s
176 x 144
32 256 Kbits/s
Video Editing
Digital Television
(Broadcast over cable,
satellite, terrestrial)
DVD, Video on demand
CD-ROM, Video over
intranet, Remote Video
Surveillance
Video over the internet,
Multimedia Messaging
Services (MMS) over
mobile networks,
videophone/
videoconference
applications, preview
applications, multimedia
mailing
Table B: Digitization resolution based on the type and the quality of the
material
Materi
Quality
al type
Spatial
Sampling
Quantiza
Time
Sampling
Structure
tion
Frequency
Frequenc
35mm
High
y
4096 x
in Sampling
4:4:4
10-bit
24
105
35 / 16
mm
35 / 16
mm
35 / 16
mm
Good
m SP,
Hi8
VHS,
Betaca
m SP,
Hi8
VHS,
Betaca
m SP,
Hi8
4:4:4
10-bit
24
4:4:4
10-bit
24
4:2:2
10-bit
25
352 x 288
4:2:1
10-bit
25
176 x 144
4:1:0
8-bit
15
6 (2)
1920 x
Moderat
1080
(HD)
Moderat
e
VHS,
Betaca
3112 (4)
2048x155
720 x 480
(SD)
Good
Moderat
e
Moderat
e
It is important to mention that in the above table:

(a) the resolutions listed are the largest possible to attain depending on the
type of the material and its quality. From the digitized files with the maximum
resolution it is possible to derive all the lower possible resolutions, depending
on the application requirements,
(b) the Type of Material field includes the most common mediums of
analogue storage that one comes across in digitization projects and
(c) the field Quality follows the format Symbol () Quality Level (High,
Good, Moderate).
Quality Level refers to the quality of the original material while Symbol
defines the limitations (for example Moderate means that in order for the
material to be digitized a moderate resolution, or better, is required).
106
A.2.3
Encoding
The third subsystem of the digitization procedure deals with the encoding of
the digitized files derived from the digitization process. It is important to
mention that there are various formats according to which a file video can be
encoded, while new ones continue to emerge. Even though some new encoding
standards (H.263+, H.264) offer better compression ratios in comparison to
current standards, still it is not certain whether they will reach the market and
become widely accepted.
Keeping in mind the wide acceptance of the
standards, Table C lists the encoding standards that cover the six main
resolutions from Tables A and B.
Table C: Encoding Formats for Digitized Material.
Digitization
Encoding Format
Resolution
4096 x 3112 (4)
2048x1556 (2)
Uncompressed
frames
Uncompressed
1920 x 1080 (HD)
frames
HD
720 x 480 (SD)
MPEG-2
352 x 288
MPEG-1 SIF
MPEG-1 QSIF, MPEG-
176 x 144
.3 STORAGE PROCEDURE
The storage procedure is deemed very important and while a variety of
parameters are involved, there exist many choices of systems and storage
mediums. In order to decide on a system and on the storage mediums it is
necessary to investigate parameters such as the systems/ mediums life
span, the supply/ maintenance cost of the systems/ mediums, their
reliability, the desired access speeds etc. Each of these parameters depends
on each project and no one solution can be proposed as appropriate for all
107
cases. For this reason Table D is presented showing the volume of data
created by the digitization procedure as well as Table E which lists the most
widely spread systems/ storage mediums.
Table D: Data Volume depending on the digitization format chosen
Digitization
Encoding Format
File Size of 1 hour
Uncompressed
Duration
4.13
frames
Uncompressed
frames
HD
MPEG-2
MPEG-1 SIF
MPEG-1 QSIF, MPEG-
370 670 G
2.5 30 GB
600 650 MB
40 160 MB
Resolution
4096 x 3112 (4)
2048x1556 (2)
1920 x 1080 (HD)
720 x 480 (SD)
352 x 288
176 x 144
Table E: Systems/ storage mediums and capacity

Storage Medium
CD
DVD
Hard Disk
Magnetic Tape
Capacity
650 700
4.7 8.5 - 60 (oncoming) GB
20 500 GB
100 GB 1TB
(DLT, DTF, SAIT, LTO etc)

RAID
Robotic Systems
Up to 2 PB
Up to a couple PB
108
Digital Audiovisual
Material Database
Semantic knowledge
Watermarking unit
Scene/shot
segmentation unit
Search/retrieval unit
Semantic annotation
unit
Archival unit
Personalization unit
Content annotation
subsystem
Compression unit
Semantic retrieval unit

Annotator
Content archival subsystem
End user
Digitized
Audiovisual
Material
Figure B: Documentation of digitized material

.4 DOCUMENTATION PROCEDURE
Documentation is also a very important stage in the overall process. The
documentation procedure includes archival and annotation as well as search
functionalities with the inclusion of metadata in the digitized files. An overall
diagram is presented in Figure B.
The metadata need to include the following types of information:
Organizational information for archival and processing purposes

(codes, types of storage etc)
Structural information for browsing and presentation purposes
(timestamp, scene division etc)
Descriptive information for semantic searches (content description,
thematic categories etc)
109
There are several standards available for the documentation procedure, and
thus difficult to single out one. The choice depends on the user, the
application, the projection, the propagation and the expected material
exploitation. Nevertheless it can be narrowed down to the more widespread
documentation standards:
Dublin Core
MPEG (MPEG-7, MPEG-21)
W3C Ontologies and Standards
A.5
EQUIPMENT REQUIREMENTS
The necessary digitization equipment includes:
1. Document preparation devices
If film is going to be digitized, a film cleaning device is required as
mentioned in the study. If VHS, BETACAM SP, Hi8 movies are going to be
digitized and they have not been played back for a long period of time then
it is likely that a special drying oven will be required.
2. Document reading devices
Reel reading devices (Telecine)
High quality Telecine that can cause as little damage as possible during the
reading process of the documents is required. It should fulfill the resolution
standards to be met.
3.Magnetic medium reading devices
In order to read VHS, BETACAM SP, Hi8 tapes and as well as other types of
tapes, appropriate devices that cause minimal distortion and fulfill the
resolution standards are required.
4. Computer
A recent technology computer is required, with a high capacity hard drive (>
100 GB) and fast access speed (e.g. SATA, >=7200rpm) as well as a high
speed (>=8) DVD recorder on board.
110
5. Software
Software required to control and specify the target resolution of the
digitization process as well as software for the production of the appropriate
encoding formats.
6. Storage mediums
Long life spam storage mediums chosen depending on the size of the
produced files are required, such as Tapes, DVD, RAID disk arrays and CDs.
111

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2000-2006

6.6.2 DDL (DDL Tools)...................................................67

2 (2048 1556 pixel) 4 (4096

MPEG-2, Full D1 PAL

MPEG-1 SIF VHS

Audioviseul), SVT (Swedish TV Archive) , NRK (Norwegian Broadcasting

Mbyte Mbyte Gbyte

(digital video format)

MPEG-1, MPEG-2, M-JPEG, M-JPEG2000

SR (System Resolution) , LR (Lens

pixels (h) 35mm.

1920 pixels x 1080

frames ( intra frames)

P frames ( predictive frames)

: 4:0:0, 4:2:0, 4:2:2.

(Broadcast over cable,

Remote Video Surveillance

Services (MMS) over

720 x 480 pixels

(Multimedia Content Description Interface),

(query matching process).

Pull (Pull applications)

Push (Push applications)

(character string) (titles).

(Description Schemes - DS)

Description Definition Language (DDL) Description Definition

ISO/IEC 15938-1 MPEG-7 Part 1 (Systems)

ISO/IEC 15938-2 MPEG-7 Part 2 - Description Definition

ISO/IEC 15938-3 MPEG-7 Part 3

ISO/IEC 15938-4 MPEG-7 Part 4 (Audio)

ISO/IEC 15938-5 MPEG-7 Part 5

Multimedia Description Schemes)

ISO/IEC 15938-6 MPEG-7 Part 6

ISO/IEC 15938-7 MPEG-7 Part 7

ISO/IEC 15938-8 MPEG-7 Part 8

ISO/IEC 15938-9 MPEG-7 Part 9 (Profiles)

ISO/IEC 15938-10 MPEG-7 Part 10

6.6.2 DDL (DDL Tools)

XML Schema (XML

MPEG-7 (MPEG-7 specific extensions)

(parsers) MPEG-7 DDL

6.6.3 (Visual Tools)

(by reference) D/DS,

bit (bit representation accuracy)

GoF/GoP (GoF/GoP color)

(0o, 30o, 60o, 90o, 120o, 150o)

Fmn ART n m, f(,)

7. MPEG-21: Multimedia Framework

7.2 (Applications and Requirements)

( JPEG2000, GIF, MPEG-4).

(Multimedia data distribution and archiving)

Universal Media Access (UMA)

(Calls for Proposals)

7.3 (Basic Elements)

MPEG-21 (MPEG-21 Digital Items)

album title: best of Puccini

title: concert recording

aria title: O mio babbino caro

MPEG-21 (MPEG-21 User) MPEG-21,

(Rights Data Dictionary - RDD)

Persistent Association Technologies)

(streaming environments) (..,

(Scalable Video Coding)

ISO/IEC 21000-16 or MPEG-21 16 Format (Binary