2000-2006

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(Standard Definition)

(2, 4, High Definition)

(MPEG-1 SIF,
MPEG-4)

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(MPEG-1 QSIF)

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1.

Bit-Rate

4096 x 3112 (4)

9.18 Gbit/s

2048x1556 (2)

2.3 Gbit/s

1920 x 1080 (HD)

830 Mbit/s - 1.5 Gbit/s

1920 x 1080 (HD)

830 Mbit/s - 1.5 Gbit/s

720 x 480 (SD)

40 50 Mbits/s

Video Editing


(Broadcast over cable, satellite,
terrestrial)
DVD,

1920 x 1080 (HD)

830 Mbit/s - 1.5 Gbit/s

720 x 480 (SD)

4 20 Mbits/s

720 x 480 (SD)

4 10 Mbits/s

CD-ROM, Intranet

352 x 288

1 1.5 Mbits/s

, Multimedia
Messaging Services (MMS) over
mobile networks,
/,
,
multimedia mailing

176 x 144

32 256 Kbits/s

2.

35mm

4096 x 3112 (4)

4:4:4

10-bit

24

35 / 16
mm

2048x1556 (2)

4:4:4

10-bit

24

35 / 16
mm

1920 x 1080
(HD)

4:4:4

10-bit

24

720 x 480 (SD)

4:2:2

10-bit

25

35 / 16
mm
VHS,
Betacam
SP, Hi8

VHS,
Betacam
SP, Hi8

352 x 288

4:2:1

10-bit

25

VHS,
Betacam
SP, Hi8

176 x 144

4:1:0

8-bit

15

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(.263+, .264 )
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1 2.
3. .

4096 x 3112 (4)
2048x1556 (2)
1920 x 1080 (HD)

Format
frames
frames
HD

720 x 480 (SD)

MPEG-2

352 x 288
176 x 144

MPEG-1 SIF, MPEG-4

MPEG-1 QSIF, MPEG-4

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4,
, 5,
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4.

4096 x 3112 (4)
2048x1556 (2)
1920 x 1080 (HD)
720 x 480 (SD)
352 x 288
176 x 144

Format
frames
frames
HD
MPEG-2
MPEG-1 SIF
MPEG-1 QSIF, MPEG-4

1
4.13
1
370 670 G
2.5 30 GB
600 650 MB
40 160 MB

5.


CD
DVD


(DLT, DTF, SAIT, LTO .)
RAID
Robotic Systems

650 700
4.7 8.5 - 60 () GB
20 500 GB
100 GB 1TB
2 PB
PB

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(meteadata) .
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(,
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XML,
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Dublin Core
MPEG (MPEG-7, MPEG-21)
Ontologies
MPEG-7,

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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. AD/DA
7.
( stand alone CD-Recorder
)
1.
/
(24 bit/96kHz)
(>160Mb) (.. SATA,
>=7200rpm) DVD-R / CD-R (>=8).

.
1

()

/D

;
(quality control)

OXI

NAI

format



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(Windows, Linux, Apple OS) .
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AD/DA
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(1/4 4 track)

Crosstalk -50 dB audio tracks
(1 7/8 , 3 , 7-1/2 15 30 ips)

.

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10

(. )
capstan
(, , )
(pitch control)
50dB dolby B -40dB dolby.
50Hz 20kHz +/- 6dB
crosstalk -45 dB audio tracks

-
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5. AD/DA

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: bit
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(..
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(.. DAT)

(24 bit
)

/96kHz

-> (16 bit /48

44.1 kHz )
.

:
(digital master) (service files)


.

11

 (digital master)

CD

, BWF (Broadcast
Wav File, header
metadata) WAV AIFF SD2 (uncompressed,
stereo mono )
(MPEG-7).
(44.1kHz 16bit) wav aiff SD2 uncompressed,
stereo.
audio CD
CD Players.
128 256 kbps MP3, AC3, Quicktime, Windows Media
Audio (WMA), Realmedia ...

.
(back-up)
.
6.
(DVD) RAID CD
. DVD
.

,
.

(%)

23 C

20 - 50

(%)
20 C
20 - 30
15 C
20 - 40
10 C
20 - 50

d.c.
4kA/m (50 Oe) a.c.
800 A/m (10 Oe)
(
).

pre-through.

, .

( )
(
)

12

0-5 min

30 sec

5-10 min

45 sec

10min <

60 sec

1) ( )
2) ( )
3) ( ...)
4) (.. )

.
1200 dpi (8 bit ,
24 bit ) PDF
format .


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(Unique Identifier), .
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1) .

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4) (, , ...).

(..
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5) (locations).

6) - ( ).

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Dublin Core, MPEG-7, MPEG-21, Ontologies, RDF(S),
XML, MusicXML
(.. php, mysql).

13

44,1kHz - 192kHz / 16 24 bit

BWF (Broadcast Wave Files), AIFF, Wave, SD2

,
AD/DA
.

32 bit floating point

48 fix - 64 floating

Wave, AIFF, SD2 BWF.-

AAC, MP3 ..

Sonic Studio, Sadie, Wavelab, Samplitude

AD
:
:
(Line In):
Frequency Response :
THD+N@ 1 kHz
Crosstalk :
Interchannel phase tracking :
CMRR:
SNR @ - 40 dBFS input :
(Line Out -Digital Out) :

AD :

44,1kHz - 192kHz
16 24 bit
Balanced Unbalanced
@fs =44.1/48kHz : 20Hz.. 20kHz +-0.3db
@fs =88.2/96kHz : 20Hz.. 30kHz +-0.3db
@fs =176.4/192kHz : 20Hz40kHz +-0.3db
103 dBFS @ - 3dBFs output level,
unweighted
< 120 db, 020 kHz
+- 0.3
20Hz 20 kHz
> 90 db @ 1kHz
> 80 db @ 20kHz
> 60 db @ 20 Hz
> 110 db unweighted
Balanced Unbalanced
- Noise Shaping 16bit.
-
Jitter
-

Weiss, Prism, DCS, DAD, Mytek

D/A
:

44,1kHz - 192kHz

16 24 bit

(Digital In) :

2-3 Balanced (AES/EBU) Unbalanced

(coaxial) optical

(Line Out) :

Balanced Unbalanced

Jitter

Weiss, Benchmark, Mytec, Prism, DCS

14



:
Wow & Flutter :
:
:
:
Equalization :

, 2 track , 2 channel
, 4 track , 2 channel
7-1/2 ips +-0.09 % peak (DIN/IEC/ANSI weighted)
7-1/2 ips +-0.14 % peak (DIN/IEC/ANSI unweighted)
15 ips
+- 0.08% peak (DIN/IEC/ANSI weighted)
15 ips
+- 0.12 % peak (DIN/IEC/ANSI unweighted)
3,75ips (9.5cm/sec) - 71/2ips (19cm/sec) 15ips
(38cm/sec) 30ips (76cm/sec)
+- 0.3 %
- PLL (Phase Lock Loop )
- capstan reel
- Direct drive capstan
NAB IEC/CCIR
7-1/2 ips

Frequency Response :
S/N :

30Hz 22 kHz , +- 2 db at
0VU
30Hz 24 kHz , +- 2 db at - 10VU
15 ips
30Hz 16 kHz , +- 2 db at
0VU
30Hz 20 kHz , +- 2 db at - 10VU
55dB 7.5 IPS
dolby A -45dB dolby A.

- :
:
:

3 Hard Metal alloy

Normal, CrO2, Metal
DC Servo

Wow and Flutter :

< 0.07%

Frequency Response :
Signal -to-Noise :

:
:

Normal (Type 1) 20-16 kHz +3/-3 db

CrO2
(Type 2) 20-17 kHz +3/-3 db
No Reduction 56 db
Dolby B
66 db
Dolby C
72 db
capstan ,

Tascam, Marantz

Test Tapes
IEC/CCIR equalization
7- 1/2 ips 15 ips
: test tapes MRL

--

Vari Speed :

vari speed 78 rpm

65 85 rpm
.

Wow and Flutter:

0.025% WRMS (JIS C5521) +/-0.035% Weighted,

Zero to Peak (DIN 45507)

Rumble:

-50 dB (DIN 45539A)

-70 dB (DIN 45539B)

Direct Drive

.

Technics, Simon York, Thorens,

15


Lateral Bearing friction :

< 20mg

Lateral Bearing friction :

<20 mg

Effective mass :

8 12 gr

Cartridge adjustment :

0-3 gr ( 78 rpm 5-6

)

Cartridge range :

3 9 gr

SME, Rega, Graham, EMT

78 rpm
78 rpm .
78 rpm 1910 - 1922

Conical 0.040

78 rpm 1920 - 1935

rancated elliptical 0.035

78 rpm 1930 - 1955

rancated elliptical 0.028

Pathe
vertical.

Expert Stylus, EMT

33 rpm
Channel Balance at 1 kHz :
Channel Seperation at 1 kHz :

< 1.5 db
> 25 db

Tracking Ability at 315 Hz :

> 60 m

Frequency Response :

20Hz 20 kHz +- 1.5db

MC

.

Ortofon, Lyra, Denon, Grado

Phono LP 78 rpm EQ curves

equalization

EQ Curves
78 , 45 33 /
**
Gain :

Minimum 41db
Minimum 65db

Noise :
RIAA :
Channel Balance :
Channel Seperation :

- 68db CCIR peak 20Hz - 20kHz

0.5 db
0.2 db
64 db

GSP JAZZ CLUB, ELDBERG MD12 mkII

**
COARSE GROOVE ('78 rpm')
SYSTEM

Treble turnover Bass turnover

DECCA 78
ffrr 78
WESTREX
BLUMLEIN
BSI 78

3.4 kHz
6.36 kHz
Flat
Flat
3.18 kHz

150
250
200
250
353

Hz
Hz
Hz
Hz
Hz

Lower
t/o
40 Hz
50 Hz
50 hz

bass Cut at 10 Boost at 50

kHz
hz
9 dB
11 dB
5 dB
12 dB
15 db
12 dB
10.5 dB
14 dB

16

MICROGROOVE (lps 45 rpm)

SYSTEM

Treble turnover Bass Turnover

RIAA (CCIR)
ffrr LP
EMI LP
NARTB
COLUMBIA

2.1215 kHz
3 kHz
2.5 kHz
1.6 kHz
1590 Hz

500.5 Hz
500 Hz
500 Hz
500 Hz`
500 Hz

Lower
bass Cut at 10 Boost at 50
t/o
kHz
hz
50.5 Hz
13.6 dB
17 dB
100 hz
10.5 dB
12.5 dB
70 Hz
12 dB
14.5 dB
16 dB
16 dB
100 Hz
16 dB
12.5 dB

[CDP] Colorado digitization program digital audio working group, Digital audio best

practices version 1.2 http://www.cdpheritage.org/

Canadian Digital Cultural Content Initiative, Standards and guidelines for digitization
projects, http://www.pch.gc.ca/progs/pcce-ccop/pubs/ccop-pcceguide_e.pdf
Richard Wright BBC information and archives Marit Grimstad NRK Digital radio
archives, EBU technical review No. 290 Metadata
AES recommended practice for audio preservation and restoration AES221997(r2003)
Audio restoration by Graham Newton.http://audio-restoration.com
British Library National Sound Archive, International Music Collection
-http://www.bl.uk/collections/sound-archive/imc.html
Library of Congress, Recorded Sound Reference Center
http://lcweb.loc.gov/rr/record/
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) http://www.ansi.org/
IASA (International Association of Sound and Audiovisual Archives) - Standards, Recommended
Practices and Strategies http://www.iasa-web.org/iasa0013.htm
Committee on Preservation of Historical Records
National Library of Australia, digitisation policies

http://www.nla.gov.au/policy/digitisation.html
National library of New Zealand http://www.natlib.govt.nz/en/services/index.html
Daniel Teruggi, Can we save our audiovisual heritage
http://www.ariadne.ac.uk/issue39/teruggi/
Audio watermarking http://www.iis.fraunhofer.de/amm/techinf/water/
MINERVA (Ministerial NEtork for Valorising Activities in digitisation)

Archiving the Audiovisual Heritage, a Joint Technical Symposium. -- FIAF (Federation

International des Archives du Film), FIAT (Federation International des Archives de
Television), IASA (International Association of Sound Archives). -- Berlin: Stiftung
Deutsche Kinemathek, 1988.
Association for Recorded Sound Collections, Associated Audio Archives Committee. -Final Performance Report: Audio Preservation: A Planning Study. -- Silver Spring,
Maryland: Association for Recorded Sound Collections, 1987.
Borwick, John -- Sound Recording Practice, Third Edition. -- Oxford University Press,
1989.
Committee on Preservation of Historical Records, et al. -- "Magnetic Recording Media"
in Preservation of Historical Records. -- Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press,
1986, pp. 61-69.

17