Digital Rights Management

20002006 ...
1: - .
1.3 ,
:
-

: 1.1
-

2004
-

, 65
2000-2006 ... ( 75%
(....)
25% ).
. ,

, . , . , .
. .
Copyright 2004
, &
, ,
,
(http://www.infosoc.gr/meletes/).

,

,
, .

,
,
.

,
,
,

.
, ,
.
, ,

.

,
.
, , ,
.
,

, - .

.

.
, .
9
.

, 7
. 2
. 3, 4 & 5

. 6

ii

. 7

, 8

.
iii
..................................... 1
1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2
1.1.3
1.1.4
1.2
1.2.1
1.2.2
1.2.3
1.2.4
1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.3.3
1.3.4
1.4
1.4.1
1.4.2
1.4.3
1.4.4
1.5
1.5.1
1.5.2
1.6
1.6.1
1.6.2
1.6.3
1.7
.................................................................................. 3
(Copyright) .................................................................................... 4
............................................ 5
.................................................................................................................................. 9
....................................................................................................................... 10
................................................................................................. 10
............................................................................................ 10
.................................................................................................................... 11
..................................................................................... 11
....................................................................................................................... 11
(RIGHTS CLEARANCE) ........................................................... 12
........ 12
................................................. 17
................................................................... 20
....................................................................................................................... 22
........................................................................................................ 22
............................................. 22
.............................................................................. 22
........................................... 25
....................................................................................................................... 26
........................................................................................ 26
..................................................................................... 27
....................................................................................................................... 29
.......................................... 30
................................. 31
.......................................................................................... 32
....................................................................................................................... 34
.................................................................................... 34
........................ 35
2.1
....................................................................................................................... 35
2.1.1
............................................................................................... 36
2.1.2
....................................................................................... 38
2.1.3
................................................................................ 38
2.1.4
.............................................................................................................. 38
2.1.5
& .......................................................... 39
2.1.6
............................................................................................................. 39
2.1.7
.................................................................................................. 39
2.1.8
.......................................................................................................................... 40
2.2
.. 40
2.2.1
& .............................................................................................................. 41
2.2.2
& ..................................................................................................... 41
2.2.3
......................................................................................... 43
2.2.4
........................................................................ 44
2.2.5
................................................................................................................... 45
2.3
......................................................................................................... 46
2.3.1
............................................................................................................. 46
2.3.2
2001/29/
29 2001
.................................. 47
2.3.3
- ............................................................................................... 56
iv
3

.............................................................................................................................. 57
3.1
3.2
................................................................................................................ 57

........................................................................................ 58
3.3
......................................................................... 59
4
..................................................................................... 60
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.4.4
4.4.5
4.5
4.5.1
4.5.2
4.5.3
4.6
4.6.1
4.6.2
4.6.3
4.6.4
4.6.5
4.6.6
............................................................................................................... 60
.................................................................................. 61
..................................... 62
[8,9] ................................................................................................................. 62
..................................................................................................................... 62
[10] ..................................................................... 64
...................................................................................... 64
...................................................................................... 64
(Hash Functions)................................................................. 65
[8,9]................................................................................................................ 66
..................................................................................... 66
.................................................................................. 66
[15] ........................................................................ 67
............................................................................................................................ 69
............................................................................................................. 69
- ..................................................................................................... 70
- ........................................................................................................ 78
.......................... 85
..................................... 88
.................................................. 107
5
&
.................................................................................................................................. 117
5.1
[33] .......................................................................................................... 117
5.1.1
............................................................................................................................. 117
5.1.2
.................................................................................................. 118
5.1.3
......................................................................................... 120
5.1.4
............................................................................................ 125
5.1.5
..................................................................................................................... 125
5.2
&
-MPEG21 ................................................................... 126
5.2.1
, ............ 127
5.2.2
Rights Expression Language - MPEG21 Part 4 [46]
137
5.2.3
(Rights Data Dictionary, RDD)MPEG21-Part 6 ................. 141
5.2.4
- ........................................ 142
5.3
................................ 151
5.3.1
Adobe Content Server 3.0 [61] ........................................................................................... 151
5.3.2
Windows Media DRM [62]................................................................................................. 152
5.3.3
SynCast [63]......................................................... 152
5.3.4
EasyDRM [64].................................................................................................................... 153
6

.................................................................................................................................. 154
6.1
6.2
DUBLIN CORE METADATA INITIATIVE [3]................................................................................ 154

DIGITAL IMAGING GROUP [57]................................................................................................. 155
6.2.1
.............................................................................................................................. 155
6.2.2
........................................................................................................................... 156
6.2.3
........................................................................................................................ 157
6.2.4
...................................................................................................................... 158
6.2.5
............................................................... 158
6.2.6
......................................................................................................... 158
6.2.7
........................................................................................................ 159
6.2.8
......................................................... 159
6.3
................... 159
6.4
...................................................................................................................... 161
7

.................................................................................................... 163
7.1
7.2
..................................................................................................................... 163
&
........................................................................................................................................... 163
7.2.1
TRADEX (Trial Action for Digital Object Exchange) [66] ................................................ 163
7.2.2
TNT ..................................................................................................................................... 165
7.2.3
IPR HELPDESK [67] ......................................................................................................... 166
7.2.4
IMPRIMATUR .................................................................................................................... 166
7.2.5
VERDI [68] ........................................................................................................................ 167
7.3
&
& [65] .............................................. 169
7.3.1
........................................................................................................... 169
7.3.2
....................................................................................................................... 170
7.3.3
....................................................... 170
7.3.4
.................................. 187
7.3.5
.................................................................................................. 196
8
& ....................... 199

8.1
8.1.1
8.1.2
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.3
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
8.4
8.4.1
8.4.2
8.4.3
8.5
8.6
8.7
................................................................................................................................. 199
............................................................................................................. 199
............................................................................ 199
............................................................................................................. 201
CISAC (Confdration Internationale des Socits d'Auteurs et Compositeurs) [69] ....... 201
IFRRO International Federation of Reproduction Rights Organizations [70] ............... 202
Reproduction Rights Organizations RROs ...................................................................... 203
... ............................................................................................. 204
RROs ................................................................. 204
............................................................................... 207
.......................................................... 212
( ) [78] ......................... 214
: .............................................................. 215
.................................. 218
................................................................................................................. 219
... ( ) [79] ....................... 220
... ...................................... 222
CREATIVE COMMONS [80] ....................................................................................................... 224
............................................................................................................................ 226
vi

1-1: ..................................... 7
1-2: ................................................................. 18
1-3: ................................ 24
4-1: ......................... 89
5-1: 1 XrML ... 149
5-2: 2 XrML ... 150
6-1: ........................................................... 160
6-2: ........................................ 160
6-3: ..................................................... 160
6-4: , ...... 161
6-5: ..................................... 161
vii

4-1: Alinari Copyright Notice ............................................................................ 108
4-2: Alinari ............................................................... 110
4-3: Corbis Copyright Notice ............................................................................. 111
4-4: Corbis ............................................................... 113
4-5: Hermitage Copyright Notice....................................................................... 114
4-6: Hermitage ................................................................. 115
7-1: TRADEX ............................................................. 164
7-2: Imprimatur......................................................... 167
7-3: VERDI ..................................................................................... 168
7-4: VERDI ................................................................... 169
7-5: - .................................................................... 186
7-6:
& .......................................................................... 197
viii

1-1: .......................................................... 2
1-2: & ..................................................... 3
1-3: Copyright ............................................................. 6
1-4 : ................................................ 12
5-1: ............... 119
5-2: .... 121
5-3: ............................................................... 122
5-4: ......................................................... 124
5-5: DID
(Digital Identification Model)......................................................................................... 130
5-6: DID DII............... 131
5-7: MPEG-21 . 132
5-8: MPEG ....... 139
5-9: XrML ................................. 147
5-10: ........ 148
ix
1
1

,
,
,

.
,
, Droite de
suite
.
,
, ,

,
.

, ,
,

,

.

, .
.

.
1

,
European Museums Information Institute (EMII) &
[1], [2].
1.1
1.5
NAI

;
NAI

;
1.1
NAI

;
1.2
NAI
1.3
1.3
1.4
1.5
1.6
NAI

;
NAI
;
NAI
NAI

;
1-1:
1.1

.

,
.
,
. ,
,

.

, , , ,
..
,

. ,

.
1-2: &

3.

.
2
, ,
,
2 .
3

.
1.1.1
(Copyright)

,
. ,

.

.
,
.

. ,

. ,

.
:
(
- WIPO). [4]
(UCC)
TRIPs (Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights)
World Trade Organization.

.
1.1.1.1

( )
.
, ,
,
, .
1.1.1.2 / Infosoc

.

.
,

.

,
.
1.1.2

.
,

.

.
1.1.2.1

:

.
1.1.2.2
.

. ,

.
. ,

,
.
1.1.2.3
.
,

. ,
. ,
,
(
).
.
,
,
, .,
.
.
Copyright;
1-3: Copyright
1.1.2.4

.

.

50
(
)
.
( 1).
50

50
.
( 7 (2).
25

70

( 1).
70

.

70
.
1-1:

,

.
, project
film, , ,
.
,

.
: ,

70 .
1.1.2.5

.

.
,
poster
(
).
. ,
poster.
poster
.

.
:
:

,

: Infosoc
:

Droite de suite: Droite de suite

, .
,

.
1.1.2.6
, ,

,
. .
,
, . ,
.
,
,
.

. ,
.
1.1.2.7

,
.

.

...
.
:
:

Infosoc

,

.

. , ,
,
.

.
1.1.3
,
.
,
, .

.
1.1.4

,
.

.
. ,
.
1.2

,

. ,
,

. (
)
, ,
. ,
.
,
( .) ,
.
,

.

.
1.2.1
1950,

. ,
. ,

, 4.

4
, 8
10
,
.
,

(

Represented Individuals). ,
,
, . ,
,
.
1.2.2
,
5.

.
.
,
.

,
. ,

.
1.2.3

6,
.
,
, , ,

, .

. ,
.
1.2.4

,
5
6
, 10
(95/46/EC)
11

. , ,
.,
.

(, , ).

.
(Rights Clearance)7
1.3
1.3.1.1
1.3.1.4

1.3.1.3

;
1-4 :
1.3.1
Rights Clearance
,

5 & 8
12

.
1.3.1.1

:

1.3.1.2 (Rights
Clearance)

.

, .

, .
.

.

. ,
,
.

,
:

, , , ,
..
,
.
.

(
,
).
13
,

21 .
. ,
, .
,
.

,
. ,
,
,
.
,

.
,
,

.
(CD-ROM)
CD-ROM
.
1.3.1.3

,
.

,
.
,

.
,
,
.
14
1.3.1.4

.
.
.

. ,
.
,
.
,
:

,
,
,
, .
,
,
,

.
,
. ,
,
, .
,
,
. ,
.

. ,
,
,
.
15
,
, Disney,
,
. ,
, :
1.
2. Disney
3. Disney
4.
5.
6.
,

.
,
film .

.

.
1.3.1.5
,
:

,

(,
, , .).
,
,
,
.

,
.
16

.
,
.
1.3.1.6

.

.

.

.
1.3.2
1.3.2.1

, , , ,
.

:

,
.

.

.

,
.

. 8
17
1.3.2.2
,
,

.
, Picasso
, .

.
,
,
.

. ,
.
( , banner,
) .

.
1.3.2.3
/
/
/

/
/

/
/
/

/
/
/
/
/ /
1-2:
18
, on-line
.

4-6

,

1.3.2.4

on-line
. :

, .

.
.

. ,
(. 1.6)

.
( 1.4)
,
.

, ,
copyright ,
.
19
1.3.3

. ,

. ,
,

.
1.3.3.1
,
.

.

:

,

,

:

,

.
,
,
.

.
,
,
.
20
1.3.3.2

,
.
:
A
,
,

.

.

.
1.3.3.3

.

:
, ,

,

.
,

.
,
,
,
.
, Athena Cards
Picasso,
.
5%

.
21
1.3.4

. ,

.
,
.
1.4
1.4.1

, ,
.

on-line ,

.
( ,
),
( ,
.).
,
, ,

.
on-line ,
,

.
1.4.2

.
,
, .
,

9
,

5 & 6
22
.
,
,
.

.
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative

,
. Dublin Core
,
,

[3].

,
.
, ,
, ,
, .

(
,
, .).
,
(rights in),

(rights out).

,

, .

, , ,
.
Rights in

Rights out

23
Rights in
Rights out
1-3:
,

.
. ,

,
.

AMICITIA.
project ,
. ,
project.
AMICITIA
,

. ,
project,
.
AMICITIA project
:

.
.
,
.

. ,
24

. ,

. ,

, ,
,
,
.
project :

. XML
. ,

.

.

.

.
,

XML.

. XrML &
ODRL (. 5, 5.2.4.1 & 5.2.4.2).
1.4.3
,
,
:
Rights in

25

,
.
Rights Out

,

.
,

:
,

,

1.4.4

.
,
, ..

.
1.5
,
,
.

.

26

.
1.5.1

,

. ,
.
,
.
,
,
.
, , .
, :
, ,
,
,
( ).
1.5.1.1 (Cropping)

.

background .
, ,
,
.
,
.
.
, ,

, .

. ,
,
.
27
1.5.1.2
,

.
,
.

.

,
.
.

,

.
,

.
,
,
.

:

, . ,

.
.

,
.
,
.
,
,
.
1.5.1.3 Deep Linking

, ,
Deep Linking. deep links
28

.
,
, deep
linking .
,
, ,
.
. , ,
deep linking
.
.
deep linking ,
.

. ,

deep linking
,
.
deep links ,
. ,

.
deep
links ,
.
1.5.2
,
,
.
,
.
, ,

.
,
,
.
29
1.6

,

.

.

,
,
. ,
,

,
.
,
, .
, :
( , , ,
.)

( ,
)

. (

, )

,
. ,

,

. ( ,

,
on-line ,
)
30
1.6.1
10

,
. ,

.
1.6.1.1

.
, ,
.
,

.

.
1.6.1.2

, All Rights Reserved .

.
:

.

.
,

.
,

.

, : ,

, ,

,
, ..
10
4
4.6.6
31

,

.
1.6.1.3 ,

,
CDROMs / DVDs. ,

.
,

.
1.6.2
11
1.6.2.1
,
(
, .).
72 dpi (dots per inch)

.

,
,
.
1.6.2.2

,
.

. ,

11
5 ,

32

.
1.6.2.3

.
.

,
,

.
,
.

.

,
,

.

.
1.6.2.4 (Fingerprining)
, ,
( , .)
.
, ,

.
,
peer-to-peer
.
33
1.6.2.5 (Webcasting)
Webcasting
, .
,
. ,
.
,
,
.

.
1.6.3

,

.
,

, ,
.

.
1.7

,
,
,
.
,
.
. ,

.
34
2
2
2.1

.
,

.
,
.
,

.
,
. ,

.

.

.
. ,
,
,
.
,

. :
.

.
. ,

.
.
,
;
. , ,
, ,
,
;
35

, .
,
.

.

,
.

MP3 ,

,
, ..
2.1.1

.

: ,
TRIPS.
1886
,
( )

(principe d assimilation de l unioniste au national principe du traitement
national).
1971 .100/1975 ( 162).

(1961) ,
,
.
.2054/1992 ( 104).
TRIPS

( 1994) .2290/1995 ( 28).
TRIPS 1 1996

,

(). TRIPS
,

.

36

2-20 1996
(WIPO) [4]
. WIPO
WIPO -
. , Internet,

, TRIPS
.
WIPO

.

, ,

,
. ,
,

,
,
.
,

.
,
9
.
,
-.

.
WIPO -

.

.
37
2.1.2

Internet,
.

.
,

.
.

,

, .

.

.
,
,
.
2.1.3

.
,
, . ,
,

2.1.4

.

. ,
GNU / Linux
, .
,
,
,
.
38
2.1.5
&

.

(TRIPS, Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property)
World Trade Organization
(WTO).

. ,

,
.

,
, .
,
,
.
TRIPS,

.
2.1.6

.
,

.

,
.
2.1.7

.

.

,
39

.
2.1.8
(Digital Rights
Management Systems, DRMs)

. ,
, ,

.

.

,
.

Internet Service Provider-ISP, ,
.

9
.
,

( 8)
( 7 & 8).

.
2.2
:
.

-. ,
.

.
,
,
. ,

40

( Internet)
.
8-12

.

.
2.2.1
&
1 .

. , ,

6
. 5(3) 6
reverse engineering
.
,
.
2.2.2
&
2-4 .
2
.
, ,
,
. 3 4

, . 30
,
.
, 28
-
.
,

.
. 29
(on
demand)
.
5
2-4.
,

41

-.

5(1) &
, &
(

)
. 27
.

Internet Service Providers
(Web Caches), .
,
,
.
,
,

DVD,
.

.

,

WIPO.
5.2 .
5.3 5.4
-. : ) ) -
, ) -
, , )

) -
, .
5.3
.
: ) )
) ) )
, . 14
, .
43
.
42
5.4
5.2 5.3
.
three-step-test
TRIPS 5.5.

. 44
.

,
( )
.
2.2.3

.

,
. 13-47

.
6 . 6.2
-

,
.

,
. DVD

.
6.2
, , , ,
.

.

.

6.3. ,
, ,

43
,
.

,
,
, ,
. ,

. , ,
CD
,
.
48
.

. -

.
6.4 .

-fair dealing 5,

6.

5.2 (
) 5.3
( ,
).

.

6.1.

, -
.
5
. ,
35

6.
2.2.4
7
.
,

44
,

.
,
: )
, )
, , ,

,

,
, ,
.

57

.
7
6.
,
,

.
2.2.5
-
8,
.
8.2 58
,

.
5.1() online , 8.3
59

.
9 1
,
,
.
,
.

. 9 57

45

. ,
,
. ,

.
50
reverse engineering

. ,

,
6.1 6.2.
12

- .
22 2004
,
. 5, 6 8
. ,
,
.
2.3
2.3.1

.
,
. 2121 ,
4 1993.
81, . 3057
.2725/1999, , 10
2002.
16

.
Unesco
.
.
46
2.3.2
2001/29/
29 2001

2.3.2.1 81 . 3057 .
2725/1999
1 3 . 2121/1993 ( 25 ')
:
()
:
) ,
, .
) .
) , .
) () ,
.

.
) ,
.
.

.
92/100 19 1992 (. 1346/61 27.11.1992).
) .
)
,
,
.
) ,
,
,
.
.
)

,
.
47
(2,3. 1 3,42001/29. _. 167/10-22.6.2001).

28 . 2121/1993 28, 28 28
:
2.3.2.2 28 -
,
,
.
,
.
( 5 . 3 ' 2001/29)
2.3.2.3 28 -
,

,
: ) )
, ,
.
( 5 . 1 2001/29)
2.3.2.4 28 -
. 2121/1993, ,
,

.
( 5. 5 2001/29)."
2 46 . 2121/1993 :

:
) ,
) ,
, ,
,
) ,
.
,
,
,
)
.
,
48
) ,
, , ,
,
) ,
, , , ,
,
) ,
, ,
) , ,
,
.
.
( 2,3 . 2 3,4 2001/29).
2 47 . 2121/1993 3
1 1 2 :
( )
:
) ,
, , ,
)
. ,
,
,
) .

,
) , ,
, .

,
)
,
,
.
( 2, 3 . 2 3,4 2001/29).
(
) :
) ,
, , ()
,
49
)
. ,
,
,
) .

,
) , ,
,
.
,
)
,
,
,
) ,
,
.
( 2, 3 . 2 3,4 2001/29).
1 48 . 2121/1993 :
:
) ,
, ,
)

)
, ,

) ,
, ,
,

) ,
.
, ,

)
.

) , ,
,
50
.
, ( 2, 3 . 2 3, 4 2001/29).
49 1 "
". 4 49 .
2121/1993 5 :

,
, , ,

. 1
', ', ' ', 2 4 .
' 52 . 2121/1993,
8 10 .2557/1997 :
) ( )
. ,
,
.

,
. ,
,
2001/29/
22 2001,
,
22 2002,
.
( 11 . 2 2001/29)
(
) (50)
. ,
,
(50)
, .
64 . 2121/1993 64 :
2.3.2.5 64 -

,
51
.
.
( 8. 3 2001/29).
1 66 . 2121/1993 :
2.900 - 15.000

, ,
, , , ,
, ,
, ,
, ,
,

,

,
.
( 8 . 1 2001/29).
2 66 . 2121/1993 :

:
:
)
) , ,
,
)

) , )
,

)
,
) , ,
, ,
.
( ):
52
) , ,
,
)
,
)
) , ,
, ,
)
.
(
):
) , ,
,
)

)
) , ,
,
)

)
,
.
:
)
)
) ,
,

) ,
, ,
)
)
) , ,
, , .
( 8 . 1 2001/29).
66 . 2121/1993 66 66 :
53
2.3.2.6 66 -
1. " " ,
, ,
, ,

,
.
""

, ,

,
, ( 6 . 3 2001/29).
2. , ,
,

.
( 6 . 1 2001/29)
3. , , , ,
, , ,
, , ,
:
) ,
,
)

) , ,
,
.
( 6 . 2 2001/29)
4.
2.900 - 15.000
65 . 2121/1993.
...
64 . 2121/1993, .
( 6 . 1 2 2001/29)
5. () .
2121 /1993, ,
( 18), ( 21),
( 22),
( 24),
( 28 ), 2

,
,
54
.
,
,

.
.
,
.
,
.

,
.
( 6 . 4 2001/29)
2.3.2.7 66 -
1. " "
,

,
.

,
.
( 7 . 2 2001/29)
2.
:
)

) , , ,

,
,
,
,

.
( 7 . 1 2001/29)
3.
2.900 -15.000
65 . 2121/1993, .
. ..,
64 . 2121/1993, .
55
( 7 2001/29).
1 20 . 2121/1993
:
.
3 . 2121/1993,
7 3 . 2819/2000, 4 :
.
. 2121/1993, , 33 . 1 6 66
. 5 :
" " " "
"" "". 41 . 2121/1993, ,
" " " "
71 . 2121/1993, , 6 :
3 . 1, 28, 28 28, 46 . 2, 47 . 1 2,48 . 1,52
', 64, 66 . 1 2, 66 66
2001/29/ 22
2001
.
3 66 .2121/1993
:

.
2.3.3

(22-12-2002).
2001/29
.
Internet ( , 1.1)
(N.3183/2003
227/26-9-2003 .3184/2003 228/26.9.2003).
56
3
3
3.1

,
.
(Intellectual Property Rights)

.
,

.
,

.
,
, ,
. ,
, ,
.
1997
(copyright)
(COM(97)628)
, CD-ROM,
DVDs. 10
1999 ,
. ,

.

. ,
(..
) . ,

,
(.. ) . ,

.
57
3.2

/ ,
.

, .

.

(, , ),
.
,
, ..
, ,

, [5,6]:
():
,
(, ,
, , ) .
.
:
o
.
o .
o ( ,
( )
).
o .
() :

.
:
o .
o .
o .
o .
o .
,

.
58
3.3
(Business Model)
:

.
.
.
.

.
:

.
(
) .

.

.

.
59
4
4
4.1
12

.
,

.

[5]:

.
, , ..
: ,
.
:
.
Y (data hiding): (..
) .

- ,
.
(trusted) :
,
,

.
.

, (
) . :
:
.
12
To 4o
[7]
60
: ,

.
( ),

.
:
( )
, ,
.
,
,

.
: M
.

.
4.2

.

,
...
.

.

.
. ,
.

.
,
(Firewalls).
,

. ,

,
(ACLs-Access Control Lists) ..
61

.
4.3

.

,
.
(, , )

.
.
,
..

,
.
WIPO (World Intellectual Property Organization) ,

. ,
,
,
,
, ,
, .
, format TIFF JPEG

,
.
WIPO,

,

.
4.4
4.4.1
[8,9]

,
1900 .. ,
.

62
,
.

.
.

2 . Enigma
.

.
,

.

.
,
.
.
:
: .
/ :

.
:
.
:

.

, .

,

. ,
,
.

. ,

.
.

,
. ,

63
, .

.

.
4.4.2
[10]

.

.
:
:

:

:

4.4.3
,
.

.
.
,
.

Data Encryption Standard (DES),
1970 National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
( National Institute for Standards and Technology (NIST)) 1997
.
:
CAST -128
International Data Encryption Algorithm (IDEA)
Rivest Cipher 2 (RC2)
RC4
RC5
Blowfish
Twofish
4.4.4
- (Public Key Cryptography - PKC)

64
300 400 . ,
Stanford Martin Hellman,
Whitfield Diffie 1976.
,

.

,

.

.
,
.
,
.
.
,
.

.
, RSA,

Ronald Rivest, Adi Shamir Leonard Adleman. RSA

, ..
, RSA, Diffie-Hellman
.
NISTs Digital Signature Standard (DSS).
4.4.5
(Hash Functions)

,
. ,
,
.

.

,
(Message Digest, MD),
byte
128 bit .
MD2, MD4 & MD5.
O Secure Hash Algorithm (SHA) NIST
Secure Hash Standard (SHS), .

65
4.5
[8,9]

, .
- -

.
4.5.1

. [11] 440 .

. .

.
.

. ,
,
..
,

.
.
, , ..
.

[12].
4.5.2

. Giovanni Boccaccio
Amorosa visione [13]. O
Boccaccio 1.500 .

.
John Wilkins

[14].

, .
,
.
66
.
,
.

.

.

. 16 Cardan (1501-1576),
, Cardan grille.
4.5.3
[15]

.
,

, .

,
.
.
4.5.3.1

,

. :
(Cover): , ,
.
(Embedded Data):
.
Stego- (Stego data):
(Sellars . 3) [16].
4.5.3.2

. ,
,
,
, .

, ,

67
(Sellars . 7-8) [16].

.

(Bender et al, . 334) [17].

.

.

. (Bender et al, .334) [17].

:
Snow [18]:
.

. To
Snow

.
4.5.3.3 &
,

(Sellars, sel. 9) [16].

pixels. ,
,
.
,
.
.
bit.

bit. ,

.

Sellars
. bit
,
.

68
.

,
.

. ,
,
.

Steghide
Stefan Hetzl [19].
bit
JPEG & BMP
WAV & AU.
4.6
4.6.1

,
. O
,

.
.
.
,
.

, (
), .
,
.

.

,

.
-
.
.
1981
. , Margaret Thatcher

69
.
,
[20].
. ,
,
( ).

.
,
(. )
. Simmons
, [21]
SALT II ..
. SALT II
, .
,
,
.
,

.
(
) Hermitage
St. Petersburg [22].

.
Hermitage

.

.
.

,

. ,
,
, .
4.6.2

. ,
,

70
.
,
,
,
.
.
.
.
, ( )

.
. ,
.
,
, .

.
,
.

.
[23].

.

.

.
4.6.2.1 (Broadcast Monitoring)

. 1997,
.
.

[24].

20 ,
.

. ,
.

71
.
. )
,
. )

.

.
.

.

.
,
.

,
. ,
,
.

. ,
.

,
100%
.

,
, ,
.
,
.

.

. ,

. ,
,
.

.
,
(header file)
72
.
.

.

,

. (embedding process)
,

. ,

.

. ,

.
4.6.2.2 (Owner Identification)

(, , .),
,
. 1988,

,
. 1988,
.
,

,
[25].

.
Copyright ,
Corp. .

, , ,
&
.
,

.
. ,
,
73
.
,

. ,

.
,

.

.
[26],
, .

(, , CD .) .
.
,

.

,
.
,

.

.
,
,
. ,

,
.
4.6.2.3 (Proof of Ownership)

,
.
,
.

, ,

74
. ,

.

.

.

, , .

.
.
,
, ,

.

.

.
,
.
,

.

,
. ,

.
4.6.2.4 (Copy Control)

.

.
.
,
.
75

.
.
.

.

.
,
.

.
,

,
.

.

,
.
.
,

. ,

.
,
.

. ,
,
,

. ,
,
. , ,

.
,
,
,
.
76

.
4.6.2.5 (Transaction Tracking)
,
,
. ,

.
. (
),
.
,
(traitor),
(pirate).
, .
(adversary)
,
.
,
DIVX Corporation. DIVX
DVD
.
(DVDs),
.
DIVX
.
, DIVX corporation
,

. , DIVX

.

.
,
.
,
.

:
1. .
2.
.
77

.
4.6.3

[27, 28, 29]
.

.

(effectiveness),
(fidelity) (data payload).
,
(blind) & (informed) (robustness).
,
.
-
.
4.6.3.1

. ,

,
.
,

.

100%.
100%
,
. ,

. ,
, ,
.

,
.

,

.
78
,
.

,
.
,

.
4.6.3.2 (Fidelity)
,

. ,
,
. ,

.
,
NTSC , AM ,
.
,

. , HDTV DVD ,

.

,
.
4.6.3.3 (Data payload)
To , bits
.
, bits
. ,
bits .
, bits
(frame).
N-bits -bit
2 .

.
4 8 bits ,
10 5 .
, 0.5 bits
0.02 bits .
79
,
24 bits
,
. ,
24
bits ,
.

.
2
. 2+1.
,
,

.
bit 21 . ,

, bit.

.
,
, , ..
,
.
4.6.3.4 &
,
.
, ,

.

.
,
,
.
,
.

.
,
.
,
.
80

.

.

. ,

.
,
,
.
,

( )
.
4.6.3.5 (Robustness)

,
.
(filtering),
(lossy compression), &
(, , .).

,
, frames .

, ,
.

. ,

.

. ,
,

.
,
, ,
,
.. ,
, , ,

81

.

. ,

.
. ,

.
,
.
,

.
.
4.6.3.6 (Security)

.
.

.

.

.

.

. ,

. ,

.

.
:
.
.

. ,

82
.
. ,

.
.

,
.
. ,

, . ,

, .

. ,
.
.
,
,
. ,
,

,

.
,

.

.

.
.

,
.

, ,
.
,
,
. ,
,

.
83

.
4.6.3.7

[30]. ,

,
.

.
,

.

,
. ,

.

, .

.

,

. , ,

.

. ,
DVX
,

.
.

,
.
,
84

.
4.6.4

,
. ,

,

.

.
,

.
,
:

o
.
o

.
o (

).
o

IFF
JPEG
GIF
BMP
o
(Multibit Watermarking),
.
o
:
JPEG 50%
.
/ GIF .

(Rotation), 5.

85
(Scaling), (0.5-2.0)
.
(Cropping), 75%
.
(Aspect Ratio).

( Median, Sharpening).
(Uniform, Gaussian).
o
. (

).
o
(SDK,
Software Development Kit)

.

o
.
o

.
o ,
Wav.
o
. :
:
(16 bits -> 8 bits)

MPEG1 Layer 3 (P3), (128 Kbps
& 96 Kbps, 64 Kbps )
MPEG2 Advanced Audio Coding (AAC), (128, 96 kbps)
ATRAC (Version 4.5)
ATRAC3 (132 kbps, 105 Kbps)
RealAudio (128 Kbps, 64 Kbps)
Windows Media Audio (128 Kbps, 64 Kbps)
:

( -> -> )
(44.1 kHz->16 kHz)
( , /
S/N=-40 decibels)
86
(Cropping) .

.
:
FM (FM , )
( )
PCM ( )
o
.
o
(SDK,

.

o
.
o

o
. :

-
MPEG-2. (DVD video format).

-
MPEG-1. (VCD video format).

frames
o
.
o

.
o
(SDK,

.
87
4.6.5

,

. ,
,
.
, .

, .
Eikonamark
Audiomark
Videomark
Alphacrawler
Meshmark
Volmark
Signature
Cryptoglyph
SteganoSign
Giovanni
Compris
Textmark
Texthide
compris.com
DataMark
StegMark
www.datamarktech.com
Alpa Tec Ltd
AlpVision
eWatermark
BlueSpike
Inc
Digimarc
MarkAny
Media Sec
CACI MTL
Systems
Nextamp
Sealtronic
Signum
IDMark
ImageBridge
MyPictureMark
MediaBridge
2.0
EsigniaTMVideo 1.5
MAO 2.0
MediaSign
Print
MediaSign
Digital
SysCop
ADW
Watermarking
Applications
MT Image
MT Video
MT Audio
SureSign
URL
3D
9
9
9
www.alphatecltd.com
9
9
9
9
9
www.alpvision.com
www.ewatermark.com
www.bluespike.com
9
9
9
9
9
www.digimarc.com
www.markany.com
9
9
9
9
9
9
9
www.mediasec.com
www.caci.com/mtl
www.nextamp.com
www.sealtronic.com
www.signumtech.com
9
9
9
9
9
88
Technologies
Verance
VeriData
Audio
Watermark
Embedder /
Detector
www.musicode.com
4-1:
,
.
,
.
, ,
.
,
, ..
.

.
4.6.5.1

,

.
,
.
,
,
.
, ,
. ,

:13
4.6.5.1.1 Alpha Tec. Ltd
H Alpha Tec.
& /
. 1989 ,
13
&

. Alphatec,
Digimarc & Signum .
,
.
89
.
Alpa Tec. EikonaMark.
4.6.5.1.1.1 &
EikonaMark:

&
. ,
copyright
.
EikonaMark
, .
,
.

,
.
,
. &
Eikonamark :
.

.

-
.
zero-bit & multi-bit .

.
.
Eikonamark
,
JPEG , , ..
EikonaMar

(SDK)
.

, TIFF, JPEG, GIF, BMP, TARGA .
EikonaMark

90
, (agent).

.
Alphacrawler: O Alphacrawler
, ,
.
Alphacrawler ,
URL. , ,
.
.
.

.
4.6.5.1.1.2
To EikonaMark Alphatec .

.
80 $ USD.
Enterprise Edition: Alphatec
(ID,
Identification Number).

. Enterprise

.
: 1999 $ USD
Private Edition:
.

.
.
: 199 $ USD
SDK:
. (ID, Identification
Number)
, .
: 1999 $ USD
91
Alpha Crawler: EikonaMark

Alpha Crawler
.
: 499 $ USD
4.6.5.1.2 Digimarc
4.6.5.1.2.1 &
Digimarc
, .
Digimarc
,
.
Digimarc

. Digimarc
:
ImageBridge:
Digimarc.

.

. & Imageridge
:
: Imageridge
.
plug-in
,
Adobe, Corel ..
: Imageridge
(SDK Software Development Kit),

.
:
Imageridge,
. ,

.
:

.
:
92
Multi-bit : multibit

. 1 16777215
ImageID TransactionID. Copyright Year
.
: Digimarc
,
, , ,
.

, .
ImageBridge Reader ,
ImageBridge

. plug-in
, Adobe Photoshop, JASC
Paintshop Pro, ULead Photo Impact Internet & Windows Explorer
Microsoft. Internet Explorer plug-in Digimarc

.
plug-in Windows Browser,
.
ImageBridge

. Digimarc,

.
link,
,
.
,
.
, ImageBridge
.

. , MarcSpider
copyright,
URL.
,
Digimarc.
.
,
.
4.6.5.1.2.2
93

,
.
ImageBridge Digimarc .
ImageBridge Desktop: Desktop
,
.
: 3.495 $
ImageBridge Server: ImageBridge

.
XML script
.
: ImageBridge Server
ImageBridge Desktop
ImageBridge Custom Solutions:
Digimarc ImageBridge

. ,
,
(SDK)
.
: 18.000 $
4.6.5.1.3 MarkAny
4.6.5.1.3.1 &
MarkAny
.
DRM

. ,
,
.
MarkAny MAIM 2.0:
MAIM 2.0:
MAIM 2.0
,
. , MAIM 2.0

.
:

94

bit

, (SDK).
BMP, JPEG, PNG, GIF & TIFF
4.6.5.1.3.2

MarkAny.

. MAIM 2.0
.
4.6.5.1.4 MediaSec
4.6.5.1.4.1 &
H MediaSec Technologies ,

.
MediaSec ,
, ,

, .
, MediaSec

.
.

. ,
MediaSign Digital.
MediaSign Digital:
,
.

, .
MediaSec Digital :
:

timestamp
95
,
,

.
:

, MediaSec

4.6.5.1.4.2
MediaSec

.

.
4.6.5.1.5 Sealtronic
4.6.5.1.5.1 &
H Sealtronic MarkAny
.

.

,
.

,
MagicTag

. MagicTag
,
, copyright,
,
.
MagicTag
MT Image.
MT Image: MT Image pixels
. MT Image
:
96
, ,
, , .
,
(SDK)

. ( - ).
multi-bit

4.6.5.1.5.2

.
.
4.6.5.1.6 Signum Technologies
4.6.5.1.6.1 &
Signum Technologies
.
Signum
copyright. Signum
, ,
. ,
,
,
.
Signum , ,
, .. Signum
SureSign :
SureSign Enterprise:

.
,
.

.
SureSign Image SDK:
Suresign

,
.
Suresign Plug-ins:
97
plug-ins Suresign
Adobe Corel, Windows
Explorer Microsoft, tab
.
Signum :
5

,
,
JPEG, TIFF, BMP, PCX, PNG, Targa PICT - RGB, CMYK
greyscale

AANNNNN,
.
,

4.6.5.1.6.2
Signum
, .
:
SureSign Enterprise:
.
.
.
: 3.620,00 / .

1.560,00 / .
SureSign SDK:
Signum.
,

.
SDK.
: SDK

SureSign Plug-ins: plug-ins

98
.
.
: 1.030,00 / .
200,00 .
200,00 .
4.6.5.2

,
(peer to peer) .

.
,

.
,

.
,

.

.
,
.
,
..
:
.
,
.

.
,
.
4.6.5.2.1 Alpha Tec. Ltd

Alpa Tec Ltd
AudioMark.
99
4.6.5.2.1.1 &
AudioMark: Alpha Tec.

. AudioMark

.
, AudioMark
,
.
.

.
,

.
& AudioMark
:

.

Wav & Raw.

, MPEG
( ),
(, - .)

.

(SDK)

.
4.6.5.2.1.2
AudioMark Alpha Tec.
. :
Enterprise:
,
.
Enterprise
.

100
: 1999 $ USD
Private: H Private AudioMark , ,
.

.

.
.
: 499 $
SDK:
Alpha Tec AudioMark.

.
.
: 2999 $ USD .
4.6.5.2.2 Blue Spike
Blue Spike ,
, .
Blue Spike ,

.

Blue Spike
. ,
.
Giovanni .
multi-bit
8 256 bit.

.

15 60

(MPEG),
,

4.6.5.2.3 MarkAny
101
MAIM 2.0 MarkAny

MAO 2.0.
.
2.
.
2.0 :
o

,

(SDK).
WAV, WMA, ACC, Q-Design, ETRAC.
MAO 2.0 International
Standardization Organization SDMI [81], STEP2000[82],
STEP2001[82].

Sealtronic.
MagicTag MT Audio.
MT Audio
,
.
,

.
MT Audio.

,
SDMI & STEP
MagicTag

4.6.5.2.5 Verance
Verance
,
, ,
.
102

.
Verance :
& :

. Verance
.

.
& :

.
.

.

:
Verance Audio Watermark Embedder: Verance
SDMI (Secure Digital Music Initiative)
.

. ,
.
Audio Watermark Embedder
, .

:
:
.
:
,
, ,
..
: ,
,

Audio Watermark Embedder :
,
(SDK),

.

, Microsoft WAV, Raw PCM,
DVD-Audio & DDP.
103
Verance Audio Watermark Detector:

. SDMI
Embedder.
4.6.5.3

,
.
,
. ,

,

.
,

. ,
.
:
,
. ,

.
4.6.5.3.1 Alpha ec. Ltd

Alpha Tec. Ltd
,
.

VideoMark.
4.6.5.3.1.1 &
VideoMark: To VideoMark

.
(ID-numbers)
104
.

.
VideoMark .
VideoMark :

. 5 ,

(frame)
.

.
,
.
MPEG2
1:50.

.

VideoMark

.
4.6.5.3.1.2
Alpha Tec. VideoMark
.
nterprise:
. -

.
-
.
: 1999 $ USD
Private:
,
.
.
: 499 $ USD
105
SDK:
Alpha Tec. .

.

.
: 2999 $ USD
4.6.5.3.2 MarkAny
H
.
Esignia Video 1.5
MarkAny Video Watermarking Esignia Video 1.5:

, .
Esignia Video 1.5 :

,

64 bits.

,
MPEG-2, m2v, avi, asf, WMV, ..
4.6.5.3.3 MediaSec
H MediaSec
,
.
MediaSign Digital
.
MagicTag Sealtronic
.
MT Video: MT Video ,
.
:
106
4.6.6

,
,
,
. ,

, ,
.

, ,
. ,
,

.

:
1. ,

.
2.
.
,
(
.). 72 - 100 dpi (dots per inch)
.
3.
,
,
.

,

.
4.
,
. ,
,

.

107
.
,
.
,

,
.
4.6.6.1 Fratelli Alinari [31]
Fratelli Alinari ,
1852
.
3.500.000 .
, 200.000,
Alinari
.
,

.

, Alinari
.
4.6.6.1.1
Alinari
,
.
,
. ,
Alinari
:
4-1: Alinari Copyright Notice
,
Alinari
.
,
.
4.6.6.1.2
108
Alinary

.

.
,
.
, 28.22 18.73
72 pixels/inch.
304 pixels/inch 3.34
3.17 .
,

.
4.6.6.1.3
Alinari
.
.
Alinari,
,
.
( ),

. Alinari

.
:
109
4-2: Alinari

,
.
Alinari

.
4.6.6.1.4

Alinari
.

.
.

,
Alinari .
,
.
. ,

, Alinari
. ,

110
,
. ,
, Alinari
,
.
4.6.6.2 Corbis [32]
Corbis
,
, , , ..
Corbis , , ,
., ,
. Corbis
,
,
, .
70
.

, Alinari

.
4.6.6.2.1
Corbis
.
(
)
.
Corbis :
4-3: Corbis Copyright Notice
,
:
,
,
111
,
.
4.6.6.2.2
,
,
.
Corbis ,
72 pixels/inch. 72 pixels/inch
,
.
4.6.6.2.3
Corbis
Alinari.
,

.
,
. Corbis
,
.
Corbis
.
:
112
4-4: Corbis
Corbis
,
.
Corbis
,
copyright . Corbis
,
.

.
4.6.6.2.4
Corbis
.

.
113
,
,
.
,
,

, Corbis.
4.6.6.3 Hermitage [22]
Hermitage
.
Hermitage
( 3.000.000 )
, 20
.
.
,

.
, Hermitage
.

,
.

.

.
Hermitage :
4.6.6.3.1

Hermitage.

.
Hermitage :
4-5: Hermitage Copyright Notice
Hermitage
,

114
.
,
:
4-6: Hermitage

.
,
.

Hermitage,
.
4.6.6.3.2

. Hermitage

72 pixels/inch.

(800x600, 1024x768),
.
4.6.6.3.3
Hermitage

. Hermitage
.
Hermitage
,
115
, .

.

Picasso Monet,
.
4.6.6.3.4

Hermitage .

,

, ,
.
,
.
,

.
4.6.6.4

,

.

,

.
116
5 &
5
5
&
5.1
5.1.1
[33]

, ,
.

.
,

. ,
,
,
.
,
,
,
.
(Digital Rights Management,
DRM)
. DRM ,
, , ,
,

. ,
DRM
. DRM

.
DRM
.
DRM ,
.

DRM .
117
5 &
5.1.2

,
.
&
:
, ,
.
.
:
.
, ,
.

( , ,
.).
:

.
(

).

DRM ,
,

.
118
5 &
5-1:

: ,
.

:
-

.
-
,
.

/ .

:
/

. ,
.
- /

119
5 &
.
.

.
:
/

. ,
,

.
-
,
(,
10
).
,
,
.

DRM .
,

. ,
,
..
,
,
. ,
()
.
.

.
. ,
DRM
.
5.1.3
120
5 &
DRM .
DRM :

/
5.1.3.1

DRM .

: ,
[34].
,
.
.
,
.

. ,

, .
5-2:
,
.
,
. ,

.
,
121
5 &
.
( / )
. , [35]
, ,
.
.
.
5-3:
(
) (
) . ,
(
) (
) .
.
. To ,
Umberto Eco,

, , . :
Umberto Eco

Andrew Birkin
:
To Harcourt
race 1983
Harvest Books
1994
Audio Renaissance
1995
:
122
5 &

on-line

.
,
.

.
5.1.3.2

.
.

.
Uniform Resource Identifiers [36] Digital Object Identifiers [37]
ISO International Standard Textual Work Code [38] ,
.

, .

.

.
, vCard [39]
( )
.

.
5.1.3.3 /
(
) , ,

. ,
,

, , /
.

.

.
123
5 &
(ODRL, XrML, REL).

/
:
/ (.., )

/
- / /

-
.
5-4:
,
( ) 10
( ) ( ) 10
( ). , John, Mary Sue
( ) . ,
,
.

/.
124
5 &
5.1.4

. ,

, ,
,
.
.
,
. ,
,

.
.

MPEG-2, .

. ISBN (International Standard Book Number)
.

ISBN.
,
,
,
,
.
5.1.5

. OpenEBook Forum [40] MPEG Group [41]

. Internet Engineering Task Force [42]
DRM ,
World Wide Web Consortium [43]
.
DRM ,

,
.

DRM
. DRM
, ,
, ,
125
5 &
, ,
.
5.2
&
-MPEG21

.
, ,
,
, , ,

, .

.
,
.

,
.
ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
. (MPEG-21 Multimedia Framework
Initiative). [44, 45]
MPEG-21
,

.
, , , ,

MPEG-21 . ,

.
MPEG-21 :
( )
.
T? (,
, .)
? . o
MPEG-21

,
, .
MPEG-21

. ,
.

126
5 &

.
5.2.1

. ,

,
.

/, .

,
.

.
2 3 MPEG-21,

.

, .
5.2.1.1 Digital Item Declaration (MPEG 21 Part 2) -
DID (Digital Item Declaration)

,
.
,
(,
, , .).
,

.
,
MPEG-21 ( & .).
. ,

,
,
.
DID :
127
5 &
:

.
:
DID, XML
.
: XML
DID.

DID.
.
(Container): Container
containers.
containers (packages)
( ) (shelves).
container , containers
/ containers.
(Item): - /
.
.
(choices),
.
- (
-).

:
.
(Component):
.
.
(,
bit rate, character set .)
.
, .
(Anchor):
.
(Descriptor):
. (
thumbnail ).
128
5 &
(Condition):
.
( AND ).
( Or ).
(Choice):
.
(
), ( ,
).
(Selection):
.
, ,
,
.
(Annotation):

.
(Assertion):
,

.
(Resource):
, , ,
. .
.
(Fragment):
(
).
(Statement):
, .
, .
(Predicate): ,
, .

,
DID (Digital Item Declaration).
129
5 &
5-5: DID (Digital

Identification Model)

MPEG-21,
.
,
,

.
130
5 &
5.2.1.2 Digital Item Identification (MPEG21-Part 3) -
Digital Item Identification

:

( ).

( ).

DII

(, ISO/IEC 21000-3 ISRC (
ISO 3901) , ISRCs
MPEG-21).

,
(Digital Item
Declaration). (STATEMENT).

, / .
DII
, DID .
5-6: DID DII
131
5 &
DID
, (DESCRIPTORs).
,

.

MPEG21, URIs (Uniform Resource
Identifiers) & . URI

,
.
, URIs, MPEG-21
,
URLs (Uniform Resource Locators) .
URL URIs
.
5.2.1.2.1
ISO / IEC-21000-3 URI
.

.
DII .
5-7: MPEG-21

(
on-line ).
132
5 &
5.2.1.2.2
MPEG-21
,
DII
. MPEG-21 DII
XML .
MPEG-21

International DOI Foundation.
5.2.1.3 Digital Object Identifier (DOI), International DOI Foundation (IDF) [37]
5.2.1.3.1

DOI,

.

. (
, , , , ),

, ,
.
,
.
, ,
,
.

, ,
.

. , 1998,
DOI (International DOI Foundation IDF)
,
,
. IDF
: Digital Object
Identifier (DOI).

DOI

.
.
133
5 &

.
.

.
5.2.1.3.2 DOI
DOI ,
(resolvable) ,
, .
:
: DOI
. DOI
:
.
,
.
, :

.
() ( URL).
,
, DOI .
:
(resolution),

.
DOI

.
DOI
( ) .
DOI
Handle (Handle System)
<indecs> [34]
.
IDF. IDF
,

.
134
5 &
5.2.1.3.3 DOI
DOI :
1. .
:
, DOI .

.
,

. URLs

.
2. , .
DOI
.

DOI ,

.
3. :
DOI (registration),
,
.

DOI

DOI .

().

(actionable) .
,
.
4. DOI
, .
(
ISBN, ISSN, ISRC
)
.
.
.
. DOI,
,
(
).

135
5 &
5. ()
,
.

.
6. DOI .
5.2.1.3.4 DOI
DOIs IDF (International DOI
Foundation) .
DOIs.

. (
). ,
DOI, ,
,

IDF.
DOIs,
IDF
.
,
DOIs
. DOI
DOI,
IDF (International D
Foundation).
DOI
DOIs.
DOIs
, DOI .
DOIs
( cent DOI)
IDF.
,
DOIs,
,

.
IDF,

.
136
5 &
5.2.2
Rights Expression Language MPEG21 Part 4 [46]
(Rights Expression Language, REL)

,
, ,

, Rights Data Dictionary (MPEG21 Part 5)
.

, , ,
, , ,
, ,
,
,

. ,
,
.

.

, .
,
,

.

MPEG-21 :

,
.

,
, .

MPEG . ,
MPEG
, ,

(DRMs).

,
137
5 &
.
,

,
, /
.
,
. ,

, .

, .

,
.
5.2.2.1 REL

,
.
, ,
,
7 6:00 ,
,

www.anyplace.com .

.

, ,
XML (eXtensible Mark-up Language),
W3C .
, ,
(
)
.
5.2.2.2 (MPEG-21
REL Data Model)
MPEG
.

.
MPEG REL assertion grant.
MPEG REL :
138
5 &
5-8: MPEG
(Principle)

, .
.
. ,
, .

. ,

.
.
,
.
,
,
/ .

.
139
5 &
(Right)
,
. . ,

.
MPEG REL
,
, ,
. MPEG REL
.
, MPEG REL
(, , .).
(Resource)
(, ,
.) .
( , ,
), ( .)
(
).
H MPEG REL ,
,
.
.
MPEG REL
.
(Condition)
,
.
,
.
, .
,
.
MPEG REL
, .
MPEG REL
. , MPEG REL
(,
).

REL
, (Rights Data Dictionary)
MPEG-21. To RDD
140
5 &
,
. RDD ,
REL

.
5.2.2.3 MPEG REL
MPEG-21 REL
48 .
,

. ,
(
),
(
).

.
, MPEG group
.
, .
XrML,
Xerox Parc 90.

XrML (..

),

, MPEG,

.
5.2.3
(Rights Data Dictionary, RDD)MPEG21-Part 6
RDD
REL.
RDD , ,
REL. RDD
,
. RDD

. , RDD
,
, ,
141
5 &

.
RDD ,
RDD ( ),

. RDD
. ,
, ,
RDD.
RDD RDD .
, , . ,
RDD
. ,

.
, .

.
,

. ,

. ,
, , .
.
5.2.4

DRMs.
/

.
XML (eXtensible Markup
Language).
,
. , ,
,

, , /
, .

REL, XrML [www.xrml.org] & ODRL [www.odrl.net]
ContentGuard [www.contentguard.com]
142
5 &
REL XrML
.
5.2.4.1 ODRL (Open Digital Rights Language) [47, 48]
ODRL
,

. , ODRL

DRM .
DRM

.
DRM
.
,

.
DRM
, .
DRM
, [49].
,
[50]
DRM
.
ODRL
,

. , ODRL

.
ODRL

.
,
.
(format, TIFF)
.
ODRL :

.

.
(,
, , .).
143
5 &
, ODRL
.

. ,
,
.
DRM ,
.
.
,

.
ODRL.
ODRL

.
ODRL

.
:
o project <indecs> [34]
o Electronic Book Exchange Working Group [51]
o International Federation of Library Associations [35]
o DOI Foundation [37]
o ONIX International [52]
o Moving Pictures Experts Group [41]
o IMS Global Learning Consortium [53]
o Dublin Core Metadata Initiative [3]
o Propagate Project [54]
o OpenEBook Forum [40]
o Publisher Requirements for Industry Standard Metadata [55]
o Association of American Publishers [56]
o Digital Imaging Group [57]
ODRL
,
.
144
5 &
5.2.4.2 XrML (eXtensible Rights Markup Language) [58, 59]

eXtensible Rights Markup Language (XrML) XML

, .
XrML ,

,
.
,
XrML
.
(XrML SDK)
XrML .

XrML ,
(High Level Programming Languages). ,
XrML
,
.
XrML,
XrML
, ,
,
.
5.2.4.2.1 XrML
XrML
:
:
.
:

.
:

.
:

.
XrML XML
.
XML . , XrML XML
,
145
5 &
,
.
XrML.
.
,
. :
,
XrML 2.0,

. XrML
r.
,
XrML ,
XrML.
sx:
,

, .
XrML cx:

XML XML
. XML

.
, XrML
:
XrML
.

.
UDDI
(Universal Description, Discovery, & Integration).

SOAP (Simply Object Access Protocol).
5.2.4.2.2 XrML /
XrML
/
.
.
/ :
146
5 &

,
.

.
.
,
.
, . ,

.
.
/ .
5-9: XrML
5.2.4.2.3

.
,
.
:

147
5 &
5-10:
XrML 2.0 , ,
.
,
, .
5.2.4.2.4 XrML

XML
XrML MPEG-21 REL (Rights
Expression Language).
148
5 &
(Simple License)
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>


<license
xmlns="http://www.xrml.org/schema/2001/11/xrml2core"
xmlns:sx="http://www.xrml.org/schema/2001/11/xrml2sx"
xmlns:dsig="http://www.w3.org/2000/09/xmldsig#"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xmlns:cx="http://www.xrml.org/schema/2001/11/xrml2cx"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.xrml.org/schema/2001/11/xrml2cx ..\schemas\xrml2cx.xsd">

<grant>
<keyHolder>
<info>
<dsig:KeyValue>
<dsig:RSAKeyValue>
<dsig:Modulus>Fa7wo..</dsig:Modulus>
<dsig:Exponent>AQABAA==</dsig:Exponent>
</dsig:RSAKeyValue>
</dsig:KeyValue>
</info>
</keyHolder>
<cx:print/>
<cx:digitalWork>
<cx:locator>
<nonSecureIndirect
URI="http://www.contentguard.com/sampleBook.spd" />
</cx:locator>
</cx:digitalWork>
<validityInterval>
<notAfter>2001-12-24T23:59:59</notAfter>
</validityInterval>
</grant>
</license>
5-1: 1 XrML
.
.

.

. ,
. ,
149
5 &
not after
.

!--This license allows anyone to print the book "XrML Unleashed" for $2.00 (each print)-->
<license licenseId="http://www.xrml.org/examples/2001/11/payPerView-Use/1">

<grant>
<forAll varName="anyone"/>

<principal varRef="anyone"/>

<cx:print/>

<cx:digitalWork>
<cx:metadata>
<xml>
<cx:simpleDigitalWorkMetadata>
<cx:title>XrML Unleashed</cx:title>
</cx:simpleDigitalWorkMetadata>
</xml>
</cx:metadata>
<cx:locator>
<nonSecureIndirect
URI="http://www.contentguard.com/xrmlUnleashed.spd" />
</cx:locator>
</cx:digitalWork>

<sx:fee>
<sx:paymentPerUse>
<sx:rate currency="USD">2.00</sx:rate>
</sx:paymentPerUse>
<sx:to>

<sx:aba>
<sx:institution>139371581</sx:institution>
<sx:account>111111</sx:account>
</sx:aba>
</sx:to>
</sx:fee>
</grant>
</license>
5-2: 2 XrML

$2.

150
5 &
5.2.4.2.5 / XrML
SDK [60]
To API (Application Protocol Interface) XrML
,
/ .
(http://mpegrelsdkdemo.contentguard.com/OverviewPage.aspx)
ContentGuard Inc
XrML ,
.
XrML Xerox Palo Alto Center (PARC)
.
XrML ContentGuard, Inc.
,
Microsoft.
XrML
, MPEG-21, OASIS Rights Language Technical Committee
Open eBook Forum (OeBF). XrML
.
5.3
(DRMs)
,

.
,
. ,

.

,
,
.
5.3.1 Adobe Content Server 3.0 [61]
Adobe Content Server
, .
PDF (Portable Document Format)
(DRM). O Adobe Content Server

.
Server ,
Application Service Provider (ASP).

151
5 &

,
.
Adobe Content Server

RSA.
5.3.2
Windows Media DRM [62]
Microsoft

, ,
.
,
.
Microsoft
:

,

.
5.3.3
SynCast [63]
SynCast
.
SynCast
CD-ROMs, DVD-ROMs, (peer-to-peer
) .
SynCast . SyncCast DRM Dashboard

. SyncCast DRM
Packager
.
SynCast

.
152
5 &
5.3.4
EasyDRM [64]
.
,
:
:
.

.
DRM :
,
.

.

plug-in,
.
:
.

.
:
Server EasyDRM.

.
.
153
6
6

, .
,
, .. ,

.
.
:

, .

.

, .

.
,
.

.

.

.
6.1
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative [3]
Dublin Core Metadata Initiative

154
. Dublin
Core 15 , 4
.
:
:
. ,
, , ,
.
: ,
, , .
:

.
( ,
, ).
: ,

.
Dublin Core,

.

.
6.2
Digital Imaging Group [57]
Digital Imaging Group (DIG)

,
,
. DIG35
,

.
DIG35

.
,
. DIG35

7 :
6.2.1

.
, ,

155
,
.
DIG35 :
(Original Work Author):

(, ,
, .),
. ,
.
,
.
(Image Creator):
,
( ).
.
, , .
(Rights Holder):
.
,
,
..
,
. ,
.
.
(Represented Individuals):
.
,

.
,
.
6.2.2

.

. ,

(, ).
:
(Title): . ,
.
.
,
.

156
(Legend): .

.

. .
,
135 mm.
(Caption): .

(, Duder
). .
(Copyright):
. ,
.
copyright ..

.
6.2.3

.
. ,
, ,
, . ,
.
,
15 , , .
:
(Original Work Creation):
.

.
(Picture Taken):
.
.
(Scanned):
.
(Processed):
.
.
(Modified):
.
(Last Modified):
.
157
6.2.4

,

. ,
.
:
(Protection):
,
.
.
(Use Restriction): ,

,
,

.
(Obligation):
.
,
.
6.2.5
(Intellectual Property
Management & Protection) ECMS (Electronic Copyright Management System)

.
:
IPR (IPR Management System):
IPR
IRP (IPR Management system ID):
IPR
IPR (IPR Management System Location):
,
URL
6.2.6

(, )
.
,
.
. :
158
(Identifier):

.
DOIs (www.doi.org) Handles (www.handle.net).
(License Plate): To
ISO 10918-3.

.
6.2.7

.

.
,
, , ,
fax.
, , .
6.2.8

.
6.3
,
,
.
,
,
.
:
: (Names):
.
,
, ,
. :
159

(Original Work Author)
(Digitizer)

(, , , , )

(Rights Holder)
6-1:
: (Description):
.

(Copyright)

.

(,
)
6-2:
: (Dates):
(,
, .).

(Original Work Creation,
Date)

(Digitization Date)

(Last
Modified Date)
6-3:
: (Exploitation):
,
,
.

(Protection)

,
,
160

(Use Restriction)
(Obligation)

(,
,
,

.)

(,
)
6-4: ,
(Contact Point):

.

:

(Communication)
(,
, ,
fax .)
(, , .)
6-5:

( )
.
,
(mapping) .
6.4

. ,
.
,
, ,
.
,
.

,

161
. ,
.

,
.
,
,
,
.
162
7
7

14
7.1

,

. ,

, , ,
..

,
.
,
.

. ,
,
.
,
. [65]
7.2
&
,

.
. ,

.
7.2.1
TRADEX (Trial Action for Digital Object Exchange) [66]
TRADEX
. ,

, :

14
,
[65]
163
,
. , :
:
, ,
.
:
. ,
,
.
:
,

( )
.
, .
:
:
7-1: TRADEX
TRADEX
, :
, ,
,
. ,
, .
: ,
164
, ,
.
TRADEX ,
, ,
,
TRADEX.
Digital Imaging Group DIG35
project
,
,
. 64-bit
License Plate (LP), . 64 bits, 16
, 16
32 .
LP, passwords,
. ,

.
,
.
.
TRADEX, ,
, . ,
, ,
.

. ,
, .
7.2.2
TNT
To TNT TRADEX project,

,
. project
:

,
,
.
,
.

,
.

.
165
TRADEX,
, ,
, .
7.2.3
IPR HELPDESK [67]
IPR Helpdesk,
projects
.
IPR Helpdesk
projects .
,
.
,
(FP5 FP6).
, projects
(RTD projects), FP5
FP6. , ,
,
FP5 FP6.
projects,
. ,

(patents, designs, trademarks, copyright ..).
, , FAQ .
(, ,
, , )
,
projects.
IPR Bulletin,
RTD,
.
7.2.4
IMPRIMATUR
project Imprimatur, ,
, .
upload
, (
) ,
.
,
. ,
, ,
.
project, .
:
: ()
166
:
( ).
:
:
:
:

:
, copyright
.
:
: ( ,
, ..)
7-2: Imprimatur
7.2.5
VERDI [68]
Project VERDI, 10 projects

, INFO 2000,
.
,

. ,
copyright.
167
VERDI ,
,
.
, .
VERDI ,

.
, .

.
7-3: VERDI
,
. ,
( )
. ,
, .
,
.
168
7-4: VERDI
7.3
7.3.1
&
& [65]

,
,
,
. ,
.

. ,
,
,
. ,
.
169
7.3.2

,

. :
. ,

.

. ,
.

,
,
, .
7.3.3

.
,
.
,
, ,
.
,
,
.

.
,
IMPRIMATUR :

.

.

.

.

:

.
, , ,

170

. .
7.3.3.1

.
7.3.3.1.1

.

.
.
:
/
()

(
)

,
copyright .

( ,
, ..)

7.3.3.1.2
,
, , ..
.

.
7.3.3.2

.
.
7.3.3.2.1
()
,
.

171
,
, , (, , ,
).
, , , , , ,
..

, .
,
.
,
.
7.3.3.2.2

.
.
.
.
,

.
copyright (..
) .
copyright .

:

.
.
,
/ .

()
()
( )
()
172
.
, .
.

.

.

copyright .

.

.

.

( ).
.

.

.
.
.
.

.

.

.
:

.

.
.
.
,
,
:
.
.
.
.

.

.
173
7.3.3.2.3

.
.

.
, .
, ,

copyright.
.
copyright
.
(collective societies)
.

.
,
, .

.

.
,
(
).
, ..

copyright .

, ,
.

.
,
,

.

.

.
174
7.3.3.2.4

( ).

.
(.. CDs, ..).
ISBN UPC
. ,

, ,
.
.

,
.

.
,
, .

, copyright. (..
, / , / )
.

.

.

. ,
.
,

.

. , ,

.
,
, .

.
175
CAE
Composers
Authors
Publishers
,
,
ISBN
International
Standard Book
Number
ISMN
International
Standard Music
Number
ISO 3166
International
Standard
Territory Code
ISRC
International
Standard
Recording
Code
ISSN
International
Standard Serial
Number
ISWC
EAN/UPC
International
Standard Work
Code
European
Article Number
/ Universal
Product Code
()

..
.. (
)
,
,

,
.

.

.

.

.

,

.
7.3.3.2.5

.
:
176

.

, .

.
,

, ,
.

.

.

.

.
,
, .

. ,
,
,
.

,
.
.

.
,
. , ,

.

.
177

.

.

.

.

()
.

.

.
, ,

.

,
.
7.3.3.2.6

,

.
.
,
.

( ),

(, ,
, ..).

.
.
178

.
,
.
.
.

.

,

.

.
,
.

.

.

,
.

.
.

.
7.3.3.2.7

.

.
.
. :
(, , , ..).
, .
.
:
, ,
.
179
.
.

.
,

.
.

.
.
.

.

.

.

.

-.
.

.

.

.

.

.
7.3.3.2.8

. ,
.
/
. ,

.

( , )
.
180
:
(Public Key Registration Authority PKRA).

.
(Professional Registration Authority PRA).

( ).
(Naming Authority).
.
, .
(Public Key Certification Authority
PKCA).

( ).
, , PKCA.
(Professional Certification Authority PCA).

,
PCA.
(Card Issuing System - CIS).
/
.
/ (Local / Central Key Generator LKG/CKG).
( PKRA)
( PKCA CIS) .
(Certificate Directory - DIR).
,
,
.
.
.

, ,
.
,

..
181

.

.

.

.

/
.
.

.

.

.

.

LDAP (Lightweight Directory
Access Protocol).

,
.

.

.

.

,

7.3.3.2.9

.
. ,
(Trusted Third Party - TTP)
.

.

.
.
,

.
182

.

.

.

.

.

.
7.3.3.2.10
.

.

. .

.

.

.

.

.

.
7.3.3.3
,

, :
183
1. :

, ,
.
.
2. :
.
,
,
.

.
,
.
3. :
(
(collecting society) SIAE
, SACD , GEMA , MPCS-PRS ALCS
, ..). , ,
.
off-line, ,
. ,
,
.
4. :

.

, (
) .
5. :

.
.
6. :

.
7. :
.

.

,

.
8. :

,
.
184
9. :

.

.
.

.
7.3.3.4
-
.
,
.
185
7-5: -
186
7.3.4
,

,

.
.
7.3.4.1

.

.

.

,
, ,
..

.
7.3.4.2

.
,
. ,
, copyright
.
187

.

.

.

.

copyright .

:
,

,

(
).

.

.

, ,
.
.

( )
.

.

.

.

,
.

.

.

.
,
/

.

.

.

copyright .
.

.

,
.

.

.

.
188
.

.

.

..

.

:

.

.

,
, ..
,

,

.

.

.

(
)

.

.

/
,
,
,
, ..

(
..).

,
.
7.3.4.3

. ,

. ,
.
189
,

copyright

.
.

,

.
,

.

.

,

,

.

.

.
.

.
7.3.4.4

()
,
.

.

:

.

.

.
190

,
.

.
7.3.4.5

.
.

.

:

.
.

.

. ,

.

.
.

,
.

,
.

, /
.
191
7.3.4.6

. .

, .

. ,

.

.
,

.

.

,
:

-

,
.
,

..

-
.

.

.

-
,

.

.

.

.

.
.

,

,

,

,
192
,

.

.

.

.
..

.
7.3.4.7

.
. ,

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.

.
( )

.

,

.

.

193
(
)

.
7.3.4.8

,
,
.
(
)
.
, ,
,
.
,
,
(

).

.

/
:
.
- /

.
.
-

.
.
- /

.
.
-
LDAP (Lightweight Directory
Access Protocol).
.

,
.

.

.
194
.

.

.
.

.

.

.
7.3.4.9

,

.

.
. ,

.

:

-
.
, ,

.

- ,

( )

195
.

.

.

.

.
7.3.4.10

.
7.3.4.11
,

.
,
.

. ,

, , ,
.
,

.
7.3.5

,
.
, , ,
, .

. ,
,
. ,

.

.
196
(
)
(
)

(
)
7-6: &

7.3.5.1
,
.
7.3.5.2

. ,

,
.
( ), ,

.
,

.
,
, ,
,
, ..
,
:

197
.
.
.
.
.
.
7.3.5.3
.
,
, ,
.
7.3.5.4

,
. ,
,
,

.
198
8
8
&
8.1
8.1.1
, 18
.
1777, SACD (Socit des Auteurs et Compositeurs
Dramatiques) . 1837,
, SGDL (Socit des Gens De
Lettres). , 1850,
-
. , SACEM
(Socit des Auteurs, Compositeurs et Editeurs de Musique). 19
20 ,
. ,
,
, copyright .
8.1.2
...
copyright, ,
. ,
, .
,
-, , ,
,
( , , ...).
,
. ,
,
. ,

Internet,

. ,
, (CD-RW
CD, DVD-RW , scanners, , )
.
,

. (...
), :

199
.
.

- .
- .
.
.
, ,
.

.
,
.
... :
(
, ).
(
).
(
CD, , , , mini-discs,
).
( ).
15 (
, , ...)
.
.
.
.
, , ,

. ...,
( ,
, , ...)
copyright
,
.
(
), ... ,
.
15
reprographic reproduction,
. Reprography is a range of processes,
used to copy or produce reproductions of items by optical or photographic means, including photography, photocopying,
and microfilming.
: , , ,
.
200
,
. ...,
30% ,

.
(, , , ,
), ,
... .
,
,
. ,
, ,
. , ...

.
(, , , ,
, ...),
... ,
....
8.2
... , CISAC
, IFRRO
.
8.2.1
CISAC (Confdration
Compositeurs) [69]
Internationale
des
Socits
d'Auteurs
et
H CISAC,
.
2004, CISAC 210 109
. , ,
: , , ,
, . CISAC,

.
Internet
, CISAC
. ,
,
,
.
CISAC,
,
.
201
2000, 6 . 90%
, .
IFRRO ,

.
, CISAC
online : CIS
Common Information System. CIS,
,
,
.

, CIS ,

. , CIS
CISAC

Internet. CIS ,
copyright:
,
ISO -
.
,
,
.
,
,
CISAC.
8.2.2
IFRRO International Federation of Reproduction Rights Organizations

[70]
(IFRRO),

copyright ,
. ,

copyright,
(Reproduction Rights Organizations
RROs). IFRRO
, RROs.
, ,

. IFRRO,
:
, .
202
8.2.3
,
.
,
.
.
RROs
.
,
copyright.

, .
Reproduction Rights Organizations RROs
RROs
, . ,
300
copyright. ,
,
. ,
,
, .
.
,

. ,
copyright,

, ,
,
copyright.
RROs,
.
, 1999, RROs
300 .
, RROs (
, ),

.
203
8.3
8.3.1
...
RROs
,

, .
RROs,

. , ,
-.

RRO ,
.
8.3.1.1 -
- ,
.
, .
( )
, .

(
), .
(/),
- .
RRO (Strichting Reprorecht - SR), -
,
.
,
.
. RRO,
. ,
copyright ,
. SR,
.
,
. ,
.
copyright , SR

( ). ,
.
,
, . 1990 RRO
204
(Copyright Agency Limited - CAL) [71],

,
. ,
Copyright. ,
.
, copyright
1993.
Pro Litteris, RRO.
, , , ,
, .
, Pro Litteris
,
.
8.3.1.1.1 :
, .
, ,
.
, .

( , , scanners, ),
( , CD-RW, DVD-RW, ).
,
.
,
1985. , fax,
,
. ,
, , ,
. ,
,
. , ,

,
.
,
, .
,
(.. ),
. ,
,
.
8.3.1.2 .
, ,
.
205
, ,
,
. ,

.
.
8.3.1.2.1
70,
. ,

, ,
,
, .

. :
...
.
...
, -
.
,
.
- ,
.
, -
.
8.3.1.2.2
1995,
,
,
.
, ,
.... ,
, . ,
,
. Centre Franais du Droit
de Copie (CFC) Socit des Editeurs de Musique (SEM).
8.3.1.3
,
. RROs
, .
,
206

.

.
:
RRO .
,
.

,
.
copyright,

, RRO, Copyright Clearance Center
(CCC) [72], - .

. . ,

, .
RRO,
.

,
. ,
, .

, .
,
,
.
,
.
8.3.2
,
,
. ,
. ,

. ,
, ,
. ,
207
,
.
, . ...,
,
.
, (.. )
.
.
8.3.2.1
,
copyright. ,
,
.
, ,
.
...,
.
... (Copyright Clearance Center - CCC),
. ,
,
. ,
.
, 75%
24 ,
CCC.
ABDR .
,
,
.
. ABDR

.
8.3.2.2
,
,
. ,
2% 5% .
, ,
,
. ,
,
.
208
, 5%
,
COPY-DAN [73], 12 .
.
,
, ,
,
. ,
.
, CLA [74], 2%
6
4 . ,
, .
CLA,
( ),
.
.
8.3.2.3 .
,
,
. ,
. ,
... .
, ,
.
,
,
..., .
,
. ,
,
.
,
... VG Wort,
.
(,
, ),
(, , ...).

.
,
.
VG Wort, Pro Litteris
, .
209
25
. Pro Litteris,
,
, . ,

.
8.3.2.4
,
.
,
,
, .
(
, 5%),
, 4 .
, ,
4 5 .
, . ...

. , ,

.
,
,
. ,

.
.

...
... .
... ,
,
.
(, ,
, )
5 ,
Kopinor [75]. 15
( , , ,
...) 15 ( ,
, , , ...). ,
. ,
.
, ,
210

, .
, ,
.
, ,
, .
Kopiosto [76]
, , ,

.
, 8
, 4 4 .
,
,
,
.
(
).
8.3.2.5
,
( ) (
, ,
).
:

. .
.... COPY-DAN
.
,
....
, 50/50 .
,
,
.
.
8.3.2.6
,
....
, , .
,
. , CANCOPY [77]
211
, ,
.
, CAL
, ,
.
, ... ,
,
.
8.3.2.7
,
... .
,
. , , CEDRO [83]
() CCC (). ,
CEDRO
.
.
, ... ,
.
,
.
,

.
,
.

..., IFRRO.
, IFRRO ( ),
,
.
, .
8.3.3
8.3.3.1 Copyright Clearance Center CCC

To CCC , , RRO

. ,
. CCC
,
pay-per-use ( ).
,
Internet. , CCC
212
, ,
. , ,
, , Internet ,
,
, .
,
, . ,
CCC :
Permissions Gateway: To P.G. (Web Service),
APIs (Application Programming Interfaces),
CCC, .
, ,
. P.G. ,
, course management ,
.
, CCC .
P.G.
CCC, .
, .
1. (ISBN /
ISSN )
4.
1.
4. ,

1.
4.
Copyright Clearance Center

2.
3.

2.
3. ,
2.
3.
Rightslink: Rightslink, ,
,
.
, .
, New York Times IEEE,

Rightslink, ,
. , ,
,
. , , Internet
, ...
, .
213
,
,
.
.
8.3.3.2 The Copyright Licensing Agency CLA
CLA RRO
... , 22 . ,
,
. CLA .
COPYWATCH: To COPYWATCH ,

. CLA
. ,
(http://www.copywatch.org),

.
.
COPYWATCH 20.000
,
CLA .
CLA Sticker Scheme: copyright,

.
. Sticker Scheme
CLA. , ,
,

. ,
,

.
8.4
( ) [78]
()
,
. ,
,
.
, , BIEM [84] CISAC,
214
,
. 8.500 ,
, , 2.000.000 , ,
, 209 109
.
/

. / ,

/
, ,
,

.
/ ,
on-line IPI SYSTEM.
/ .
/
.
/
.
. /

, ,
/ ,
(Internet,
.).

. , WWL-WID
.

,

.
( IPI SYSTEM, WWL-WID)
.
8.4.1
,
,
80 ,
,

.
,

215
,

.

, ,
.

,
( )
. :

.

, (Central
Licensing), (Cannes Agreement)

.
Central Licensing: Central Licensing
SDRM()
MCPS (), , , .
SDRM SONY/ EMI / VIRGIN MCPS UNIVERSAL,
(CLL1) label copies
(CLD1), ,

. ,
,
CL
,
( Central Licensing).

.
, ,
.
,
, ( ,
, , , , ,
/ , .).
,
:
- (, ,
). ,
,
CISAC ,
216
,

.
/ .
.
/
( )
.
.

.

, /

( ) .
780 100 .
-
-
(playlists).

playlists. ,
AE

.

.

.
.
( , ,
.) ,

.

,
,
/ .
:
. ,
,
,

.
( ,
217
.)
.

.

.
BIEM
(contract type) IFPI
.
. ,

.
.

(,
, , bar, , ,
.) playlists
(
).

.
. ,
, ,
,
.
,
.
, , ,
,

CD's.
8.4.2
: H
,
.

,
.

.

.
218
,

, ,
, ..
,

, ,
,
,
- .
: ,
,

,
.
,
.
/

/ .
8.4.3

, ,
(Internet, , .)
(interactive) (CD-ROM, DVD ).

, 1996 -
- ,
.
, ,
.

,
:
(
,
CISAC)
Santiago
Barcelona .

:
219
ON-LINE: (Internet,
.) :
WEBSITES
1.
Simulcasting ( /
).
2.
Webcasting ( / ).
3.
Ringtones
4.
On demand (streaming, downloading)
5.
On-line /
6.
Midi

1.
Ringtones
2.

3.
Downloading
4.
MMS (Multimedia Messaging Service)
OFF-LINE: (interactive)
.
CD-ROM, CD-EXTRA, CD-PLUS, CD-I, SUPER CD, SACD, DVD Audio,
DVD Video .
8.5
... ( ) [79]
..., RRO IFRRO.

2121/93,
(, , ) ,
,
. 4%
, ,
100Mb.
...,
.
, ...:

,
.

.
'
, ..
, .
...
:
220
.
(, ).
, .
...

, .

.
, ..
,
. '
,
,
.
.
.

.
- (, ,
, ).
. ...
,

(, , .).
.
.

, .
,

.
.

. - .
... :
.
221

.

... ...
.
... , ,
.
,
. ...,

, .

,
, .
RROs,
, ....
4%,
.
. ,
,
.
,
. ,
, ,
.
,
. ,

.
8.6
...
,
Internet.
,
Internet.

. ,
,

.

222
, ,
, .
.
Internet.
copyright Internet
. IFRRO
,

. ,

.

copyright, , ,

,
.

. ,
, ,

. ,
...
, (CD-RW, DVD-RW,
).
,
... .
RRO (Copyright Agency Limited CAL),
,

, . CAL,

. ,
,
Internet, e-mail, video-conference.
, , , ,
. ,
10% ,
, .

,
.
, CAL
projects ,
.
projects ACER, AGIS Plus Text, APAFT Meditext,
223

--download .
2002, CLA

. ,
,
Internet. ,

. CLA 5
: ,
,
.
,

. ,
.
CCC, (
CD-ROM DVD, , ,
, ,
, Internet ,
)
.

. ,
,
.
, Rightslink
.
8.7
Creative Commons [80]
, Creative Commons (CC). H

CC
,
,
. , , video,
,
, .
:
: , ,
,
.
: , ,
,
.
224
: , ,

.
:
,
.
,
, :
1. - - , .
2. ,
.
3. ,
,
.
Creative Commons, ,
. ,
,
.
. ,
, .
,
. ,

(http://creativecommons.org).
225
9
9
[1]. European Museums Information Institute Distributed Content Framework

Workpackage 2 Legal Requirements Report and Licensing Agreement
Templates August 2003
[2]. European Museums Information Institute Distributed Content Framework
Workpackage 5 Framework Report September 2003
[3]. http://www.dublincore.com
[4]. http://www.wipo.int
[5]. Technological Solutions for Copyright Protection and Management of Cultural
Heritage Best Practices and Guidelines, Vito Cappelini, Alessandro Piva, David
Dawson, Dimitris Tsolis
[6]. Trust and Technologies for Copyright Protection and Management, Dimitrios
K. Tsolis, Theodore S. Papatheodorou, 1st International Conference on Trust
Management 28 - 30 May 2003, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
[7]. /

,
XML, .
, &
, 2004.
[8]. Digital Watermarking, Ingerman J. Cox, Matthew L. Miller. Jefrey A. Bloom,
Morgan Kaufman Publishers
[9]. INFORMATION HIDING techniques for steganography and digital
watermarking, Stefan Katzenbeisser, Fabien A. P. Petitcolas, Artech House
Publishers
[10]. An Overview of Cryptography Gary C. Kessler, May 1998, 30 Octomber 2004
[11]. Herodotus, The Histories, London, England: J.M. Dent & Sons, Ltd, 1992
[12]. Kahn, D., The Codebreakers-The story of secret Writing, New York, New York,
USA: Scribner, 1996.
[13]. Wilkins, E. H., A History of Italian Literature, London: Geoffrey Cumberlege,
Oxford University Press. 1954.
[14]. Wilkins, J., Mercury: or the Secret and Swift Messenger: Shewing, How a Man
May With Privacy and Speed Communicate His Thoughts to a Friend at Any
Distance, London: printed for Rich Baldwin, near Oxford-Arms in the Warnicklane, 2nd ed., 1694.
[15]. Current Steganography Tools & Methods, Erin Michaud, GSEC Practical,
Version 1.4b, April 2003.
[16]. 2003, Sellars, Duncan. An Introduction to Steganography, March, 2003
[17]. Bender, W., et al. Techniques for Data Hiding, IBM Systems Journal, Vol. 35,
Nos. 3&4, 1996: 313-336
[18]. http://www.darkside.com.au/snow
[19]. http://steghide.sourceforge.net/
226
[20]. R. Anderson, editor. Information Hiding, volume 1174 of Lecture Notes in

Computer Science. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996
[21]. G.J. Simmons. The History of Subminimal Channels, in R. Anderson, editor,
Information Hiding: First International Workshop, volume 1174 of Lecture Notes
in Computer Science, pp. 237-256. Berlin; New York: Springer-Verlag, 1996.
[22]. http://www.hermitagemuseum.org
[23]. Vassilis E. Fotopoulos & Athanassios N. Skodras, Digital Image Watermarking:
An Overview, Short Tutorials, Eurasip News Letter, ISSN 1687-1421, Volume
14, Number 4, December 2003.
[24]. D. Kilburn. Dirty Linen, Dark Secrets, Adweek, volume 38, no. 40, pp. 35-40,
October 6, 1997.
[25]. , 17
[26]. G. W. Braudaway, K.A. Magerlein, and F. Mintzer. Protecting Publicly
Available Images with a Visible Image Watermark, in SPIE Conference on
Optical Security and Counterfeit Deterrence Techniques, volume 2659, pp. 126133, 1996
[27]. F. Hartung and M. Kutter. Multimedia Watermarking Techniques, Proceedings
of the IEEE, 87(7):1079-1107, 1999
[28]. I.J. Cox and M. L. Miller. A Review of Watermarking and the Importance of
Perceptual Modelling, in Proceedings of SPIE, Human Vision Electronic
Imaging II, Volume 3016, pp. 92-99, 1997
[29]. F.A.B Petitcolas, R.J. Anderson and M.G. Kuhn. Attacks on Copyright Marking
Systems, in Workshop on Information Hiding, Portland, OR, pp. 218-238, 15-17
April, 1998
[30]. S. Decker. Engineering Considerations in Commercial Watermarking, IEEE
Communications Magazine, 2001.
[31]. http://www.alinari.com
[32]. http://www.corbis.com
[33]. Digital Rights Manegement (DRM) Architectures, Renato Iannella, D-Lib
Magezine Article, Volume 7 Number 6, June 2001.
[34]. Interoperability of data in e-commerce systems, <http://www.indecs.org>
[35]. Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, IFLA Study Group on the
Functional Requirements for Bibliographic Records, (Approved September 1997)
K . G. Saur Mnchen, 1998. http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr.htm
[36]. Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax, IETF RFC2396,
<http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2396.txt>
[37]. Digital Object Identifier, <http://www.doi.org/>
[38]. ISO International Standard Textual Work Code, <http://www.nlcbnc.ca/iso/tc46sc9/istc.htm>
[39]. RFC 2426 vCard Profile, <http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc2426.txt>
[40]. OpenEBook Forum, <http://www.openebook.org/>
[41]. ISO/IEC Moving Picture Experts Group, <http://www.cselt.it/mpeg/>
[42]. IETF Internet DRM Working Group, <http://www.idrm.org/>
[43]. Digital Rights Management Workshop,<http://www.w3.org/2000/12/drm-ws/>
[44]. MPEG-21 Goals & Achievements, Ian Burnett, Rik Van De Walle, Keith Hill,
Jan Bormans, Fernando Pereira
227
[45]. MPEG-21 Overview v5, <http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/standards/mpeg21/mpeg-21.htm>

[46]. The MPEG-21 Rights Expression Language, A White Paper, Rightscom Ltd
[47]. http://www.odrl.net
[48]. Open Digital Rights Language (ODRL), Renato Iannella, 2002-08-08
[49]. A Digital Object Approach to Interoperable Rights Management, John S
Erickson, D-Lib Magazine, June 2001, Volume 7 Number 6,
<http://www.dlib.org/dlib/june01/erickson/06erickson.html>
[50]. Rights Management: Managing the Layers of Rights and Roles in the Knowledge
Based
Economy,
Peter
Higgs,
2000,
IPR
Systems
Report.
<http://www.iprsystems.com/assets/0.2_Rights_Management.pdf>
[51]. Electronic Book Exchange, <http://www.ebxwg.org/>
[52]. ONIX International, <http://www.editeur.org/onix.html>
[53]. IMS Global Learning Consortium, <http://www.imsproject.org/>
[54]. Propagate Project, Access Cooperative Multimedia Centre and Impart
Corporation, 1996
[55]. Publishing Requirements for Industry Standard Metadata, 2001,
http://prismstandard.org
[56]. Digital Rights Management for Ebooks: Publisher Requirements, Version 1.0,
Association
of
American
Publishers,
2000
<http://www.publishers.org/home/drm.pdf>
[57]. Digital Image Group - DIG35 Specification Metadata for Digital Images,
<http://www.i3a.org/i_dig35.html>
[58]. XRML, <http://www.xrml.org>
[59]. eXtensible rights Markup Language (XrML) 2.0 Specification Part I: Primer, 20
November 2001
[60]. Contentguard, <http://www.contentguard.com>
[61]. http://www.adobe.com
[62]. http://www.microsoft.com
[63]. http://www.syncast.com
[64]. http://www.easydrm.com
[65]. ,

, . , ,
2004
[66]. Trading cultural digital objects: the Tradex project, Roberto Gagliardi, Silvia
Boi, Claudio Prandoni, Roberto Galdelli
[67]. http://www.ipr-helpdesk.org
[68]. Info 2000 Multimedia Rights Clearance Systems, Verdi (Very Extensive Rights
Data Information)
[69]. Confdration Internationale des Socits d'Auteurs et Compositeurs CISAC
(http://www.cisac.org/)
[70]. International Federation of Reproduction Rights Organizations IFRRO
<http://www.ifrro.org/>
[71]. Copyright Agency Limited, <http://www.copyright.com.au/>
[72]. Copyright Clearance Center CCC, <http://www.copyright.com/>
228
[73].
[74].
[75].
[76].
[77].
[78].
[79].
[80].
[81].
[82].
[83].
[84].
COPYDAN, <http://www.copydan.dk>
Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., <http://www.cla.co.uk/>
KOPINOR, <http://www.kopinor.org>
KOPIOSTO, <http://www.kopiosto.fi/>
CANCOPY, <http://www.cancopy.com/>
,
<http://www.aepi.gr>
,
<http://www.osdel.gr>
http://creativecommons.org
http://www.sdmi.org/
http://www.trl.ibm.com/projects/RightsManagement/datahiding/index_e.htm
http://www.cedro.org
http://www.biem.org
229

Digital Rights Management

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Digital Rights Management

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

20002006 ...

DUBLIN CORE METADATA INITIATIVE [3]................................................................................ 154

& ....................... 199

(2,3. 1 3,42001/29. _. 167/10-22.6.2001).

- (Public Key Cryptography - PKC)

(Sellars . 7-8) [16].

Alpa Tec Ltd

Alpha Crawler: EikonaMark

4.6.5.2.1 Alpha Tec. Ltd

MAIM 2.0 MarkAny

Verance Audio Watermark Detector:

4-1: Alinari Copyright Notice

4-3: Corbis Copyright Notice

4-5: Hermitage Copyright Notice

(ODRL, XrML, REL).

DID (Digital Item Declaration)

5-5: DID (Digital

5.2.1.2 Digital Item Identification (MPEG21-Part 3) -

Digital Item Identification

5-6: DID DII

Rights Expression Language MPEG21 Part 4 [46]

(Rights Expression Language, REL)

(Rights Data Dictionary, RDD)MPEG21-Part 6

5.2.4.2 XrML (eXtensible Rights Markup Language) [58, 59]

Windows Media DRM [62]

Dublin Core Metadata Initiative [3]

Dublin Core Metadata Initiative

Digital Imaging Group [57]

Digital Imaging Group (DIG)

TRADEX (Trial Action for Digital Object Exchange) [66]

To TNT TRADEX project,

IPR HELPDESK [67]

Project VERDI, 10 projects

IFRRO International Federation of Reproduction Rights Organizations

(Copyright Agency Limited - CAL) [71],

8.3.3.1 Copyright Clearance Center CCC

Copyright Clearance Center

..., RRO IFRRO.

Creative Commons [80]

, Creative Commons (CC). H

[1]. European Museums Information Institute Distributed Content Framework

[20]. R. Anderson, editor. Information Hiding, volume 1174 of Lecture Notes in

[45]. MPEG-21 Overview v5, <http://www.chiariglione.org/mpeg/standards/mpeg21/mpeg-21.htm>

You might also like