B CNG THNG TRNG I HC CNG NGHIP TP.

HCM VIN CNG NGH SINH HC V THC PHM MN HC:

CNG NGH SN XUT NG BNH KO

TI 36:

CHT NH HA TRONG SN XUT BNH

GVHD:H XUN HNG M HP:210504401 SVTH:H Th Mai MSSV:09220051

Thnh ph H Ch Minh,thng 2 nm 2012

Tiu lun: Mn ng bnh ko

MC LC
M U................................................................................................................3 NI DUNG............................................................................................................4 KT LUN..........................................................................................................21

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M U
Ph gia thc phm l cht c ch nh a vo thc phm trong qu trnh sn xut, c hoc khng c gi tr dinh dng, nhm gi hoc ci thin c tnh ca thc phm. Ngy nay, do s pht trin ca ngnh cng ngh ho hc, vic s dng cc cht ph gia thc phm ngy cng tr nn ph bin, a dng v hon thin hn. S dng cht ph gia thc phm tr thnh mt vn quan trng v ht sc cn thit. Trong qua trinh ch bin san phm, co nhiu hin tng xay ra khng nh y mun , lam anh hng n gia tri cam quan va cht lng san phm nh bin i mau, mui, vi, bin i cu truc. Vi du v bin i cu truc in hinh nh la hin tng phn lp cua cht long trong san phm. han ch cac hin tng nay, ta s dung phu gia tao nhu. Sau y em nghin cu v mt s c im, ng dng v phng php sn xut cua mt s loi phu gia tao nhu.

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NI DUNG
1.1 Tng quan:
1.1.1 Khi nim cht nh ha
Cht to nh hay cht nh ha l cht hot ng b mt, trong phn t c nhm ho nc v nhm k nc. Hin tng tch pha l hin tng khng mong mun trong sn xut thc phm. Do , ta cn s dng ph gia lm bn h nh tng trnh hin tng tch lp. Cht to nh l cht lm gim sc cng b mt ca cc pha trong h v t duy tr c s n nh cu trc ca h nh tng. Trong cu trc phn t ca cht nh ha c c phn ho nc v phn ho bo. Cht nh ha c s dng nhm to ra s n nh ca h keo phn tn trong pha lin tc bng cch hnh thnh mt b mt in tch trn n. ng thi n cn lm gim sc cng b mt ca cc git phn tn t gim c nng lng hnh thnh cc git trong h. * Cht nh ha c cha lm 2 loi: - Cc ester mt phn ca cc acid bo v cc polyol hoc acid hu c. - Phospholipid. Cht nh ha phn ln l ester ca acid bo v ru.

La chn cht nh ha
Trong qu trnh s dng, ngi ta thng dng gi tr HBL nh gi mc a bo hay a nc ca cht nh ha. T c th chn loi no ph hp vi sn phm c th. Nu HLB thp (c nhiu gc a nc hn so vi gc a bo) th cht nh ha ny ph hp vi h nc trong du v ngc li. S to thnh nh tng Trong mt s sn phm thc phm tn ti 2 pha: pha phn tn v pha lin tc. Qu trnh nh tng ha l s bn ca mt pha ny trong mt pha khc. Phng php lm tng s to thnh nh tng l dng cnh khuy, lc , ng ha, hoc siu m. Lc ny hin tng ph v b mt xy ra. Tnh bn vng ca nh tng ph thuc vo: Nng cht to nh Nhit trong to nh

1.1.2 Kh nng nh ha
Nh tng l h phn tn ca 2 cht lng khng trn ln vo nhau c, trong mt cht di dng nhng git nh ca pha b phn tn , cn cht kia di dng di dng pha phn tn lin tc. Phn ln cc nh tng thc phm l kiu du trong nc hoc nc trong du. Nhiu nh tng thc phm cn cha bt kh hoc cht rn phn tn. Nh tng l h khng bn nhit ng. Cc git c khuynh hng hp git vi nhau to ra git ln hn, cui cng phn thnh hai lp, tch ra v khng nh tng na. lm cho nh tng bn ngi ta s dng cc cht kh nh ha: - Cho cc cht in ly v c vo lm cho cc git tch in v y nhau;

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Hoc thm cc cht hot ng b mt c cu trc lng cc chng hng 2 cc ho nc v a bo ca chng vo 2 pha ca b mtlin pha du/nc do lm gim c sc cng b mt gia 2 pha. - Hoc cho thm cc cht cao phn t ha tan c trong pha lin tc nh polysaccharide lm tng nht ca pha lin tc Gio trnh Ha sinh cng nghip

QUY TRNH SN XUT BNH NGUYN LIU

NH LNG

NHO TRN

DUNG DCH NH TNG

TO HNH

NNG LM NGUI BAO GI SN PHM

Trong quy trnh sn xut bnh trn cht nh ha c thm vo giai on nho trn, gp phn ci tin cu trc,tng cht lng bt nho lm tng cht lng sn phm, m bo yu cu cng ngh. . Mt s cht nh ha thng c s dng trong sn xut bnh nh:pectin, lecithin, carragenan, guar gum, xanthangum, alginate,mono-diglyceride, gum arabic gp phn to cho bnh c nhng c tnh ring nh xp,mm

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1.2 Mt s cht nh ha s dng trong sn xut bnh.
1.2.1 PECTIN 1.2.1.1 Cu to, thnh phn v ng dng ca pectin
Pectin l polycaccharide c nhiu trong qu, c hoc thn cy, l thnh phn tham gia xy dng cu trc t bo thc vt. Trong thc vt pectin tn ti di 2 dng: protopectin(khng tan, c mt ch yu thnh t bo), pectin ha tan.Di tc dng ca acid, enzyme protopectinaza hoc khi gia nhit th protopectin chuyn thnh pectin. Pectin l hp cht cao phn t polygalactoronic (C6H10O7)n c n phn t l galactoronic v ru metylic. Tu theo s phn t ca axit galacturonic m to nn chiu di ca phn t pectin. Trng lng phn t t 20.000 - 200.000 vCTu thuc vo s lng ca gc metyl -CH3 c trong phn t pectin c chia thnh 2 nhm metoxy thp v metocxy cao. Pectin c kh nng keo ho. Kh nng ny ph thuc vo khi lng phn t ca n v mc metoxyl ho.

Hnh 1:PECTIN Ngi ta thu c pectin t thc vt nh to, chanh, cam, c ci ng, i hoa hng dng. Pectin c ng dng trong cng ngh sn xut bnh, ko, mt. to gel cn m bo mi trng c ng saccharose vi t l 58-75%(bo ha) v pH khong 2,8-3,5(dng acid citric iu chnh pH). Trong cc sn phm c hm lng ng thp, thng b sung thm Ca2+. Pectin cn c dng lm cht lm c trong sn xut sa chua, yoghurt v kem Tc dng to gel ca pectin c s dng ch yu nhng loi thc phm cn c hnh dng tht t nhin. Pectin c kh nng to gel nhanh, to cu trc. Pectin c vai tr c bit quan trng trong cng ngh sn xut bnh. N c vai tr chng li s bin tnh v bin dng ca cc thnh phn trong qu trnh nng .Pectin c ng dng mt cch phong ph bi v n c th lm qu trnh hon thin c m bo. Ngoi ra n cn lm b mt lng bng hn.

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1.2.1.2 Phng php sn xut Pectin
Phng php sn xut pectin trong cng nghip
Pectin l mt sn phm cacbohydrat c thu nhn t dch chit ca nhng nguyn liu thc vt, thng l to hay qu c mi.

Quy trnh sn xut pectin:

Nguyn liu, ra:ra v sy c th vn chuyn v bo qun m khng b h hng. Xay nh:Nguyn liu c cho qua my nghin th xay nh, xay cng nh cng nh cng d thy phn. Thy phn:Dung dch sau khi xay nh em i thy phn bng dung dch acid citric khan nhit 90 950C trong thi gian 45 pht vi t l thch hp. Lc, c c: chit pectin ta tin hnh tch cht rn cn li ra v lc dung dch, c c bng cch loi nc.Dung dich sau khi c c n kh 10%. Hn hp c ch trn my ch c l ry ch phm ny s dng ngay khng qu 2h. Bo qun dng dung dch. Kt ta, ra sch, sy kh Cht kt ta c tch ra loi cc tp cht v sy.Sau ra li v em i sy. Bo qun:nhit khng qu 300C, m khng kh 85% bo qun bng bao PE, PP, l thy tinh khng ht m, thi gian bo qun 6 7 thng. http://s4.zetaboards.com/BioFood_Tech/topic/9128037v ha sinh thc phm

1.2.2 GELATIN 1.2.2.1 Cu to, thnh phn v ng dng ca gelatin

Gelatin l cc polypeptid cao phn t dn xut t collagen, collagen l thnh phn protein chnh trong cc t bo lin kt ca nhiu loi ng vt. Cu to l mt chui acid amin gm 3 acid amin ch yu l glycine, proline v hydroproline. Trong phn t gelatin, cc acid amin lin kt vi nhau to chui xon c c kh nng gi nc. Phn t lng ca gelatin khong vi nghn n vi trm nghn n v Carbon.Thnh phn acid amin c trong gelatin l: Aspartic acid (6%), Arginine (8%), Alanine (9%), Glutamic acid (10%), Proline v Hydroproline (25%), Glycine (27%), cc acid amin khc (10%).

Hnh 2 : GELATIN

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Cng ngh bnh ko nng lng thp: do c nng lng thp 14,7 KJ/g nn c nghin cu ng dng trong sn xut thc phm c gi tr nng lng thp. Trong cng nghip sn xut bnh ko: cha t 6-9% gelatin, gelatin dng lm cht to kt cu trong sn xut bnh ko khng cha ng, cht bo. Trong gelatin gi vai tr:to gel, to v lm bn bt, gelatin c kh nng gn kt, gi m do ko di thi gian bo qun, kh nng nh ha, cht n nh: to bn c hc cn thit trnh bin dng sn phm Vai tr ca gelatin trong thc phm: C mi v v trung gian, c kh nng to mi lin kt tt vi nc,to v gi bt,iu chnh nht, bn vng vi cc qu trnh x l nhit to cu trc mm mi cho sn phm, iu chnh nht hn hp, lm bn h nh tng. * u im khi s dng gelatin:Nng cao thi gian bo qun cho sn phm.Qu trnh s dng d dng, kh nng to ta nhanh, khng lm bin mu c trng sn phm, to cu trc thng qua kh nng to gel v kh nng nh ha.

1.2.2.2 Phng php sn xut Gelatin

Cc qu trnh sn xut gelatin Gelatin c sn xut t rt nhiu ngun: chit t xng ng vt c kh khong (ossein), da ln, da b, da c u tin l tin x l nguyn liu th. Nu nguyn liu ban u l xng th chng phi c tch b Ca v cc loi mui khong, s dng nc nng hoc mt s loa dung dch c kh nng ho tan mui khong. Nu nguyn liu th ban u s dng l da ca tru, ln, b th cn phi gim kch thc nguyn liu, ra sch, ty lng da sch chun b cho qu trnh chit. C 2 phng php tng ng vi 2 quy trnh tin x l c bn x l da trc khi chit gelatin: x l bng axit, x l kim.

Quy trnh tin x l bng axit

Quy trnh ny s dng ngun nguyn liu ch yu l da ln, v da c i khi c s dng xng ng vt. C s ca phng php ny l collagen c axit ho ti pH=4 trong mi trng axit long trong thi gian t 8-30h (thng 18 n 24 gi) tu thuc vo kch thc v dy ca nguyn liu. Sau khi x l, nguyn liu c loi axit bng cch ra nhiu ln bng nc sch cho n khi khi trung ha. Sn phm to thnh c gi l gelatin loi A.

Quy trnh kim

Quy trnh kim c s dng i vi cc loi da b, tru,... Thu phn kim cc chui nhnh asparafine v glutamine thnh axit glutamic v axit aspartic tng i nhanh, ng thi qu trnh ny loi b mt phn tp cht. Dung dch nc vi 1-2% c s dng x l da. Da c ngm trong cc thng cha nc vi , c thc hin trong thit b khuy trn gin on. Sau khi qu trnh ny kt thc, nguyn liu s c mang ra sch kim, ngm axit v chit ly gelatin bng nc nng. Sn phm to thnh c gi l gelatin loi B. Qu trnh chit Cho nguyn liu th vo ni v a vo c un trong nc nng. Qu trnh ny thng tin hnh nhiu ln (t 3-5 ln) nhit t 55 n 100C vi thi gian mi ln chit t 4-8h. C th dng than hot tnh loi mu cho dch chit. Sau lm kh bng cch thi khng kh nng, hoc sy phun. Cng on cui cng l nghin, trn, theo yu cu s dng, ng gi sn phm.

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http://s4.zetaboards.com/BioFood_Tech/topic/9128037

1.2.3 LECITHIN 1.2.3.1 Cu to, thnh phn v ng dng ca lecithin

Lecithin l mt phospholipid,tham gia vo thnh phn cu to mng t bo, c tnh to nh v lm bn h nh tng, l cht to nh s dng ph bin nht trong cng ngh ch bin thc phm. Lecithin thng c t cc thc phm khc, n tham gia vo thnh phn cc t bo v dch th ca t chc c bit l t chc no. Lecithin c tc dng dng no, lm tng tr nh, dng cho bnh nhn cao tui, l ln, lm gim hm lng cholesterol trong mu. Ngoi trng lecithin cn c trong cc loi ht nh ht hng dng, ht du ci, bp v bng.Lecithin l mt phospholipid c tnh hot ng b mt, lm bn h nh tng. Lecithin l nhn t phn tn mang li nht mong mun trong giai on o trn v khun. N c nh hng n qu trnh to tinh th cht bo, chng li hin tng n hoa trn b mt sn phm , nh hng n b mt lng bng ca chocolate v gi cho n c v ngt ngo trong mt thi gian di. Lecithin thng c ly t cc cht bo trong u tng. Lecithin c chit xut t ht u tng. N cung cp cho c th cholin v inositol. Lecithin ca lng trng tham gia n nh nh ca du trong nc. Ngi ta cn s dng dng lecithin c hydroxyl ha tng tnh tan ca chng. Lecithin c s dng rng ri nh mt cht nh ha ,mt phn hydro ha du u tng c s dng trong sn xut n nh, bnh, du trn salad v cc loi thc phm khc. Lecithin l cht bo c tnh ho nc v hot tnh b mt cao nn nh ha tt hn gip cho gluten n hi hn, lm tng cht lng bt nho v bnh nng.

1.2.3.2 Phng php sn xut Lecithin

Quy trnh sn xut bt lecithin
Gii thch quy trnh

Lm sch

Mc ch: chun b cho qu trnh p trng. Qu trnh ny gip loi b cc tp cht bm dnh v cc vi sinh vt trn b mt v trng. Cc bin i ca nguyn liu : Ho l: Hm m v trng tng ln i cht, khng nh hng n cc thnh phn ca trng bn trong. Vt l: Do nhit nc ra khong 680C, thi gian tip xc khong 1 pht nn nhit b mt v trng tng ln nhng khng nh hng n cht lng trng bn trong. Sinh hc: Phn ln cc vi sinh vt trn b mt v trng b ra tri.

Tch v trng v phn ring lng :

Mc ch : ly lng , loi b v v lng trng.

Cc bin i ca nguyn liu:

Ho hc: oxy khng kh c th tip xc vi cc thnh phn ca lng trng v lng , c th gy ra cc phn ng oxy ho cht bo. Vt l: di tc ng c hc trng v, khi trng v c th xy ra s ph v cu trc mng lng lm lng khuch tn vo trong lng trng.

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Sinh hc v ho sinh: do qu trnh p v tch lng l mt qu trnh h nn cc vi sinh vt t khng kh c th nhim vo lng . Cc phn ng ha sinh vn din ra do cc enzyme vn cn hot ng.

Qu trnh lc:

Mc ch cng ngh: loi b cc tp cht.

Cc bin i ca nguyn liu:

Cc v trng nh c tch ra khi dch lng . Dch lng c bm qua mng lc, di p sut ca bm, dch lng i qua cc l nh ca mng lc lm cho h nh tng ng nht hn.

Lm lnh:

Mc ch cng ngh: Lng trng cn c lm lnh v duy tr nhit 40 0C hn ch cc bin i gy h hng v s pht trin ca vi sinh vt.

Bin i nguyn liu

Vt l: nhit ca nguyn liu gim xung, nht tng. Ha hc: trong qu trnh lm lnh tc cc phn ng ha hc s chm dn. Ha sinh: hot tnh enzyme gim dn, cc phn ng oxy ha do enzyme c th din ra lmsm mu dch lng trng. Ngoi ra thy phn cht bo cng c th xy ra lm thc y qu trnh oxy ha cht bo, to mi i cho nguyn liu. Ha l: cht bo c th b kt tinh. Sinh hc: vi sinh vt b c ch.

Phi trn:

Mc ch cng ngh: Dch lng trng khi c phi trn vi du lm tng hm lng cht bo trong nguyn liu.

Bin i nguyn liu

Vt l: khi lng nguyn liu, nht tng ln, t trng gim. Ha hc: c th xy ra cc phn ng oxy ha cht bo, vitamin, phn ng thy phn cht bo. Sinh hc, ha sinh: cc phn ng ha sinh tng ln. Ha l: Xy ra s truyn khi trong hn hp phi trn. Mt s thnh phn trong nguyn liu s c trch vo pha du.

ng ha:

Mc ch cng ngh: Qu trnh ng ha s chuyn h nh tng du trong nc thnh h nh tng nc trong du.

Bin i nguyn liu

Vt l: nhit nguyn liu tng ln, kch thc cc ht pha phn tn nh hn, nht hn hp gim. Ha hc: cc phn ng phi enzyme c th din ra lm nh hng n cht lng sn phm. Ha l: qu trnh ng ha lm tng din tch b mt tip xc gia pha phn tn v lin tc trong h nh tng

Thanh trng:

Mc ch cng ngh: Tiu dit ton b vi sinh vt gy bnh ly nhim vo trng hay t mi trng ngoi vo trong thi gian bo qun v x l trc . ng thi tiu dit mt phn vi

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sinh vt khng gy bnh nhng c kh nng lm bin i thnh phn ha hc ca dung dch lng trng.

Cc bin i ca nguyn liu

Sinh hc: tiu dit ton b vi sinh vt gy bnh v mt phn vi sinh vt khng gy bnh khc. Ha l: s bay hi ca nc trong dung dch c th lm bin tnh mt phn cc protein km bn nhit, nhng do nhit khng cao nn mc bin tnh khng su sc, khng lm ng t protein. Vt l: khi nhit tng th nht ca dung dch gim. Ha hc: Phn hy cc cu t km bn nhit nh vitamin A, mt s vitamin nhm B. Cholesterol cng b oxi ha v to thnh cc cholesterol oxide gy c, cng c th xy ra phn ng Maillard. Ha sinh: c ch enzyme lyzozyme c ngun gc t lng trng trng. Cm quan: t thay i.

Trch ly:

Mc ch cng ngh: nhm loi b hay lm gim hm lng cholesterol trong dch lng trng.

Cc bin i ca nguyn liu

Ha l: s ha tan cc cu t trong dch lng trng vo dung mi Vt l: trong qu trnh trch ly c xy ra s khuch tn ca cht tan vo dung mi v dung mi vo cht tan, gip cho qu trnh trch ly cholesterol din ra nhanh v trit hn. Ha hc, sinh hc, ha sinh: t b bin i.

Ly tm:

Mc ch cng ngh: tch lng du n c thm vo ban u gip cho qu trnh sy sau ny s thun li hn, sn phm c cht lng tt hn.

Cc bin i nguyn liu

Qu trnh ny ch yu xy ra hin tng tch pha, pha nh l pha du, pha nng l dch lng trng. Sau qu trnh ly tm mt s tnh cht ca nguyn liu s b bin i nh nht, t trng, Qu trnh c tin hnh nhit 400C nn mt s cc phn ng ha hc, ha sinh cng c th xy ra. Tuy nhin sau qu trnh thanh trng hu ht vi sinh vt gy bnh b tiu dit nn bin i s khng ng k.

ng ha: Sy:

Mc ch cng ngh: thc hin qu trnh ng ha chuyn thnh h nh tng du trong nc. Qu trnh ny s lm h nh tng s ng nht hn.

Mc ch cng ngh: qu trnh sy din ra nhit cao, do vi sinh vt s b tiu dit, lm thay i cc tnh cht ca nguyn liu, chuyn t trng thi lng sang trng thi rn (dng bt)

Bin i nguyn liu

Vt l: nhit , nht, t trng nguyn liu tng dn. Khi lng, kch thc nguyn liu gim dn.

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Ha hc: xy ra phn ng Maillard lm sm mu bt. Cht bo b oxy ha to mi kh chu cho sn phm. Sinh hc, ha sinh: qu trnh sy c th gy c ch enzyme v vi sinh vt trong dch lng trng. Ha l: s chuyn pha ca nc trong nguyn liu t th lng sang th kh. Nguyn liu chuyn t th lng sang th rn. Protein c th b bin i. http://s4.zetaboards.com/BioFood_Tech/topic/9128037

1.2.4 GUAR GUM 1.2.4.1 Cu to, thnh phn v ng dng ca guar gum
Bt guar c ly t ht ca cy cyamopsis tetragonoloba. y l loi cy c trng ti n , Pakistan v Texas. Bt guar c m 10-15%, cha 5-6% protein, 2,5% x v 0,5-0,8% tro. Guar gum c thnh phn chnh l cc n v -D-mannopyranosyl v Dgalactopyranosyl. Guar gum c nht cao, nht ca guar gum cng ph thuc vo hnh dng ca gum. Guar gum c tnh cht nh ho tt, c bit thch hp cho h thng nh tng du trong nc, v c s dng rng ri trong cht n nh hng v nh tng. N cng c c tnh l to mng tt, s dng lm mng bao mng gip gi c hng v cho thc phm v ngn chn qu trnh oxy ha. Guar gum c s dng trong cng nghip sn xut bnh, n gp phn vo s trng n ca khi bt nho. Lm cho bt c kh nng n hi cao hn v ci thn kt cu ca bnh. N gp phn hn ch s thot hi nc t bn trong khi bt ca bnh ra ngoi v gi cho v bnh c gin. Guar gum cn c vai tr nh l mt cht n, n to cm gic no lu v th n lm gim chng thm n v vy c vai tr ln i vi ngi gim cn, lm tng kh nng hp thu canxi trong ng rut, v ngoi ra n c vai tr quan trng i vi bnh nhn mc chng bnh tiu ng .Trong cng nghip thc phm n l cht n nh nh tng t nhin, cht lm c, cht nh ch hin tng kt dnh cc b, cht to mng, nh bng b mtV n ang c s dng rng ri vi chc nng to c hay to gel lng, n nh h bt, nh tng. Gio trnh Ha sinh thc phm

1.2.4.2 Phng php sn xut guar gum

Guar gum c thu nhp bng cch chit t cy acacia senegal,acacia segal mt cch t nhin. Sau khi c thu hoch,keo c tp trung v a v nh my sn xut v tinh ch, sy kh http://s4.zetaboards.com/BioFood_Tech/topic/9128037

1.2.5 XANTHAN GUM 1.2.5.1 Cu to, thnh phn v ng dng ca xanthan gum
Xanthan gum c tng hp t xanthomonas campestris v mt s loi vi khun tng t khi nui cy trn mi trng cha glucose, NH4Cl, kt hp vi hn hp amino acid v mui

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khong. Xanthan gum c kt ta t mi trng nui cy bi isopropanol vi s hin din ca KCl. Cu trc chnh ca xanthan gum l cc -glucopyranose gn vi nhau ti lin kt 1,4. Phn t lng ca xanthan gum vo khong >106 dal. Tnh cht ca xanthan gum:tan t trong nc , dch c nht cao, c kh nng n nh tt sau khi ra ng. Xanthan gum thng c s dng lm cht nh ha, bn vi nhit. Khi b sung xanthan gum vo gel ca tinh bt s ci thin n nh. Xanthan gum c nht v tnh gi do cao nn c nhiu li th trong ng dng ny. S n nh ca nh tng c lm t xanthan gum th khng b nh hng bi pH (khong 3,5 trong nc st salad), mui (15% trong st barbecue) hay x l nhit (UHT, thanh trng). Mt li th khc, xanthan gum to ra mt nht kh ng nht gia khong nhit 5-75C, iu ny to cho sn phm c cu trc v s n nh tt trong nhng iu kin bo qun khc nhau. i vi cc sn phm ny c cha tinh bt, xanthan gum c s dng nh mt thnh phn b sung hu hiu. Thm mt lng nh xanthan gum (0,1-0,2%) c th ci tin rt ng k s n nh ca dch tinh bt cng nh cu trc v hnh dng ca sn phm cui cng. Tinh bt cung cp cu trc c bit v cm gic ngon ming khi n, cn xanthan gum to s n nh cc iu kin x l khc nhau. Trong cc sn phm nng vi tnh cht gi do ca xanthan gum, s vn hnh qu trnh nho bt bao gm bm, nho, v khun s d dng hn khi c mt lng nh xanthan gum c cho vo trong thnh phn sn phm. V tnh cht gi nc ca n, xanthan gum ngn chn s vn cc trong sut qu trnh nho ci thin s ng nht ca bt nho. Hn th na xanthan gum lm gim s mt nc trong qu trnh nng . Xanthan gum gp phn lm cho sn phm nng s ln hn, s phn phi v kch thc cc l xp ng nht hn. Gio trnh Ha sinh thc phm

1.2.5.2 Phng php sn xut Xanthan gum

Xanthan gum l polysaccharide ngoi bo khng ng nht, c sn xut t qu trnh ln men trn canh trng tinh khit ca carbonhydrat vi chng vi khun Xanthomonas campestris. Qu trnh ln men ny c tin hnh trong mi trng ln men chm, hiu kh. Mi trng phi c tit trng k, c cha ng (glucose, sucrose), ngun nit thch hp (amon clorua), kali phosphate v mt s cht khong vi lng khc ph thuc vo ging. Sau tinh sch bng cch x l bng ethanol hoc isopropanol, sy v nghin. Xanthangum c sn xut di dng mui Na+, K+ v Ca2+, dung dch ca n trung tnh. http://s4.zetaboards.com/BioFood_Tech/topic/9128037

1.2.6 CARRAGEENAN 1.2.6.1 Cu to, thnh phn v ng dng ca carrageenan

Carrageenan c sn xut t chondrus, eucheuma, gigartina, gloiopeltis v iridaea. Carrageenan l hn hp ca nhiu loi polysaccharide nh -carrageenan, -carrageenan, carrageenan, carrageenan, furcellaran. C th s dng ion kali tch phn on

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Hnh 3:CARRAGEENAN t rong sn. nht ca dch carrageenan ph thuc vo nng v loi carrageenan trong dung dch. Carrageenan c s dng trong sn xut bnh. Vi t l 0,03%, trong sa socola, carrageenan ngn chn s tch bo, lm n nh cc ht bt ca cao trong dung dch.

Vai tr ca carrageenan:
- Lm bn nh tng, gip cho dung dch trng thi nh tng cn bng vi nhau m khng b tch lp. - C th thay i kt cu ca sn phm vi tnh cht ha l, c hc mong mun, to ra cc sn phm ng c c bn dai. - Gip n nh cc tinh th trong cc sn phm bnh, ko ngn chn ng v nc b kt tinh. Carrageenan l cht to lm bn nh tng th hin qua 2 tnh cht: -Tng tc gia carrageenan vi protein : Phn ng ny xy ra nh cc cation c mt trong cc nhm protein tch in tc dng vi nhm sulfat mang in m ca carrageenan v c tnh quyt nh n bn c hc ca gel. -To gel :T dng dung dch chuyn sang dng gel l do tng tc gia cc phn t polyme ha tan vi cc phn t dung mi bn trong, nh tng tc ny m gel to thnh c bn c hc cao.S hnh thnh gel c th gy ra bi nhit thp hoc thm cc cation vi mt nng nht nh. Carrageenan c kh nng tng tc vi nhiu loi gum c bit l locust bean gum, trong ty thuc vo hm lng n s c tc dng lm tng nht, bn gel v n hi ca gel. hm lng cao carrageenan lm tng bn gel ca guar gum, nhng hm lng thp n ch c th lm tng nht. Carrageenan c ng dng rng ri trong cng ngh ch bin thc phm. Chng gp phn quan trng vo vic ci thin cht lng sn phm. c bit, c th s dng k carrageenan chit tch t rong bin Vit Nam trong bo qun, ch bin thc phm. Carrageenan c ng rng ri : To sn phm c cu trc mm xp i vi bnh m, bnh bch quy, bnh bng lan, ci thin tnh cht bt nho v tng lng sa c th s dng trong cc sn phm bnh nng Carrageenan, Carrageenan oligosaccharid khi lm ph gia ch bin, bo qun thc phm lm tng cng gi, tinh bt v c ch s pht trin vi sinh vt trn sn phm m vn gi c mu sc v mi v ca sn phm. Gio trnh Ha sinh thc phm

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1.2.6.2 Phng php sn xut Carrageenan
Carrageenan c thu nhn bng cch chit t rong sn bng nc hay bng dung dch kim long

X l rong trc khi nu chit

Mc ch ca cng on ny l dng cc yu t c kh nng kh ti a cc tp cht nh: Cht khong cht mu, protein, xenluloza, lipit khng c li cho sn phm Carrageenan ng thi cc yu t cn lm bo mn phn da ca cy rong, lm suy gim mng lin kt t bo cha carrageenan, t to iu kin cho vic rt ngn thi gian nu chit, nng cao hiu sut v cht lng sn phm. * Phng php x l rong trong mi trng kim Phng php ny dng dung dch NaOH x l rong trc khi nu chit Carrageenan. Ch ti u l [NaOH] =6%, to = 300C, = 40 pht.

Nu chit Carrageenan
Mc ch ca cng on ny l phi t hiu sut thu hi carrageenan cao v m bo cht lng ca carrageenan Khi nu trong mi trng kim long: Kim long ph v mng t bo ca cy rong gii phng carrageenan ra dung dch ng thi s gp phn trung ho lng acid to thnh, do sc ng ca carrageenan tng. Carrageenan khng tan trong nc lnh v nc thng.Nu nhit ln hn 100 0C, thi gian nu chit gim nhng Carrageenan b thu phn, tc chit rt nhanh, nht dung dch thp. Nu nhit nh hn 950C, thi gian nu ko di Carrageenan cng b thu phn ct mch sc ng gim mt khc mc ho tan ca Carrageenan gim, hiu sut chit ly gim. Vic x l rong trc khi nu chit bng dung dch kim NaOH 5% nhit 951000C th thi gian nu chit 1-1.5h. T l nc nu:Lng nc nu nh hng ln n t l thu hi v chc ca Carrageenan. Lng nc nu thng gp 40-50 ln lng rong. Ch nu chit ti u: t l nc/rong = 52/1, t0 = 1020C, = 65 pht Thit b chit:Ni hai v, thng inox c np t h thng dn hi nc hay cc ni inox, ni gang khuy o hn hp cn nu thng lp t h thng, cnh khuy hay bm i lu dung dch t pha y ni ln pha trn .

X l hn hp sau khi nu chit:

Thnh phn hn hp dch keo rong sau khi nu chit bao gm : Carrageenan ho tan , b rong (tp cht c hc ) , tp cht ho tan gm c khong , sc t , cc cht hu c ho tan nh :glucoza, axit amin , loi cc tp cht ra khi dung dch keo ta lm nh sau: C th s dng lng hoc lc tch tp cht c hc, vi bin php lng do nht ca keo ln lm km hm qu trnh lng xung ca cc ht. Sau khi tch b tp cht c hc, dch carrageenan cn cha cc tp cht nh sc t, cht v c, cht hu c ho tan. tinh ch lm sch dch keo rong, nng cao cht lng carrageenan c th dng phng php lc hp ph. Cht hp ph thng dng l than hot tnh. Dch keo sau khi loc th c trn vi than hot tnh c xp cao, ty mu trong iu kin lin tc khuy o nhit 95-980C, un si hn hp 15-20 pht, ri lc tch tp cht bng my lc p c lp

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mng ngn lc bng xenlul. Lng than ph thuc vo tnh hp ph ca loi than v mu sc ca dch.

Tch nc t dch keo

Dung dch carrageenan l dch keo nht cha 95-99% l nc. Do trc khi lm kh phi c cng on tch nc cho carrageenan. tch nc cho carrageenan c th thc hin phng php lnh ng tan gi. Nguyn l ca phng php: Khi h nhit xung di 150C, nc lin kt trong carrageenan b ng bng cn carrageenan dng keo t. Khi tan gi nc ng bng chy ra cn carrageenan khng tan, kt qu nc tch ra khi carrageenan. Phng php lm lnh ng.:C th s dng phng php lnh ng nhanh hoc lnh ng chm lnh ng dch keo. - Khi ng nhanh: tinh th nc nh v cc trung tm kt tinh trong lng khi keo. - Khi lnh ng chm: kch thc tinh th ln phn b dy lp ngoi cc mixen carrageenan kt hp vi nhau thnh kch thc ln, khi tan gi gim kh nng ht nc tr li. Trong qu trnh lnh ng, mt phn hi nc tch khi khi thch nh s thng hoa hi nc iu kin nhit thp, lng nc cn li tch khi khi keo theo ng tan gi v bay hi. Tan gi tch nc c th tin hnh theo 2 cch: tan gi t nhin (bng khng kh) v tan gi trong nc. Thng thng ngi ta s dng tan gi trong nc ri sau ly tm tch ly carrgeenan. Sau khi tan gi trng lng ca carrageenan gim i khong 75%.iu kin chy ng v tan gi, tan gi thch ng nh hng rt ln n hiu qu tch nc.

Phng php sy kh carrageenan

Sy kh n m 20-22%.Qu trnh lm kh carrageenan c th tin hnh trong iu kin nhit thp hay nhit cao, di p sut hay trong chn khng hoc bng cc tia bc x Ch sy, phng php chun b gel trc khi sy kh sn phm quyt nh nhiu n mu sc hnh dng v cht lng ca cht to ng kh Thng s dng phng php sy kh nhit thp sy carrageenan. - Lm kh t nhin - Lm kh bng qut thi khng kh gim thi gian sy c th s dng thit b sy phun. Thi gian sy kh nhanh chng trong vng vi giy. Khng kh thot khi bung sy i qua my lc kh v tch khi ht carrageenan. Sau khi sy kh carrageenan c ng gi bng thit b ng gi. http://s4.zetaboards.com/BioFood_Tech/topic/9128037

1.2.7 ALGINATE 1.2.7.1 Cu to, thnh phn v ng dng ca alginate

Alginate hin din trong tt c to nu(phaeophyceae),trong rong n tn ti dng mui alginate Ca, Fe, Mg, tham gia vo cu trc ca thnh v mng t bo. Ngun sn xut alginate

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cng nghip l cc to b ln nh macrocystis pyrifera, mt vi loi laminaria, ascophyllum v sargassum. Alginate c chit ra bng dung dch kim, v c kt ta bng acid hoc mui calci. Alginate c to nn t hai loi ng mannuronic v acid guluronic, theo t l thng thng l 1:5. Ring arginate chit xut t laminaria hyperborea c t l mannuronic v acid guluronic l 0,4-1. Arginate l mt copolymer mch thng t 2 gc uronat l alpha L- gluronat v beta D-mannuromat thng qua lin kt 1-4 glucosit vi cu trc tng quan l: [ 4) --D-ManpA( 1 4)- -D-ManpA(1 ]n [ 4) - -L-GulpA( 1 4)- -L-GulpA(1 ]m [ 4) --D-ManpA(1 4)- -L-GulpA(1 ]p Axit alginic l mt axit polyumic c chit t cc to nu bng cch ngm trong dung dch kim. N c th c iu ch bng cch kt ta phn chit xut vi mt axit khong hoc bng cch x l phn chit thu c canxi alginat cha tinh khit, trong qu trnh x l tip bng mt axit khong, n c chuyn thnh axit alginic c tinh khit cao. Axit alginic khng ha tan trong nc nhng cc mui ca kim loi kim ca chng v mui ca n ha tan hon ton trong nc lnh to thnh dung dch nht, tnh cht ca dung dch nht to thnh thay i ty theo xut x cc mui alginat ban u v tinh khit ca cc mui alginate. Cc mui alginate tan trong nc c s dng nh cc cht lm c c, cc cht bnh n v cc tc nhn to mng trong cc ngnh Acid alginic l mt cu th quan trng ca vch t bo v cht nhy gia t bo to nu.Alginate c iu ch t acid alginic c rt nhiu cng dng v tnh nhy, tnh nh tng ha v tnh lm bn h nh tng. Acid alginic cho nh tng mn v bn,c dng lm cht n nh, cht to ng, cht to gel, cht nh ho. Tt c cc mui alginate l cht khng ha tan trong cht bo, du v cc dung mi hu c. Tan chm trong cc dung dch Carbonate Natri, Hydroxide Natri, TriNatri Phosphate. Acid Alginic cn c s dng trong cc loi bnh ko, phomat v c kh nng lm qunh, c v n nh trong cu trc sn phm. Lm c v nh tng ha: natri alginate c th nng cao tnh n nh ca sn phm v lm gim lng nc trong thc phm. Natri alginate ph hp vi cc loi sn phm gel, n c th gi mi v, co cho sn phm, gip cho vic bo qun c lu hn. Ngoi ra, n c s dng nh mt lp mng ngt, cht n trong cc loi bnh, n khng thay i trong iu kin mi trng hay acid nhit cao hay thp. Alginate propylen glycol (PGA) Alginate propylen glycol (PGA) c chc nng c bit trong vic to bt, lm c, nh ha, lm n nh cc thnh phn trong thc phm. Do n c s dng rng ri trong sn xut nc qu p, bia, lm cht nh ha, gia v Gio trnh Ha sinh thc phm v http://s4.zetaboards.com/BioFood_Tech/topic/9128037

1.2.7.2 Phng php sn xut alginate

X l rong nguyn liu trc khi nu chit Alginate
X l Formol v Axit v c

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X l Formol: Mc ch ca vic x l Formol l c nh cc cht hu c nh cht mu Protein, Xenluloza,. Ngm rong vi axit v c: Mc ch ca vic ngm axit l lm mm phn xenluloza, lm yu thnh t bo to iu kin cho qu trnh nu chit. Phng php x l qua Formol v axit v c l phng php c dng ph bin nhiu nc v phng php ny cho hiu sut rt chit Alginic cao hn cc phng php x l khc. X l qua axit khng qua x l formol:Phng php ny cho hiu qu kh khong khng cao cho hiu sut chit thp. ng thi c nhiu tp cht hu c, v c trong dung dch Alginate dn n tinh ch kh khn. Alginate thu c c tinh khit khng cao. X l qua CaCl2 0,1%:Khi pha CaCl2 vo nc to ra Ca(OH)2 v HCl. Hai cht ny u c tc dng lm mm mng xenluloza ca cy rong, lm suy gim lin kt t bo. Axit clohydric hnh thnh c tc dng kh khong theo c ch trn. Phng php ny t nh hng n cht lng ca Algiante nhng phn ng kh khong yu. Nu chit: tch Alginic di dng Algiante natri ra khi cy rong Thng dng hn c l Na2CO3 hoc kt hp gia Na2CO3 vi Na2HPO4. Trong qu trnh nu chit cn lu mt s cc yu t nh hng trc tip n hiu qu qu trnh v cht lng ca Alginate : nng ha cht, lng ha cht, lng nc nu, nhit nu, thi gian nu. nh hng ln n hiu sut chit rt v cht lng ca Alginate. Hm lng v nng kim trong dung dch nu: Cn t mc hp l va nhanh chng ph v cu trc t bo v tc dng trit vi Alginic to thnh Alginate natri nhng phi t lm nh hng n lin kt Glucozit ca Alginic. Nhit nu chit: Thng th nhit khong 60-700C. Thi gian nu chit: Cn phi xc nh thi gian thch hp va chit rt c nhiu m cht lng Alginate c m bo. Lng nc nu (modun thy p): lng nc nu cn hp l. Nu lng nc thp qu lm cho nng cht keo cao, dn n kh nng ha tan keo rong t nguyn liu ra dung dch gim, nht gy cn tr cho khu lc dn n hiu sut quy trnh gim. Nu lng nc nu qu cao s gy kng knh cho sn xut, gim nng sut dy chuyn, kh nng ct mch glucozit ln gy gim cht lng ca Alginate.

7.2.3.Lc- tinh ch
- Tch Alginic khng ha tan Lc tch b rong:Hn hp sau khi nu chit bao gm Alginate natri v cc tp cht c hc (b rong) v cc tp cht ha tan (nh khong, cht mu, Protein, cc cht ha tan khc). S dng cc phng php lc nh: ly tm, lng ng, lc p. tng cng tc lc cn duy tr nhit hn hp 700C nht lc d dng hn. .

Tinh ch Alginic khng ha tan:

Phng php axit ha: khi cho H2SO4 hay HCl vo dch lc th th thy Alginic kt ta ni ln trn. Qu trnh ty mu c th ty trc dung dch lc sau axit ha sau. Hoc qu trnh ty mu cng vi to Alginat natri sau ny. Cht dng ty mu c th l H 2O2, KmnO4, hay NaClO, nc javen Phng php canxi ha: Dch lc l Alginate natri th em b sung CaCl2 thu c Alginate canxi kt ta ni ln, lc ly kt ta v tin hnh ty mu bng NaClO. Sau thc hin axit ha bng HCl hoc bng H2SO4 thu c Alginic tinh ch tch ra.

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Mun c Alginat tinh khit ta cho Alginic c m 70 80% trung ha vi Na2CO3 7% so vi lng Alginate thu c trn. C th thc hin ty mu cng on ny bng NaClO. thc hin ty mu cn cho NaClO vo dung dch Alginate natri th, sau kt ta Alginic. Sau khi thc hin ty mu sn phm c mu trng cht lng cao.

Lm kh Alginate natri
S dng phng php sy phun, sy thng nhit bng 50-60 0C . Hoc s dng Alcol 96% kt ta, ly tm, sy kh nhit bng 50 600C. Nguyn liu: rong m Sargassum . Nguyn liu yu cu sch s, khng mc, khng thi, khng gin gy. Ngm ra: em ngm rong, ra trong nc ngt t 1,5 2 gi cho sch tp cht mui. http://s4.zetaboards.com/BioFood_Tech/topic/9128037

1.2.8 MONO- DIGLYCERIDE 1.2.8.1 ng dng ca mono-diglyceride

Monoglycerid v diglycerid c ng dng trong cng nghip sn xut bt m bi kh nng lm tng kt cu ca n, lm cho bnh tr nn xp hn. N cn c s dng trong cng nghip sa, l mt cht to cho sa c mn v trong cc sn phm bnh ngt, bnh rn, bnh m, bnh cookies, bnh qu. ng dng trong cc sn phm bnh nng to nn kt cu n nh cho sn phm. Mono diglyceride c ng dng rng ri nh tng ha thc phm, chng c 2 loi l monoglyceride v diglyceride.

1.2.8.2 Phng php sn xut monoglycerid v diglycerid

Mono- v diglycerides l este c tng hp thng qua xc tc transesterification ca glycerol vi triglycerides, vi ngun cht bo trung tnh thng thng ca du u nnh hydro ha. Mono- v diglycerides cng c tng hp trc tip t glycerol v acid bo trong iu kin kim. S dng phng php chng ct phn t to ra sn phm c tinh khit cao. http://s4.zetaboards.com/BioFood_Tech/topic/9128037

1.2.9 GUM ARABIC 1.2.9.1 Cu to, thnh phn v ng dng ca gum arabic
Gum arabic l nha cy acacia, thng gn l acacia Senegal. Gum arabic hnh thnh khi v cy b tn thng. Cht ny c thu nhn di dng cc nha cy vi kch thc l 2-7cm. Sn lng hng nm ca tng cy vo khong 0,9-2kg. Gum arabic c sn xut ch yu tai Sudan, vi sn lng khong 50-60000 tn/nm. Gum arabic c bit t thi Ai Cp c i vi ci tn l kami, c dng nh l mt cht keo dnh cc cht mu trn cc bc tranh. Gum arabic c khi lng phn t khong 260-1160kdal, c to bi mt hn hp cc polysaccharide. T l cc polysaccharide ph thuc vo loi Acacia. Trong t nhin gum arabic mang tnh trung tnh, hoc mui ca acid yu.

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Hnh4:GUM ARABIC Gum arabic c dng lm cht nh tng, to nht v c tnh to mng. Gum arabic c s dng trong sn xut bnh lm chm qu trnh tch ng v du. Gum arabic cng c dng lm cht mang cho hng. Lc ny cc tinh du hng c to nh vi gum arabic, sau em i sy phun. Qu trnh ny s to lp mng xung quanh cc git tinh du, gip cho vic chng li s oxy ha v cc thay i bn ngoi, bo v hng c lu hn.

Gio trnh Ha sinh thc phm

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KT LUN
Ph gia ngy cng ng vai tr quan trng trong vic ch bin thc phm. Ph gia gip gi thc phm c ngon trn ng ti th trng. Ph gia cng lm ci thin gi tr dinh dng ca mt s thc phm v c th lm chng hp dn hn bng cch nng cp mi v, kt cu, ng nht v mu sc ca thc phm. Ngoi ra, nhiu cht ph gia hu ch khng c trong thin nhin m phi ch to ra. Cc ph gia nhn to sn xut kinh t hn, c tinh khit cao hn v n nh v cht lng hn mt s bn sao t nhin ca chng. Bn cnh ph gia cht n nh c tc dng to n hoc kim sot kim, acid ca thc phm: cc cht bt n gii phng ra nhng cht kh khi b un nng gip bnh n ra khi nng. Cc cht ph gia khc gip iu chnh acid v kim ca thc phm, to hng v v mu sc thch hp. Duy tr ng nht ca sn phm: cc cht nh ha to s ng nht cho kt cu ca thc phm v ngn nga s phn tch. Cht n nh v cht lm c to cu trc nhuyn mn. Cht chng vn gip nhng thc phm dng bt duy tr c trng thi ti ri.Cht to nh to n nh cu trc, to xp cho bnh, mn cho v bnh, gp phn lm tng gi tr cho bnh.

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TI LIU THAM KHO

[1]Gio trnh ph gia v bao gi thc phm, chng 5- Trng i Hc Cng Nghip Tp.HCM [2] http://s4.zetaboards.com/BioFood_Tech/topic/9128037 [3]Gio trnh Ha sinh thc phm, chng 6 - Nh xut bn i Hc Quc Gia Tp.HCM [4]Ha sinh cng nghip, chng 3- Nh xut bn khoa hc v k thut H Ni

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