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Li ni u Hi ng khoa hc Cc cng thc thng dng, cc phng trnh v hng s c bn Cc bi l thuyt
Bi 1 Bi 2 Bi 3 Bi 4 Bi 5 Bi 6 Bi 7 Bi 8 Bi 9 Bi 10 Bi 11 Bi 12 Bi 13 Bi 14 Bi 15 24 Bi 16 26 Bi 17 Bi 18 Bi 19 Bi 20 Bi 21 Bi 22 Bi 23 1 Bi 24 Bi 25 Bi 26 Bi 27
I III IV V
Nhn bit v tch cc ion 1 ng dng v iu ch cc ng v phng x 2 Cc hp cht trao i ion 3 Xc nh ion canxi bng phng php kt ta cng chun oxi ha kh 7 Nit trong nc thi 8 ng dng cc ng v trong ph khi 10 Cc obitan nguyn t 11 Cc lc tng tc lin phn t 11 S kt tinh 13 Cc ng dng ca cc kim loi chuyn tip 14 in ha ca cc hp cht v c 15 Cc hp cht cacbonyl kim loi 16 Cacbocation v tnh thm 18 ng v m vng quang ha 19 Ha hc lp th 21 Tng hp hu c Phng php ph v ha hc polime Ete vng v xc nhn phn t Xc tc enzim Cng trong cc qu trnh nhit ng ng ha hc Ha hc kh quyn Cc qu trnh nhit ng v ng ha Gin pha lch tiu chun trong c hc lng t hp th mt chiu Ht trong c hc lng t hp th hai chiu Phn tch ph Ph khi thi gian bay 24 26 30 32 33 33 33 34 35 36 37 39
Cc bi thc nghim
Cc qui tc an ton 41 49 48 Bi 28 Xc nh cc cht rn cha bit Bi 29 Xc nh cc dung dch cha bit (I) Th nghim vt khng in phn Bi 30 Xc nh cc dung dch cha bit (II) Th nghim vt c in phn Bi 31 Phn tch nh lng axit ascorbic trong vin Vitamin C Bi 32 Xc nh mt hng s cn bng Bi 33 Tng hp axit axetylsalixylic Bi 34 Phn tch vin Aspirin Bi 35 Tch ()--Methylbenzylamin v xc nh tinh khit quang hc
47 48 49 50 53 55 57 58 61
p n
p n 1 ..................................................................................................................
p n 2 p n 3 p n 4 p n 5 p n 6 p n 7 p n 8 p n 9 p n 10 p n 11 p n 12 p n 13 p n 14 p n 15 p n 16 p n 17 p n 18 p n 19 p n 20 p n 21 p n 22 p n 23 p n 24 p n 25 p n 26 3 p n 27
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64 65 66 68 68 69 69 71 71 72 73 75 75 76 77 78 79 79 81 82 82 83 84 85 85 85 86 90 100
Ph lc I: Bin bn hp hi ng ch o Ph lc II: Thng bo cho cc gio vin ti IChO Ph lc III: Ph lc IChO C (cp nht 2004) - Chng trnh
Li ni u
Cun sch nh ny gm cc bi tp chun b v cc thng tin dnh cho gio vin tham d Olympic Ha Hc quc t c thng qua sau hi ngh hi ng lnh o IChO 37 ti i Bc t ngy 2-5 thng 12 nm 2005. Theo cng trng trnh ca IChO, cc bi tp trong tp sch ny c son tho vi mc ch nhn mnh cc khm ph cng nh khuynh hng pht trin b mn Ha Hc trn ton th gii, ng thi cng gii thiu cc nghin cu xut sc ti i Loan trn cc lnh vc ti nguyn thin nhin, y hc, nng lng, vt liu v mi trng. Mc d rt c gng nhng chc vn khng trnh c thiu st. Chng ti chn thnh cm n cc pht hin v nhng kin ng gp qu bu ca cc bn. Cui cng, chng ti hi vng rng cun sch nh ny s c ch cho cc bn hc sinh chun b tham d IChO 37 - 2005. Cho mng cc bn n vi i Loan. Chc may mn!
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Hi ng khoa hc
President: Dr. Chan, Sunney I. Coordination: Dr. Peng, Shie-Ming Manager: Dr. Fang, Tai-Shan Secretary: Dr. Chang, I-Jy
Phn l thuyt Dr. Fang, Jim-Min Dr. Her, Guor-Rong Dr. Jin, Bih-Yaw Dr. Leung, Man-Kit Dr. Lin, Cheng-Huang Dr. Lin, King-Chuen Dr. Lin, Sheng-Hsien Dr. Lin, Ying-Chih Dr. Lu, Kuang-Lieh Dr. Peng, Shie-Ming Dr. Shih, Jeng-Shong Dr. Whang, Chen-Wen Dr. Wong, Ken-Tsung Phn thc nghim Dr. Chang, I-Jy Dr. Chen, Chien-Tien Dr. Chen, Kwunmin National Taiwan Normal University National Taiwan Normal University National Taiwan Normal University National Taiwan University National Taiwan University National Taiwan University National Taiwan University National Taiwan Normal University National Taiwan University Academia Sinica National Taiwan University Academia Sinica National Taiwan University National Taiwan Normal University Tunghai University National Taiwan University
Academia Sinica National Taiwan University National Taiwan Normal University National Taiwan Normal University
Dr. Fang, Tai-Shan Dr. Horng, Jhy-Ming Dr. Shiau, George T. Dr. Yao, Ching-Fa Dr. Yeh, Ming-Chang P. Dr. Mou, Chung-Yuan Dr. Shieh, Ming-Huey Lecturer She, Jui-Lin
National Taiwan Normal University National Taiwan Normal University College Entrance Examination Center National Taiwan Normal University National Taiwan Normal University National Taiwan University National Taiwan Normal University National Taiwan University
Phng trnh Nernst (T = 298 K) Phng trnh Clausius-Clapeyron Phng trnh kh l tng H thc De Broglie mv Nng lng t do Phng trnh Arrhenius E = hv U = q + w G = G + RT ln Q w = - PV Standard atmosphere = 101325 Pa RT ti 298.15 K = 2.4790 kJ mol-1 Pi ( ) = 3.1415927 1 A = 10-10 m
o
PV = nRT
G = H - TS k = Ae-Ea/RT
=h/
G = - nFE
1 W = 1 J s-1
1 J = 1 kg m2 s-2 1 Pa = 1 kg m s = 1 N m
-1 -2 -2
Y*** kt ta trng kt ta nu kt ta kt ta
*** = khng phn ng, 1-1 Lp s tch cc cation A2+, B2+, C2+, D2+, E2+ trong dung dch nitrat bng cch s dng cc dung dch thuc th khc nhau cha cc anion X-, Y-, Z-, Cl-, OH-. Ghi r sn phm cc sn phm hnh thnh trong mi bc. Lp s tch cc anion X-, Y-, Z-, Cl-, OH- trong dung dch cha cation natri bng cch s dng cc dung dch thuc th khc nhau cha cc cation A 2+, B2+, C2+, D2+, E2+ . Ghi r sn phm cc sn phm hnh thnh trong mi bc. Kt ta trng BY2 v kt ta nu CY2 tan t trong nc vi tch s tan tng ng ti 25oC ln lt l 3.20 10-8 v 2.56 10-13. Tnh tan ca BY2. Tnh tan ca CY2. Chun b trong cc bnh nh mc 50 mL mt nhm cc dung dch cha B 2+ v L bng cch thm vo mi bnh 2 mL dung dch B2+ 8,2 10-3 M. Thm vo mi bnh cc lng khc nhau ca dung dch cha phi t L nng 1,0 10-2 M. Pha long dung dch trong mi bnh bng nc n vch mc (50 mL). o h s hp th ca phc BL n ti 540 nm cho mi dung dch trong mt ng di 1,0 cm. Cc d liu thu c trong Bng 2. (C B 2+ v phi t L khng hp th (A = 0) ti 540 nm.) [Phng php t l mol] Tnh gi tr n (s phi tr) trong phc BLn2+. Tnh hng s to thnh (Kf) ca phc BLn2+. Bng 2 L thm vo VL (mL) 1.00 H s hp th (A) 0.14 L thm vo VL (mL) 2.00 H s hp th (A) 0.26
1-2
1-4-1 1-4-2
Thm rt chm cht rn NaY (tan) vo mt dung dch cha B 2+ 0,10M v C2+ 0,05 M c pha t cc dung dch mui nitrat tng ng ca chng. Cation no kt ta trc (B2+ hay C2+)? Nng [Y-] bng bao nhiu khi ion ny kt ta? (Cho Ksp (BY2) = 3.20 10-8 v Ksp (CY2) = 2.56 10-13 ti 25oC.) [Tch bng kt ta] Nng ca ion Y- v cation cn li bng bao nhiu khi cation u tin kt ta hon ton (gi thit rng sau khi kt ta hon ton nng cation u tin trong dung dch 10-6 M)? S dng tc nhn Y- c th tch B2+ v C2+ bng phng php kt ta hay khng?
Bi 2: ng dng v iu ch cc ng v phng x
Ngi ta c th s dng ng v phng x chn on v iu tr trong y hc, cng nh phn tch cng nghip. Nhiu ng v, nh P-32 (s khi = 32) v Co-60 c th c sinh ra do s phng x notron trong l phn ng ht nhn. Tuy nhin, vi ng v c trong t nhin nh C-14 v T-3 (Triti) c th hnh thnh do s bn ph nguyn t nit N-14 trong kh quyn bi cc ht notron trong cc tia v tr. (S hiu nguyn t ca T v H, C, N, P, Co v notron ln lt l 1, 6, 7, 15, 27 v 0. C 32 th biu th P-32 l 15 P ) 2.1 Vit cc phng trnh phn ng ht nhn cho s hnh thnh C-14 v T-3 khi bn ph cc nguyn t N-14 trong kh quyn bng notron trong tia v tr. C th s dng ng v phng x C-14 lm tc nhn chnh cho phng php xc nh nin i bng C-14. Hot (A) c trng cho s phn r trong mt pht (cpm) ca ng v phng x C-14 t l vi s nguyn t C-14 (N) nh sau: [Xc nh nin i bng C-14] A = N (1) Vi l h s d ca mt u d C-14 v l hng s phn r ca C-14. Quan h gia lng ban u (No) v lng cn li (N) ca C-14 sau thi gian phn r (t) th hin bng biu thc: N = No e- t
(2)
Chu k bn hy t 1 / 2 (c nh ngha l thi gian cn thit 50% s nguyn t C-14 phn r phng x, N = 1/2No) l 5730 nm. Chng ta cng bit rng hot C-14 trong ng v thc vt sng l 16,5 cpm/1 gam C. Sau khi sinh vt cht i, hot (cpm/1 gam C) ca C-14 trong c th sinh vt gim dn theo thi gian. 2-2-1 Vit phng trnh biu din quan h gia hot u (A o) v hot cui (A) nh hm ca thi gian cho mt sinh vt. 2-2-2 Hot ca C-14 trong mt thuyn g c c pht hin l 10,2 cpm/1 gam C. Tnh tui ca thuyn g ny. 2-3 ng v phng x p-32 l mt tc nhn rt quan trng trong cc nghin cu sinh hc. C th iu ch ng v ny bng cch bn ph P-31 bng notron trong cc l phn ng ht nhn. Tc hnh thnh (Rp) ca P-32 c th nh gi bng phng trnh: Rp = N (3) Vi N v ln lt l s nguyn t v notron qua thit din ( 0,9 x 10-24 cm2/nguyn t) ca P-31 v l dng notron (notron / (cm2 s)) ca l ht nhn. Nu h s d () ca u d cho P32 bng 1,0, th tc phn hy (Rd) v hot (A) ca P-32 trong l ht nhn c th nh gi gn ng nh l mt hm ca s nguyn t P-32 (N*) nh sau: Rd = N ( e- t ) v A = N* = Rp Rd (5)
(4)
Vi l hng s phn r ca P-32, t l thi gian pht x notron trong l ht nhn v chu k bn
hy ca P-32 l 14,3 ngy. 2-3-1 Trong l ht nhn, ngi ta pht x notron vo 10 mg mu H3PO4 nguyn cht vi dng notron bng 1,00 x 1013 n cm-2s-1 trong thi gian mt gi. Tnh hot ca mu theo cps (s phn r / s) v Ci. (Ci = Cuire, 1 Ci 3,7 x 1010 cps, khi lng nguyn t: H=1, P=31, O=16) 2-3-2 C th dng ng v phng x P-32 o th tch nc trong h hoc th tch mu ca mt ng vt. a 2 mL dung dch cha P-32 1,0 Ci/mL vo mt h nc. Sau khi khuy u, hot ca 1,0 mL nc trong h c xc nh l 12,4 cps (s phn r / s). Tnh th tch nc trong h. (Ci = Curie, 1 Ci 3,7 x 1010 cps)
C C
C C
Na2S2O8
C
H2SO4
C
SO3- H+
+
C
C
Hp cht trao i cation (k hiu R H ) c th dng hp th cation, M +. Phn ng ha hc, hng s cn bng Kc v h s phn b Kd c din t bi cc biu thc di y: R-H+ R-H+ + M+ = RM + H+, Kc = [RM][H+] / ([M+][RH]) Kd = [RM] / [M+]
+
[ polyme ] - +
[Gin 1]
[ h p ch tra i ca t o tion ]
(1) (2)
Hp cht trao i cation R H c th chuyn ha thnh hp cht trao i ion R -M+ hoc (R-)zM+ do phn ng gia R- H+ vi mt hidroxit kim loi (M(OH)z). Phn ng minh ha: R-H+ + MOH = R-M+ + H2O v 3-1
3.1.1 3.1.2
(3)
+
(4)
Mt hp cht trao i cation R-Na+ c s dng tch CaCl2 trong nc my. Vit phng trnh phn ng minh ha s hp th Ca2+ bng hp cht trao i cation R-Na+. Dng hp cht trao i ion R-H+ thay cho R-Na+. (a) Vit phng trnh phn ng minh ha s hp th Ca2+ bng hp cht trao i ion R-H+ v (b) cho bit hp cht trao i ion no, R-H+ hay R-Na+, thch hp cho mc ch to nc ung. Gii thch.
3-2 Mt hp cht hu c trao i anion (k hiu l R +Cl-) cng c tng hp bng cch polime ha styren / divinyl benzen sau ly sn phm sinh ra cho tc dng vi axit Lewis AlCl3 v amin bc ba NR , nh Gin 2 di y:
3
C C
C C
Na2S2O8
C
AlCl3 RN3
C
RN3+ Cl-
+
C
C
[ polyme ]
[Gin 2]
[ h p ch tra i a t o nion]
R+Cl-
C th thu c hp cht trao i anion R+OH- t phn ng ha hc gia hp cht trao i ion R+Clvi NaOH 3M theo phng trnh: R+ Cl- + NaOH = R+ OH- + NaCl (5)
3-2-1 Cho bit lm th no m mt hp cht trao i anion c th tch H + khi dung dch HCl v vit phng trnh phn ng minh ha qu trnh ny. 3-2-2 Cho bit lm th no m dng hp cht trao i anion R+OH- c th xc nh c lng SO42- c trong nc my. Vit phng trnh phn ng minh ha. Nng sut (S) hp th mt ion ca hp cht trao i cation R -H+ c biu t bng s mol ion b hp th trn mt gam hp cht trao i ion trong 1,0 mL dung dch v c th tnh theo phng trnh sau: S = ([RM] + [RH]) 10-3 (6) Nng sut (S) ca hp cht trao i cation R-H+ cho cc M+ trong dung dch c th nh lng t hng s cn bng Kc, h s phn b Kd v nng cc ion M+ v H+ c trong dung dch. 3-3 Chng minh rng quan h Kd, S, Kc, [M+] v [H+] c th hin bi phng trnh di y: 1 / Kd = [M+] / (S(103)) + [H+] / (S Kc(103)) (7) 3-4 C th dng cc hp cht trao i ion lm vt liu pha tnh trong sc k lng hp th v tch cc ion khc nhau. V d nh c th s dng hp cht trao i ion R+OH- tch cc ion X- v Yvi cht ra gii NaOH. Hnh 1 l ph tch cc ion X - v Y- s dng mt ct trao i anion di 30 cm.
t2 Vi t1, t2 v to ln lt l thi gian lu gi (tR) ca X- , Y- v cht ra gii nguyn cht (NaOH) i qua ct. 1 v 2 l rng pic cho X- v Y-. S a l thuyt N v chiu cao a H (tng ng cao t1 ca cc a l thuyt) ca ct c tnh theo theo phng trnh:
N = 16 (tR / ) 2 v H=L/N
YX-
(8) (9)
t0
1.5
1.0
10. 0
14. 0
TTime/min
Hnh 1. Ph sc k lng cho cc ion X- v Yvi L l di ct. phn gii (R) v h s tch () cho X- v Y- c tnh bng cc phng trnh sau: R = 2 (t2 - t1) / ( 1 + 2) v 3-4-1 3-4-2 3-4-3 3-4-4 = (t2 - t0) / (t1 - t0) Tnh s a l thuyt N trung bnh ca ct. Tnh chiu cao a H ca ct Tnh phn gii (R) ca ct cho cc ion X- v Y-. Tnh h s tch () cho cc ion X- v Y-. (10) (11)
3-5 Mt s hp cht trao i ion c ngun gc v c. Hp cht v c trao i ion c bit n nhiu nht l cc zeolit [(Mz+)(Al2O3)m / (SiO2)n] (Mz+= Na+, K+ or Ca2+, Mg2+). Hnh 2 l mt s mu zeolit. Hp cht trao i ion zeolit-Na+ (k hiu l Z-Na+) vi kch thc khe h bng 13 c vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh tch ion Ca2+ hay Mg2+ t nc my. Cc zeolit vi kch thc khe h xc nh c kh nng hp th la chn cao cc phn t khc nhau, v d H2O v iso-butan. Nh vy, zeolit c th c s dng nh mt ry phn t. Zeolit cng c s dng nh mt cht xc tc do kh nng hp th mt cu t du m, nh iso-butane, do vy lm tng vn tc cracking cu t b hp th.
Hnh 2. Cc loi zeolit khc nhau 3-5-1 Vit phng trnh phn ng minh ha qu trnh tch ion Ca 2+ t nc my bng ct trao i ion zeolit Z-Na+ 3-5-2 Vit phn ng hp th K+ bng zeolit Z-Na+.
Bi 4:
Hm lng canxi trong mt mu nc c th c xc nh bng cc qu trnh sau: Bc 1 Thm vi git metyl vo mu nc axit ha, sau trn k vi dung dch Na2C2O4 Bc 2 Thm ure [(NH2)2CO] v un si dung dch nh nhng cho ti khi cht ch th chuyn sang mu vng (qu trnh ny mt khong 15 pht). CaC2O4 kt ta. Bc 3 Lc dung dch nng v ra cht rn CaC2O4 vi nc lnh ra sch ion C2O42- d. Bc 4 Ha tan kt ta CaC2O4 khng tan trong dung dch H 2SO4 0,1 M nng to ion Ca2+ v H2C2O4. Chun H2C2O4 bng dung dch KMnO4 n khi quan st thy mu tm hon ton bin mt. Cho cc phn ng lin quan v cc hng s cn bng: CaC2O4(s) Ca2+(aq) + C2O42-(aq) Ca(OH)2(s) Ca2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) H2C2O4(aq) HC2O4-(aq) + H+(aq) HC2O4-(aq) C2O42-(aq) + H+(aq) H2O H+(aq) + OH-(aq) 4-1 4-2 Ksp = 1,30x10-8 Ksp = 6,50x10-6 Ka1 = 5,60x10-2 Ka2 = 5,42x10-5 Kw = 1,00x10-14
Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra khi thm ure (bc 2) Hm lng canxi trong 25,00 mL mu nc c xc nh s dng qui trnh trn v dng 27,41 mL dung dch KMnO4 2,50 x 10-3 M trong bc cui cng. Xc nh nng ion canxi trong mu ny.
4.3 Tnh tan ca CaC2O4 trong dung dch nc c m pH = 4,0. (B qua h s hot )
Trong phn tch trn, chng ta b qua mt yu t c th lm sai kt qu phn tch, l nu thm d ion C2O42- th s khng th kt ta hon ton CaC2O4 trong bc 1 do xy ra cc phn ng sau: Ca2+(aq) + C2O42-(aq) CaC2O4(aq) CaC2O4(aq) + C2O42-(aq) Ca(C2O4)22-(aq) 4-4 4-5
2+ 2-
Tnh nng cc ion H+ v Ca2+ trong dung dch bo ha CaC2O4. (B qua cc h s hot . Gii thch r mi gi nh s dng trong qu trnh tnh ton.)
Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra gia kh c gii phng ra v axit boric. Vit phng trnh cho bc cui cng. Cht ch th no sau y dng thch hp nht cho bc cui cng:
Methyl da cam (khong chuyn mu pH 3,1 - 4,4), phenolphthalein (khong chuyn mu pH 8,0 9,6). Gii thch s la chn ca bn. 5-2 Nitrit c bit l nguyn nhn gy bnh methemoglobinemia tr s sinh. Trong phng th nghim, nitrit c xc nh bng phng php so mu. Phng php ny yu cu chun b mt nhm cc dung dch nitrit chun. Tuy nhin, nitrit b oxi ha d dng trong kh m v v vy rt cn chun li cc dung dch nitrit ct gi. Qu trnh chun li c thc hin bng cch thm lng d dung dch H2SO4 v dung dch KMnO4 chun vo dung dch nitrit ct gi. Mu tm ca dung dch do s c mt ca lng KMnO 4 d s bin mt khi thm mt lng xc nh Na 2C2O4 v hn hp c chun li bng dung dch KMnO4 chun. 5-2-1 5-2-2 5-2-3 Vit phng trnh phn ng gia dung dch nitrit v KMnO4. Vit phng trnh phn ng chun li. Vit biu thc tnh nng nit.
A: mg/ml N trong dung dch NaNO2 ct gi B: s mL KMnO4 chun dng C: nng phn mol ca KMnO4 chun D: s mL dung dch Na2C2O4 chun E: nng phn mol ca Na2C2O4 chun F: s mL dung dch NaNO2 ct gi cn cho chun
Bi 7: Cc obitan nguyn t Mt cch m t hnh dng cc obital nguyn t ca nguyn t H l m t dng cc b mt nt hoc cc nt, ni electron c xc sut bng khng. Theo c hc sng, s nt tng khi gi tr n tng. Cho tp hp cc obitan nlm, c n-l-1 nt cu v l nt gc.
7-1 M t phn b xc sut electron cho cc obitan 1s, 2s v 3s. Mi obitan ny c bao nhiu nt? 7-2 M t phn b xc sut electron cho cc obitan 2pz v 3pz. Mi obitan ny c bao nhiu nt? 7-3 Hy tng tng l bn du lch theo trc z, bt u hnh trnh ca bn t khong cch xa ht nhn trn trc z, vt qua ht nhn v n mt im rt xa trn trc -z. Bn vt qua bao nhiu b mt nt ca mi obitan sau: 1s, 2s, 3s, 2pz and 3pz.
Bi 8: Cc lc tng tc lin phn t Lc tng tc lin phn t xy ra gia cc phn t. Hai loi lc tng tc lin phn t ph bin l tng tc ion - lng cc v lng cc - lng cc.
Na+
H2O
O
8-1-1 V cu trc hnh hc ca sn phm hnh thnh t tng tc gia ion natri v cc phn t nc. 8-1-2 vng V mt gin biu th tng tc gia ion natri v phn t ete
OH +N
So vi cc tng tc lin phn t khc, lin kt hidro tng i mnh; nng lng ca cc lin kt hidro khong t 15 n 40 kJ/mol. Lin kt hidro mnh n mc trong mt vi trng hp n tn ti ngay c trong trng thi hi.
8-2-1 trng thi kh, nhiu phn t HF kt hp li thnh (HF) 6. V cu trc hexame ny. 8-2-2 V gin minh ha lin kt hidro gia hai phn t axit axetic (CH3CO2H) Phn 3: Lin kt hidro trong sinh vt Mt s phn ng ha hc trong sinh vt lin quan n cc cu trc phc tp nh cc protein v ADN. Trong cc phn ng ny phi c lin kt no d dng b ph v v hnh thnh. Lin kt hidro l loi lin kt duy nht c ln nng lng ph hp vi iu ny. im then cht trong chc nng vn ng ca ADN l cu trc xon kp ca n vi cc baz b sung trn hai mch. Cc baz hnh thnh lin kt hidro vi nhau.
H H N N N H N N R H N H H H N N O N N R H
Adenin (A)
H H H N R O N N H H H3C
Guanin (G)
O N N R O H
Cytosin (C)
Thymin (T)
Cc baz hu c trong ADN 8-3 Trong ADN c hai cp baz to lin kt hidro vi nhau l T-A v G-C. V biu din lin kt hidro trong hai cp baz ny.
Bi 9: S sp xp trong tinh th C ba loi t bo lp phng c s cho cc cht rn nguyn t, c goi tn l lp phng n gin, lp phng tm khi v lp phng tm din nh cc hnh v minh ha di y:
lp phng n gin
lp phng tm khi
lp phng tm din
9-1 Trong mi cch sp xp trn, mi nguyn t c bao nhiu nguyn t ln cn? 9-2 Trong mi cch sp xp, mt sp xp tng i (fv) c nh ngha bng t l: fv = tht chi bi cc h c trong tbo cs ch m nh u tht tbo cs ch
Cho bit gi tr fv trong mi loi khi tinh th trn 9-3 Cc tinh th bc c cu trc lp phng c kht nht, nh lp phng tm din. Bn knh nguyn t bc l 144 pm. Tnh khi lng ring ca bc. 9-4 Phng php nhiu x tia X l mt phng php thng c s dng xc nh cu trc tinh th. Trong mt thc nghim xc nh nh vy, cc tia X pht ra c nhiu x bi tinh th LiF (d = 201 pm), v nhiu x bc nht c nhn thy ti gc 34,68o. Tnh di sng tia X pht ra bi kim loi. Bi 10: Cc ng dng ca kim loi chuyn tip Cc nguyn t kim loi chuyn tip phn b rng ri trong v tri t. Nhiu nguyn t kim loi chuyn tip c s dng cho cc ng dng hng ngy ca cuc sng: cc ng st, cc dy dn bng ng, ph tng t lm t crom, ... Phn 1: Cc tnh cht ca crom Crom l mt kim loi sng, mu trng bc. Tn ca n (theo ting Hi Lp, chroma ngha l mu sc) cp n cc hp cht nhiu mu sc ca n. Cc hp cht crom (VI) c mu sng, do vy n c ng dng lm cht mu cho mu v v men gm. 10-1-1 Trong mi trng axit, ion cromat mu vng (CrO42-) chuyn ha thnh ion dicromat mu da cam (Cr2O72-). Vit phng trnh phn ng. 10-1-2 Mc oxi ha ca nguyn t kim loi trung tm trong ion cromat v ion dicromat bng bao nhiu? 10-1-3 y c phi l phn ng oxi ha kh khng? Gii thch. 10-1-4 Yu t chnh kim sot cn bng trn l g? 10-1-5 V cu trc hnh hc cho CrO42- v Cr2O72-.
Bi 11: in ha hc ca cc hp cht v c Cc hp cht v c cho thy mc oxi ha ca cc nguyn t rt a dng, v d nh trong hp cht Mn c mc oxi ha t 0 n +7. Th kh tiu chun ca mt bn phn ng c o so snh vi in cc hidro tiu chun. Trong bi ny, th kh Mn2+ + 2 e Mn, E = -1.18V c k hiu l Mn2+ (-1.18) Mn. Dy th kh chun ca Mn trong dung dch axit Mn3+ Mn2+ Mn c din t nh sau: Mn3+ (1.5) Mn2+ (-1.18) Mn Phn ng oxi ha kh t xy khi th oxi ha kh dng. Gin Frost l th quan h gia nE (n l s electron trao i trong bn phn ng) ca cp kh X(N) / X0) theo s oxi ha (N) ca nguyn t c s dng ch ra dng hp cht bn nht trong cc dng tn ti c mc oxi ha khc nhau. Di y l gin Frost ca Mn3+ / Mn2+ / Mn
s oxi ha, N
11-1 Th kh ph thuc nng cc cu t trong dung dch. Bit K sp ca MnCO3 l 1.810-11, dng phng trnh Nernst xc nh th ti 25 C cho pin Mn(s) | Mn2+ 2+ 2+ trong in cc bn phi (aq) (1M) || Mn (aq) / MnCO3 | Mn(s), nu nng ca Mn ca pin bng 1.010-8 M. 11-2 Vi oxi, th kh tiu chun trong dung dch axit l: O2 (0.70) H2O2 (1.76) H2O. Xy dng gin Frost cho oxi v s dng thng tin cha trong gin tnh th kh ca qu trnh kh O2 thnh H2O. H2O2 c t phn hy khng? C th iu ch xenon diflorua bng cch t mt bnh xy tht kh cha kh xenon v flo di nh sng mt tri. Di y l bn phn ng cho s kh XeF2 XeF2(aq) + 2H+(aq) + 2e- Xe(g) + 2HF(aq) E = 2.32V 11-3 S dng m hnh VSEPR d on s cp electron v dng hnh hc phn t cho XeF2. Chng t rng XeF2 phn hy trong dung dch nc to thnh O2 v tnh Eo cho phn ng ny. Theo bn s phn hy ny u th trong mi trng axit hay baz? Ti sao? 2 H2O O2 + 2H+ + 4e- Eo = -1.23V
Bi 12: Cc hp cht cacbonyl kim loi Cacbon monoxit, mt phi t cho hai electron, phi tr vi cc kim loi chuyn tip hnh thnh cc hp cht cacbonyl kim loi. V d nh, st hnh thnh phc kim loi pentacacbonyl Fe(CO)5. Niken tetracacbonyl, Ni(CO)4, c s dng tinh ch kim loi Ni trong qu trnh Mond. Tng s electron ca cc phc cacbonyl kim loi ny cho thy rng chng tun ng quy tc 18 electron. Coban v Mangan phn ng vi CO ln lt hnh thnh cc phc hai nhn Co2(CO)8 v Mn2(CO)10. (Cu hnh electron ca Mn l [Ar](3d)5(4s)2). Mt lin kt kim loi - kim loi gia cc tm kim loi l cn thit hp cht m bo tun ng quy tc 18 electron. Mt anion xiclopentadienyl C5H5- c ng 5 dng rng ri nh mt phi t . V d nh ferrocen (C5H5)2Fe, mt hp cht mu mc, tun ng quy tc 18 electron. Phn ng ca W(CO)6 vi natri xiclopentadienit NaC5H5 sinh ra mt hp cht nhy kh A. Oxi ha A vi FeSO4 sinh ra hp cht B. Hp cht A cng c th c iu ch t phn ng ca B vi Na/Hg, mt tc nhn kh mnh. Trong vng 1600-2300 cm -1 ca ph hng ngoi, A cho di hp th ti 1744 v 1894 cm-1 v di hp th ca B ti 1904 v 2010 cm-1. Hp cht A l mt tc nhn nucleophin mnh v l nguyn liu u tt cho qu trnh tng hp cc hp cht c kim cha lin kt cacbon-kim loi. Phn ng ca A vi propagyl bromua (HCCCH2Br) to hp cht C cha mt lin kt cacbonkim loi. Ti nhit phng, C tri qua mt qu trnh chuyn ha sinh ra cht D. Thnh phn ha hc ca C v D l ging nhau. Bng di y cho bit dch chuyn ha hc () ca cc dng cng hng CH2 v CH; cc hng s tng tc J H-H ca propargyl bromua, C v D trong ph 1H NMR.
H NMR
W(CO)6
NaC5H5
FeSO4 Na/Hg
HC CCH2Br C D
12-1 Gii thch s khc nhau ca A v B trong ph hng ngoi. 12-2 Xc nh cu to ca A, B, C v D. 12-3 Qu trnh chuyn ha C thnh D lin quan n s chuyn v kim loi trn phi t propargyl. Xc nh cu trc ca C v D, nu DCCCH2Br c s dng tng hp C. Bi 13: Cc carbocations v tnh thm
Cacbocation l cc trng thi trung gian ca phn ng, chng mang in tch +1 trn nguyn t cacbon trung tm. Trung tm cacbocation l trung tm thiu electron v c cu to phng. Cng hng t proton (H-NMR) l mt trong nhng phng php cng c u tin c dng xc nh cu trc v tnh cht ca cacbocation. Trong mi trng axit mnh, nh l SbF5, cacbocation bn c th hnh thnh v c trc tip theo di bng NMR. SbF 5 l mt axit Lewis mnh m c th to phc vi mt baz yu nh l F- hnh thnh SbF6-. 13.1 Cho bit sn phm A trong phn ng sau y?
F H3C H3C CH3 SbF5 A
13-2
Hai ph H-NMR ca (CH3)3CF c thu c khi ln lt dng (CH3)3CF tinh khit v (CH3)3CF trong SbF5. Mt ph, k hiu l ph I, cho thy mt vch n ti 4.35, v ph kia (ph II), cho thy mt vch i ti 1,30 vi hng s tng tc J = 20 Hz. Ph no l ca (CH3)3CF trong SbF5? Ion tropylium B l mt trong nhng cacbocation bn nht. C bao nhiu electron trong ion tropylium?
H H H H B + H H H
13.2
13-4 13-5
Ion tropylium B c phi l cu trc thm hay khng? Gii thch. dch chuyn ha hc ca benzen trong ph 1H NMR l 7.27. Ph H-NMR ca B s l:
13-6
4-Isopropyltropolon C l v d u tin ca mt hp cht thm khng ging benzen. N c gio s T. Nozoe, trng i Hc Quc Gia i Loan tch t cc cy bch ti i Loan do vo nm 1938. V cu trc cng hng minh ha tnh thm ca C.
O OH
C
13-7 Proton ca nhm OH trong tropolon c tnh axit. Ba mol tropolon C c th tc dng vi mt mol tris(2,4-pentanedionato) st(III) [Fe(acac)3] hnh thnh mt phc c mu D. Cho bit cu trc ca D?
14.1
Mt c ch phn ng tng t lin quan n qu trnh tng hp cc phn t hot ng sinh hc. V d, di tc dng ca nh sng mt tri, 7-dehydrocholesterol (E) tri qua phn ng m vng in vng to ra tin vitamin D3 (F), cht ny sau chuyn ha qua [1,7]-hydrogen to ra vitamin D3 (G).
H3C H3C H3C H HO 7-dehydrocholesterol (E) HO vitamin D3 (G) H CH2)3 ( CH3 CH3 nh sng ti vitamin D3 (F) n [1,7] H-shift H H3C H3C CH2)3 ( CH3 CH3
14-2 14.2
Trong hai hp cht 7-dehydrocholesterol (E) v vitamin D3 (G), hp cht no bn ngh rng s hp th nh sng vi nng lng cao hn? (E hay G) Cho bit cu trc ha hc ca F?
Nguyn l ny c nghin cu k lng pht trin nhng vt liu thay i mu theo nh sng. V d, chiu sng hp cht khng mu H vi tia cc tm to nn hp cht c mu. S bin i mu din ra ngc li di tc dng ca nh sng kh kin.
14.3
tia t ngoi
I h p cht c mu
nh sng kh ki n
khng mu
Cc hydrocacbon thm thng pht hunh quang mnh. Tuy nhin, mt nhm th amino ln cn c th lm tt hnh quang ny. C ch s dp tt ny da vo s chuyn electron kh quang (PET Photoinduced Electron Transfer) m n c minh ha r rng bi cc gin obitan phn t ch ra di y. Da vo s chiu sng vi nh sng c di sng thch hp (bc 1) th nhm mang mu thm ban u (trng thi a) s y mt electron t HOMO n LUMO (trng thi b). Khi c mt mt nhm amoni ln cn, mt trong s cc electron t do trn nguyn t ni s di chuyn n HOMO ca nhm mang mu b kch thch (bc 2), v nh vy s kha con ng pht hunh quang thng thng (trng thi c). S phi tr ca cc electron t do amin n proton hoc cc ion kim loi, ngn cn qu trnh PET v ti lp hunh quang ca nhm mang mu thm (bc 3).
(a) LUMO h (1)
amine lone-pair electrons
(c) LUMO
HOMO
HOMO no fluorescence
HOMO N M
Nhiu b cm bin hunh quang cc ion kim loi hoc proton nhy v rt ng quan tm c pht trin da trn s vn dng qu trnh PET. V d, hp cht J c dng lm b cm bin pH.
N
Cl
14.4
Theo bn th hp cht J c pht hunh quang trong dung dch kim (pH = 10.0) hay khng?
Bi 15: Ha hc lp th
Ngi ta dng cng thc chiu Fischer m t s sp xp khng gian ba chiu ca cc nhm c lin kt vi mt tm cacbon trn khng gian hai chiu. Trong loi cng thc ny, giao im ca hai ng thng vung gc biu th mt tm sp 3. ng nm ngang ni lin B v D qua tm cacbon th
hin lin kt ngoi mt phng giy (gn ngi quan st). ng thng ng ni hai im A v C qua tm cacbon th hin lin kt nm trong mt giy (xa ngi quan st). into plane A A out of plane D B D B
C C
15.1.1 Gio s Kagan pht trin hp cht ChiraPhos, mt cht c nhiu ng dng trong tng
hp bt i. Da trn cng thc chiu Fisher di y, hy cho bit cu hnh tuyt i R/S ca cc trung tm bt i trong ChiraPhos theo quy tc hn cp Cahn-Ingold-Prelog.
H Ph2P CH3 2 PPh2 3 H CH3
ChiraPhos
Y PPh2
H meso-ChiraPhos
Lp th ca cc hp cht cacbohydrat thng c biu th bng cc cng thc chiu Fischer. V d, cng thc chiu Fischer di y biu th cu trc ca D-glucoz. Mt iu th v l glucoz mch h c th chuyn ha thnh cu trc vng qua s hnh thnh hemiaxetal gia hai nhm C 5OH v C1-andehit.
O H HO H H CH 2 OH 3 H 4 OH 5 OH CH2OH H HO C H OH HO H H OH H O CH2OH -anomer OH H C H OH HO H H OH H O CH2OH -anomer
or
D-glucose
(open chain)
(cyclic structures)
S hnh thnh hemiaxetal sinh ra hai ng phn lp th, c gi l cc anomer. -anome nguyn cht ca D-glucoz c gc quay cc ring l +112.2 o, trong khi -anome c gc quay cc ring l +18.7o. Trong nc th -anome hay -anome u to ra mt hn hp cn bng vi gc quay cc ring bng +52.6o. 15-3 15-4 15-5 Tnh phn trm cc ng phn -anome trong hn hp cn bng ca D-glucoz trong nc. Gia -anome v -anome, anome no bn hn trong nc? ( hay ) V cu dng gh ca ng phn -anome. Cho bit hp cht trung gian thng thng ca s chuyn ha ln nhau gia - v anome?
15.6
O R H
HCN R
OH CN
reduction R
OH H O
cyanohydrin
1. HCN 2. reduction
D-talose + quang i
15.7
Enzim l mt cht xc tc sinh hc rt ng quan tm, chng kim sot m hnh chuyn ha ha hc trong c th sng. Bi v kh nng v c trng xc tc tt ca chng, nn ng dng enzim trong tng hp hu c tr thnh mt trong nhng lnh vc ln mnh nhanh nht cho s pht trin ca phng php tng hp mi. Sau y l d liu cho phn gii ng hc xc tc men ca raxemic xiclohexanon cha nhm th v tr s 2 theo cc phn ng Baeyer Villiger (Bng 1). Bng 1. Phn gii ng hc xc tc men ca raxemic xiclohexanon cha nhm th v tr s 2 theo cc phn ng Baeyer Villiger
O R men O O R hn h p raxemic + O R
O O R
O R
STT 1 2 3
R Et n-Pr Allyl
ee% 95 97 98
ee% 98 92 98
ee: lng d ng phn i quang 15-8 15.8 Cho bit t l ng phn (R)/(S) ca 6-allycaprolacton trong d kin s 3? AMCPB (axit meta-cloperbenzoic) l mt tc nhn oxi ha thng thng cho cc phn ng Baeyer Villiger. S dng AMCPB nh mt tc nhn oxi ha cho phn ng trn, thay v men. Cho bit phn trm lng d ca sn phm caprolacton?
Bi 16: Tng hp hu c
Mt trong nhng yu cu ban u cho s pht trin cc diot pht x nh sng hu c (OLED) l s tm kim vt liu pht quang c hiu qu cao m c th l nhng phn t nh hoc nhng hp cht
cao phn t. V d nh floren, mt biphenyl cu ni metilen, c hiu sut lng t hunh quang cao hn biphenyl.
6 7 8 9 Fluoren Biphenyl 1 5 4 3 2
Nhiu dn xut floren c pht trin, chng c tim nng ng dng trong cng ngh mn hnh phng. trnh s tng tc gia cc phn t, cc nhm th ln c a vo v tr C9 ca fluoren. Mt v d ca trng hp ny l hp cht C, mt pht minh v vt liu pht x nh sng xanh c hiu qu cao rt th v v b ch. Di y l gin phn ng tng hp cht ny.
NH2 1) NaNO2, HCl 0-5 oC 2) KI A 1) Mg, Et2O 2) 3) H2O
O
C (C25H16)
16.1
Xc nh cu to ca A, B, v C.
Tinh th lng tr thnh mt phn cuc sng hng ngy ca chng ta, t nhng ng h eo tay, my tnh b ti, n mn hnh phng mu. Cc phn t tinh th lng thng cha mt trung tm cng nhc v ui l mt mch ankyl linh hot nh c trnh by di y.
CN phn m ch ankyl linh ho t trung t m cng nh c
Biphenyl v terphenyl l nhng cu trc c bn cho trung tm cng nhc ca cc tinh th lng. y l loi cu trc c th c tng hp c hiu qu qua phn ng ghp mt aryl bromua hoc iodua vi axit arylboronic c xc tc paladi (phn ng ghp cp Suzuki).
Terphenyl
Mt v d c trng ca phn ng ghp cp Suzuki c biu din di y. Brombenzen tc dng vi axit phenylboronic c mt xc tc paladi to ra biphenyl.
Br + B(OH)2 Pd(0) catalyst
C5H11
F C8H17O
F B(OH)2
16.2
Gin 1 Monome A
polyme ha
Polyme B
Polyme B trn cng l thnh phn chnh trong ko cao su. Phn tch nguyn t cht A cho t l C:H:O = 56:7:37. Thm vo , phn tch nguyn t cht B cho ra thnh phn C, H v O gn ging nh vy. Di y l ph IR v 1H NMR ca monome A.
Ph 1H NMR ca Monome A
110 100
3503 3094 1434 849 977 1295 951 876
90
Transmittance (%T)
80
1372
1021
70 60 50 40 30 4000
1648
1138
1761
1217
3500
3000
2500
2000
-1
1500
1000
wavenumber (cm )
Nhm chc no cho di hp th IR 1761 cm-1? Cho bit cu to ca A? V mt phn polyme B. Biu din t nht ba mt xch. ngh mt phng php chuyn ha B thnh PVA. C bao nhiu cp ng phn i quang s thu c t polyme B c khi lng phn t 8600, gi s rng polyme c tt mch bi s hp th hidro v b qua khi lng cc nhm cui mch. polime. Da vo ph 1H NMR v ph IR c cung cp di y, lp lun xc nh cu to C.
17.7.1 Hp cht C, mt ng phn ca A, cng l mt monome quan trng trong vic tng hp cc
Ph 1H NMR ca Monome C
100
2697 2587 3107 3553 3445 3632 2856 2062 1945
Transmittance (%T)
80
2999 662
60
2955 1634
854
40
988 1439 1404 1279 1205 1069
812
20
1731
4000
3500
3000
2500
2000
-1
1500
1000
wavenumber (cm )
Ph IR ca Monome C Polyme D l mt phn t ln nhy axit. Khi x l D vi mt axit th gii phng kh E, F v hnh thnh mt polyme mi G. Kh E lm c dung dch Ca(OH) 2, cn kh F tc dng vi brom to ra mt dung dch khng mu H.
n H+
F Br2
O O D
H (khng mu)
17.8
Xc nh cu to E, F, G v H?
Trn polyme D vi cht quang sinh axit (PAG - a photo acid-generator) to vt liu quang nh. Sau khi c ph ln trn cht nn v em ra ngoi sng, PAG sinh proton lm xc tc cho phn ng ha hc trong khun polyme. Nu chiu sng qua mt tm mng to hnh (Hnh 1), mt nh ca tm mng s hnh thnh trn khun polyme. Sau khi sy v ra cc vt liu c tnh axit bng nc ra nh thng thng to ra nn c trang tr I.
nh sng m ng t o h nh Polyme D + PAG Cht n n H 1 nh
17.9
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
B c thnh phn nguyn t C:H:O = 66.5:6.7:26.6 v khi lng phn t bng 360. Ph 1H NMR ca B cho thy bn tp tn hiu proton. Hai trong c thu c ti 7,0-7,5 v tn hiu kia ti 3,74,2. T l tch phn ca bn tp tn hiu l 1:1:2:2. Hp cht B lin kt bn vi ion kali. Mt v d thuyt phc cho iu ny l vic dng B gip ha tan KMnO4 trong benzen to ra mt cht nhum mu tm. 18-1 18-2 Xc nh cu to ca B. Cho bit vai tr chnh ca H3O+ trong phn ng trn. (a) hot ha ClCH2CH2OCH2CH2Cl. (b) trung ha NaOH. (c) tch nhm tetrahydropyran. (d) hot ng nh mt h m kim sot pH ca dung dch. Di y l con ng tng hp [2.2.2]cryptand:
O O O OH HO O O SOCl2 C NH2
O H2N D LiAlH4 E
1, B2H6 2. H2O N
Xc nh cu trc cc cht t C-F. Ti sao qu trnh tng hp D t C yu cu iu kin rt long? Do phn ng gia C v diamin th ta nhit mnh, dung dch long c dng hp th nhit thot ra t phn ng. iu kin long cao c p dng ngn chn s hnh thnh polyme v oligome. Cn bng nhit c u tin to ra D trong iu kin rt long. tan ca nguyn liu ban u nh.
i lc vi mt cation kim loi c kim sot bi mt s yu t nh s tng ng v kch thc gia khong trng ca cht mang l ete vng v ca cation khch; s nguyn t phi tr ca cht mang. Bng 1 di y cho bit bn knh ca cc cation kim loi kim v ng knh khong trng ca mt s ete vng.
O O O O O O O O O O O O O 18-C-6 O O O O O O O O O Cavity
12-C-4
15-C-5
21-C-7
Bng 1. Bn knh ca cc cation kim loi kim v ng knh khong trng ca mt s ete vng. Cation (bn knh, pm) Li+ (68) Na+ (98) K+ (133) Cs+ (165) 18-5 Khong trng ca ete vng (ng knh, pm) 12-C-4 (120-150) 15-C-5 (170-220) 18-C-6 (260-320) 21-C-7 (340-430)
Da vo c s d liu ny, hy la chn ng cong thc nghim trong Hnh 1 tng ng vi cc ete vng xiclohexyl t G n I.
20-3 Gin n on nhit bt thun nghch thc hin nh sau: Gi s p sut gim t ngt n 1 atm v sau kh gin n on nhit ti p sut khng i. [Lu l nhit dung mol ti th tch khng i c quan h: C v =
3 R , vi R l hng s kh.] 2
Bi 21: ng hc Ha hc kh quyn
2 NO2 2 NO + O2
21-1 21-2 Thit lp quan h tch phn gia cc p sut tng trong bnh phn ng (ban u ch cha NO2 nguyn cht) ti thi im t. Cho NO2 vo bnh c th tch 2 L ti 600oC v 600 mmHg, phn ng xy ra c 50% sau 3 pht. Tnh hng s vn tc phn ng.
Bi 22: Nhit ng v ng hc
Khi nim v ng hc theo s kim sot nhit ng sn phm phn ng c dng kh thng xuyn trong tng hp hu c nh hng sn phm to thnh, v d nh trong qu trnh sunfo ha, phn ng Diels-Alder, qu trnh ng phn ha v cc phn ng cng. y c th hon ton thu c chuyn ha qua li gia hai sn phm khc nhau nh kim sot iu kin phn ng. Thng thng qu trnh ny c biu din bng s phn ng song song. Di y l phn ng A chuyn ha hon ton thnh cc sn phm B v C.
k1 k 2 B A C, k 1 k 2
Hnh di y m t gin nng lng phn ng ny.
Cho cc hng s vn tc k1=1, k-1=0,01, k2=0,1, v k-2=0,0005 min-1, d on t l sn phm B/C trong 4 pht u tin ca phn ng. S dng cc gi tr hng s vn tc trn, d on t l sn phm B/C khi phn ng xy ra qu 4 ngy. B c gi l sn phm kim sot ng hc, cn C c gi l sn phm kim sot nhit ng. Khi nhit ca h tng ln phn ng s xy ra theo chiu hng no?
V ln lt l bin thin entanpy mol v bin thin th tch mol ca nc) gii thch iu ny. 23-4 23-5
dp H = , vi H v dT TV
Mt bnh thu tinh cha mt phn nc th c ni vi mt bm chn khng. C th quan st c bin i g khi bm hot ng? Mt ngi n ng trt bng trn b mt ca mt tm bng vi p sut kh quyn l 1 atm v nhit l 0oC. C th quan st c bin i g dc theo ng trt trn b mt ca bng, gi s bng c th chu c trng lng ca ngi n ng m khng b v.
24-1 S phn b vn tc ca cc phn t kh ti mt nhit c nh c th c m t bng mt xc sut sau (cn gi l phn b Maxwell-Boltzmann)
M F ( v) = 4v 2 2RT
3/ 2
Mv 2 exp 2 RT
Vi v l vn tc phn t, M l khi lng phn t, T l nhit tuyt i (Kelvin) v R l hng s kh. Tnh vn tc trung bnh <v> v lch chun v ca phn b vn tc cc phn t O2 300 K. (O2 = 32 g/mol, R = 8,31 J K-1mol-1) 24-2 Cho l mt ht chuyn ng trong chiu x c hm sng thng thng: = [(1 / 2 ) exp( x 2 / 2)]1 / 2 ; x ,
Tnh v tr trung bnh <x> v lch chun x ca phn b v tr ht sau mt s ln cc php o i lng x. 24-3 p= Trong c hc lng t, ng lng cho mt chiu c th din t bng mt ton t, v d nh
ih d , vi h l hng s Planck. Tnh ng lng trung bnh <p> v lch chun p cho ht 2 dx
Tnh tch sai s v tr v ng lng xp cho mu c hc lng t trn.
1/ 2
vi hng s Plank h=6,63 x 10-34 J s; nx v ny l cc s lng t chnh; me=9,11 x10-31 kg l khi lng electron; L l chiu di hp. 25-1 Xy dng gin nng lng biu din th t tng i ca 17 obitan thp nht. 25-2 Cho phn t c 26 electron, xc nh phn b electron trn cc obitan c chim c c nng lng cao nht trng thi c bn. 25-3 Gi s qui tc Hund c th p dng cho h ny, d on h ny l thun hay nghch t. 25-4 nh sng c hp th trong iu kin h = E thch hp. Nu chiu di L cho hp th hai chiu ny l 1 nm th di sng nh sng (theo nm) c th dn n s kch thch bng bao nhiu? [Vn tc nh sng c = 3.00 x108 m/s]
<
Cylindrical Cc knh hnh tr lens Slit
t bo -2 mu -2
DFDL< amli
gng Mirror
My to dao ng c lm t mt cuvet thch anh (t bo mu 1) c trang b mt my bm mu tun hon. Hnh 2 cho bit chi tit cu to ca my to dao ng ny. Con cch
My to dao ng
Hnh. 1. So khi ca DFDL
n DFD L DFD L
t bo mu
Hai tia laser (P = 355,00 nm) c phn x bi hai gng in mi xoay, sau hi t vo dung dch mu hnh thnh mt mu giao thoa, khong cch ca n xc nh di sng ca pht x P P laser. C th tnh di sng ca pht x laser DFDL theo cc phng trnh: Hnh 2. Cu to chi tit my to dao ng DFDL
DFDL = 2n = p / 2 sin
vi n l ch s khc x mi trng; l khong cch vn giao thoa v l gc t b mt thng. di sng pht x laser cng c th xc nh t khong cch vn giao thoa, m bn thn n c xc nh t gc ca tia ti. di sng ca DFDL c th o c bng mt my o sng (wavemeter). C th khuych i cng ca DFDL bng mt amli (t bo mu th hai) 26-1 di sng ca DFDL bng bao nhiu khi gc bng 60,00 v ch s khc x mi trng l 1,40? (a) 374 nm (b) 474 nm (c) 574 nm (d) 674 nm (e) 774 nm
NaCl BaCl2
Ch :
CdSO 4 FeSO 4
Pb(NO3 ) 2 KI
Ba(OH)2 NaHCO3
Na 2S2 O3 NH 4SCN
(1) C hai mu cha bit, mi mu c trong hai bnh. (2) Cc cng thc trn khng ghi H2O cho cc tinh th hidrat.
Trn bn ca bn cng c 14 l nh git rng, 12 l thy tinh nh rng, 12 tha khuy caf, v 5 l nh git cha cc thuc th sau:
0.1M 1M
AgNO3 HCl
3% H 2 O 2 0.01% phenolphthalein
0.1M Na 2S
Tin hnh: 1. Dng tha caf c ly khong 20mg ca mi mu th nghim cha bit vo nhng l rng ring bit, thm khong 1ml nc chng ct vo mi l to nn nhng dung dch cha xc nh v nh du thch hp. 2. Dng 5 thuc th c v nhng phn ng qua li gia cc dung dch nhn bit tng mu th nghim. Ch : (1) Bi thc nghim ny thuc loi th nghim vt. Bn c th lm n trn pa-let c hoc trn mt t giy trng. (2) liu. Xc nhn k s quan st ca bn trc khi vit cu tr li ln khong trng ca bn d
Bi 29:
1
2 Trong mt ti nha, c 12 mu cha xc nh trong cc l nh git c nh s t X01 n X12. Mi mu trong l nh git 1 mL cha dung dch ca mt hp cht n gin nng 0,1M.
Danh sch cc cht ny c cho trong Bng D Liu. ng thi cng c mt l nh git cha phenolphtalien, hai l nh git rng, mt pa-let, hai tha caf, mt chai nc chng ct, v mt hp giy lau dnh cho bn dng. 3 Dng nhng cht c v nhng phn ng qua li ca cc dung dch cha bit nhn ra mi mu th nghim v vit cu tr li ca bn (m s) ln khong trng ca Bn D Liu. Lu : (1) C ba mu dng hai ln. (2) Th tch ca mi mu th nghim khong 0,6 mL. S khng cung cp dung dch no khc na. (3) Mi cu tr li ng s nhn c 8 im, v mi cu tr li sai s b pht tr i 2 im. Bng d liu 29 Hp cht S Hp cht S Hp cht S
KI BaCl2 NaOH
Lm sao tm ra mu H2SO4 trong thc nghim ny? Lm sao xc nhn li dung dch H2SO4 trong thc nghim ny?
Bi 30:
Mi mu th nghim c trnh by trong Bng D Liu. Dng c in phn n gin c th hin trong Hnh 1. Xc nh 10 mu th nghim cha bit (k hiu s: X01-X10) (1) Nhng hp cht trong nhng dung dch cha bit c lit k trong Bng D Liu. (2) Mi mu th nghim cha bit cha duy nht mt hp cht. (3) Nng ca mi dung dch cha bit vo khong l 0,1 mol/L. (4) Vit cu tr li ca bn (m s) vo trong khong trng ca Bng D Liu.
Lu :
Pin kh
Pa-lt
Na 2S Pb(NO3 ) 2 HCl
x4
250 mL Giy lc Giy cn Mold and Pastel Buret (1 rack) Buret Brush Bnh nh mc, 100 mL Spatula Phu x 1 Pipet (20 mL) / Bm an ton Pipet Pasteur (ng nh git) Bn chi
x2 x 10 x 10 1 b x2 x1 x1 x1 1 b x6 x1
Tin hnh: Ha tan vin vitamin C trong nc, lc nu cn thit. Th tch cui cng ca dung dch nn l 100 mL. Phn 1: Chun axit-baz. 1-1 1-2 2-1 2-1-1 2-1-2 2-2-1 2-2-2 Dng pipet pipet 10 mL ht dung dch trn cho vo mt bnh Erlenmeyer. Chn cht ch th thch hp thc hin s chun . Lp li 3 ln bc th 2. S dng dung dch thiosunfat chun xc nh nng dung dch iod cho. Dng pipet 20 mL a dung dch iodin vo bnh Erlenmeyer, ri chun bng cch s dng dung dch Na2S2O3 chun. Dng tinh bt lm cht ch th. Lp li 3 ln bc th 4. Dng Pipet 10 mL a dung dch t bc 1 vo bnh Erlenmeyer. Thm vo vi git tinh bt lm cht ch th v chun vi dung dch iod. Lp li 3 ln bc th 6.
Bng d liu 31 31-1 Chun axit - baz Chun ln 1 Chun ln 2 Chun ln 3 31-2 31-2-1 Dung dch Vitamin C Dung dch Vitamin C Dung dch Vitamin C mL; Dung dch NaOH dng mL; Dung dch NaOH dng mL; Dung dch NaOH dng mL mL mL
Chun oxi ha kh Xc nh nng iod Dung dch Iod Dung dch Iod Dung dch Iod mL; Dung dch Na2S2O3 dng mL; Dung dch Na2S2O3 dng mL; Dung dch Na2S2O3 dng mL; Dung dch Iod dng mL mL mL mL. Chun ln 1 Chun ln 2 Chun ln 3
31-2-2 Chun ln 1
mL; Dung dch Iod dng mL; Dung dch Iod dng
mL. mL.
Gi s axit ascorbic l mt n axit, dng d liu t chun axit-baz tnh lng axit ascorbic trong c vin vitamin C. Phn ng ca I2 vi Na2S2O3 nh sau:
2 S2O32- + I2 S4O62- + 2ITnh nng dung dch iod. 31-3 Phn ng ca axit ascorbic vi I2 l: H2C6H6O6 + I2 C6H6O6 + 2 I- + 2H+ Tnh lng axit ascorbic trong c vin vitamin C 31-4 So snh u im v khuyt im ca hai phng php chun .
Cn thn sp xp cc th nghim trc khi bn bt u. C th yu cu thm thuc th. Tuy nhin, mi ln thm thuc th s b tr 5 im. im ca bi th nghim ny s c thng trc tin l da vo tnh chnh xc ca kt qu. Bn cnh nhng thuc th, nhng dng c sau cng c cung cp trn bn ca bn:
1. 2.
3.
3 t 1 hp
4. 5. 6.
7.
ng nghim (20 ci) v mt gi ng nghim Bp an ton Bp cao su Pipet Que thy tinh x1 x4 x4 x2
8. 9.
10 mL 25 mL 25 mL
x1 x1 x2
100 mL x 4 5 mL 1 mL x2 x2
Bng d liu 32 Nng ban u ca cht tham gia Fe(NO3)3 KSCN Nng cn bng ca cht tham gia Fe(NO3)3 KSCN T thit b o mu Nng sn phm Hng s cn bng ca phn ng Keq
Cu hi 32-1 32-2 32-3 Vit phng trnh phn ng. Vit biu thc hng s cn bng ca phn ng ny? Keq = Cho bit gi tr ca hng s cn bng t bng d liu ca bn?
Axetyl ha ca nhng hp cht cha nhm amino hoc nhm hydroxyl thng c tin thnh bng axetyl clorua hoc anhidrit axetic. Phn ng c xc tc bng mt cht xc tc nh l pyridin hoc axit sunfuric. Aspirin c th c iu ch t axit salixylic v anhidrit axetic. Phn ng ny thng dng axit sunfuric lm cht xc tc. H+ HOC6H4COOH + (CH3CO)2O Tin hnh: Trong mt bnh Erlenmeyer 125 mL, cho vo 3,5 g axit salixylic, 3,5 mL anhidrit axetic (t khi: 1,08 g/mL), v 5 git axit sunfuric m c (c th sinh ra lng nhit nh). t nng bnh trong chu nc nng v khuy u trong 5 pht. Trong thi gian ny, cht rn ha tan hon ton. Ly bnh ra khi chu v thm 15 mL nc vo . Lm lnh bnh kt tinh sn phm. Thu tinh th bng cch lc ht. Cho tinh th vo bnh Erlenmeyer 125 mL, thm 8 mL ethanol. t nng bnh trong mt chu nc n khi cht rn b ha tan. Thm 20 mL nc nng vo bnh v t nng n n khi dung dch trong sut. Ly bnh ra khi chu, bc n li, v n t ngui i nhit phng. Thu tinh th dng kim bng cch lc ht. Ra nhng tinh th vi nc lnh v cho n kh hon ton. Cn tinh th thu c v tnh hiu sut ca th nghim ny. Xc nh nhit nng chy ca cc sn phm. Cu hi 33-1 33-2
33-3 33-4
CH3COOC6H4COOH + CH3COOH
Cho cc vin vo mt bnh nn 150 mL. Thm 25 mL dung dch NaOH c pha cn thn cng vi mt th tch nc tng ng. t nng nh nhng khong 10 pht thy phn axit axetylsalixylic nh phng trnh trn. Lm ngui hn hp phn ng bng cch gi bnh di vi nc ang chy v cn thn tt c vo mt bnh nh mc 250 mL. Ra bnh phn ng vi ln vi nc, thm phn ra vo bnh nh mc. Lm long dung dch n vch mc v lc k hn hp. Ly 25 mL hn hp phn ng pha long v n vo mt bnh nn sch. Chun phn ny bng dung dch H2SO4 0,05 M, dng phenol (hoc phenolphtalen) lm cht ch th. Ghi li nng mol ca axit v cht chun thu c. Lp li s xc nh cho n khi no kt qu gn nh khng i. Tnh gi tr trung bnh. Dng pipet v bnh nh mc, pha long mt mu dung dch NaOH 1 M thnh 0,1 M. Chun 25 mL dung dch pha long bng H2SO4 0,05 M s dng cht ch th ging nh trc. Cu hi 34-1 34-2 34-3 34-4 34-5 Ti sao cn phi lm ngui hn hp phn ng? Ti sao cn phi trn k hn hp phn ng? Pipet u tin nn c ra bng g? Nn ra bnh bng g? Ti sao cn pha long dung dch NaOH?
34-6 Ghi li kt qu chun axit v xc nh nng mol ca dung dch NaOH ban u, ghi r tt c cc bc trong php tnh ca bn. 34-7 Xc nh s mol NaOH ban u thm vo mu aspirin v s mol ca NaOH dng trong bc thy phn. 34-8 Tnh s mol ca axit axetylsalicylic c mt trong mu chun chun . 34-9 Tnh khi lng ca axit axetylsalicylic trong mi vin thuc v so snh iu ny vi ghi ch trn hp. 34-10 Phn tch k thut v kt qu ca bn trong th nghim ny. Lit k (theo mc quan trng), ngun gc li khc nhau c th xut hin trong phn tch ny.
Bi 35:
Phng php truyn thng tch mt hn hp raxemic thnh cc cht ng phn quang hc i quang ca n l dng mt sn phm i quang t nhin tinh khit c lin kt vi hp cht s c tch. Cc ng phn quang hc i quang trong hn hp raxemic lin kt vi tc nhn tch tinh khit quang hc hnh thnh hai cht ng phn khng i quang. Cc ng phn quang hc khng i quang c tch ra, v sau gii phng tc nhn tch khi nhng ng phn quang hc i quang. tinh khit quang hc ca mt hp cht c nh ngha bng t s gia gc quay ca n so vi gc quay ca mt ng phn quang hc i quang tinh khit. Mt hn hp raxemic ca -metylbenzylamin c tch bng axit (R,R)-(+)-tartaric. Mui hnh thnh (S)-(-)- -metylbenzylamini (R,R)-(+)-tartrate, mui SRR, c tan nh hn mui (R)-(+)- metylbenzylamini (R,R)-(+)-tartrate, mui RRR. Mui SRR b kt tinh, trong khi mui RRR vn tn ti trong dung dch. Cc tinh th c tch ra bng cch lc v ra sch, sau x l vi baz ti to li (S)-(-)- metylbenzylamin.
COO H OH HO H COOH
(S)-()-methylbenzylamin
axit (R,R)-(+)-tartaric
mui-SRR
Tin hnh v cu hi: Cho axit (R,R)-(+)-tartaric (7,8 g, 52,0 mmol) v metanol (125 mL) vo mt bnh Erlenmeyer (250 mL). Hn hp c t nng trn bn nng n khi dung dch gn si. Thm t t hn hp raxemic -metylbenzylamin (6,25 g, 51,6 mmol) vo dung dch trong khong 5 pht. (Ch : ti bc ny, hn hp rt d si bt v si ln). ng nt bnh li v n qua m (18 gi). S hnh thnh tinh th lng tr cho bit s ha tan hon ton ca cc ng phn quang hc i quang, trong khi nhng ng phn khng tinh khit s xut hin dng tinh th hnh kim. Cc tinh th hnh kim nn c ha tan bng cch t nng cn thn, v kt tinh li trong khi t t lm lnh. Mt ht ca tinh th lng tr c th c thm vo thc y s kt tinh li. Cc tinh th c lc qua phu Bchner, v c ra vi mt t metanol lnh. Cc tinh th c chuyn vo mt bnh Erlenmenyer cn trc (50 mL), v c lm sch bng mt dng kh nit. Cn li cc tinh th kh v tnh hiu sut. Nhng tinh th trong bnh c x l vi nc (25 mL), v thm t t dung dch natri hydroxit 50% (4 mL). Dng phu chit hn hp 3 ln bng 10 mL methylen clorua. Cc lp hu c t mi phn chit c trn ln trong mt bnh kn, v lm khan trn natri sunfat khan (1,0 g) trong khong 10 pht. Dung dch lm khan c chit vo mt bnh cu y trn (50 mL), v methylen clorua c tch i bng s bay hi. Cn phn metylbenzylamin cn li v tnh hiu sut. Nn c gng trnh ko di s tip xc ca amin vi khng kh. Chuyn -metylbenzylamin vo ng phn cc k, v o gc quay cc ring ca n. Gc quay cc ring nhn c ca (S)-(-)- -metylbenzylamin l [ ]D23 = -40.3o. Tnh phn trm cho mi cht ng phn quang hc i quang trong mu th nghim c tch.
Cc qui tc v vic ly mu cht 1. Nc ch nh s c thng bo c th cho vic s dng cc ha cht nguy him trong qu trnh thi thc nghim. Tt c cc vt liu nguy him s c k hiu bng nhng k hiu quc t bn di. Mi hc sinh c trch nhim nhn ra nhng k hiu ny v bit ngha ca chng. 2. Khng c x l ba bi cc cht ha hc trong bn ra. Thc hin tt c cc quy tc x l cht ha hc theo nc ch nh quy nh.
3. Cung cp cho th sinh cch x l cht thi ngay trong phn gii thiu bi thi thc hnh. Nn s dng cc bnh cha cht thi i vi cc cht ha hc c xem l nguy him cho mi trng. 4. Cc bi thi thc hnh nn thit k sao cho lng ha cht trong cc bi thi l va phi (ti thiu). 5. Mt s tiu ch cn quan tm khi thit k bi thi thc nghim: a) Mi th sinh cn khng gian lm vic v trnh nguy him c th c t pha cc th sinh khc. b) Trong phng cn c h thng thng gi ph hp v s o chong khi cn. c) Nn c nhiu li thot him trong mi phng. d) t h thng cu ha thun tin. e) t thit b in mt v tr thch hp v m bo an ton. f) Nn c dng c sn sng lau dn cc cht chy trn ral. 6. Yu cu cn c mt gim th m bo an ton cho bn th sinh. 7. Trong k thi IChO, nhng ngi t chc nn tun theo cc nguyn tc quc t v s dng cc ha cht nguy him, c hi, cc tc nhn gy ung th.
Cc k hiu cnh bo nguy him - Cc ch nh nguy him v Li gii thch (p dng cho cc ha cht trong trng hc)
1. Hp cht d n (E - Explosive) y l nhng hp cht d n khi tip xc vi la hoc nhy vi nhng va chm do s c st cn hn c 1,3-Dinitrobenzen (v d nh cc picrat, cc peoxit hu c). Loi ny gm cc cht thuc dy R1-R3, k hiu E. Xem qui tc d phng S (S 15 - S 17) khi s dng v bo qun cc hp cht ny. 2. Hp cht kch la, to qu trnh oxi ha (O - Oxidizing) y l nhng hp cht gy ra phn ng ta nhit mnh khi tip xc vi cht khc, c bit l cc cht d chy hay cc peoxit hu c. Chng gm cc cht thuc dy R 7 n R 9, k hiu l O. 3. Cc hp cht d chy, rt d chy, cc k d chy (F, F+ - flammable substances ) Cc hp cht cc k d chy, dng lng, bt la di 0 oC, si di 35C c ch nh bng du hiu nguy him F+ v thuc dy R 12 Cc hp cht thuc loi rt d chy nu chng: a) c th nng ln v bt la ti nhit phng m khng cn cung cp nng lng, b) d dng bt la trng thi rn khi ch tip xc rt nhanh vi ngun la v tip tc chy khi di chuyn khi ngun la, c) d) f) bt la di 21C trng thi rn, bt la trng thi kh nu trn vi khng kh 101,3 kPa v 20C, bt la nu cho tip xc vi khng kh khi dng bi.
e) chuyn thnh kh rt d chy vi mt lng nguy him khi tip xc vi nc hoc kh m v Cc hp cht ny c ch nh vi du hiu nguy him F v thuc dy R 11. Cc hp cht d chy tn ti dng lng, bt la 21C n 55C, c xp vo dy R 10, khng c k hiu nguy him.
Khi lm vic vi cht d chy, rt d chy, cc k d chy, ch un nng chng trong cc thit b un nng bng in gn kn, khng tip xc vi ngun gy chy. Tt c cc cht u phi ch c un nng bng cch ny cc cht kh nguy him gii phng ra khi un nng khng thot vo kh quyn. iu ny khng p dng cho cc hp cht kch la lng nh. Cn p dng cc hng dn sp xp ca cc chuyn gia phng chy. 4. Cht c (T +, T, Xn - Toxic subtance) Qui nh vi cht ha hc phn bit ba loi cht c sau: Cc cht cc c (R 26 - R 28), du hiu nguy him: T+, Cc cht c (R 23 - R 25), du hiu nguy him: T, Cc cht t c (R 20 - R 22), du hiu nguy him Xn.
Cc cht cc c l nhng cht c th gy tn hi sc khe cp tnh hoc kinh nin nghim trng hoc t vong ngay lp tc khi ch ht phi, nut phi hay tip xc qua da vi lng nh. Cc cht c l nhng cht c th gy tn hi sc khe cp tnh hoc kinh nin ng k hoc gy t vong khi ch ht phi, nut phi hay tip xc qua da vi lng nh. Nhng cht t c (cht c hi) l nhng cht m c th gy tn hi mt phn sc khe ht phi, nut phi hay tip xc qua da. Nu qu trnh thc nghim c to ra cc cht cc c (nh kh clo, hidro sunfua) th ch c to ra vi lung va cho thc nghim. Trong trng hp cc cht th kh, thc nghim phi c tin hnh trong t ht kh c. Phi x l cht thi ngay sau th nghim, tuyt i khng tch tr cc cht thi ny. Khng tin hnh thc nghim nu iu kin x l cht thi cha thun li. c php pha ch cc hp cht t c. Cc cht t c cng c th l cc cht c hay cc c c nng nh. Nc clo, nc brom v dung dch hidro sunfua c nng nh hn 1% c th uc s dng theo ch nh. 5. Cht n mn v cht kch thch (C, X i) Cc hp cht n mn hoc cht n da (R 34, R 35), k hiu l C, l nhng cht c th ph hyninh vt do tc ng ca chng. Cc hp cht c xp loi cht kch thch (R 36 - R 38), k hiu l Xi, nu chng gy vim nhim (khng ph hy) khi tip xc trc tip, lu di hay lp li nhiu ln vi da hay mng nhy. Xem xt cc yu cu an ton (S 22 - S 28) tng ng. 6. Cc hp cht gy tn hi kinh nin, tn hi di truyn, tc nhn ung th Hp cht c th khng s dng nu c chng minh rng chng l tc nhn gy ung th (R 45), nu chng tn hi di truyn (R 46) hay tn hi phi (R 47), hay nu chng gy tc hi kinh nin (R 48), c bit l nhng cht gy ung th r rng. Cc hp cht nh vy khng c php c trong kho th nghim ca cc trng hc, d v bt c l do no. Thm na, ch dng cc hp cn b ng vc v kh nng gy ung th (R 40) khi c cc bin php phng hp l v khi khng c hp cht t nguy him hn thay th cho chng.
R7 R8 R9 R 10 R 11 R 12 R 13 R 14 R 15 R 16 R 17 R 18 R 19 R 20 R 21 R 22 R 23 R 24 R 25 R 26 R 27 R 28 R 29 R 30 R 31 R 32 R 33 R 34 R 35 R 36 R 37 R 38 R 39 R 40 R 41 R 42 R 43 R 44 R 45
C th gy la. C th gy la khi tip xc vi vt liu d chy. N khi trn vi vt liu d chy. D chy. Rt d chy. Cc k d chy. Kh ha lng cc k d chy. Phn ng mnh lit vi nc. Tip xc vi nc to kh d chy. N khi trn vi cht oxi ha. Chy lp tc trong khng kh. C th hnh thnh hn hp kh - hi d chy (n) khi s dng. C th hnh thnh cc peoxit d n C hi khi ht phi C hi khi tip xc vi da C hi khi nut phi c khi ht phi c khi tip xc vi da. c khi nut phi. Rt c khi ht phi. Rt c khi tip xc vi da. Rt c khi nut phi. Tip xc vi nc gii phng kh c. C th tr thnh rt d chy khi s dng Tip xc vi axit gii phng kh c Tip xc vi axit gii phng kh rt c Nguy him do tc ng tch ly Gy chy. Gy chy mnh lit. Kch thch mt. Kch thch h h hp Kch thch da Nguy him do tc ng bt thun nghch nghim trng Nguy him c th c do tc ng bt thun nghch. Nguy him do gy hng mt nghim trng. C th gy kch thch khi ht phi. C th gy kch thch khi tip xc vi da. Gy n nu un nng trong h kn. C th gy ung th.
R 46 R 47 R 48
Bin php d phng (S) S1 S2 S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S 10 S 11 S 12 S 13 S 14 S 15 S 16 S 17 S 18 S 20 S 21 S 22 S 23 S 24 S 25 S 26 S 27 S 28 S 29 S 30 S 31 S 33 S 34 S 35 S 36 S 37 Kha cht Trnh xa tr em Bo qun ni mt Keep away from living quarters. Bo qun trong .... (cht lng thch hp c nh sn xut ghi r). Bo qun trong .... (kh tr c nh sn xut ghi r). Bo qun tht kn Bo qun kh. Bo qun ni thong gi. Bo qun m. Trnh tip xc vi khng kh. Khng y kn xa n, thc ung v n cho vt nui. xa .... (cht khng tng thch c nh sn xut xc nh). Khng gn ngun nhit Khng gn ngun la - cm ht thuc. xa vt liu d chy. Cn thn khi cm v m bnh cha Khng n ung khi s dng Khng ht thuc khi s dng Khng ht bi. Khng ht kh/khi/hi/bi. Trnh tip xc vi da. Trnh tip xc vi mt. Trong trng hp tip xc vi mt, cn ra ngay lp tc bng nhiu nc sau n bc s. Ci b ngay lp tc qun o nhim bn Sau khi tip xc vi da, ra ngay lp tc bng nhiu ... (theo ch dn ca nh sn xut) Khng lm trng thnh ng dn. Khng bao gi thm nc vo sn phm ny. xa cc vt liu d n Take precautionary measures against static discharges. Trnh c st v va chm. Vt liu v bnh cha cn c xp t theo nguyn tc an ton. Mc o bo h Mang gng tay.
S 38 S 39 S 40 S 41 S 42 S 43 S 44 S 45
Mang thit b h hp thch hp khi thiu h thng thng gi eo knh bo v mt Lm sch sn nh v mi i tng b nhim bn bi cht ny, s dng ... (c nh sn xut ch nh). Khng ht khi trong trng hp chy v (hoc) n. eo thit b h hp thch hp trong suit qu trnh phun/xt. Trong trng hp ha hon, s dng .... (thit b chng chy thch hp. khng s dng nc nu nc lm gia tng ha hon). Nu bn cm thy khng khe, hy n bc s. Trong trng hp tai nn hoc nu bn cm thy khng khe, hy n bc s.