ZERO DEFECTS IN P-91 WELDING AT PS-SR CONSTRUCTION SITES

INTRODUCTION: Conventional materials like SA335P11, P12, P22 were the choice of Power Plant Designers till the last decade. The need for higher parameters viz. the operating pressures and temperatures in order to improve the thermal efficiency of the system has demanded the employment of superior materials. Obviously the available option was to go in for stainless steel. The exorbitant price of stainless steel material for piping application made it necessary to go in for development of new materials, which are suitable for high temperature operations and still available at affordable prices. The development of X20 (12Cr-1Mo-1/4V) and P91 (9Cr-1Mo) has made a great impact in the material technology adopted for power plant design. When X20 was being developed in Germany, parallel efforts were being made in US for developing a steel having better properties than available austenitic steel. X20 MATERIAL: The first use of X20 in India for high temperature steam piping was made some times around 1970 in Neyveli Lignite Corporation Stage-II. Next application was in Trombay unit-6. The use of X20 in preference to P22 allowed wall thickness reduction by about 50%. Advantages of X20 over P22:
Saving in cost of piping materials including hangers and supports,

structural steel & thermal insulation.

Easier handling of the piping components at site Saving in weld metal. Saving in the energy needed for pre-heating, welding and post weld heat

treatment
Saving in installation time Faster start-up, load changes and shut down for the unit. Zero defects in P91 welding BHEL Gunvatta Puraskar PSSR-Chennai

2 Disadvantages of X20: The weld should be kept dry after welding until post weld heat treatment is carried out to avoid threat of stress corrosion cracking due to presence of any humidity. The evolution of material is given below: * 1950 - 21/4Cr-1Mo (A335P22, 10CrMo910)

* 1960 - 1/2Cr-1/2Mo-1/4V (14MoV63) * 1970 - 12Cr-1Mo-1/4V (X20CrMoV12 1) * 1980 - 5Cr-1/2Mo (P5) & 9Cr-1Mo (P9) * 1984 - 9Cr-1Mo with Vanadium & Niobium (P91)

P22 P91 (21/4 Cr, 1Mo)

P91 MATERIAL:

X20 (12Cr, 1Mo) (9Cr, 1Mo)

In India P91 was introduced in the nineties by BHEL. Advantages of P91 Material:
High temperature strength. Considerable Wall Thickness Reduction Significant weight savings, particularly in the case of components More flexible Piping system. Lower Support Loads. Faster Start-up Rate. Excellent oxidation resistance.

Comparison of pipe sizes used in 500 MW projects and savings in thickness of pipes for P22 / X20 / P91 material is given below: Comparison of Pipe Sizes (500 Mw) Description Material Main steam (Double) Main steam (Single) HPBP upstream piping Singrauli SA335P22 ID 345..44 x85.3 min ID467.36 x114.86 min ID 248.92 x61.9 min Farakka Simhadri X20 SA335P91 ID345.44 x42.42 OD 406.4 x42.0 min ID467.4 x56.95 OD 564.0 x57.0 min ID 248.92 OD 323.9 x35 x30.91 min

Relative Thickness - P22 / X20 / P91

SAVINGS IN WEIGHT AND WALL THICKNESS P22 / P91

DP = 250 kg/sq.cm
REDUCTION 63%(WEIGHT) 56%(THICKNESS)

DT = 550 C ID = 300 mm

REDUCTION 55%(WEIGHT) 49%(THICKNESS)

REDUCTION 17%(WEIGHT) 15% (THICKNESS)

P22

X20

P91

Comparison of welding process

Parameter Filler Wire (GTAW) Electrode (SMAW) Preheat Temp. C Inter pass Temp. C Post heat (Preheat Maintenance) C PWHT Temp. C Minimum Soaking time Minutes Shielding gas Purging Gas

P22 TGS 2CM (ER 90S-G) E9018-B3 150 350

X20 P91 CM2.1G (Bohler) ER90S-G (BOHLER CM 2-1G) FOX20MVW E9018-B9 BOHLER (Bohler) FOX C9MV 250 220 450 350 80-100 (1 hr. Min.) 80-100 (1 HR.) 700-760 120 MTS Argon Argon

700-760 15 Argon Nil

740-760 120 MTS Argon Argon

BACKGROUND FOR ADOPTING P91 WELDING: Carbon content mainly dictates the highest hardness achievable in any steel. Alloying elements help in reducing the cooling rate at which such high hardness can be achieved, or for better understanding it can be said that alloying elements only make it easier to develop the full hardness what steel is capable of. However its carbon content decides the absolute hardness value achieved by steel. Thus even though both P91 and X20 have enough alloy content to achieve the highest hardness at normal weld cooling rate, the hardness values of P91 steel is lower. Material P22(.11% C) P91(.11% C) X20 (.18% C) Typical hardness values achieved in HAZ (assuming a 15 minutes cooling time to 100C from welding temperature)-HV 348 409 540

Note: It may be noted that P22 even though having same carbon content as P91 (.11%) does not develop the same hardness, in view of its lower alloy content. The susceptibility to hydrogen induced stress corrosion cracking is more with higher hardness values, whenever the hardness values are more than about 350 HV. In such a situation X20 is most susceptible, with P91 coming next and P22 being not susceptible. NTPC, Vindhyachal project experienced a weld failure in X20 material in main steam line during pre commissioning activities. When members of the Central Boiler Board carried out investigation after visiting site, it was committed from BHEL that adequate care will be exercised to maintain quality during welding for future projects. NTPC / Simhadri site was the next site where P91 welding was involved. Keeping this in mind, Power Sector-Quality, Chennai decided that, the P91 welding in view of the stringent quality requirement, be given proper care so that, we could achieve better quality welds.

NEED FOR AWARENESS ON P91 AND ITS WELDING: Even though P91 is less susceptible to such cracking as already noted, the hardness values achieved in this material are in the susceptible range. Besides M/s Mannessmann, Germany who had visited India, in connection with supply of P91 pipes and X20 welding problems strongly recommended the following precautions for P91 materials also based on their experience. 1. 2. Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) using induction method only Immediate cooling to 80-100C, and not allowing the temperature

to fall below 80C before PWHT particularly for site welds and beyond 80mm thickness for shop welds. These requirements have also been put in their WPS for welding of this steel. The above requirements are critical for site welds, since these welds are exposed to open atmosphere. ACQUIRING KNOWLEDGE ON P91 WELDING: With the objective of maintaining good Quality welds, Power Sector-Quality, Chennai took a lead role in acquiring more information on P91 welding by interacting with Welding Research Institute (WRI), Welding Technology Centre, Engg. And Quality groups of BHEL-Tiruchy and Piping Centre, Chennai. Series of meeting were attended by PS-Quality, Chennai organised by Piping Centre, Chennai and Tiruchy unit, where M/s Mannesmann representative was also present and clarified on many points related to P91 welding. DISSEMINATION OF KNOWLEDGE TO TASK PERFORMERS: Meet On P91: The knowledge gained from these meetings were imparted to Power Sector Engineers by organizing a MEET ON P91 at BHEL, Tiruchy unit, which was attended by site welding & Quality engineers from all the four Power Sector regions. A comprehensive exposure was given to them during the meet. Also by

7 directly interacting with WRI, Welding Technology Centre (WTC) & Design engineers from Tiruchy unit, the site engineers gained good knowledge about the P91 material, which was very much useful to them in the site activities. During the meet a booklet on P91 Material containing information about Metallurgy of the material, Fabrication, Welding and Heat treatment, NonDestructive Examination and Induction Heating machine was issued to all participants. Awareness Programmes: Before commencing the erection of P91 piping, awareness programmes were arranged at Simhadri, Talcher, NALCO, Angul & Ramagundam projects for the benefit of customer, BHEL & Sub-contractor engineers. Faculty members from WRI, NDTL, Tiruchy, EDN, Bangalore & Power Sector-Quality, Chennai explained in detail the various aspects of P91 welding to the participants. The field experience from Simhadri site was shared with Talcher & NALCO, Angul site engineers. The entire process was photographed sequentially and presented through Power Point presentation. This has helped them understand the procedure easily and implement it during actual operation. This has helped to clarify the doubts raised by task performers on the procedure, equipments & instruments used in P91 welding. Process Procedure for P91 Welding: For achieving defects free weld, a detailed process procedure for site operation was prepared in consultation with WRI, WTC & QA of Tiruchy unit and Piping Centre, Chennai. This procedure deals with all the aspects of P91 welding like right from material identification, edge preparation, fit-up, fixing of thermocouples, purging arrangements, welders qualification, preheating, welding, post weld heat treatment, Non-Destructive Examinations and welding consumables, hardness survey, ultrasonic testing of completed welds. This procedure also deals about measures to be taken during power failure and nonfunctioning of equipments. The entire welding cycle was explained in detail with

8 time-temperature chart (Fig.1) in the procedure. A typical chart is shown below. Customer before use at site approved this procedure. Fig.1 PREHEATING AND PWHT BY INDUCTION HEATING Temp In C

76010 350

220 100 80
RT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

Time
Sl. No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Operation Temp degree C Rate of Cooling/Heating 100 C/hr

Preheat 220 C Welding by GTAW+SMAW 220 C-350 C Cooling 80-100 C 100 C/hr Holding at 80-100 C for min. 1 hour holding shall continue till the start of PWHT Heating to PWHT Reach 760+/- 10 C for As per above P91+P91 Soaking at PWHT 760+/-10 at 2.5 Mts./mm (Minimum 2 hrs) Cooling Cooling to 350 C As per above Cooling to Room temperature under insulation

DEVELOPMENT OF INDUCTION HEATING MACHINE:

Since the process of welding and heat treatment is susceptible to cracking and lower ductility associated with P91 material, exact control of heat flow during welding and post weld heat treatment is required. Sophisticated induction heating machines thus become a necessity for the above purpose. A versatile high precision induction heating system rated for 120 KW, 3KHz has been developed as an import substitute of rotary sets for heat treatment of P91 pipes used in superheated steam pipeline of 500 MW Thermal Power Stations. A series resonant inverter has been developed which controls the power fed to an induction coil wound around P91 pipe by changing the frequency in 1.5 KHz to 3 KHz range; a microprocessor based PID regulator controls the pipe temperature automatically within 10C. Temperature cycle for the entire welding operation can be pre-programmed for up to 96 hours. To ease the commissioning, PID regulator can be auto tuned. Four machines, using fast thyristor technology, have been built to be used in BHEL Power Sector. These machines replaced imported sets at the time when there was a severe foreign exchange crunch in the country. Subsequently, a very much-improved version of these machines, using air-cooled Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor (IGBT) based inverter, was developed with a simplified topology, resulting in reduction in size, weight and higher reliability. A number of improvements had been carried out based on feedback from sites to make these machine highly accurate and user friendly for outdoor application. The new type of temperature controller ensures more accurate temperature control within 0.5C as compared to 5C

PROCESS MONITORING:

10

Cross-Functional Team (CFT): As directed by General Manager / Corporate Quality, New Delhi, a Cross Functional Team (CFT) may be formed. Accordingly, a CFT comprising of Corporate Quality, Power Sector-Quality, Chennai, PSSR-Quality & BHELTiruchy & Piping Centre Quality was formed for continuous supervision of P91 welding at Simhadri, the first 500MW project where P91 is introduced. The CFT members visited Simhadri site continuously for monitoring the welding operations at site till the completion of all the welds. The CFT members at site ensured the effective implementation of welding procedure by supervising the operation meticulously in round-the-clock shifts. Each and every activity of the welding were inspected by the CFT members and cleared for further operation. Role Of CFT Members: CFT members will play advisory role to the task performers at site in all

matters of welding, heat treatment, NDE & hardness measurements of P91 welding.

CFT members will monitor and control the process and generate CFT members will assist the task performers in maintaining the quality CFT members will assist the task performers in sorting out any quality CFT members will be analysing the records and generate statistical

feedback.

of work and record quality issues.

issues in communication with Head-Quality.

facts for review by the experts and to implement process improvements.

11 Documentation: We started documenting the necessary requirements for defect free welds. The following documents are made available to customer, BHEL Engineers & Associates Engineers.
Drawings Welding Procedure Specification (WPS) / Procedure Qualification Record

(PQR)
Booklet on P91 Field Quality Plan (FQP) for P91 Piping Piping Erection Manual Procedure for welding of P91 Field Welding Schedule (FWS) Welding, Heat Treatment & NDE Manuals

Implementation: The basic Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) cycle was followed. The cycle represents these four stages Plan Do Check Act arranged in a circular fashion to show the continuing cycle. Thus a never-ending circular management process is envisaged. Each step of the PDCA cycle was gone through carefully. Based on the above PDCA cycle, the following were ensured by CFT members at sites:
Qualification and training of welders Job card system Ensured uninterrupted Power Supply by maintaining a Diesel Generator set

by BHEL exclusively to take care of power failure during welding/heat treatment process
Readiness of Induction heating system including spare cables Fit-up inspection tools (root mismatch as per Log sheet) Identifying & measuring thermocouple of the pipe Fixing of thermocouple Continuous logging of events in log book 100% inspection of root weld through windows Completion of heat treatment

12
Surface preparation for hardness survey Surface preparation for Ultrasonic Testing and completion of UT and

maintaining records
Regular communication / interaction with HQ

Apart from CFT, stage inspection and audits were conducted by welding / QA Engineers, Engineers from Quality-Piping Centre, NDTL, Tiruchy & Collaborator and feedback obtained for subsequent correction. Based on the feedback, ensured continual improvement in the total process. QUALITY RECORDS The following quality records were maintained:
Weld Joint fit-up details Welding job card PWHT job card Welding log Drying / Holding temperatures of Welding electrodes Issue of electrodes / filler wires Welders performance test Heat treatment chart Personnel Qualification Records (NDE) UT / MPI / Hardness survey Reports Calibration records of measuring & test requirements

ACHIEVEMENTS: zero defects in welds: As a result of the above, Simhadri unit had the distinction of first 500MW project achieving defect free (zero defects) weld for all the 254 joints (for both units i.e. 127x2=254). Similarly all the four units of Talcher project (4x500 MW), one unit of Ramagundam (1x500 MW), two units of Nalco CPP (2x120 MW) and one unit of Kuttalam CCPP achieved defect free welds. In all a total of 939 welds were completed so far without any defect. The following table gives project wise details of welds completed.

13

P 91 WELDS JOINT DETAILS & DEFECT STATUS

PROJECT: SIMHADRI 2 x 500 MW JOINTS TESTED BY UT 2 62 22 41 127 JOINTS TESTED BY HARDNESS 2 62 22 41 127 JOINTS TESTED BY MPI 2 62 22 41 127 UNIT No.: 1

DESCRIPTION OF LINE
MS PIPING Dia 323.9 x 35 mm MS PIPING Dia 406.4 x 42 mm MS PIPING Dia 564 x 57 mm HP BYPASS Dia 323.9 x 35 mm TOTAL

JOINTS WELDED 2 62 22 41 127

DEFECTIVE JOINTS NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL UNIT No.: 2

PROJECT: SIMHADRI 2 x 500 MW DESCRIPTION OF LINE

MS PIPING Dia 323.9 x 35 mm MS PIPING Dia 406.4 x 42 mm MS PIPING Dia 564 x 57 mm HP BYPASS Dia 323.9 x 35 mm TOTAL

JOINTS WELDED 2 62 22 41 127

JOINTS TESTED BY UT 2 62 22 41 127

JOINTS TESTED BY HARDNESS 2 62 22 41 127

JOINTS TESTED BY MPI 2 62 22 41 127

DEFECTIVE JOINTS NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL

14

P 91 WELD JOINT DETAILS & DEFECT STATUS

PROJECT: TALCHER 4 x 500 MW JOINTS TESTED BY UT 2 50 18 37 107 JOINTS TESTED BY HARDNESS 2 50 18 37 107 JOINTS TESTED BY MPI 2 50 18 37 107 UNIT No.: 3

DESCRIPTION OF LINE
MS PIPING Dia 323.9 x 36 mm MS PIPING Dia 406.4 x 42 mm MS PIPING Dia 564 x 58 mm HP BYPASS Dia 323.9 x 36 mm TOTAL

JOINTS WELDED 2 50 18 37 107

DEFECTIVE JOINTS NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL

PROJECT: TALCHER 4 x 500 MW DESCRIPTION OF LINE

MS PIPING Dia 323.9 x 36 mm MS PIPING Dia 406.4 x 42 mm MS PIPING Dia 564 x 58 mm HP BYPASS Dia 323.9 x 36 mm TOTAL

UNIT No.: 4 JOINTS TESTED BY HARDNESS 2 52 18 39 111 JOINTS TESTED BY MPI 2 52 18 39 111 DEFECTIVE JOINTS NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL

JOINTS WELDED 2 52 18 39 111

JOINTS TESTED BY UT 2 52 18 39 111

P 91 WELD JOINT DETAILS & DEFECT STATUS

15

PROJECT: TALCHER 4 x 500 MW JOINTS TESTED BY UT 2 56 22 40 120 JOINTS TESTED BY HARDNESS 2 56 22 40 120 JOINTS TESTED BY MPI 2 56 22 40 120

UNIT No.: 5

DESCRIPTION OF LINE
MS PIPING Dia 323.9 x 36 mm MS PIPING Dia 406.4 x 42 mm MS PIPING Dia 564 x 58 mm HP BYPASS Dia 323.9 x 36 mm TOTAL

JOINTS WELDED 2 56 22 40 120

DEFECTIVE JOINTS NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL

PROJECT: TALCHER 4 x 500 MW DESCRIPTION OF LINE

MS PIPING Dia 323.9 x 36 mm MS PIPING Dia 406.4 x 42 mm MS PIPING Dia 564 x 58 mm HP BYPASS Dia 323.9 x 36 mm TOTAL

UNIT No.: 6 JOINTS TESTED BY HARDNESS 2 56 22 40 120 JOINTS TESTED BY MPI 2 56 22 40 120 DEFECTIVE JOINTS NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL

JOINTS WELDED 2 56 22 40 120

JOINTS TESTED BY UT 2 56 22 40 120

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P 91 WELD JOINT DETAILS & DEFECT STATUS

PROJECT: NALCO 2 x 120 MW JOINTS TESTED BY UT 40 JOINTS TESTED BY HARDNESS 40 JOINTS TESTED BY MPI 40 UNIT No.: 7

DESCRIPTION OF LINE
MS PIPING ID 323 x 29 mm

JOINTS WELDED 40

DEFECTIVE JOINTS NIL

PROJECT: NALCO 2 x 120 MW JOINTS TESTED BY UT 40 JOINTS TESTED BY HARDNESS 40 JOINTS TESTED BY MPI 40

UNIT No.: 8

DESCRIPTION OF LINE
MS PIPING ID 323 x 29 mm

JOINTS WELDED 40

DEFECTIVE JOINTS NIL

PROJECT: KUTTALAM CCPP 1 x 101 MW JOINTS TESTED BY UT 21 JOINTS TESTED BY HARDNESS 21 JOINTS TESTED BY MPI 21

DESCRIPTION OF LINE
MS PIPING Dia 158 x 14.6 mm

JOINTS WELDED 21

DEFECTIVE JOINTS NIL

17

P 91 WELD JOINT DETAILS & DEFECT STATUS

PROJECT: RAMAGUNDAM 1 x 500 MW JOINTS TESTED BY UT 2 60 24 40 126 JOINTS TESTED BY HARDNESS 2 60 24 40 126 JOINTS TESTED BY MPI 2 60 24 40 126 UNIT No.: 7

DESCRIPTION OF LINE
MS PIPING Dia 323.9 x 36 mm MS PIPING Dia 406.4 x 42 mm MS PIPING Dia 564 x 58 mm HP BYPASS Dia 323.9 x 36 mm TOTAL

JOINTS WELDED 2 60 24 40 126

DEFECTIVE JOINTS NIL NIL NIL NIL NIL

TOTAL NUMBER OF P-91 WELDS SO FAR COMPLETED IN PSSR SITES IS 939. By achieving zero defects in P91 welds from Simhadri onwards, we have honoured the commitment given to Central Boiler Board. Also, we have brought laurels to our esteemed organisation by maintaining zero defects consistently from Simhadri onwards. Cycle Time Reduction: The Achievement of zero defects in P91 welding has aided in compression of the project schedule on account of no rework, early availability of fronts for other works. Simhadri had the distinction of synchronizing the 500MW unit in a record time of 39 months, which is ahead of schedule. Similarly all the four units of Talcher (4x500MW) also achieved zero defects in P91 welds and one unit of Ramagundam 500MW. Ramagundam 500MW unit-7 has created a benchmark of achieving Boiler Light Up in 32 months. Zero defects in P91 welding also contributed to this achievement.

18 Cost Reduction: (A) Repair cost per joint Sl.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Description Removal of defect by grinding - 8 man-hours Cost of imported electrodes Electrical power consumption (2 KV X 400Amps X 36 Hours = 28 800 units @ Rs.2 per unit ) Cost of annealing cables (Rs. 75000 / 15) Surface grinding - 8 man-hours Cost of NDE Repair cost per joint Amount (Rs.) 200 2000 57600 5000 200 3000 68000

(B) TOTAL REPAIR COST FOR 100 JOINTS

: Rs. 68 00 000

Note: As on date, better acceptable defects in heavy walled pipe welds is to the tune of 1% of length welded in PSSR sites against maximum allowable defect of 2.5% of length welded as per standards. In normal circumstances 1% of repair in P91 pipe welding amounts to 1/100 X 939 X 1.274 (939 joints completed X 1.274 metre average length of weld per joint) ie 11.963 metres length of repair. Assuming maximum length of defect in one joint as 120 mm, we could have ended up with repair of 11.963/0.120 = 99.962 ~ 100 joints. LONG TERM PROCESS IMPROVEMENT: Use Of Eurotherme Controller EDN / Bangalore has supplied ATHENA controller along with Induction Heating Machine. The seven segments of welding & post weld heat treatment need to be programmed one segment at a time on completion of each segment of the total cycle. An experienced Engineer must be available at site for 24 hours to take care of controller programming till the completion of welding and heat treatment.

19 EDN, Bangalore conducted two trails successfully using a new controller EUROTHERME in induction heating machine at Simhadri site in place of Athena controller supplied along with induction heating machine. Eurotherme controller having ability to store the entire 7 segments program in its memory. Suitable programmes were developed and fine-tuned to suit P91 welding & PWHT operation of entire cycle. In addition, Eurotherme controller capability was further explored to have two more advantages for P91 welding & PWHT as detailed below.
Eurotherme controller power failure sensor was activated to take corrective

action automatically in case of power failure.

During cooling segment, holdback feature is activated which holds the

timer intermittently whenever process value exceeds 2C than the controller programmed value. Based on Simhadri experience and recommendation from PSSR, EDN Bangalore has replaced all Athena controllers with Eurotherme controller in induction heating machine. Stage Inspection During Welding Welders are informed to keep window opening during root welding at two places 180 apart for visual inspection of root welding. Any imperfection observed in root welding, is corrected immediately. This practice eliminates root defect and repair work after completion of entire welding & PWHT of weld. Moreover due to stage inspection welders are taking enough care to give defect free welds. The above improvements have resulted in cycle time reduction and also in establishing better control on process. Interaction and Brainstorming: Periodical interaction with welders, operators of Induction Heating Machine, operators in UT, hardness survey, fitters, grinders and helpers and with the participation of experts brainstorming to share results and improving process and appreciating being part of winning team had helped in continued outstanding performance in their respective areas.

20 CONCLUSION: The five activities viz. acquiring & imparting of knowledge on P91, implementation & evaluation helped in achieving defects free welds in five different projects. The acceptable norm of welding performance in pipe welding is a repair rate of 2.5% of length welded as per BHEL standard. PSSR has been achieving a repair rate of about 1% in pipe welding other than P91, which we are in process of approaching 6 sigma level. Considering the above, the achievement of ZERO DEFECTS consistently in 939 welds of heavy wall thick pipes of manual arc welding at construction sites in 7 units of 500MW projects at Simhadri (2X500MW), Talcher (4X500MW), Ramagundam (1X500MW) and 2 units of 120 MW projects at NALCO (2X120MW) in Power Sector-Southern Region is excellent job. By achieving zero defects in P91 welds during the past three years of operation, BHEL-PSSR has set a BENCHMARK in P91 welding process. This achievement was possible because of systematic quality measures ensured by the dedicated team by way of establishing a welding & heat treatment procedure and also by implementing at sites through continuous monitoring in successive process improvements by CFT members and active involvement of all concerned. New process design, exploiting existing technology, education and implementation of process improvements for corrective / preventive measures has really helped us to meet the satisfaction of customer. Future applications requiring piping system for high temperature and high pressure would derive advantage from the use of P91 material from the point of view of welding, heat treatment & NDE. While the thermal power generation in India enters in to the era of super critical parameters, obviously P91 WOULD BE THE NATURAL CHOICE FOR CRITICAL PIPING. Hence, we request management to kindly encourage the team for having introduced the new process in professional manner and obtained the confidence of customer with zero defects for an Excel award under Gunvatta Puraskar (Award for excellence in Quality).