B GIO DC V O TO TRNG CAO NG KINH T K THUT MIN NAM KHOA DC

GIO TRNH

DC LIU
TP 1
DNG CHO SINH VIN TRUNG CP DC
(Lu hnh ni b)

-TP. H CH MINH 2012-

Tp 1. PHN K THUT CHUNG V DC LIU: i cng v dc liu. K thut thu hi, phi sy, ch bin, bo qun dc liu. Thnh phn, tc dng ca cc nhm hot cht thng c trong dc liu. K thut kim tra cht lng dc liu.

MC LC
Bi 1: I CNG V DC LIU............................................................................1 1.1. nh ngha mn hc............................................................................................1 1.2. S lc lch s pht trin ca dc liu hc.....................................................1 1.2.1. S pht trin ca dc liu hc phng Ty.............................................1 1.2.2. S pht trin ca dc liu hc phng ng...........................................3 1.2.3. S pht trin ca dc hc c truyn Vit Nam.........................................3 1.3. V tr v vai tr ca dc liu..............................................................................6 Bi 2: K THUT THU HI, CH BIN, PHI SY, BO QUN DC LIU..........7 2.1. Thu hi dc liu................................................................................................7 2.2. Ch bin s b dc liu...................................................................................9 2.3. n nh dc liu............................................................................................10 2.4. Lm kh dc liu............................................................................................11 2.5. Bo qun dc liu..........................................................................................12 2.5.1. m.........................................................................................................13 2.5.2. Nhit ......................................................................................................13 2.5.3. Nm mc....................................................................................................13 2.5.4. Cn trng....................................................................................................13 2.5.5. Bao b ng gi..........................................................................................14 Bi 3: THNH PHN V TC DNG CA MT S NHM HOT CHT C TRONG DC LIU..................................................................................................15 3.1. Mui v c........................................................................................................15 3.2. Dc liu cha acid hu c.............................................................................16 3.2.1. Khi nim chung v acid hu c...............................................................16 3.2.2. nh tnh acid hu c trong dc liu.......................................................17 3.2.3. Tc dng cng dng ca dc liu cha acid hu c.............................17 3.3. Dc liu cha glucid......................................................................................17

3.3.1. Khi nim chung v glucid.........................................................................17 3.3.2. Nhng glucid thng gp trong dc liu................................................17 3.3.3. Tinh bt......................................................................................................18 3.3.4. Cellulose.....................................................................................................21 3.3.5. Gm, cht nhy, pectin..............................................................................22 3.4. Dc liu cha glycosid...................................................................................23 3.4.1. Khi nim c bn v glycosid....................................................................23 3.4.2. Glycosid tr tim..........................................................................................24 3.4.3. Dc liu cha saponin.............................................................................25 3.5. Dc liu cha anthraglycosid.......................................................................27 3.5.1. Khi nim chung v anthraglycosid...........................................................27 3.5.2. Tnh cht, nh tnh anthraglycosid trong dc liu..................................28 3.5.3. Tc dng, cng dng.................................................................................29 3.5.4. Mt s dc liu cha anthraglycosid......................................................30 3.6. Dc liu cha flavonoid.................................................................................30 3.6.1. Khi nim chung v flavonoid....................................................................30 3.6.2. Tnh cht, nh tnh....................................................................................31 3.6.3. Tc dng, cng dng.................................................................................31 3.6.4. Mt s dc liu cha flavonoid...............................................................32 3.7. Dc liu cha coumarin................................................................................32 3.7.1. Khi nim chung v coumarin....................................................................32 3.7.2. nh tnh.....................................................................................................32 3.7.3. Tc dng, cng dng.................................................................................34 3.7.4. Mt s dc liu cha coumarin ..............................................................34 3.8. Dc liu cha tanin.......................................................................................34 3.8.1. Khi nim chung v tanin...........................................................................34 3.8.2. Tc dng, cng dng ca tanin..................................................................35 3.8.3. Mt s dc liu cha tanin......................................................................35

3.9. Dc liu cha alkaloid...................................................................................35 3.9.1. Khi nim chung v alkaloid......................................................................35 3.9.2. Tnh cht v nh tnh.................................................................................36 3.9.3. Tc dng, cng dng ...............................................................................39 3.9.4. Mt s dc liu cha alkaloid.................................................................40 3.10. Dc liu cha tinh du.................................................................................40 3.10.1. Khi nim chung v tinh du....................................................................40 3.10.2. Tnh cht..................................................................................................42 3.10.3. Chit xut v nh lng tinh du trong dc liu..................................43 3.10.4. Tc dng, cng dng...............................................................................43 3.10.5. Mt s dc liu cha tinh du...............................................................44 3.11. Nha...............................................................................................................44 3.11.1. Khi nim chung v nha........................................................................44 3.11.2. Tc dng, cng dng...............................................................................45 3.11.3. Mt s dc liu cha nha...................................................................45 3.12. Cht bo.........................................................................................................45 3.12.1. Khi nim chung v cht bo...................................................................45 3.12.2. Tnh cht l ha........................................................................................46 3.12.3. Chit xut, nh tnh v kim nghim ......................................................46 Bi 4: K THUT KIM TRA CHT LNG DC LIU.......................................48 4.1. i cng v kim tra cht lng dc liu...................................................48 4.2. K thut kim tra cht lng dc liu............................................................49 4.2.1. K thut ly mu kim nghim...................................................................49 4.2.2. M t c im bn ngoi..........................................................................50 4.3. Mt s v d minh ha ....................................................................................56 4.3.1. He (N hoa) (Flos Styphnolobii jabonici imaturi).....................................57 4.3.2. Mung tru (L) (Folium Cassiae alatae)..................................................60 4.3.3. Cam tho (R) (Radix Glycyrhizae)...........................................................64

Bi 1: I CNG V DC LIU

MC TIU HC TP
1. Trnh by c nh ngha mn hc. 2. K c s lc lch s pht trin ca dc liu hc trn th gii v nc ta. 3. Trnh by c mt s u im v xu hng hin nay trong vic s dng thuc c ngun gc t dc liu v v tr vai tr ca dc liu trong ngnh Y t v trong nn kinh t nc ta. 4. K c nhng ni dung chnh trong vic k tha v pht huy nn Y Dc hc c truyn trong chm sc v bo v sc khe nhn dn nc ta.

NI DUNG
1.1. nh ngha mn hc Dc liu hc l mn hc nghin cu v cc nguyn liu lm thuc c ngun gc t nhin t thc vt v ng vt trong ch yu l cc cy thuc, v thuc 1. 1.2. S lc lch s pht trin ca dc liu hc Lch s mn dc liu hc gn lin vi lch s pht trin loi ngi. T thi tin s, trong qu trnh sinh sng, bn cnh vic tm kim thc n, con ngi cng tm hiu, ghi nhn nhng tc dng, cng dng cha bnh ca cy c v nhng cy c nh: cy c lm du au, lm lnh nhng vt thng, cha c cc bnh chng thng thng v nhng tc dng bt li Theo thi gian, cc kinh nghim dn dn c kim chng, sng lc, b sung, tch ly v c kt thnh h thng l lun lu truyn cho cc i sau. 1.2.1. S pht trin ca dc liu hc phng Ty Vo khong 5000 nm trc cng nguyn (TCN) ngi Ai cp c i (Babilonians) bit s dng nhiu cy thuc, v thuc. Dc liu cn ch nhiu n nhng hot cht chit xut v tinh khit ha c t dc liu nh: berberin, rotundin, rutin, digitalin, reserpin vv Nhng thy thuc Hy lp c ni ting c lch s tn vinh nh:
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Ch thch: Dc liu c th l ton b hay ch dng mt vi b phn ca cy hay con vt. Dc liu cng bao gm nhng sn phm do cy c hay con vt tit ra nh: gm, nha, sp, x hng hay ly ra c t cy c hoc ng vt nh tinh du, du mDc liu hc cn cp n cc cy c c dng lm gia v, lm hng liu m phm, cc cy c, nm c vv .

Hippocrate (460-377 TCN) t s ca ngnh y dc hc th gii. ng ph bin kinh nghim s dng hn 200 cy thuc v thuc v nhiu cng trnh v gii phu, sinh l c gi tr.

Aristoteles (384-322 TCN) v Theophrast (370-287 TCN) l nhng nh khoc hc t nhin ni ting. Nhng cng trnh ca 2 ng t nn mng cho nhng nh khoa hc t nhin v sau nghin cu v ng v thc vt. Dioscorides (40-90 TCN), ng vit tp sch Dc liu hc (De Materia medica) m t trn 600 loi cy c tc dng cha bnh, trong c nhiu cy vn ang cn c s dng trong Y hc hin i ngy nay. Galen (129-199 SCN), ng m t cc phng php bo ch thuc c ngun gc ng vt v thc vt. Galen cho rng cha bnh, khng ch bit thuc m cn phi quan tm n bnh cnh, tui, tnh trng sc khe ca ngi bnh v thi im dng thuc. Ngy nay ngnh Dc tn ng l bc tin bi ca ngnh. Trong rt nhiu th k, vic s dng cy thuc phng Ty ch yu l da trn kinh nghim ca Dioscorides, Galen v.v c ghi chp v lu truyn li. n th k th 15 (Thi phc hng), Paracelus (1490-1541) nhn thy rng tc dng cha bnh ca cy thuc ch do mt phn tinh ty no ca n m thi, quan nim y l c s cho vic nghin cu cc hot cht ca cy thuc sau ny. Dale vit cun Pharmocologia vo nm 1700, nh du thi im ngnh Dc tch ra khi ngnh Y. Linnaeus (1707-1778) a ra h thng phn loi v danh php ng v thc vt.

Cui th k 18 Scheele chit xut c cc acid hu c v nhng cht khc t cy c. M u cho vic nghin cu thnh phn ha hc ca cy thuc v Friederich Serturner l ngi u tin chit xut c Morphin t nha thuc phin.

Nm 1842 ln u tin tng hp c Diethyl ether l mt cht gy m, t ngnh Ha c tch dn ra khi ngnh Dc liu.

Nm 1857 Schleiden phn bit c cc loi r Sarsaparilla khc nhau bng cch quan st v so snh s khc nhau v cu to cc t bo ni b ca chng di knh hin vi m ng cho vic kim nghim dc liu bng k thut knh hin vi.

Nm 1929 Alexander Fleming chit xut c Penicillin mt cht khc sinh t nm Penicillin notatum t ngnh vi sinh hc c hnh thnh. Nhng tin b ca khoa hc na cui ca th k 20, lm cho dc liu hc

pht trin mnh m c bit l nhng khm ph v thnh phn ha hc v nhng tc dng ca cc cy thuc, v thuc. 1.2.2. S pht trin ca dc liu hc phng ng Y hc Trung hoa c lch s pht trin lu i, da trn c s l lun ca trit hc v tn gio, tn ti v pht trin bn vng n tn ngy nay. Trong qu trnh pht trin Y hc Trung hoa cn chu nh hng ca s giao thoa vn ha v y hc vi cc nc lng ging nh: Triu tin, Nht bn, Vit nam, Ty tng v.v v cc nc ln khc nh; n , Ai cp, rp v Y hc phng Ty. Ngi Trung Hoa tip thu nhng kinh nghim cha bnh, s dng dc liu ca cc nc lng ging. Nhng kinh nghim v nhng dc liu ngy nay tr thnh mt b phn ca Y hc Trung hoa. Thi Hong (2637 TCN), Ni Kinh l cun sch tp hp cc phng php cha bnh theo y l ng phng.

L Thi Trn (1518-1593) bin son Bn tho cng mc vo nm 1596 ph bin 12.000 bi thuc v phng thuc trong c 1892 v thuc (1094 dc liu, 444 ng vt v 354 khong vt), y l cun sch c gi tr khoa hc v thc s b ch. Y hc n cng sm pht trin, khong 4000-100 nm TCN trong kinh V

(Ayurveda) cc kin thc v y hc v s dng cy thuc c cp n. n s dng nhiu dc liu nh: Ba gc, ti, tiu, gng, thu du, m, u khu, ph t, ngu hong, rn lc v.v 1.2.3. S pht trin ca dc hc c truyn Vit Nam Nn Y Dc hc Nc ta cng c lch s pht trin lu i.

Vo khong 4000 nm TCN, Thn Nng 2 dy cho dn s dng cc loi ng cc, rau qu lm thc phm v bit phn bit, ghi nhn mt s cy c c tc dng cha bnh.

Ch thch: Thn nng l t tin ca vua Hng. Thn Nng sinh ra Minh, Minh sinh ra Kinh Dng Vng, Kinh Dng Vng sinh ra Lc Long Qun, Lc Long Qun sinh ra vua Hng.

Vo thi Hng Bng (2879-257 TCN) t tin ta bit nhum rng, nhai tru bo v rng v lm cho da d hng ho, ung ch vi gip tiu ha d dng, dng gng, hnh, ti lm gia v v phng v cha bnh. Cui th k th III TCN, Nam Vit Giao Ch, nhiu v thuc c ghi nhn nh: Gng, ring, qu, trm hng, hng bi, cnh kin trng, mt ong, sng t gic, cau, s qun t, d, sn dy, long nhn, vi

T 179 TCN n 938 SCN thi k Bc thuc, ngi Trung Hoa ly nhiu cy thuc ca Vit Nam v trng nh: d, vi, nhn, s qun t, nhc u khu v thu cc cng vt l dc liu nh: Trm hng, cnh kin trng, sng t gic v.v trong thi k ny Y hc c truyn Vit Nam chu nhiu nh hng ca y hc c truyn Trung Hoa, nhng nhng kin thc ca y hc Vit Nam cng xm nhp vo nn Y hc Trung Hoa.

T 938-1884 Nh nc phong kin Vit Nam c c lp tri qua cc triu i: Ng, inh, L, L, Trn, H, L, Ty sn, Nguyn. Cc danh y c nhng ng gp to ln cho nn y dc hc c truyn nc ta nh: Minh Khng thin s cha khi bnh in cung, mnh mc y lng, ming la ht cho vua L Thn Tng (1136), bng cch tm nc cy b hn. Chu Vn An bin son cun Y hc yu gii tp ch di bin (1391) tng kt trn 700 phng thuc cha bnh. Tu Tnh cha khi bnh hu sn cho hong hu Tng Vng Phi nh Minh v c phong l i y thin s ri b gi li v quy y Trung Quc khng r nm no. Tu Tnh li 2 tc phm c gi tr l: Hng Ngha gic t y th v Nam Dc thn hiu. T tng ch o ca Tu Tnh v ng hng Y hc c truyn nc ta l Nam dc tr Nam nhn. ng l ngi m ng xy dng nn Y Dc hc c truyn Vit Nam. Hi Thng Ln ng (1720-1791), tn tht l L Hu Trc qu Hng Yn, vi b Hi thng y tng tm lnh 28 tp, 66 quyn. ng li mt pho kinh nghim qu bu, c rt qua nhiu th h thy thuc c truyn nc ta v Trung Hoa lu truyn cho hu th. ng pht huy ch trng Nam dc tr Nam nhn ca Tu Tnh, su tm c nhiu v thuc mi v ph bin cho nhn dn s dng. Hi Thng Ln ng c coi l mt i y tn ca Vit Nam.
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Thi k Php thuc (1885-1945), ngi Php t chc y t theo phng Ty, hn ch ng y. Tuy th thi k ny cng li mt s tp sch c gi tr nh: Ch. Crevost v A.Petelot Danh mc cc sn phm ng dng Cc dc phm (Catalogue des produits de IIndochine Produits medicinaux). Petelot Nhng cy thuc ca Campuchia, Lo v Vit Nam (Les Plantes medicinales du Cambodge, du Laos et du Vietnam). T 1945 cho n nay sau khi ginh c chnh quyn ng v nh nc ta rt ch trng n vic kt hp y hc c truyn vi y hc hin i. T tng ch o ca ng v nh nc v ng li kt hp y hc c truyn vi y hc hin i th hin trong th gi cn b y t ngy 27/2/1955 Bc H vit: Y hc phi da trn nguyn tc khoa hc, dn tc, i chng. ng cha ta ngy trc c nhiu kinh nghim qu bu v cch cha bnh bng thuc Ta, thuc Bc. m rng phm vi y hc cc c, cc ch cng nn ch trng nghin cu v phi hp thuc ng v thuc Ty. T ti nay nhiu ch th ngh quyt ca ng v Nh nc ch o ng li kt hp y hc c truyn vi y hc hin i, xy dng nn y hc Vit Nam. iu 49 chng III, hin php nc CHXHCNVN c ghi: Pht trin v hon thin h thng bo v sc khe nhn dn trn c s kt hp y hc, dc hc hin i vi y hc c truyn. Nhiu t chc dc liu v y dc hc c truyn c thnh lp nh: Vin Dc liu; Vin Y Dc hc Dn tc; Vin nghin cu ng y, Hi ng y Vit Nam. Nhiu ti liu v cy thuc c bin son nh:

Nhng cy thuc v v thuc Vit Nam - GS.TS. Tt Li. Dc in Vit Nam - B y t. Cy c c v thuc Vit Nam GS. Phm Hong H.

T in cy thuc. TS.V Vn Chi.

Cy thuc v ng vt lm thuc Vit Nam - Vin Dc liu. kt hp y hc c truyn vi y hc hin i, ngnh dc liu nc ta ang tp

trung vo 5 lnh vc sau 1. To ngun nguyn liu lm thuc. 2. Chit xut cc hot cht t dc liu. 3. Kim nghim tiu chun ha dc liu. 4. Nghin cu cc hot cht mi.
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5. Hin i ha cc dng bo ch thuc Y hc c truyn. 1.3. V tr v vai tr ca dc liu Thuc cha bnh trong phng v cha bnh c hai ngun gc: Thuc c ngun gc t nhin (Dc liu) v thuc tng hp (Ha dc). Xu hng chung ca th gii hin nay l tr v s dng cc sn phm c ngun gc t nhin, v nhn thy rng cc thuc c ngun gc t nhin an ton hn cc thuc tng hp. Hn na c mt vi loi ung th, mt s cn bnh mn tnh c th cha khi bng thuc Y hc c truyn, nhng ti nay vn cha c thuc tng hp c tr. Theo thng k ca T chc Y T th gii c ti 20.000 loi dc tho c s dng. 80% dn s th gii da vo ngun thuc c ngun gc dc liu. Trn 25% thuc s dng trn lm sng c ngun gc thc vt. Doanh thu t ngun thuc dn xut t thc vt cc nc pht trin ang ngy cng tng. Th trng thuc c ngun gc thc vt trn th gii hin nay khong 30 t USD. Nhiu bit dc ng dc ca chu c tiu th mnh chu u. Nc ta c h ng, thc vt rt phong ph v a dng t ni cao cho ti ng bng v b bin, c nc c tnh c khong 12.000 loi trong c khong 4.000 loi cy ang c s dng lm thuc. Nhiu dc liu l nhng mt hng xut khu c gi tr nh: Qu, hi, sa nhn, hoa he, da cn Nh nc ta xp cy thuc vo nhng loi cy c u tin bo tn v pht trin. ng thi c chin lc pht trin YHCT t 2005 2010. Phn u ti 2010 thuc sn xut trong nc p ng c 60% nhu cu ca Bnh vin, trong c 30% s thuc c sn xut trong nc l thuc c ngun gc t dc liu v thuc YHCT. m bo c nhng yu cu nh nc u tin xy dng cc vng nui trng v ch bin dc liu nhm m bo nguyn liu cho sn xut thuc v tng cng xut khu dc liu. Nh vy dc liu c mt vai tr c bit quan trng trong ngnh Y t v trong nn kinh t nc ta.

Bi 2: K THUT THU HI, CH BIN, PHI SY, BO QUN DC LIU

MC TIU HC TP 1. 2. 3. Trnh by c nhng nguyn tc chung ca k thut thu hi, phi sy, bo Lit k nhng nguyn nhn nh hng n cht lng dc liu v cc bin Thc hin ng cc k thut trong cng tc thu hi, phi sy, ch bin, bo qun v ch bin s b dc liu. php khc phc bo qun tt dc liu. qun, m bo dc liu c cht lng tt trc khi a vo s dng lm thuc. NI DUNG CHNH 2.1. Thu hi dc liu T l hot cht cha trong dc liu ph thuc vo thi k pht trin ca cy thuc, v vy vic thu hi phi ng thi v (ng ma), ngha l ng thi im m b phn dng lm thuc cha nhiu hot cht nht. V d: Cy bc h, thu hi lc cy bt u ra hoa, khi y hm lng tinh du v t l menthol trong tinh du cao nht. Nu thu hi lc cy cha ra hoa hm lng tinh du gim, lc hoa tn hm lng tinh du v menthol gim mnh. 4 nguyn tc chung ca k thut thu hi: Thu hi ng dc liu, ng b phn dng, ng thi v. Nhng b phn trn mt t nn hi vo lc kh ro, khi tri kh sng. Nhng b phn di mt t (r, thn r, r c) c th phi ti nc trc khi thu hoch lm cho t mm, d o hn v sau cn phi ra sch trc khi ch bin. Thao tc thu hi phi kho lo, nh nhng, khng lm gip nt cc b phn cn thu hi v cc cy cn li trong vn.

Trong qu trnh thu hi cn phi loi b cc phn h thi, vng a khng dng c, trnh ln cc tp cht l nh: t ct, c di tn cng ch bin v sau.

R, R C, THN R (Radix, tuber, rhizoma) R, r c, thn r nm di mt t thu hi lc cy tn li, s c nhiu hot cht hn. Ty loi cy m c th thu hi vo cui ma thu sang ng hay cui ma ng. Khi o phi cn thn, khng lm t, gy, xy st v cn phi loi b phn c r ni cao trn mt t (Ngh, gng, sinh a, ng quy, tam tht) THN G (Lignum) Thn g thu hi vo ma thu hoc ng, khi cy rng l, lc thn cy cha nhiu hot cht, g chc v c lu. Bc b v hay ch nh ngay sau khi thu hi lm cho dc liu nhanh kh (T mc) C CY (Herba) C cy thu hi khi cy bt u ra hoa, ct ly phn thn v cnh mang l v hoa, b phn thn cnh khng cn l v gc r (Ru mo, ch mu, ngi cu) V CY (Cortex) Thu hi v cy vo cui ma ng hay u ma xun khi nha cy hot ng mnh v s c nhiu hot cht nht. Bc v cy thn cnh, r bnh t v v ca thn cnh, r ga c nhiu bn, t hot cht (Qu, hong b, tang bch b) L CY (Folium) L cy thu hi khi cy sp hay bt u ra hoa l thi k cy quang tng hp mnh nht, khi l pht trin y v cha nhiu hot cht nht, hi sm hn cht lng s gim v c th gy hi cho cy, i vi cy sng 2 nm thng hi vo nm th hai s c nhiu l v l c nhiu hot cht hn (Dng a hong). bo v cy nn hi l bng tay, c th dng dao, ko ct cnh nh ri bt l. Khi hi l cy c nh: C c dc, trc o, cn phi eo gng tay bo v. L hi c phi ng vo st c cha mt tha, trnh p mnh lm l gip nt, hp hi, thm en. BP CY (Apex) Hi bp cy vo ma xun khi cy ny nhiu chi v l non ca chi cha n bung ra (bp sim, bp i) HOA (Flos) Thu hi hoa khi hoa sp n hoc bt u n, nu hoa n v th phn cnh hoa s d rng lm gim cht lng (Kim ngn hoa, he hoa, cc hoa).

Hi hoa bng tay, nh nhng. Khi thu hi thng khng hi cung, tr khi c quy nh c th. Xp hoa thnh lp tha, khng xp qu nhiu hoa, khng ln cht, trnh phi nng, trnh xo trn mnh v trnh vn chuyn nhiu. QU (Fructus) Qu mng: Qu mng thu hi khi bt u chn lc dch qu t nhy hn. Hi qu lc tri mt, trnh hi lc nng gt qu s chng hng, trnh cc qu mng chn p vo nhau lm qu b thm, d thi. Qu sch, khng nn ra nc, nu qu khng sch cn ra nc th phi ra nhanh, sau khi ra phi thm kh, ring, dng ngay, khng nn lu v v qu b thm nc, mt bng v d thi. ng qu mng cn c cng, lt cho m, ch mt. Qu kh:Qu kh thu hi trc khi qu kh hn (sung y t,). HT (Semen) Ht thu hi khi qu gi hay ang chn, c khi phi ly ht sm hn trnh qu nt lm ri mt ht (Tho quyt minh, b t nhn, keo u). 2.2. Ch bin s b dc liu CHN LA Chn la nhm loi b cc tp cht (rm rc, t ct, dc liu khc, cc b phn khc ca cy ln vo), dc liu vn nt, dc liu nhim mc mt m bo dc liu t tiu chun quy nh. LM SCH RA: Cc b phn nh r, r c, thn r nm di mt t sau khi thu hi cn phi ra sch, th phi ra nhanh khng nn ngm dc liu qu lu. Hoa, bp, cnh nh ch cn lc la, sng sy, hoc ra nhanh, v sau khi ra s phi phi lu hn lm gim cht lng v tn thi gian. SNG SY: Sng sy kt hp vi lc la loi b tp cht ln vo dc liu. CO, GT HAY BC B V NGOI: Co b v ngoi (sn dy), gt sch v (c mi), bc b v (thin mn). BM, BO, THI Bm thnh tng khc hay on ngn (ch mu, lc tin), bo thi thnh phin (ng quy) lm cho tin li khi ch bin v s dng.

NGM, TM Dng nc thng, nc vo go c ngm nhm lm gim c tnh ca dc liu trc khi ch bin (m tin, hong nn) hoc ngm lm cho mm d thi mng khi ch bin (x can). Tm gim, ru (ru gng, ru sa nhn), nc ng tin thay i tnh v tc dng ca v thuc (hng ph, thc a, cam tho) Cc dc liu rn, cng cn c trong vi gi hay vi ngy cho mm, d bo thi mng, cng c khi cho dc liu ln men trc khi ch bin (sinh a, v qu). CHNG, Chng, cho chn (thin mn, ngh) hoc nhng vo nc si dit men (long nhn) trc khi phi sy kh. NG GI ng gi bo v dc liu khi b h hng trong qu trnh bo qun v vn chuyn. Bao gi dc liu cn dng cc loi bao b c kch thc, khi lng, hnh dng thch hp. Trn bao b phi c nhn tin cho vic kim tra, theo di v s dng. 2.3. n nh dc liu Dc liu c ngun gc tho mc thng cha rt nhiu enzym (men) nh cc enzym thy phn, enzym oxy ha, enzym trng hp ha Sau khi thu hi khi c m thch hp cc enzym s hot ng mnh nhit 25 - 50oC, c th lm h hng cc hot ng cc hot cht. V vy trong mt s trng hp, ngi ta phi tin hnh n nh dc liu bng cch ph hy enzym. ph hy enzym, c th p dng 3 cch sau:

Dng cn si: Thc cht l chit xut dc liu bng cn cao ang si. Sn phm thu c l mt dung dch cn hoc cao cn (nu thu hi li cn). Dng nhit m: Dng hi cn hay hi nc xng dc liu (long nhn). Dng nhit kh: Sy nhit cao trong thi gian ngn. Tuy nhin, khng phi lc no cng cn phi dit enzym m c nhng trng

hp phi to iu kin cho enzym hot ng lm tng hm lng cc hot cht mong mun (v qu, sinh a, dng a hong).

10

2.4. Lm kh dc liu Lm kh dc liu l a m ca dc liu v mc an ton bo qun c lu, khng b nm mc, vi khun v cc tc hi ca men (enzym) c sn trong cy ( m an ton ca ht l 8-10%, ca hoa, l, v cy l 10-12%, r v dc liu c ng l 12-15%). Lm kh dc liu l mt quy trnh k thut quan trng, khng ch nh hng ti hnh dng bn ngoi, m cn c ti phm cht, thnh phn ha hc, tc dng cha bnh ca dc liu. Lm kh phi tin hnh sm ngay sau khi thu hi, nu lu dc liu s b hp hi, d thm en v gim phm cht. Nhit v s thng hi l hai yu t cn quan tm trong vic lm kh dc liu. Khi lm kh phi tng nhit t t cho nc bn trong kp thot ra trc khi lp ngoi ca dc liu kh cng. Nhit lm kh phi thch hp vi tng b phn dc liu nh: Dc liu cha tinh du (bc h, kinh gii) 30-40 oC, dc liu mng mnh (hoa, l) 40-50%, dc liu cng nhc (thn hnh, c, r) c th ti 60-70oC. S thng thong tt lm cho hi nc thot ra nhanh hn gip dc liu mau kh v cht lng tt. C hai phng php lm kh chnh l phi v sy: PHI Phi l lm kh dc liu trong iu kin t nhin. C th phi dc liu di nh nng mt tri hay trong bng rm (m can). Phi n gin, d thc hin, t tn km nhng ph thuc vo thi tit, d nhim bi bm, rui nhng, mt s hot cht c th b bin i bi tia t ngoi nu phi di nh sng mt tri PHI NNG Phn ln cc dc liu c th phi di nh sng mt tri, nht l cc dc liu cha nhiu nc nh: thn, r, c, ht, v cy phi nhanh kh cn phi chia nh dc liu. V d: c, qu nh th nguyn, c, qu to phi b i, b t ra phi. Khi phi phi tri mng dc liu trn sn phi, trn cc tm lip hoc trn gin. Thng xuyn xi o cho nhanh kh v cn ch c bin php che y thch hp trnh bi bn, cn trng, rui nhng.

11

PHI TRONG BNG RM Phi trong bng rm bo v mu sc, hng thm. Thng p dng i vi cc dc liu cha tinh du (bc h, qu), dc liu d bin mu, mt mi nh cc loi hoa (cc hoa, kim ngn hoa) SY Sy l phng php lm kh dc liu bng nhit lng nhn to. Khc vi phi, sy c thc hin trong cc l sy, bung sy kn nhng c l thng hi. Sy tuy tn km nhng khng b ng bi thi tit, hp v sinh, gip dc liu nhanh kh hn v cc hot cht trong dc liu t b nh hng C nhiu kiu l sy, bung sy t quy m th cng n cng nghip vi nhit sy c th iu chnh c. Dc liu cn c chia nh n kch thc thch hp, tri mng trn cc khay v phi thng xuyn xi o trong khi sy. iu chnh nhit sy thch hp i vi tng dc liu, theo nguyn tc nhit c nng ln dn dn t thp n cao.
+ + +

Giai on u sy 40-50oC. Giai on gia sy 50-60 oC. Giai on cui sy 60-70 oC.

C th sy thng hoc sy di p sut gim trong cc t sy chn khng, nhng phng php sy di p sut gim ch c p dng i vi cc cao thuc hoc dc liu qu him m nhit sy cao c th lm h hng hot cht. Cng c th lm kh dc liu bng phng php sy ng kh (sy lnh), bng cch lm lnh nhanh dc liu nhit thp (-80oC) nc cha trong dc liu kt tinh thnh cc tinh th nh v sau cc tinh th nc s thng hoa trong chn khng. Phng php ny gip cc hot cht trong dc liu c bo v gn nh nguyn vn, khng b bin i. 2.5. Bo qun dc liu Trong qu trnh tn tr dng lu di, dc liu phi chu nh hng ca nhiu yu t nh: m, nhit , nm mc, cn trng Thc hnh bo qun tt (GSP) nhm gi cho hnh thc v phm cht ca dc liu khng b gim st trong qu trnh tn tr.

12

2.5.1. m m khng kh l nguyn nhn chnh lm gim cht lng dc liu, nc ta c m trung bnh l 85% l iu kin thun li cho nm mc, cn trng ph hoi. m thch hp cho bo qun dc liu l 60-65%. khc phc m cao kho phi kh ro, mt, thong gi ch ng h thp m. Kim tra k m an ton ca dc liu, trc khi nhp kho v nh k trong khi lu tr ti kho nu dc liu qu m phi x l ngay. Nu dc liu d ht m th phi ng trong b kn, c th dng cc cht ht m (vi sng, than ci, silica gel) chng m mc. Cc dc liu cha nhiu tinh bt (Bch ch, hoi sn, lin nhc, bch trut) c thy phn an ton thp cn phi xng sinh nh k trnh nm mc, mi mt. 2.5.2. Nhit Nhit cao lm bay hi tinh du, lm cht bo d b i kht, cht ng b ln men, nhit kt hp vi m lm cho cc hot cht trong dc liu d b thy phn v to iu kin cho nm mc, su b pht trin nhanh. Nhit thch hp bo qun dc liu l 25 oC. khc phc nhit cao cn phi xy dng kho cha dc liu phi ch ng khng ch c nhit khi tri qu nng v d dng tin hnh o kho theo nh k. 2.5.3. Nm mc Nhit kt hp vi m lm nm mc pht sinh trn dc liu. Dc liu b nm mc s sinh ra acid hu c v cc c t lm h hng dc liu. Cn phi thng xuyn kim tra, o kho, phi sy nh k, nu pht hin c nm mc cn phi tch ring, x tr ngay nh: chi mc, lau bng khn thm nc hoc thm cn, ra, phi sy li, ri tia gamma v c k hoch s dng sm, nu nhim nng th phi loi b. 2.5.4. Cn trng Cc loi su b, mi mt, chut lun rnh rp cn ph lm gim phm cht v khi lng dc liu. Cn phi thng xuyn kim tra, nu pht hin c su b, mi mt phi x tr ngay (phi sy li, xng cloropicrin, phun thuc chng mi).

13

2.5.5. Bao b ng gi Bao b ng gi phi m bo cc yu cu k thut ca ngnh, bao b phi sch, kh v chc chn. Nu lng dc liu t th ng bao, ni cao ro trn cc gi k, nu nhiu phi c kho ring, dc liu cn c ng gi cn thn, xp trn k, xa tng v cch xa trn kho.

14

Bi 3: THNH PHN V TC DNG CA MT S NHM HOT CHT C TRONG DC LIU

MC TIU HC TP 1. K c khi nim, tnh cht chung, trng thi tn ti trong thin nhin, tc dng v cng dng cha bnh ca mt s nhm hot cht thng gp trong dc liu. 2. Chit xut, nh tnh xc nh c mt s nhm hot cht chnh c trong dc liu. 3. Nhn bit v phn bit c mt s loi tinh bt, bt dc liu, tinh du, du m v nha. NI DUNG CHNH Mt s nhm hp cht thin nhin (hot cht) quyt nh tc dng, cng dng cha bnh, thng c trong dc liu l: Mui v c, acid hu c, glucid, cht bo, glycosid tim, anthraglycosid, saponin, tanin, flavonoid, coumarin, alkaloid, tinh du, khng sinh thc vt 3.1. Mui v c Mui ca cc nguyn t a lng (c hm lng cao) thng tn ti di dng ha tan trong dch t bo cy nh: Mui kali, natri, magnesi Mui tham gia vo qu trnh iu ha p sut thm thu trong t bo thc vt v trong c th ng vt. Mui kali c tc dng li tiu v lm tng tc dng ca cc glycosid tr tim. Cc cht vi lng l nhng nguyn t c hm lng nh t 10-5 10-3 % hay siu vi lng c hm lng nh hn 10-6 % c trong cy nh: ng, km, cobalt, selen, st, iod, phosphor v.v Nhng cht ny thng tham gia vo thnh phn ca cc enzym iu khin cc qu trnh trao i cht trong t bo. Cc nguyn t nh selen, km, ng l nhng cht b sung quan trng tng cng kh nng chng oxy ha ca c th. Cc kim loi nng nh: ch, thy ngn, cadimi v.v cng tn ti trong cy vi mt lng rt nh.Nhng kim loi ny c th tch ly trong c th ngi v gy ra nhng tc dng c hi khi c s dng lu di.

15

3.2. Dc liu cha acid hu c 3.2.1. Khi nim chung v acid hu c Acid hu c l nhng hp cht c nhm carboxyl, c cng thc chung l: RCOOH. Trong thin nhin acid hu c c th tn ti di 3 dng: Dng t do, dng mui v dng ester.

Dng t do c v chua nh: acid citric c trong qu ca cc loi thuc chi Citrus (chanh, cam, qut, bi), acid tartric c trong qu nho, acid ascorbic c trong qu kim anh, sn tra

Dng mui vi cc cht kim s lm gim hay khng cn v chua na nh: Kali tartrat.

Dng ester lm cho qu chn c mi thm nh: Acetat amyl trong tinh du chui, butyrat ethyl trong tinh du da Ngoi ra cc acid hu c n gin nh: acid citric, acid tartric, acid oxalic v.v Trong cy cn tm thy cc acid hu c c bit khc nh: acid aconitic trong cy u (Aconitum fortunei Hemls.), acid cinamic trong cy qu (Cinamomum sp.), acid maldelic trong hnh nhn ng (Amygdalus communis), acid protocatechic v acid gallic l nhng thnh phn cu to nn tannin. Cc acid c nhm amin ng ch nh: Cucurbitin trong ht b ng (Cucurbita pepo L.), acid quisqualic trong ht cy s qun t (Quisqualis indica L.), v.v

Acid citric

Acid maldelic

Acid aconitic

Acid protocatechic

Acid galic

Cucurbitin

Acid quisqualic

16

3.2.2. nh tnh acid hu c trong dc liu Mun xc nh acid hu c t do trong dc liu ta c th cho dch p dc liu ti hoc dch chit dc liu vi nc ct trung tnh tc dng vi hydrocarbonat kim s thy si bt do to kh CO2. R-COOH + NaHCO3 CO2 + H2O + R-COONa 3.2.3. Tc dng cng dng ca dc liu cha acid hu c Cc acid hu c nh acid acetic, acid citric, acid tartric v.v c dng trong thc phm. Dc liu c acid hu c nh: Chanh, cam, m, me, sn tra c tc dng li tiu, nhun trng, kch thch tiu ha. Acid benzoic c trong cnh kin trng (Styrax benzoin Dryand.) v mui natri benzoat c tc dng st khun v long m. Acid hydrocarpic c trong du i phong t c tc dng khng khun, tr lao, ci. Cc acid cafeic, chlorogenic c trong nhiu dc liu c tc dng li mt. Cucurbitin c trong ht b ng v acid quisqualic c trong s qun t dng cha giun sn. 3.3. Dc liu cha glucid 3.3.1. Khi nim chung v glucid Glucid (carbohydrate) l mt nhm cc hp cht hu c bao gm: Cc ng n (monosaccharid) nh: Glucose, fructose, galactose v.v Cc ng kp (Oligosaccharid) khi b thy phn cho t 2 6 phn t ng n nh: Saccharose, lactose, maltose v.v Cc dn cht v cc sn phm ngng t ca cc cht ng (Polysaccharid) nh: tinh bt, cellulose, gm, cht nhy, pectin Cc cht ng v tinh bt c to thnh trong qu trnh quang tng hp xy ra trong cy xanh. 3.3.2. Nhng glucid thng gp trong dc liu 3.3.2.1. Monosacchrid (ng n) ng n nh: glucose, fructose c trong mt hoa v cc loi qu chn.
17

3.3.2.2. Oligosaccharid (ng kp) Oligosaccharid nh:

ng ma (sacchaose) c trong c ci ng, ma, tht nt v cc loi tri cy.

ng mch nha (maltose) l sn phm thy phn tinh bt bng enzym amylase trong mm ng cc, thu c khi lm mch nha. ng sa (lactose) c nhiu trong sa ng vt. 3.3.2.3. Polysaccharid Homopolysaccharid: Homopolysaccharid l cc polysaccharid n gin hnh thnh do s ngng t ca duy nht mt loi monosaccharid. Homopolysaccharid quan trng c s dng nhiu l tinh bt v cellulose. Heteropolysaccharid: Heteropolysacchrid l nhng polysaccharid phc tp hnh thnh do s ngng t ca khng t hn hai loi monosaccharid. Heteropolysacchrid thng c s dng l: gm, cht nhy, pectin, thch v alginat. 3.3.3. Tinh bt 3.3.3.1. Khi nim chung v tinh bt Tinh bt l glucid d tr tn ti di dng ht c kch thc v hnh dng khc nhau cha trong cc c quan d tr ca cy c nh: qu, ht, r c (Bng 1). Di tc ng ca enzym c sn trong cy tinh bt s b thy phn thnh cc ng n ha tan trong dch t bo v chuyn n cc c quan s dng cho qu trnh h hp.

18

Bng 1. Hnh dng v kch thc ht tinh bt Hnh a gic Tinh bt go Nh (2-12m) ht n hnh (Amylum Oryzae) a gic c nhiu cnh. Thng gp ht kp, c khi kt thnh m rt nhiu ht. T l mt chm nh, vn Tinh Bp (Amylum Maydis) Hnh chm cu Hnh da Tinh Sn (Amylum tng trng khng r. bt Ht tinh bt hnh a gic, him khi gn trn, kch thc 4 -25m. T hnh chm, hnh sao hay phn nhnh; vn khng r. bt Hnh chm cu hay hnh dy chung nh (2-10m). T l mt im.

Puerariae) Tinh bt Hnh da, hnh qu l, i khi La (Amylum Tritici) m c ra st m. Ht to (3040m), ht nh (2-8m), t c ht kch thc trung bnh.

T khng r. Tinh bt T phn nhnh hnh sao. d (Amylum Ht trung bnh. Coicis) Hnh trng Tinh (Amylum Solani) bt Kch thc trung bnh 50m, c ht ln n 80-100m. Thnh thong c ht kp 2 hoc 3. T l mt im u hp, Tinh vn r. bt T l mt vch ngn nm Tinh bt Hong tinh

Khoai ty

19

Hong tinh vung gc vi trc di ca (Amylum ht tinh bt. Marantae) Ht tinh bt c khi lm. Tinh bt Kch thc 50m. u xanh T di phn nhnh hnh xng c. (Amylum Phaseoli) Tinh Hoi (Amylum Dioscoreae) 3.3.3.2. Tnh cht Tinh bt khng tan trong nc lnh nhng trng n (h ha) khi un nng vi nc. Tinh bt d b phn hy bi acid hoc enzym, vi acid s thy phn xy ra hon ton cho glucose. C6H12O6 (C6H10O5)n + n H2O H+ (1+n)(C6H12O6) bt Hnh trng hay hnh chung, sn di 20-80m, rng 20m. T di khng phn nhnh, nhiu ht khng thy t.

Vi enzym s thy phn xy ra khng han ton, cho cc sn phm khc nhau ty thuc vo ngun gc ca tinh bt v loi enzym. Tinh bt phng thch. 3.3.3.3. nh tnh xc nh tinh bt trong dc liu nhit thng v trong nc, vi dung dch iod 1% (TT), phn t tinh bt s hp ph iod cho mu xanh tm. Khi thy phn tinh bt (bng enzym hay acid), phn t tinh bt b ct ngn dn lm cho mu xanh ca tinh bt vi thuc th iod chuyn dn sang tm ri nu hng v cui cng c th mt mu hon ton. Amylase Maltose + Dextrin + Glucose

Khi b thy phn nht ca h tinh bt gim dn v cc cht ng c

20

 C th nh trc tip dung dch iod 1% (TT) ln vi phu thc vt xc nh dc liu c tinh bt. Trong t nhin, tinh bt tn ti di dng ht nm trong t bo thc vt. Tinh bt ca cc loi thc vt khc nhau phn bit c nh s khc nhau v hnh dng v kch thc khi quan st chng di knh hin vi. Ht tinh bt c th c hnh a gic, hnh chm cu, hnh da, hnh thu knh cu to bi nhiu lp ng tm xung quanh mt im gi l rn ht. Nh c th kim tra c thun nht ca tinh bt v pht hin s nhm ln, pha trn hay gi mo (Bng 1). 3.3.3.4. Cng dng ca tinh bt Tinh bt c dng lm lng thc, ch to ru etylic v bt ngt Trong ngnh Dc, tinh bt c dng lm t dc cho thuc vin nn, lm nguyn liu sn xut ng glucose, cn etylic 3.3.3.5. Dc liu c nhiu tinh bt
1. Sn dy (Pueraria thomsonii Benth.), h u (Fabaceae) 2. d (Coix lachryma-jobi L.), h La (Poaceae) 3. Hoi

sn (Dioscorea persimilis Prain et Burkill.), h C mi

(Diosscoreaceae)
4. Hong tinh (Polygonatum sp.), h Mch mn ng (Convallariaceae)

3.3.4. Cellulose Thnh phn chnh ca mng t bo thc vt l cellulose, si bng vi cha khong 97-98%, si cy h Gai (Urticaceae) c t 75 - 90%, thn cy h Ci (Cyperaceae), h La (Poaceae) c khong 30 - 40%. Cellulose cng l mt homopolysaccharid ging nh tinh bt nhng cc phn t glucose trong cellulose kt hp vi nhau to thnh nhng b bn chc. Cellulose khng tan trong nc v cc dung mi hu c nhng tan c trong dung dch km chloride m c v dung dch Schweizer [Cu(NH3)4](OH)2 (hydroxyd ng trong ammoniac). Cc dn xut ca cellulose v cng dng.

21

Cellulose vi tinh th, Methylcellulose (MC), Natri carboxy methylcellulose (NaCMC) l nhng sn phm thy phn v bn tng hp ca cellulose. Chng c kh nng to gel bn vng vi nc v trng n mnh trong nc to thnh dung dch keo c dng lm t dc bo ch nh tng, hn dch, t dc chnh, t dc r trong vin nn. Acetophtalat cellulose khng tan trong mi trng acid c dng bao phim vin tan trong rut. 3.3.5. Gm, cht nhy, pectin 3.3.5.1. Khi nim chung v gm, cht nhy, pectin Gm, mng t bo.

cht

nhy

pectin

nhng

polysaccharid

phc

tp

(Heteropolysaccharid) c ngun gc t thc vt, c to ra do qu trnh bin i Gm l cht nha do cy tit ra v c li khi gp nhng iu kin khng thun li nh: Cy b thng tn, b su mt, b nng hn. Cht nhy l cht d tr c kh nng ht nc mnh gi vai tr vn chuyn nc trong cy. Pectin l thnh phn cu to t bo ca mng t bo ca cy v mt s loi to. Gm, cht nhy, pectin c kh nng trng n dnh kt khi gp nc, v vy c th nh tnh v s b nh lng bng cch xc nh ch s n ca dc liu. 3.3.5.2. Cng dng Gm c dng lm cht nh ha to nh dch thuc, lm t dc dnh trong bo ch nh: gm arabic, gm adragant. Cht nhy c dng lm thuc nhun trng, cha to bn, lm mi trng cy vi sinh nh: Rau cu cn gi l thch hay Agar-Agar, thin mn, mch mn Pectin lm thuc cm mu ng rut, iu tr tiu chy, lm cht nh ha trong bo ch nh: Ci bi (v qu gia ca qu bi). Gm, cht nhy cn c dng h vi trong cng nghip vi si. 3.3.5.3.
1.

Dc liu cha cht nhy, pectin

M (Plantago major L.), h M (Plantaginaceae).

22

2.

Thin mn (Asparagus cochinchinensis (Lour.) Merr.), h Thin mn Mch mn (Ophiopogon japonicus Ker.), h Mch mn (Convallariaceae). Sm b chnh (Abelmoschus sagittifolius (Kurz) Merr.), ho Bng (Malvaceae). Rau cu (Glacilaria sp.), h Rau cu (Gracilariaceae). Ci bi (Pericarpium Citri grandi), l v qu gia ca cy bi (Citrus

(Asparagaceae)
3. 4. 5. 6.

grandis (L.) Osbeck.), h Cam (Rutaceae). 3.4. Dc liu cha glycosid 3.4.1. Khi nim c bn v glycosid Glycosid (heterosid) l nhng hp cht hu c c cu trc phc tp to thnh do s ngng t gia mt phn khng phi l ng R, gi l aglycon hay genin, vi mt phn gm mt hay nhiu ng gi l ose. Ngng t R X H + HO ng Thy phn

R X ng

X = Oxy c gi l O Glycosid, X = Carbon c C Glycosid. X = Nitro c N Glycosid X = Sulfur c S Glycosid. V d: Aloinosid c trong cy l hi (Aloe vera L.), h L hi (Asphodelaceae) va l mt O-Glycosid, va l mt C-Glycosid, phn aglycon (genin) c cu trc ha hc rt khc nhau, phn ny quyt nh tnh cht, tc dng v cng dng ca mi glycosid.

ALOINOSID Da vo cu trc ca aglycon phn bit nhng nhm glycosid khc nhau: Glycosid tr tim, saponosid, anthraglycosid, flavonoid, tanoid

23

Phn ng (ose) c th l monosaccharid hay oligosaccharid, cng c khi c 1,2 hay nhiu chui ng gn vo nhng v tr khc nhau ca aglycon, phn ng lm tng tan trong nc ca glycosid. 3.4.2. Glycosid tr tim 3.4.2.1. Khi nim chung v glycosid tr tim Glycosid tr tim l nhng glycosid c phn aglycon cu trc steroid, c tc dng c hiu ln tim. liu iu tr c tc dng cng tim, lm chm v iu ha nhp tim. liu cao gy nn, chy nc bt, tiu chy, yu c, lon nhp tim v c th lm ngng tim. Glycosid tim c xp trong danh mc thuc c bng A. Cu to ha hc chung ca glycosid tr tim gm c: khung hydrocarbon, c cu trc steroid c 17 carbon, gn vi mt vng lacton 5 hay 6 cnh vo v tr C 17 ca khung. Phn ng ngoi cc ng hexose v pentose thng gp trong cc glycosid nh glucose, rhamnose v.v cn thy cc ng 2,6-desoxy hexose c trng ca glycosid tr tim nh: Oleandrose, digitoxose V d: Oleandrin c trong l cy trc o (Nerium oleander L.), hc Trc o (Apocynaceae).

Oleandrin 3.4.2.2. Tnh cht

Oleandrose

Glycosid tim tan c trong cn, nc nng, t tan trong dung mi hu c km phn cc, tnh tan ca dng aglycon th ngc li vi tnh tan ca dng glycosid. Glycosid d b thy phn bi acid hoc enzym, vi acid th s thy phn xy ra hon ton cho sn phm cui cng l aglycon. Tc nhn l enzym c sn trong cy c kh nng ct bt cc phn t ng cui mch cho cc glycosid th cp.
24

Tnh cht ca cc glycosid tim th hin cc phn ng ha hc ca khung steroid ca vng lacton v ca ng 2,6 desoxy (xem phn thc hnh nh tnh glycosid tim). 3.4.2.3. Mt s dc liu cha glycosid tr tim
1. 2.

Trc o (Nerium oleander L.), h Trc o (Apocynaceae). Sng d hoa vng (Strophanthus divaricatus Hook. Et Arn.), h Trc o Thng thin (Thevetia neriifolia Juss.), h Trc o (Apocynaceae). Cy ay qu di (Corchorus olitorius L.), h ay (Tiliaceae).

(Apocynaceae).
3. 4.

3.4.3. Dc liu cha saponin 3.4.3.1. Khi nim chung v saponin Saponin (saponosid) l mt nhm glycosid c nhng tnh cht chung nh: to bt bn khi lc vi nc, lm v hng cu khi tip xc trc tip cc nng rt long, c vi c V ng nhn, i khi gy kch ng nim mc, lm ht hi, mt. Da theo cu trc ha hc ca phn aglycon chia saponin thnh 2 loi: saponin steroid c 17 carbon v saponin triterpenoid c 30 carbon.

R1: glc-glc R2: H R3: Xylose-arabinose-glc-o. Ginsenosid V d: Ginsenosid l mt nhm saponin triterpenoid thuc nhm 4 vng c trong nhn sm (Panax ginseng C. A. Mey), v cc cy thuc h Nhn sm (Araliaceae)
25

Asiaticosid

Asiaticosid l mt saponin triterpenoid thuc nhm 5 vng c trong cy rau m (Celltela asiatica L.), h Hoa tn (Apiaceae). 3.4.3.2. Chit xut, nh tnh xc nh saponin trong dc liu CHIT XUT Saponosid thng d tan trong ethanol, methanol, buthanol, nc v cc hn hp cn nc; kh tan hoc khng tan trong cc dung mi hu c km phn cc. Dng aglycon th ngc li, tan tt trong cc dung mi hu c, khng tan trong nc. Da vo tnh tan chit xut, tinh ch saponin. Trong nh tnh saponin, ngi ta thng chit saponin bng cn (EtOH, MeOH) vi cc cn khc nhau, c dch chit n m c ri kt ta saponin bng dung mi km phn cc nh ether, aceton v.v cng c th tinh ch saponin bng cch phn b gia nc v n-buthanol. Vi cc th nghim tnh to bt, tnh ph huyt th ch cn s dng dch chit nc m khng cn phi tinh ch.

NH TNH nh tnh xc nh saponin trong dc liu, ngi ta thng dng th nghim tnh to bt, tnh ph huyt, tnh c i vi c. Ch s bt (CSB), ch s ph huyt (CSPH) hay c dng nh gi saponin trong dc liu. (Xem phn thc hnh)

Ch s bt: l pha long cn thit ca 1g dc liu to c mt lp bt cao 1cm sau khi ngng lc 15 pht, tin hnh trong iu kin quy nh. Ch s ph huyt: l s mililit dung dch m cn thit ha tan cc saponin c trong 1g dc liu gy ra s ph huyt u tin v hon ton i vi mt loi mu chn, tin hnh trong iu kin quy nh.

Cc phn ng ha hc cng c s dng nhng mc c hiu thp so vi cc nhm hp cht khc. Phn ng Liebermann-Burchard ln mu vi tt c cc dn xut c nhn steroid trong c saponin steroid. (Xem phn thc hnh Glycosid tr tim) 3.4.3.3. Tc dng, cng dng Long m, cha ho: Vin ch, thin mn, ct cnh, cam tho.
26

Li tiu: Ru mo, rau m, mch mn, thin mn. B dng: Nhn sm, tam tht, ng gia b, inh lng. Khng vim: Cam tho, ngu tt, c xc. Khng khun, khng nm, c ch hot ng ca virus: Cam tho, rau m, l c chua, mm khoai ty. 3.4.3.4. Mt s dc liu cha saponin
1.

B kt (Fructus gleditschiae) l qu gi ca cy b kt (Gleditschia fera (Lour.) Cam tho (Rhizoma et Radix Glycyrrhizae) l thn r v r ca cy cam tho Ng gia b (Cortex Schefflerae octophyllae) l v thn ca cy ng gia b chn Ngu tt nam (Radix Achyranthis asperae) l r ca cy c xc (ngu tt nam) Nhn sm (Radix Ginseng) l r c ca cy nhn sm (Panax ginseng C.A. Tam tht (Radix notoginseng) l r c ca cy tam tht Panax notoginseng

Merr.), h u (Fabaceae)
2.

(Glycyrrhiza glabra L.) hay (G. uralensis Fisch.), h u (Fabaceae)

3.

chim (Schefflera octophylla (Lour.) Harms.), h Nhn sm (Araliaceae)

4.

(Achyranthes aspera L.), h Rau dn (Amaranthaceae)

5.

Meyer.), h Nhn sm (Araliaceae)

6.

(Burk.) F. H. Chen.), h Nhn sm (Araliaceae) 3.5. Dc liu cha anthraglycosid 3.5.1. Khi nim chung v anthraglycosid Anthraglycosid (anthranoid) l nhng glycosid c phn aglycon l dn cht ca 9,10-anthracendion (antraquinon). Ty theo cng dng, antraquinon c chia thnh 2 nhm: Nhm phm nhum v nhm nhun ty:
Nhm phm nhum l nhng dn cht c 2 nhm OH k cn nhau,

thng c mu cam n ta. Thng gp trong cc cy thuc h C ph (Rubiaceae). V d: alizarin (1,2-dihyroxy antraquinon), purpurin v acid rubrierythrinic, c trong r cy thin tho (Rubia cordifolia L. H Rubiaceae)

27

 Nhm nhun ty thng c 2 nhm OH v tr 1 v 8 v v tr 3

thng l cc nhm th -CH3, -CH2OH, -CHO, -COOH. Chng thng c mu vng nht n vng.
O
8 7 6 5 9 10 4 1 2 3
7

OH
8

O
9

OH
1 2 3 4 R

R:-CH3 (Chrysophanol) R:-CH2OH (Aloe emodin) R: -COOH (Rhein)

6 5

10

9,10-Antracendion (Antraquinon)
O OH OH

1,8-dihydroxyantraquinon
O OH OH O OH O - Glc -xyl

OH

Alizarin

Purpurin

Acid ruberythric

V d: chrysophanol, aloe emodin v rhein, c tm thy trong thn r cy i hong (Rhizoma Rhei), ht tho quyt minh (Semen Cassiae torae) Trong cy Anthraglycosid c th tn ti dng kh (anthron hay anthranol) hay dng oxy ha (antraquinon), dng kh c tc dng x mnh nhng gy au bng v vy mt s dc liu cha anthraglycosid khng nn dng ti hay mi thu hi, m phi mt nm sau mi dng dng kh chuyn thnh dng oxy ha.

3.5.2. Tnh cht, nh tnh anthraglycosid trong dc liu Cc dn cht ca anthraquinon u c mu t vng, vng cam n . D thng hoa nhit cao, ngng t li nhit lnh. Dng glycosid d tan trong nc, dng t do tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh: ether, chloroform
28

Cho phn ng vi kim (NaOH, KOH, NH4OH) to cc mui phenolat c mu tan trong nc (phn ng Borntrager). nh tnh: nh tnh anthraglycosid, ngi ta da vo phn ng Borntrager vi nguyn tc l cc hp cht anthraglycosid cho phn ng vi kim to cc mui phenolat c mu tan trong nc: NaOH long Mu Mu Phn ng Borntrager thc hin trong ng nghim, ngay trn m thc vt trn bn mng soi liu hay sau khi lm phn ng vi thng hoa. Anthraquinon (aglycon) d dng thng hoa nn cn c nh tnh bng th nghim vi thng hoa (phn thc hnh).

3.5.3. Tc dng, cng dng Nhm nhun ty: Cc anthraglycosid thuc nhm nhun ty c tc dng trn rut gi sau khi b thy phn bi -glucosidase ca h vi khun rut v b kh thnh dng anthron hay anthranol l dng c tc dng lm tng nhu ng rut gy kch thch tiu ha, nhun trng hay ty x thy theo liu s dng. Ngoi ra anthraglycosid cn c tc dng khng nm lc candida v dng da. Mt s khc cn c tc dng thng mt, li tiu, chng khi u. Ch : Thuc anthraquinon c tc dng chm sau 8 12 gi dng thuc. Thuc lm tng co tht c trn t cung, bng quang, thn trng khi dng cho ph n c thai, ngi b vim bng quang v t cung. Thuc c bi tit qua sa, thn trng vi nhng b m cho con b, bi tit qua nc tiu lm nc tiu c mu hng.
Nhm phm nhum:

Anthraquinon thuc nhm phm nhum thng c dng nhum vi si, lm cht mu trong thc phm, dc phm v m phm, mt s khc c tc dng h huyt p, khng nm, chng khi u.

29

3.5.4. Mt s dc liu cha anthraglycosid

1.

Mung tru (Folium Cassiae alatae), l l ca cy mung tru (Cassia alata L.), Tho quyt minh (Semen Cassiae torae) l ht gi phi hay sy kh ca cy

h u (Fabaceae).
2.

Tho quyt minh cn gi l Quyt minh, Mung (Senna tora (L.) Roxb.; Syn. Cassia tora L.), h u (Fabaceae).
3.

i hong (Rhizoma Rhei) l thn r co v nguyn hay thai thanh phin

phi hay sy kh ca cc loi i hong (Rheum palmatum L.) hoc (Rheum officinale Baillon), hoc ging lai ca hai loi trn, h Rau rm (Polygonaceae)
4.

Nhu (Radix Morindae citrifoliae) l R ct ngn hoc thi phin phi hay sy L hi (Resin Aloe verae) l Cht dch c c v sy kh, ly t l cy L hi Phan t dip (Folium Sennae) l l phi hay sy kh ca cy Phan t dip l hp

kh ca cy Nhu (Morinda citrifolia L.), h C ph (Rubiaceae).

5.

(ch yu t Aloe vera L. v Aloe ferox Mill.), h L hi (Asphodelaceae).

6.

Cassia Angustifolia Vahl hay cy Phan t dip l nhn Cassia Acutifolia u thuc h Vang (Cassalpiniaceae)
7.

Ba kch (Radix Morindae) l r phi hay sy kh ca cy Ba kch (Morinda H th (Radix Polygoni multiflori) l r c phi hay sy kh ca cy H th

officinalis How), h C ph (Rubiaceae)

8.

(Fallopia multiflora (Thunb.) Haraldson Syn. Polygonum multiflorum Thunb.)), h Rau rm (Polygonaceae). 3.6. Dc liu cha flavonoid 3.6.1. Khi nim chung v flavonoid Flavonoid l nhng glycosid c mu, (Anthocyanin c mu xanh, hay tm Cc dn cht flavon, flavonol. c mu vng nht, vng m hay khng mu) thng gp phn lm cho hoa, l, qu ca thc vt c cc mu sc sc s khc nhau. V ha hc flavonoid l nhng glycosid c phn aglycon l nhng dn cht ca diphenylpropan (C6 C3 C6), gm 2 vng benzen A v B ni vi nhau qua mt mch 3 carbon. Thng c cc nhm OH cc v tr 3, 5, 7, 4 v 5 ca nhn thm. Mch 3 carbon thng to mt d vng oxy 6 hay 5 cnh (vng C).

30

Rutosid (Rutin) trong hoa ca cy He (Sophora jabonica (L.), h u (Fabaceae)

3.6.2. Tnh cht, nh tnh Tnh cht v nh tnh flavonoid ch yu da vo cc phn ng d vng C v ca cc nhm OH phenol. Phn ng ca vng C: Phn ng Cyanidin: (phn ng Shinoda hay Willstater). Di tc dng ca cc tc nhn kh (Mg/HCl , Zn/HCl , NaBH4 v.v) vng C ca Flavonoid s b kh lm cho dung dch chuyn thnh mu cam ti . Phn ng ca cc OH phenol: Cc nhm OH phenol trong vng A v B ca flavonoid to phenolat vi cc cht kim lm dung dch tng mu trong mi trng kim v to phc vi cc ion kim loi a ha tr nh: Fe+++, Cr++, Pb++, Zr++, v.v cho cc phc cht c mu v/hoc kt ta. 3.6.3. Tc dng, cng dng Flavonoid c hot tnh vitamin P c tc dng lm bn vng v gim tnh thm ca thnh mch mu. Flavonoid c dng phi hp trong iu tr cc chng cao huyt p, bnh chy mu chn rng. c dng iu tr cc bnh suy yu thnh mch, d chy mu nh bnh tr, chy mu cam v cc chng sung huyt. Flavonoid c tc dng chng oxy ha, dp tt cc gc t do c xem nh l nguyn nhn ca nhiu bnh chng khc nhau. Mt s flavonoid c tc dng khng khun, c bit l t cu khun, dng cha ho, vim ph qun, thng hn, t l. Mt s flavonoid cn c tc dng khng vim, chng d ng.
31

3.6.4. Mt s dc liu cha flavonoid

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Hoa he (Sophora japonica L.), h u (Fabaceae) Kim ngn (Lonicera japonica Thunb.), h Cm chy (Caprifoliaceae) C mc (Eclipta alba (L.) Hassk, Eclipta prostrata L.), h Cc (Asteraceae) Si t (Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.), h Cc (Asteraceae) Cy nc nc (Oroxylum indicum (L.) Kurtz.), h Chm t (Bignoniaceae) Artichaut (Cynara scolymus L.), h Cc (Asteraceae) ch mu (Leonurus heterophyllus Sweet.), h Hoa mi (Lamiaceae) T mc (Caesalpinia sappan L.), h u (Fabaceae)

3.7. Dc liu cha coumarin 3.7.1. Khi nim chung v coumarin Coumarin l cc hp cht t nhin dn cht ca phenyl propanoid (C6 C3) vi khung c bn l benzo--pyron, c mt s tnh cht sau: Dng aglycon, d kt tinh, khng mu, c mi thm, d thng hoa. Dng glycosid c th tan trong nc, dng aglycon thng d tan trong dung mi hu c km phn cc. Coumarin d b m vng lacton bi kim to thnh mui tan trong nc v s ng vng tr li khi acid ha.
HO H+ O O OH COO -

Benzo -pyron

Sau khi m vng lacton bng dung dch kim, cc coumarin n gin s to thnh mui coumarinat ca acid coumarinic. 3.7.2. nh tnh 3.7.2.1. nh tnh coumarin bng phn ng ha hc
Phn ng vi dung dch FeCl3

32

Cc dn cht coumarin c OH phenol t do s cho mu xanh vi thuc th FeCl3. Phn ng ng m vng lacton Da vo tan khc nhau khi m v ng vng lacton trong mi trng kim v acid s b nh tnh coumarin. Phn ng vi thuc th diazo Da vo phn ng ghp i vi mui diazoni cho mu bn vng t vng ti cam, cam ty thuc vo cc dn cht khc nhau ca coumarin. S tng hunh quang trong mi trng kim di tc dng ca tia t ngoi. Trong mi trng kim tia t ngoi c kh nng chuyn mui coumarinat ca acid coumarinic t dng cis thnh dng trans lm hunh quang ca coumarin sng mnh hn
hv COO OH OH COO-

Th nghim vi thng hoa Da vo kh nng d thng hoa ca coumarin c th tin hnh th nghim vi thng hoa coumarin bm trn lam knh ri soi knh hin vi s thy nhiu tinh th hnh kim khng mu. Khi soi vi 1 git dung dch I2 + KI s thy tinh th Iodocoumarin mu nu sm hoc tm 3.7.2.2. nh tnh coumarin bng sc k lp mng xc nh cc coumarin tin li nht vn l tin hnh SKLM Dung mi khai trin sc k: H (1): benzen EtOAc (10:1) hoc H (2): benzen aceton (10:1). Pht hin vt v tnh gi tr Rf: Quan st bn mng di n UV 365nm, 254nm hoc hin mu bng thuc th iod kali iodide.

33

3.7.3. Tc dng, cng dng Nhng tc dng v cng dng ng lu ca cc dn cht coumarin l:

Lm gin n v chng co tht ng mch vnh (r tin h, ht c rt) calophyllolid trong cy m u.

Chng ng mu (tc dng ca cc dn cht dicoumarol) nh: Lm bn v bo v thnh mch (hot tnh ca vitamin P) nh: Bergapten c trong bch ch, x sng Khng vim, khng khun, khng HIV nh: calophyllolid, calalolid, inophyllolid trong cy m u. 3.7.4. Mt s dc liu cha coumarin
1.

Ba dt (Folium Eupatorii), l l ca cy ba dt (Eupatorium triplinerve Bch ch (Radix Angelicae dahuricae), l R phi hay sy kh ca cy

Vanl.), h Cc (Asteracaeae).
2.

Bch ch (Angelica dahurica (Fisch. ex Hoffm.) Benth. et Hook.), h Hoa tn (Apiaceae)

3.

Tin h (Radix Peucedani), l r phi hay sy kh ca cy Tin h

(Peucedanum decursivum Maxim), hoc cy Tin h hoa trng (Peucedanum praeruptorum Dunn.), h Hoa tn (Apiaceae) Si t (Herba Wedeliae) l phn trn mt t cn ti hoc phi hay sy kh ca cy Si t (Wedelia chinensis (Osbeck) Merr.), h Cc (Asteraceae).
4.

M u (Calophyllum inophyllum L.), h Mng ct (Clusiaceae).

3.8. Dc liu cha tanin 3.8.1. Khi nim chung v tanin Tanin (taninoid) l nhng hp cht polyphenol, c ngun gc thc vt, c v cht v c tnh thuc da. Tanin d tan trong kim long, tan trong hn hp cn nc, tan trong hn hp cn cao , glycerin, propylen glycol, aceton Acid galic v ethyl acetat, khng tan trong dung mi hu c km phn cc. To ta vi dung dch nc ca protein. To phc mu vi dung dch st III clorid (dd FeCl3) 1%.
34

Trn y l nhng tnh cht quan trng c ng dng nh tnh tanin trong dc liu. Da vo cu trc ha hc ngi ta xp tanin vo 2 nhm chnh: Tanin thy phn c (tanin pyrogallic). Tanin khng thy phn c (tanin ngng t, tanin pyrocatechic). 3.8.2. Tc dng, cng dng ca tanin Tanin lm kt ta protein c tc dng lm sn se da v nim mc, c dng iu tr tiu chy, cha vim rut mn tnh. Cha bng, cha cc vt thng nh, cc tn thng l lot trn da. Tanin to ta vi mui ca cc kim loi nng, vi cc alcaloid c dng cha ng c kim loi nng, ng c do cc alkaloid c khi cht c cn nm trong h tiu ha, trc khi dng th thut ra v sc rut. Ch : Khi dng liu cao ng ung tanin gy xt rut v to bn, nn trnh dng cho tr em. khc phc c nhc im ny ngi ta dng dng kt hp ca tanin vi gelatin, albumin, casein 3.8.3. Mt s dc liu cha tanin
1.

Ng bi t (Galla Chinensis) l t phi hay sy kh ca u trng su Ng bi

t (Melaphis chinensis (Bell.) Baker = Schlechtendalia chinensis Bell.) k sinh trn cy Mui tc cy Dim phu mc (Rhus chinensis Muell.), h o ln ht (Anacardiaceae)
2. 3. 4. 5.

Mng ct (Garcinia mangostana L.), h Ba (Clusiaceae). i (Psidium gujava L.), h Sim (Myrtaceae). Tr (Camellia sinensis O.Ktze), h Tr (Theaceae). Sim (Rhodomyrtus tomentosa Wight.), h Sim (Myrtaceae).

3.9. Dc liu cha alkaloid 3.9.1. Khi nim chung v alkaloid Alkaloid l nhng hp cht hu c, c cha nit, a s c N trong nhn d vng, c phn ng kim, thng gp trong thc vt. Thng c dc tnh mnh v cho nhng phn ng ha hc vi mt s thuc th gi l thuc th chung ca alkaloid.

35

Arecolin Ephedrin V d: Arecolin c trong ht ca cy cau (Areca catechu L.). Ephedrin c trong cy ma hong (Ephedra sinica Stapf.). 3.9.2. Tnh cht v nh tnh 3.9.2.1. Tnh cht vt l Th cht: Cc alkaloid c oxy trong cng thc phn t (C, H, O, N), thng c th cht rn nhit thng nh: Berberin (C20H18NO4), quinin (C20H24N2O2), reserpin (C33H40O9N2). Nhng alkaloid khng c oxy (C, H, N) thng th lng nh: Nicotin (C10H14N2), spartein (C15H26N2). Tuy nhin cng c mt vi cht c oxy nhng vn th lng nh: arecolin (C8H13NO2), khng c oxy th rn nh: conesin (C24H40N2)
Mu sc, mi v:

Hu ht cc alkaloid khng mu, v ng, mt s t c mu vng nh: Berberin (C20H18NO4), palmatin (C21H22O4N), c v cay nh: capsaisin, piperin.
tan:

Ni chung cc alkaloid base thng khng tan trong nc, d tan trong cn v trong cc dung mi hu c t phn cc nh: ether, chloroform, benzen Ngc li cc mui ca alkaloid d tan trong nc, khng tan trong cc dung mi hu c. 3.9.2.2. Tnh cht ha hc Alkaloid l nhng cht hu c c cha nit, c tnh kim yu, tan trong cc dung mi hu c, khng tan trong nc. Vi acid long d dng to mui alkaloid d tan trong nc.

36

Mui alkaloid d dng b cc cht kim v c mnh hn (NH 4OH, NaOH, Na2CO3, NaHCO3, ) y ra khi mui cho li alkaloid ban u. 3.9.2.3. Chit xut v nh tnh
CHIT XUT ALKALOID

trong cy alkaloid tn ti di dng mui ha tan hay dng kt hp vi tanin khng tan. V vy c th chit alkaloid ra khi nguyn liu thc vt bng nhiu cch nhng c 2 cch chnh l: Chit alkaloid ra khi dc liu di dng alkaloid base bng dung mi hu c.

Chit alkaloid ra khi dc liu di dng mui bng dung mi phn cc (nc, cn, hn hp cn nc c acid ha).

Mt vi alkaloid c nhng tnh cht c bit, ngi ta c th chit xut bng cc phng php khc nh:

Phng php ct ko li cun theo hi nc: chit xut nicotin t nguyn liu l cy thuc l. Phng php thng hoa: chit xut cafein t nguyn liu l cy tr.

Da vo tnh tan khc nhau ca dng base v dng mui alkaloid trong cc dung mi, ngi ta c th loi phn no cc tp cht ra khi dch chit trc khi nh tnh, nh lng hay phn lp cc alkaloid tinh khit. Cc quy trnh chit di y c s dng trong chit xut alkaloid t nguyn liu thc vt dng cho cc phn ng nh tnh alkaloid v c th ng dng chit xut alkaloid ton phn lm nguyn liu bo ch thuc.
NH TNH ALKALOID

Alkaloid cho phn ng vi cc thuc th chung (thuc th to ta) to thnh cc mui kh tan (dng kt tinh hay v nh hnh). Cc thuc th thng dng l ValseMayer (K2HgI4), Dragendorff (KBiI4), Bouchardat (KI, I2), Bertrand (Acid silicotungstic), acid picric v acid tanic. (Xem phn thc hnh). Mt s alkaloid hay nhm alkaloid c th cho mu sc c trng vi mt s thuc th c gi l thuc th c hiu ca alkaloid (thuc th to mu) ng dng nh tnh pht hin alkaloid trong dc liu. Cc thuc th thng dng l acid H2SO4 m c, acid HNO3 m c (Xem phn thc hnh).
37

S 1: CHIT XUT ALKALOID BASE BNG DUNG MI HU C

S 2: CHIT XUT ALKALOID DNG MUI BNG DUNG MI NC ACID

38

S 3: CHIT XUT ALKALOID DNG MUI BNG DUNG MI CN ACID

3.9.3.

Tc dng, cng dng

Tc dng, cng dng ca cc alkaloid rt a dng, ty theo tng loi alkaloid. Tc dng ln h thn kinh Kch thch thn kinh trung ng: Strychnin, cafein. c ch thn kinh trung ng: Morphin, codein. Kch thch thn kinh giao cm: Ephedrin. Lit giao cm: Yohimbin. Kch thch ph giao cm: Pilocarpin. Lit ph giao cm: Atropin. Gy t: Cocain.

Tc dng h huyt p: Reserpin, serpentin. Tc dng chng ung th: Taxol, vinblastin, vincristin.

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Tc dng dit k sinh trng, dit khun: Quinin, berberin, arecolin, emetin.

3.9.4.
1.

Mt s dc liu cha alkaloid

Bnh vi (Tuber Stephaniae.), l gc thn phnh thnh c ca mt s loi Bnh L sen (Folium Nelumbinis), l l bnh t phi kh ca cy Sen (Nelumbo Tm sen (Embryo Nelumbinis) l cy mm ly t ht cy Sen (Nelumbo nucifera Bch b (Radix Stemonae tuberosae), l r c ca cy Bch b (Stemona Mc hoa trng (Cortex Holarrhenae), l v thn ca cy Mc hoa trng Coca (Folium Coca), l l cy Coca (Erythroxylon coca Lam.), h Coca Da cn (Folium Catharanthi), l l ca cy Da cn (Catharanthus roseus (L.) Vng nem (Folium Erythrinae), l l ca cy Vng nem (Erythrina variegata Canh ki na (Cinchona sp.), h C ph (Rubiaceae).

vi (Stephaniae sp.), h Tit d (Menispermaceae).

2.

nucifera Gaertn.), h Sen (Nelumbonaeae).

3.

Gaertn.), h Sen (Nelumbonaeae).

4.

tuberosa Lour.), h Bch b (Stemonaceae).

5.

(Holarrhena antidysenterica Wall), h Trc o (Apocynaceae).

6.

(Erythoxylaceae).
7.

Don., h Trc o (Apocynaceae)

8.

L.), h u (Fabaceae).
9. 10. Thuc phin (Papaver somniferum L.), h Thuc phin (Papaveraceae). 11. Ba gc (Rauvolfia sp.), h Trc o (Apocynaceae). 12.

C c dc (Datura metel L.), h C (Solanaceae).

13. Hong ng (Fibraurea tinctoria Lour.), h Tit d (Menispermceae). 14. M tin (Strichnos nux vomica L.), h M tin (Loganiaceae).

3.10. Dc liu cha tinh du 3.10.1. Khi nim chung v tinh du Tinh du l hn hp ca cc hp cht hu c c c tnh chung l d bay hi, thng c mi thm, c ngun gc ch yu t thc vt v c th chit xut c bng phng php chng ct li cun theo hi nc.
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Bn cht ha hc ca tinh du thng rt phc tp, c th chia thnh 4 nhm chnh: Cc dn cht ca monoterpen, ca sesquiterpen, ca hydrocarbon thm v ca cc hp cht c cha nit, lu hunh. V d:
Cc monoterpen (C5H8)2 nh:

Linomen c trong tinh du cc cy thuc chi Citrus, h Cam (Rutaceae): chanh, cam, qut -Terpineol c trong tinh du trm (Oleum Cajuputi). Mentol c trong tinh du bc h (Oleum Menthae). 1,8-Cineol c trong tinh du khuynh dip (Oleum Eucalypti) v tinh du trm (Oleum Cajubuti). -Pinen c trong tinh du thng (Oleum Terebenthinea). Camphor c trong tinh du long no (Oleum Cinnamomi camphorae).

OH OH

limonen

-Terpineol

Menthol
O

1,8-Cienol

-Pinen

Camphor

Cc Sesquiterpen (C5H8)3 nh:

Zingiberen c trong tinh du gng (Oleum Zingiberis). Curcumen c trong tinh du ngh (Oleum Curcumae longae).

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OCH 3 OH OCH 3

Zingiberen

Curcumen
O

Eugenol

Anethol
CHO

S O NH2

OH

Alliin
Cc hydrocarbon thm:

Aldehyd cinnamic

Eugenol c trong tinh du hng nhu trng (Oleum Occimi gratissimi), tinh du inh hng (Oleum Eugeniae caryophyllatae) Anethol c trong tinh du hi (Oleum Anisi stellati). Aldehyd cinamic c trong tinh du qu (Oleum Cinnamomi).
Cc hp cht c cha nit, lu hunh nh:

Alliin c trong tinh du ti (Oleum Allii sativi). 3.10.2. Tnh cht a s cc tinh du khng c mu hay mu vng nht, dng lng nhit thng, t trng < 1, mt vi tinh du c mu c bit, t trng > 1 nh tinh du hng nhu, tinh du inh hng. Khi b oxy ha, mu ca tinh du sm li v ha nha lm thay i cc tnh cht l ha ca tinh du. Tinh du tan trong cc dung mi km phn cc (ether du ha, n-hexan, benzen, ether, chloroform), t tan hn trong cc dung mi phn cc (aceton, cn), gn nh khng tan trong nc.

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Tinh du thng c mt hay vi thnh phn c hm lng tri hn hn cc thnh phn cn li, c gi l thnh phn c trng ca tinh du. V d menthol 60% trong tinh du bc h, camphor 35% trong tinh du long no, cineol 60% trong tinh du khuynh dip, aldehyd cinnamic 85% trong tinh du qu (DVN IV). 3.10.3. Chit xut v nh lng tinh du trong dc liu Chit xut: C th chit xut tinh du ra khi dc liu bng cc phng php: 1. Phng php chng ct li cun theo hi nc. Thng c p dng trong sn xut tinh du nh: Tinh du trm, tinh du bc h, tinh du gng 2. Phng php p, vt. c s dng trong sn xut tinh du v cam, v chanh 3. Phng php chit xut bng dung mi. c p dng trong chit xut cc loi tinh du qu him nh: tinh du trm hng, tinh du hoa hng
nh tnh:

nh tnh thnh phn c trng ca tinh du: Da vo tnh cht l ha c trng ca mt cht, mt nhm cht xc nh s c mt ca cht (nhm cht) trong tinh du, gin tip xc nhn tinh du l ng. nh lng: nh lng tinh du trong dc liu: Chit tinh du ra khi dc liu bng phng php ct li cun theo hi nc. T lng tinh du trn mt lng dc liu xc nh tnh ra hm lng phn trm theo kl/kl hay tt/kl tinh du c trong dc liu (xem phn thc hnh). nh lng thnh phn c trng ca tinh du: C th nh lng cc thnh phn c trng ca tinh du nh gi cht lng ca tinh du. 3.10.4. Tc dng, cng dng Trong i sng tinh du v cc dc liu cha tinh du c dng lm hng liu, m phm, thc phm Mt s c dng lm thuc vi cc tc dng v cng dng chnh sau y:

43

1. Kch thch tiu ha, li mt, thng mt: Sa nhn, tho qu, qu, hi, nhn trn
2. Khng khun, dit khun: Bc h, trm, bch n, hng chanh c

dng cha cm st, cha ho v cc bnh trn ng h hp 3. Dit k sinh trng: Artemisinin, thymol, santonin, tinh du giun
4. Kch thch thn kinh trung ng: anethol trong tinh du hi (Oleum Anisi

stellati).
5. Khng vim, lm lnh vt thng khi s dng ngoi da: -Terpineol c

trong tinh du trm (Oleum Cajuputi). 6. Gii biu thanh nhit cha cm st: Bc h, kinh gii, ta t 3.10.5. Mt s dc liu cha tinh du
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

Bc h (Mentha arvensis L.), h Hoa mi (Lamiaceae). Trm (Melaleuca cajuputi Powell.), h Sim (Myrtaceae). Bch n (Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh.), h Sim (Myrtaceae). Qu (Cinnamomum cassia Presl.), h Long no (Lauraceae). Long no (Cinnamomum camphora (L.), h Long no (Lauraceae). Hng nhu (Ocimum gratissimum L.), h Hoa mi (Lamiaceae). Hi (Illicium verum Hook.f.), h Hi (Illiciaceae). Sa nhn (Amomum xanthioides Wall. ex Bak), h Gng (Zingiberaceae).

3.11. Nha 3.11.1. Khi nim chung v nha Nha l hn hp cc cht hu c c cu to phc tp, to ra do s oxy ha v trng hp ha cc cht terpenic trong cy. Nha thng l nhng cht rn v nh hnh, trong hay trng c, cng hay c nhit thng, mm khi un nng, t chy cho nhiu khi v thng c mi thm. Nha khng tan trong nc, tan trong cn, tan c trong cc dung mi hu c v khng li cun c theo hi nc.

44

3.11.2. Tc dng, cng dng Nha cy thng c nhng tc dng sau y:

Long m, st trng ng h hp, c dng cha ho: Nha thng (Resin Terebenthinea) (Coloban), nha cnh kin trng (Resin Benzoini) (Benzoinum)

Nhun ty, c dng cha to bn: Nha ca cy bm bm (Resin Ipomoeae) v cc cy thuc h Bm bm (Convolvulaceae), nha l hi (Resin Aloe).

Khng sinh, khng vim, gy nn: Nha M u (Resin Calophylli inophylli).

3.11.3. Mt s dc liu cha nha

1. Bm bm (Ipomea hederacea Jacq.), h Bm bm (Convolvulaceae). 2. L hi (Aloe vera L.), h L hi (Asphodelaceae). 3. Cnh kin trng (Styrax sp.), h B (Styraceae). 4. M u (Calophyllum inophyllum L.), h Mng ct (Clusiaceae).

3.12. Cht bo 3.12.1. Khi nim chung v cht bo Cht bo (hay lipid) l nhng sn phm t nhin c trong ng vt v thc vt, c thnh phn cu to khc nhau, thng l nhng ester ca acid bo vi cc alcol. Cc cht bo thng thng c cu to l ester ca cc acid bo vi glycerin v c gi l cc glycerid hay cn Glycerid (Acylglycerol) gi l acylglycerol. Du m l danh t chung ch mt nhm hp cht hu c c cu to acylglycerol. M l cc cht bo thu c t

ng vt, cn du l cht bo ca thc vt. Ngoi ra trong du m cn cha cc cht ha tan nh vitamin, tinh du, sterol v cc cht mu. M ng vt c cha cholesterol cn du thc vt thng c cha phytosterol.

45

3.12.2. Tnh cht l ha 3.12.2.1. Tnh cht l hc Cht bo c t trng nh hn nc. Tan trong dung mi hu c t phn cc nh: benzen, chloroform,, t tan trong cn v khng tan trong nc. Trong t nhin cht bo thng c mu vng nht n vng khi dng lng, mu ny ch yu l do cc cht mu c trong nguyn liu ng v thc vt ha tan trong cht bo trong qu trnh chit xut. Khi lu cht bo d b oxy ha lm tng nht, mu b sm li v c mi i kht. 3.12.2.2. Tnh cht ha hc Trong t nhin du m l nhng acylglycerol c cc gc acid bo R1, R2, R3 khc nhau, R2 thng l cc acid bo cha no (c mt hay nhiu ni i) mch ngn (18 carbon). R1 v R3 l cc acid bo no hay cha no c mch carbon di hn. Thnh phn ca du c nhiu acid bo cha no v thng chy lng nhit thng (15 oC). M c nhiu acid bo no v thng c th cht c ( 15oC). 3.12.3. Chit xut, nh tnh v kim nghim Chit xut C th ly du bo ra khi nguyn liu bng cc phng php sau: Phng php chit xut bng dung mi hu c km phn cc (du gan c). Phng php dng nhit cao (thng, rn m). Phng php p ( nhit thng hay nhit cao), thng c p dng trong sn xut du bo t nguyn liu thc vt (du thu du, du m u, du gc).
nh tnh v kim nghim dc liu cha cht bo

Phng php cm quan Cc cht bo c th c mu sc, mi v, th cht khc nhau, c th da vo nhng c im cm quan ny nhn din, phn bit cc cht bo. Xc nh cc hng s vt l tan, nht, si, t trng, nng sut quay cc...
46

Xc nh cc ch s ho hc Ch s acid Ch s ester Ch s x phng Ch s iod Du c ch s iod t 150 180 c gi l du th, t 100 150 l na du kh, t 75 100 l du khng kh. nh lng cht bo trong dc liu Chit du m bng dung mi hu c, bc hi dung mi hu c, cn cn cn li v tnh t l

47

Bi 4: K THUT KIM TRA CHT LNG DC LIU MC TIU HC TP

1. Ly c mu, lm tiu bn, soi knh hin vi, phn bit c cc thnh phn c trong t bo v m thc vt.
2. K c cc phng php xc nh tp cht, t l vn nt, m tro v nh

tnh nh lng mt s hot cht trong dc liu theo DVN IV. 3. Xy dng c c tnh trung thc, tc phong thn trng, chnh xc trong kim tra cht lng dc liu.

NI DUNG CHNH
4.1. i cng v kim tra cht lng dc liu Kim tra cht lng dc liu l vic xc nh mt dc liu c t tiu chun quy nh a vo sn xut hay s dng lm thuc hay khng. Cng nh phn bit s ng sai, s nhm ln, s pha trn gi mo i vi mt dc liu. nh gi cht lng dc liu, ngi ta da vo tiu chun nh nc ca mt dc liu c ghi trong DVN IV v tiu chun c s ca cc n v sn xut kinh doanh, c c quan kim nghim quc gia thm nh v cho php ban hnh. Tiu chun ca mt dc liu bao gm: M t c im bn ngoi. c im vi phu. c im soi bt. T l tp cht, tro, m, t l vn nt nh tnh thnh phn hot cht. nh lng thnh phn hot cht. Trong phm vi bi hc ny chng ti ch tp trung gii thiu phn kim nghim thc vt hc, nh tnh soi bt dc liu bng knh hin vi v mt s phn ng nh tnh thnh phn hot cht c trong dc liu. Cc phn cn li hc vin s c gii thiu k hn trong phn kim nghim dc liu v cc ch phm ng dc ca mn hc kim nghim dc phm trong chng trnh trung hc. nh gi cht lng dc liu, ngi ta da vo tiu chun nh nc ca mt dc liu c ghi trong DVN IV v

48

tiu chun c s ca cc n v sn xut kinh doanh c c quan kim nghim quc gia thm nh v cho php ban hnh. 4.2. K thut kim tra cht lng dc liu 4.2.1. K thut ly mu kim nghim Mu kim nghim phi i din ngu nhin khch quan cho mt l dc liu. S i din ca mu em th nh hng trc tip n chnh xc v ng ca vic kim tra. V vy DVN IV quy nh vic ly mu c th nh sau: 4.2.1.1. Trc khi ly mu Phi kim tra ng tn, ng b phn dng, ng ngun gc xut x ca nguyn liu, ng c im, hnh dng ca bao gi ca cc mu. Xem xt bao gi c y , sch s, nhim mc v cht l khng. Cc bao gi khng bnh thng phi xt k cng hn. 4.2.1.2. Cc yu cu chung ca vic ly mu dc liu S lng bao gi 5, ly mu tt c cc bao gi. S lng bao gi 100, ly mu 5 bao gi. S lng bao gi t 100 n 1000, ly mu 5% tng s bao gi. S lng bao gi nhiu hn 1000, ly mu 50 bao gi, cng thm 1% s lng bao gi vt tri so vi 1000 bao gi. i vi dc liu qu him, ly mu tt c cc bao kin (khng k s lng bao nhiu bao kin). Ly mu nhng v tr khc nhau ca mi bao kin (trn, gia, di) v cch thnh bao kin mt khong thch hp. Trn u cc mu ly c t mi bao kin c mt mu i din ngu nhin khch quan cho mt l hng. Dc liu thng thng ly mu t 100 500g, bt dc liu 25g, dc liu qu him t 5 10g tr khi c cc ch dn khc. Khi lng mu khng c t hn 3 ln mu th, chia lm 3 phn trong mt phn gi kim, mt phn kim tra i chiu, mt phn lu mu. Thi gian lu t nht l 1 nm. Nhn trn mu theo nhng quy nh ca kim nghim.

49

4.2.2. M t c im bn ngoi y l phng php s dng 5 gic quan nhn bit v m t c im bn ngoi ca dc liu. Mu dc liu thng c lm kh v vy cn phi lm mm tri mng d dng quan st v m t. 4.2.2.1. Lm mm dc liu C 3 phng php lm mm dc liu kh nh sau:

Ngm mu vt trong hn hp: Nc : Glycerin : Cn 900 t l (1:1:1) cho ti khi dc liu trng n hon ton, c th bo qun mu vt lu di trong hn hp ny.

mu vt trong mt bung m ( c bo ha hi nc) t 2 3 ngy. trnh mc c th thm vo nc mt t phenol hay formol. un si mu vt trong nc t 2 3 pht, hoc lu hn ty theo cng chc ca dc liu. 4.2.2.2. M t Nu b phn dng l cnh mang l, hoa, qu phi m t theo th t sau: Thit din thn: Trn, vung, kha dc L: Mc i, mc cch, hay mc vng, l n hay l kp, l nguyn, kha rng ca hay x thy, hnh dng, kch thc, mu sc, cch sp xp ca gn l, nhng c im ca phin l, mi v Hoa: Cch mc ca hoa, mu sc, cu to ca hoa, hoa thc, hoa Qu: Loi qu, cch nh non Nu b phn dng l r, r c, thn r th m t c im, hnh dng, kch thc, mu sc bn ngoi v c im mu sc bn trong 4.2.2.3. c im vi phu Dng knh hin vi nhn bit cc c im ca m, cc t bo trong cc tiu bn dc liu, trong bt v trong cc ch phm. Vic chn i din v s chun b cc tiu bn phi ph hp vi nhng yu cu v nh tnh ca mi loi dc liu.
TIU BN LT CT NGANG HOC DC

Chn mt mu dc liu thch hp, lm mm, dng li lam ct vi phu bng ng ct vi phu cm tay hay my ct vi phu (microtome), cng c th kp mu trong parafin rn, trong c khoai lang hay c u ct thnh nhng lt ct mng khong 10 -

50

20m. Lt ct c th c soi ngay nu khng c quy nh ring hoc phi nhum vi phu qua cc bc x l sau y trc khi em soi knh hin vi. Ngm cc lt ct v dung dch cloramin T 5% (TT) n khi lt ct trng ra th ra sch cloramin T bng nc ct. Ngm cc lt ct vo thuc th cloral hydrat khong 10 pht ri ra sch bng nc ct. Ngm cc lt ct vo dung dch acid acetic 10% (TT) trong khong 2 pht ri ra sch bng nc ct. Ngm cc lt ct vo dung dch lc iod (TT) hoc xanh metylen (TT) trong khong 1 5 giy,ra nhanh bng ethanol 60% (TT) ri ra li bng nc ct. Ngm cc lt ct vo dung dch carmin 40 (TT) ti khi thy mu bt r th ra li bng nc ct.
TIU BN BT DC LIU

Kim tra mn thch hp v ng nht ca bt. Ly mt lng nh bt cho vo 1 git nc soi (nc, glycerin, acid acetic, cloral hydrat hay cc thuc th khc ty thuc vo mc ch soi) c sn trn lam knh. Dng kim mi mc dn u cho bt thm t y dung dch soi. y lam knh cn thn trnh bt kh, di nh lam ri em quan st di knh hin vi.
TIU BN B MT

Lm m v lm mm mu (nu cn thit), ct ly mt mu hoc tc ly mt on biu b, t ln lam knh thm thuc th thch hp ri em soi knh hin vi. 4.2.2.4. c im soi bt Mi dc liu u c nhng c im m hc c trng, chng c th hin mt phn qua c im bt dc liu. Nhng c im ny c th c dng phn bit dc liu ny vi dc liu khc v xy dng tiu chun kim nghim. Kho st c im bt dc liu, gip cho vic nh danh, xc nh tinh khit ca dc liu, phn bit c vi cc dc liu d b nhm ln v pht hin s gi mo nu c. Bt l thng c mu xanh lc ti nu. Cc cu t thng thy l: biu b mang kh khng, lng che ch, lng tit, tinh th calci oxalat, cc mch g v.v

51

 Bt v thn, v r thng c mu vng nn ti nu. Cc cu t thng thy l: mnh bn, m mm, cc loi si (vch dy hay mng, khoang rng hay hp), tinh th calci oxalat hay calci carbonat (vi cc hnh dng khc nhau), m cng, m mm cha tinh bt, ng nha m c th gp mt s dc liu. Bt dc liu l cnh hay c cy ngoi cc c im ca l,ca v cn c th thy cc mch g v m g.
Bt r cy nhu (Radix Morindae citrifoliae) 1. Mnh bn. 2. Mnh m mm. 3. B si. 4. Tinh bt. 5. Tinh th calci oxalat hnh kim. 6. Mch im.

Bt dc liu l cc loi r, r c, thn r, thn ngm phnh thnh c, cn ch ti c im cu to ca ht tinh bt (hnh dng, kch thc, vn, t).

Bt dc liu l hoa, qu, ht c mu sc thay i ty theo dc liu. Vi hoa cn ch ti cu to v hnh dng ca ht phn, biu b cng cc loi lng che ch, lng tit ca hoa. Vi ht cn ch ti biu b, m cha cht d tr (carbonhydrat hay du bo), m phi
PHT HIN MNG T BO

Mng t bo ha g: Thm 1- 2 git thuc th phlorogluciol, yn mt lc, thm 1 git acid hydrocloric (TT), vng ha g s xut hin mu hoc ta. Mng t bo ha bn hoc ha cutin: Thm thuc th Sudan III, yn mt lc, hay lm m nh vng ha bn hoc ha cutin s xut hin mu hay cam. Thm thuc th km clorid iod, hoc lc u thm dung dch iod 1% lm m yn 1 pht ri thm dung dch acid sulfuric (33ml acid sulfuric pha vi nc ct va 50ml) vng ha bn hoc ha cutin s xut hin mu xanh lam hay mu xanh tm. Mng t bo c silic: Khi thm acid sulfuric s khng thy c s thay i g.

52

PHT HIN CC THNH PHN CA T BO

Ht tinh bt: Thm dung dch iod (TT), s xut hin mu xanh lam hay xanh tm, hoc t mu vt trong dung dch glycerin acid acetic, quan st di knh hin vi phn cc thy hin tng phn cc cho ca cc ht tinh bt, hin tng ny mt i nhng ht tinh bt b ha h. Ht aleuron: Protid thng ha tan trong dch t bo, khi ngm vo hn hp cn ether, protid s kt ta di dng aleuron. Mun xc nh ht aleuron cn phi loi cht bo bng ether (TT) hay ether du ha (TT) trc khi th. Thm dung dch iod (TT), ht aleuron c mu nu hay mu vng nu. Thm dung dch thy ngn (II) nitrat (TT), ht aleuron c mu gch. Du bo, tinh du v nha: Thm thuc th Sudan III s xut hin mu da cam mu hay ta. Tinh du ha tan c trong ethanol 90% (TT), du bo khng ha tan c trong ethanol tr du thu du v du bng. Tinh th inulin: Thm dung dch 1- naphthol 10% trong ethanol (TT), sau thm acid sulfuric (TT), cc tinh th inulin s chuyn sang mu ta v tan nhanh. Tinh th calci oxalat: Tinh th oxalat calci c nhiu hnh dng khc nhau nh: hnh kim (mch mn, r nhu), hnh ht ct (c c dc, v canh ki na), hnh khi nhiu mt (cam tho, mung tru), hnh cu gai (i hong, c c dc) Tinh th oxalat calci khng ha tan trong acid acetic long (TT), tan c trong acid hydrocloric long (TT), khng si bt. Ha tan chm trong acid sulfuric 50% (TT), nhng sau khi yn mt lc xut hin nhng tinh th calci sulfat c hnh kim ngn v mp. Tinh th calci carbonat: Tinh th calci carbonat ha tan trong acid hydrocloric long (TT), si bt. Tinh th silic: Silic khng ha tan trong dung dch acid sulfuric. 4.2.2.5. nh lng m, xc nh tro, t l tp cht
NH LNG M TRONG DC LIU

Tt c cc dc liu, sau khi phi sy kh v trong cc iu kin bo qun bnh thng vn cn hp ph mt lng nc nht nh. T l phn trm ca lng nc trong dc liu cn c gi l m hay cn gi l thy phn ca dc liu. bo qun c lu, trnh mc mt v s bin i hot cht trong qu trnh bo qun dc liu
53

phi c m khng qu mt gii hn no , khong m c gi l m an ton. Vi cc dc liu thng thng m an ton trong khong 12 13%. nh lng m trong dc liu kim tra xem dc liu c t tiu chun v m hay khng. Cng vic ny cng cn thit trong vic tnh kt qu nh lng hay hiu sut chit xut hot cht trong dc liu. C th xc nh m bng 2 phng php: Phng php sy Sy l phng php loi nc ra khi dc liu bng cch lm cho nc bay hi nhng iu kin nhit v p sut nht nh. Thng thng, nc c tch ra khi dc liu bng cch sy 105oC di p sut thng. Phng php ny p dng vi a s dc liu; tuy nhin khng ph hp vi cc dc liu c cha cc hot cht d bay hi, thng hoa nh: tinh du, coumarin,cafein khi sy th c nc v c tinh du cng bay hi dn ti khng xc nh c chnh xc lng nc ca dc liu. Cc dc liu c cha hot cht d b phn hy hay d chy dnh nhit cao (cht ng, gm, nha, du bo). Trong nhng trng hp ny, ta c th sy nhit thp di p sut gim hoc dng cht ht m hoc kt hp c 2 cch k trn. Phng php chng ct vi dung mi Phng php chng ct vi dung mi c thc hin trong b dng c nh lng m , nc c tch ra khi dc liu bng cch ct li cun vi mt dung mi chn lc.Phng php ny p dng c cho mi dc liu, k c cc dc liu c cc hot cht d bay hi thng hoa. B dng c nh lng m - (A) Bnh cu dung tch 200 - 500ml
D

- (B) ng dn hi - (C) ng hng v o nc c dung tch 5 - 10ml c khc vch ti 1/10ml.

B

- (D) ng sinh hn.

XC NH TRO 54

Tro l khi lng cc cht v c cn li sau khi t chy hon ton mt dc liu. Thng gp trong tro l cc nguyn t K, Ca, Na, v Si. Cc nguyn tc khc nh Mg, Cu, Zn, Fe, Mn thng t gp hn. Trong dc liu cc cht v c c 2 ngun gc: Ni sinh: L cc cht c trong cc t bo v m thc vt. Nhng cht ny tham gia vo qu trnh sinh l ca cy hoc l nhng cht cn b ca qu trnh sinh trng c tch ly li trong cy nh cc mui CaCO3, CaC2O4 v.v Cng c nhng cht khc c tch ly trong mt vi loi cy c bit vi hm lng cao hn nhiu so vi nhng cy khc, nh cc cy h Poaceae cha chiu silic. Ngoi sinh: L cc cht v c (t ct , bi bn, v.v) ln vo trong qu trnh thu hi, phi sy hay bo qun dc liu. Cc tp cht ny lm cho hm lng Silic ca tro tng cao. Cc loi tro thng c xc nh trong kim nghim dc liu l:

Xc nh tro ton phn: Tro ton phn l khi lng cn cn li sau khi nung mt lng dc liu ( tr m) 450oC trong mt chn nung ti khi lng khng i (chn nung c sy kh ti khi lng khng i trc khi tin hnh). Cc cht v c cn li trong tro ton phn ng tn ti di dng carbonat hay oxyd.

tro ton phn c tnh theo cng thc:

a X = 100 P

X: l tro ton phn ca dc liu (%). a: khi lng tro cn c (mg). P: khi lng dc liu em th tr thy phn (mg).

Xc nh tro khng tan trong acid hydrocloric (HCl): Tro khng tan trong acid hydrocloric (HCl) l lng cn khng tan cn li sau khi ha tan nng tro ton phn trong acid hydrochloric long.

Tro sulfat ca mt dc liu l lng cn cn li sau khi t chy hon ton dc liu sau khi cho dc liu tc dng vi acid sulfuric m c. Mi dc liu c tro gii hn trong mt khong nht nh, thng trong khong t 4 12%. Mt vi trng hp, tro c th cao ti 15 18%. Nu mt dc liu c tro ton phn bt thng (tng qu cao hay thp so vi quy nh) phi ngh n gi mo hoc dc liu ln nhiu tp cht. Nu mt dc liu c tro khng tan trong HCl cao bt thng so vi quy nh c th l do dc liu ln nhiu t ct.

55

4.2.2.6. nh tnh thnh phn v nh lng hot cht

XC NH CC CHT C C TRONG DC LIU

Cht chit c trong dc liu bi mt dung mi l nhng cht c th ha tan trong dung mi v c tch ra khi dc liu trong nhng iu kin quy nh. Cht chit c khng nht thit phi l hot cht ca dc liu, thng thng n gm tt c cc cht (hot cht v nhng cht khc) tan c trong dung mi s dng. Ty theo dung mi m thnh phn ca cht chit c c th thay i dn ti thay i kt qu nh lng. nh lng cc cht chit c trong dc liu l xc nh hm lng phn trm cc cht chit c trong nhng iu kin quy nh, thng p dng cho nhng dc liu cha c phng php nh lng ha hc hay sinh hc thch hp. Dung mi dng trong xc nh hm lng cc cht chit c thng l nc, cn. Cc dung mi khc nh: ether, chloroform i khi cng c s dng. C hai phng php chit c s dng l: Phng php chit nng: Phng php chit nng c p dng vi cc cht kh tan trong dung mi nhit thng, tan tt hn trong dung mi nng hoc trong trng hp dng dung mi nc hay cn thp , chit nhit cao thng to nn dung dch nht, kh lc Phng php chit lnh: Phng php chit lnh thch hp cho nhng hot cht d tan trong dung mi nhit thng v cc dc liu d b trng n to thnh cc dung dch keo kh khn khi lc nh: tinh bt, cht nhy, pectin Ty tng trng hp m Dc in quy nh s dng phng php chit thch hp.
CHIT XUT NH TNH V NH LNG CC HOT CHT TRONG DC LIU

Da vo tnh cht ca cc nhm hot cht m Dc in quy nh s dng phng php chit xut, cc phn ng nh tnh v phng php nh lng thch hp. (Xem phn thc hnh, c li bi cc hp cht thng gp trong dc liu v xem phn ph lc 12 DVN IV t trang PL 231 PL 249). 4.3. Mt s v d minh ha (TRCH DN TRONG CC CHUYN LUN DC LIU CA DVN IV)

56

4.3.1. He (N hoa) (Flos Styphnolobii jabonici imaturi) N hoa phi hay sy nh n kh ca cy He (Styphnolobium jabonicum (L.) Schott; Syn. Sophora japonica L.), h u (Fabaceae). M t N hoa hnh trng c cung nh, ngn mt u hi nhn, di 3 6 mm, rng 1 2 mm, mu vng xm. Hoa cha n di 0,4 1,0 cm, rng 0,2 0,4 cm. i hoa hnh chung mu vng xm, di bng 1/2 n 2/3 chiu di ca n hoa, pha trn x thnh 5 rng nng. Hoa cha n di t 4 10 mm. Cnh hoa cha n mu vng. Mi thm, v hi ng. Bt C nhiu ht phn hoa hnh cu, ng knh 16m, c 3 l rnh, b mt c np nhn dng mt li. Lng che ch a bo gm 2 4 t bo, t bo pha u di v thun nhn, t bo chn ngn. Mnh biu b cnh hoa gm nhng t bo nhiu cnh nhiu vn nh, st nhau. Mnh biu b i hoa gm nhng t bo nhiu cnh c mang l kh (kiu thp t) v lng che ch. Mnh mch xon.
SOI BT HOA HE (Flos Styphnolobii japonici) 1. Lng che ch n bo. 2. Lng che ch a bo. 3. Ht phn hoa c 3 l ny mm. 4. Mnh i hoa mang lng che ch. 5. Mnh cnh hoa mang lng che ch v l kh kiu vng bo. 6. Mch vch, mch xon.

57

nh tnh A. Ly 0,5 g bt dc liu, thm 10 ml ethanol (TT). un si trong 3 pht, ngui, lc. Dch lc (dung dch A) dng lm cc phn ng sau v dch chm sc k lp mng. B. Ly 2 ml dung dch A pha long vi 10 ml ethanol 90% (TT) ri chia vo 3 ng nghim: ng 1: Thm 5 git acid hydrocloric (TT) v t bt magnesi (TT), dung dch chuyn dn t mu vng nht sang mu hng ri tm . ng 2: Thm 2 git dung dch natri hydroxyd 20% (TT), xut hin ta vng cam, ta s tan trong lng d thuc th. ng 3: Thm 2 git dung dch st (III) clorid 5% (TT), dung dch c mu xanh ru. C. Nh 2 - 3 git dung dch A ln t giy lc, kh, soi di n t ngoi ( bc sng 366 nm) s quan st thy hunh quang mu vng nu. D. Phng php sc k lp mng (Ph lc 5.4). Bn mng: Silica gel GF254 Dung mi khai trin: n- butanol- acid acetic- nc (4: 1: 5). Dung dch th: Dung dch A Dung dch chun: Ho tan rutin trong ethanol 90% (TT) c dung dch c cha 1 mg/ml. Cch tin hnh: Chm ring bit ln bn mng 20 l mi dung dch trn. Sau khi trin khai xong, kh bn mng nhit phng. Quan st di nh sng t ngoi bc sng 366 nm, trn sc k ca dung dch th phi c vt cng pht quang mu nu v cng gi tr Rf vi vt rutin trn sc k ca dung dch i chiu. Hin mu bng hi amoniac m c (TT), trn sc k ca dung dch th phi c vt cng mu vng c cng gi tr Rf vi vt rutin chun (Rf: 0,5 - 0,54) trn sc k ca dung dch i chiu. m Khng qu 12 % (Ph lc 12.13). Tro ton phn Khng qu 10% (Ph lc 9.8). Tp cht (Ph lc 12.11) T l hoa n: Khng qu 10% T l hoa sm mu: Khng qu 1%
58

Cc b phn khc ca cy: Khng qu 2% . nh lng Dung dch chun: Cn chnh xc khong 0,2 g rutin chun sy kh (trong chn khng) ti khi lng khng i, cho vo mt bnh nh mc 100 ml. Ho tan trong 70 ml methanol (TT) bng cch lm m trn cch thu. ngui, thm methanol (TT) 100 ml, lc k. Ly chnh xc 10 ml dung dch ny cho vo mt bnh nh mc 100 ml khc. Thm nc ti vch, lc k (mi ml cha 0,2 mg rutin khan). Xy dng ng cong chun: Ly chnh xc 1,0; 2,0; 3,0; 4,0; 5,0; v 6,0 ml dung dch chun cho vo bnh nh mc 25 ml ring bit, thm nc cho ti 6 ml mi bnh ri thm 1 ml dung dch natri nitrit 5% (TT), trn k. yn 6 pht, thm 1 ml dung dch nhm nitrat 10% (TT), trn k, li yn 6 pht. Thm 10 ml dung dch natri hydroxyd 10% (TT), thm nc ti vch, trn k v yn trong 15 pht. o hp th bc sng 500 nm (Ph lc 4.1). V ng cong chun, ly hp th l trc tung, nng l trc honh. Dung dch th: Cn chnh xc khong 1 g bt dc liu th sy kh 60oC trong 6 gi cho vo bnh Soxhlet. Thm 120 ml ether (TT), chit ti khi dch chit khng mu. ngui v gn b ether. Thm 90 ml methanol (TT) v chit ti khi dch chit khng cn mu. Chuyn dch chit vo mt bnh nh mc 100 ml, ra bnh chit bng mt lng nh methanol ri cho tip vo bnh nh mc. Thm methanol cho ti vch v lc k. Ly chnh xc 10 ml dung dch trn cho vo bnh nh mc 100 ml, thm nc ti vch v trn k. Ly chnh xc 3 ml cho vo bnh nh mc 25 ml, thm 3 ml nc ri thm 1 ml dung dch natri nitrit 5% (TT), trn k. yn 6 pht, thm 1 ml dung dch nhm nitrat 10% (TT), trn k, yn 6 pht. Thm 10 ml dung dch natri hydroxyd 10% (TT), thm nc ti vch, trn k v yn trong 15 pht. o hp th bc sng 500 nm (Ph lc 4.1). Tnh khi lng rutin (g) ca dung dch th t nng c c trn ng cong chun v tnh hm lng phn trm rutin trong dc liu. Hm lng rutin trong n hoa Ho khng t hn 20%. Ch bin Khi tri kh ro (thng vo bui sng), ngt cc chm hoa cha n, tut ly n, loi b cc b phn khc ca cy, phi nng hoc sy nh cho n kh. Bo qun ni kh, trnh mc, mt.
59

Tnh v, qui kinh Kh, hi hn .Vo cc kinh can, i trng Cng nng, ch tr Lng huyt ch huyt, thanh can t ho. Ch tr: Cc chng chy mu, chy mu cam, ho ra mu, bng huyt, i tiu tin ra mu, au u, chng mt, mt , d cu gt. Cch dng, liu lng Ngy 6 12 g, dng thuc sc. 4.3.2. Mung tru (L) (Folium Cassiae alatae) L cht phi hay sy kh ca cy Mung tru (Senna alata (L.) Roxb. = Cassia alata L.), h u (Fabaceae). M t L kp lng chim, di 30 - 40 cm, gm 8-12 i l cht hnh trng hoc hnh bu dc trn hai u, l cht di 5 - 13 cm, rng 2,5 - 7 cm, to dn v pha ngn. Cung ngn hi phnh to gc. Gn l hnh lng chim. Mt trn l mu xanh m, mt di l mu xanh nht hn, hai mt nhn. Mp l nguyn. Vi phu Gn gia ca l c mt trn phng, mt di li. Biu b trn v biu b di c phn gn l v phn phin l c lng che ch n bo ngn, u nhn, mt di l mt lng dy hn. Ring phn phin l c u li cutin v l kh c hai mt. Cc t bo m dy gc xp thnh m nm st biu b phn gn l. Mt cung libe-g nm gia gn l, hai u cung cun vo pha trong nhng khng gip nhau. Libe nm thnh tng m nh lin tc, gm nhng t bo nh thnh nhn nheo, xen k vi cc m libe l m mm libe gm nhng t bo to hn, trn, vch mng. G tp trung thnh mt m dy nhng t bo c thnh ha g vng mt trn cung l v to mt vng cung gm nhng b g hnh tam gic mt di vng cung l. Pha ngai cung libe-g c mt vng m cng bao quanh thnh mt vng kn hnh tim vng gn l, gm nhng t bo c thnh dy. Pha trong cung libe-g c m mm c gm nhng t bo thnh mng hnh a gic. Tinh th calci oxalat hnh lp phng nm trong nhng t bo m mm ven theo cung m cng . Phn m mm gm nhng t bo to, thnh mng, vng phin l to nhng khuyt hnh xoan.
60

Phn phin l c hai lp m giu, chim b dy ca phin l. Bt Bt mu xanh, cht xp nh. Soi knh hin vi thy: mnh biu b trn v biu b di ca l c t bo thnh mng mang lng che ch n bo ngn, u nhn, l kh kiu song bo v u li cutin. Mnh biu b ca cung l v gn l c mang lng che ch n bo. Mnh lng n bo b gy, mnh m mm. Si km tinh th calci oxalat hnh khi lp phng ring l. Mnh mch im, mch mng, mch xon, mch vch
SOI BT L MUNG TRU (Folium Cassiae) 1. Lng che ch n bo. 2. Biu b c li cutin v lng che ch n bo. 3. Mnh biu b phin l mang l kh v cutin li. 4. Tinh th calci oxalat hnh khi. 5. Mnh mch mng. 6. Mch vch. 7. Si cng c km tinh th calci oxalat.

nh tnh A. Ly 1 g bt l, thm 10 ml dung dch acid sulfuric 25% (TT) un si trong 2 pht, ngui, lc vo bnh gn. Cho vo dch lc 5 ml cloroform (TT), lc. lng, gn ly lp cloroform (TT), thm 2 ml dung dch natri hydroxyd 10% (TT), lc, lng, lp kim c mu hng hoc . B. Phng php sc k lp mng (Ph lc 5.4) Bn mng: Silica gel G Dung mi khai trin: Cloroform- aceton - benzen (4 : 3 : 3). Dung dch th: Ly 2 g bt l un cch thy vi 20 ml ethanol 96% (TT) trong 30 pht, ngui, lc, bay hi n cn kh. Cn thm vo 10 ml nc v 1 ml dung dch acid hydrocloric 10% (TT) un cch thy 30 pht, ngui sau lc vi 20 ml ether ethylic (TT) 2 ln, dch ether c bay hi m c lm dung dch th. Dung dch i chiu: Pha dung dch chrysophanol 0,1% trong ethanol 96% (TT). Nu khng c cc cht i chiu, dng 2 g bt l Mung tru (mu chun), chit nh mu th. Cch tin hnh: Chm ring bit ln bn mng 10 l dung dch th v dung dch i chiu. Sau khi trin khai, kh bn mng trong khng kh, quan st di nh sng t
61

ngoi bc sng 365 nm v hi amoniac. Trn sc k ca dung dch th phi c cc vt c cng mu sc v Rf vi cc vt trn sc k ca dung dch i chiu. m Khng qu 13% (Ph lc 12.13). Tro ton phn Khng qu 5% (Ph lc 9.8). Tro khng tan trong dung dch acid Khng qu 0,7% (Ph lc 9.7). Tp cht Khng qu 0,5% (Ph lc 12.11). nh lng Ly 0,5 g bt l dc liu cho vo bnh nn 100 ml. Thm 5 ml acid acetic bng (TT). un hn hp 20 pht vi ng sinh hn ngc trong cch thy si. ngui, thm vo bnh nn 40 ml ether ethylic (TT) v un hi lu trn cch thy 15 pht. ngui, lc qua bng vo mt bnh gn 250 ml, ra bng bng 10 ml ether ethylic. Cho bng tr li vo bnh nn, lp li cch chit nh trn 2 ln, mi ln dng 10 ml ether ethylic (TT) v un hi lu cch thy vi nc sinh hn ngc c lm lnh bng nc trong 10 pht. ngui, lc qua bng. Trng bnh nn bng 10 ml ether ethylic (TT), lc qua bng trn. Tp trung cc dch lc ether ethylic vo bnh gn trn. Thm cn thn 50 ml dung dch kim amoniac (TT) vo dch chit ether ethylic ng trong bnh gn, lc trong 5 pht. Sau khi hn hp phn lp hon ton, gn lp nc mu trong sut vo bnh nh mc 250 ml. Tip tc chit lp ether 3 ln, mi ln vi 40 ml dung dch kim amoniac (TT). Tp trung cc dch chit kim vo bnh nh mc v thm dung dch kim amoniac ti vch. Ht 25 ml dung dch thu c cho vo mt bnh nn v un nng 15 pht trong cch thy vi ng sinh hn ngc. ngui, o mt quang bc sng 520 nm (ph lc 4.1), so snh vi mu trng l dung dch kim amoniac. Nng anthranoid trong dung dch cn o c biu th bng 1,8 dihydro anthraquinon v xc nh bng ng cong chun xy dng theo cobalt clorid (TT). c ng cong chun, pha mt dy dung dch cobalt clorid (CoCl2 . 6H2O) c nng t 0,2-5% v o mt quang cc dung dch ny bc sng 520 nm (ph lc 4.1). Trn
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trc tung ghi mt quang o c. Trn trc honh ghi nng dn cht anthranoid tng ng vi nng cobalt clorid, tnh ra mg trong 100 ml. Theo quy c, mt quang ca dung dch cobalt clorid 1% bng mt quang ca 0,36 mg 1,8 dihydro anthraquinon trong 100 ml dung dch kim amoniac. Hm lng phn trm dn cht anthranoid so vi dc liu tnh theo cng thc:
X% = 250 c 10 a (100 h)

c: Nng dn cht anthranoid bng mg/100 ml tnh theo ng cong chun. a: Khi lng dc liu (g). h: m dc liu (%). Dc liu phi cha t nht 0,2% dn cht anthranoid biu th bng 1,8 dihydro anthraquinon. Ghi ch: Dung dch kim amoniac: Ly 5 g natri hydroxyd (TT) thm 2 ml amoniac m c (TT), thm nc va 100 ml. Ch bin Thu hoch vo ma h, hi ly l, phi m can, hoc sy nh hay sao n kh. Bo qun ni kh, mt, trnh nh sng. Tnh v, quy kinh Tn, n. Vo cc kinh can, i trng Cng nng, ch tr Nhun trng, li gan mt, tiu c, tiu vim, st trng, ch nga. Ch tr: To bn (dng sng), vim gan, da vng (dng thuc sao kh). Dng ngoi cha hc lo, vim da thn kinh, nga l. Cch dng, liu lng Ngy dng 4 - 5 g (nhun trng), dng thuc sc. Dng ngoi: Lng thch hp, ra sch, gi nt l, ly nc ct bi, mt ngy 2 ln, hoc ly l ti v, ch st vo ch b hc lo. King k Ph n c thai khng nn dng.

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4.3.3. Cam tho (R) (Radix Glycyrhizae) R con v hoc a cao lp bn, c phi hay sy kh ca ba loi Cam tho Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch., Glycyrrhiza inflata Bat. hoc Glycyrrhiza glabra L.; h u (Fabaceae). M t on r hnh tr, thng hay hi cong queo, thng di 20-30 cm, ng knh 0,5-2,5 cm. Cam tho cha co lp bn bn ngoai c mu nu cng nhng vt nhn dc. Cam tho a co lp bn co mau vang nhat. Kh b gy, vt b mu vng nht c nhiu x dc. Mt ct ngang c nhiu tia rut t trung tm ta ra, trng ging nh nan hoa bnh xe. Mi c bit, v ngt hi kh c. Vi phu Lp bn dy gm cc t bo hnh ch nht. M mm v c cha nhiu ht tinh bt. Tia rut c 3-5 hng t bo loe rng thnh hnh phu trong vng libe. Libe hnh nn cha cc m si thnh dy v tinh th calci oxalat. G gm mch g to, si g v m mm g t ha g. Trong c ty nh. Bt Mu vng nht n mu vng nu. Soi knh hin vi thy cac mnh m mm vi t bo co thanh mng cha nhiu ht tinh bt. Ht tinh bt ng ring re, hnh trng hay hnh cu c ng knh 2- 20 m. Si g mu vng, co thnh dy, thng km theo t bo c tinh th calci oxalat hnh lng tr. Mnh mch im mu vng, mnh bn mu nu .
SOI BT CAM THO (Radix Glycyrrhizae)

1. Mnh bn mu nu . 2. Mnh m mm cha nhiu ht tinh bt. 3. Si g mu vng, km tinh th calci oxalat. 4. Ht tinh bt hnh cu 2 - 20m. 5. Mch mng mu vng. 6. Mch chm ng tin. 7. Tinh th calci oxalat hnh khi ri.
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inh tinh A. Nh dung dch amoniac (TT) ln bt dc liu s c mu vng ti, thm acid sulfuric 80% (TT) s mt mu vng ti. B. Ly 0,5 g bt Cam tho, thm 50 ml ethanol 70% (TT), un nong trn cch thy trong 15 pht. Lc nng qua bng, ly dch lc lam cac phan ng sau: Ly 10 ml dch loc vo mt chn s, c trn cch thy n kh. Thm vo cn 1 ml anhydrid acetic (TT) v 1 ml cloroform (TT), khuy k, loc ly phn dung dch trong, cho vo mt ng nghim kh. Thm t t theo thnh ng nghim khoang 1 ml acid sulfuric (TT). Gia 2 lp cht long co vng ngn cch mu nu , lp dung dch pha trn c mu vng nu sm. Ly 2 - 3 ml dch loc cho vo mt ng nghim, thm mt it bt magnesi kim loai va 0,5 ml acid hydrocloric (TT) se xut hin mau o sm. C. Phng php sc ky lp mng (Ph lc 5.4). Bn mng: Silica gel G hot ha 105 oC trong 1 gi. Dung mi khai trin: Cloroform - methanol - n-hexan (7 : 1 : 2). Dung dch th: Ly khong 0,5 g bt dc liu, thm 20 ml ether ethylic (TT), un hi lu trn cach thuy trong 1 gi, gan bo dich ether. Thm vao ba 1 ml acid hydrocloric (TT) v 20 ml cloroform (TT), un hi lu trong 1 gi, ngui, lc ly dich chit. Bc hi dch chit n cn, thm vo cn 1 ml methanol (TT). Dung dch i chiu: Ly acid glycyrrhetic, ha tan trong methanol (TT) c dung dch c nng khoang 1 mg/ml. Nu khng c acid glycyrrhetic, dng 0,5 g bt Cam tho (mu chun) chit nh mu th. Cch tin hnh: Trn mt bn mng chm ring bit 5 l mi dung dch trn. Sau khi
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khai trin xong, ly bn mng ra kh ngoi khng kh, phun dung dch acid sulfuric 10% trong methanol (TT), sy bn mng 105 oC trong 5 pht. Trn sc ky ca dung dch th phi c cc vt cng mu v cung gi tr R f vi cc vt trn sc ky ca dung dch i chiu. m Khng qu 12% (Ph lc 9.6). Tro ton phn Khng qu 6% i vi r co v; khng qu 10% i vi r khng co v (Phu luc 7.6). Tro khng tan trong acid hydrocloric Khng qu 2,5% (Ph lc 9.7). Tp cht Khng qu 1% (Ph lc 12.11). nh lng Cn chnh xc khong 10 g bt dc liu vo mt bnh nn dung tch 250 ml. Thm 100 ml ethanol 20% (TT), un trn cch thy si trong 30 pht. lng, gan ly dich chit. Chit tip nh trn 2 ln na, mi ln vi 50 ml ethanol 20% (TT). Tp trung cc dch chit vo mt bnh nn dung tch 250 ml, thm 30 ml ethanol (TT), yn qua m. Lc, c dich loc trn cch thy si n khi ht ethanol, ngui. Thm 50 ml nc ct, 1 ml acid hydrocloric (TT), khuy u. t hn hp vo trong nc ang tan trong 30 pht, gn b lp nc, thu kt tua. Ha kt ta vi 10 ml ethanol (TT), lc qua giy, ra giy lc vi ethanol (TT) ti khi nc ra ht mu vng. Tp trung tt c dch ethanol vo mt cc cn b, bc hi trn cch thy n cn, sy cn trong 3 gi 105 oC. Ly ra, ngui trong bnh ht m. Cn va tnh kt qu. Hm lng cn cha acid glycyrrhizic khng c di 6% tnh theo dc liu kh kit. Ch bin Sau khi o ly r, xp thnh ng cho hi ln men lm cho r c mu vng sm hn, phi hoc sy kh. Bo ch Ly r Cam tho, phun nc cho mm, thi phin, phi hoc sy kh. Chch Cam tho: Ly Cam tho thi phin, em tm mt (c 1 kg Cam tho, dng 200 g mt, thm 200 g nc un si), ri sao vng thm.
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Bo qun ni kh, mt, trnh su mt. Tnh v, quy kinh Cam, bnh. Vo cc kinh tm, ph, t, v v thng 12 kinh. Cng nng, ch tr Kin t ch kh, nhun ph ch ho, gii c, ch thng, iu ho tc dng cc thuc. Chch Cam tho: B t, ch kh, phc mch. Ch tr: T v h nhc, mt mi yu sc, ho m ch ho, nh trng ngc, mch kt i (mch dng), lon nhp tim. Sinh cam tho: Gii c t ho. Ch tr: au hng, mn nht, thai c. Cch dng, liu lung Ngy dng 4 - 12 g, dng thuc sc hoc bt. King k Khng dng chung vi cc v i kch, Nguyn hoa, Hi to, Cam toi.

TI LIU THAM KHO

Tt Li - Cy thuc v v thuc Vit Nam Nh xut bn khoa hc & k thut 1991 B Y t - Dc in Vit Nam IV NXB Y hc H Ni 2009. Phm Hong H - Cyc v thuc Vit Nam NXB Tr 2006. V Vn Chi.- Sch tra cu tn cy c Vit Nam NXB Gio Dc 2007 Vin Dc liu. - Cy thuc v ng vt lm thuc Vit Nam I, II NXB Khoa hc & K thut H Ni.

B y t - Dc liu hc NXB Y hc 2011

Gio trnh Phng php nghin cu dc liu B mn Dc liu Trng i hc Y Dc TP. HCM 2004

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