STRUCTURAL STEEL EDUCATIONAL COUNCIL

TECHNICAL INFORMATION & PRODUCT SERVICE

JANUARY 1997

QUICK REFERENCE GUIDE for STRUCTURAL STEEL WELDING PRACTICES

This Guide provides a quick reference to codes and standards for selected topics regarding the welding of structural steel. The Guide mainly addresses welding practices, but contains some related design topics. Topics are grouped alphabetically, within the eight section titles in the Structural Welding Code--Steel, AWS D1.1-96. The Guide consists of a Reference Table, Reference List, and Index of Topics. To use the Guide, 1) locate the subject matter in the Index of Topics, 2) find the topic in the Reference Table and note the corresponding reference list number and location, and 3) find the title of the reference list number in the Reference List. Not all topics and topic locations are listed. However, the topics listed and locations given should allow the user to find most subject matter on welding practices. The information presented in this Steel TIPs is for general information only, and should not be used without independent examination and verification of its suitability by the user.

REFERENCE TABLE
TOPIC REFERENCE CONTENT REFERENCE LIST NO. LOCATION

1. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Safety Hazards present a welding and n cutting Elements of steel frame that support design load Symbols to indicate joint type, size, length, position, location, and process 1 2a 13 4 1 2a 3 6 13 1 2a 4 9 13 Pg 2, Annex J Pg 520 Pg 15 1-1 Pg 5 Pg 2, 3 Pg 195 Pg 4-152 to 155 Pg 6-14, 15, 19 Pg 16 1-39 Annex B Pg 554 Pg 3 Pg 71 Pg 16 1-1

Structural Steel, Defined Symbols

Terms and Definlbons

Definlbons for terms used E the n AWS Code and for general welding terms

2. DESIGN O WELDED CONNECTIONS F

Engineer's Role m Minimizing Weld Defects Field Instruchons Lamellar Tearing Steels to use, weldments to avoid, and submittals to require Informabon to erector on making welds Defimtlon, causes, and prevention of this phenomenon 10 1 6 1 2a 5 8 9 10 13 1 5 1 2a 9 10 I 3 5 Pg 18 Pg 3 Pg 6-40 Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg 3 137 2-19 44 61 16 6 1-9

Notches and Bnttle Fracture

Locabons where notches can occur, and details to avoid notches When and how to convey welding sequence

Pg 162 Pg 2-21 Pg Pg Pg Pg 3, 230 136 37, 67, 71 20

Sequence of Joint Welding

Welded Joints (Connections)

Requirements for design of welded joints and connections

Pg 3 Pg 4-152 Pg 2-3

R F R N ET B E E E E C A L
TOPIC REFERENCE CONTENT REFERENCE LIST

NO.

LOCATION

3. PREQUALIFICATION OF WPSs
Fillet Welds Requirements and techniques. 1 2a 5 8 1 2a 5 1 1 3 6 11 1 9 1 13 1 9 I 2a 5 10 12 14 15 1 2b 5 6 10 13 1 2a 2b 5 13 Pg Pg Pg Pg 49, 160, 169 154 2-4 31

Groove Welds

Requirements and technaques

Pg 49, 169 Pg 149 Pg 2-5 Pg 49, 169 Pg Pg Pg Pg 52 to 99 4-153 to 173 6-12 29

Plug and Slot Welds Prequallfied Joint Details

Requirements and techn,ques Joint preparation details for joints m prequahfied welding procedure specifications Lmltatlons on peenIng Tolerances for root openings What they are and why they are used. Scope and requirements

Root Layer Root Opening Stnnger Beads Welding Procedure Specficahons (WPSs)

Pg 172 Pg 67 Pg 49, 164 Pg 2 2-6 Annex B(Pg 282) Pg 67 Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg All All Pg All Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg 41,239 439 2-3 26 D-57

Welding Processes

Common welding processes for both prequahfied and quahfied by test

41, 51 2-12 6-3 12 5 0-1, 5 6-1 41, 105, 157 12 234 2-17 5.5-3

Electrogas Welding (EGW)

Automahc, sohd or flux core wire electrode with gas shielding

REFERENCE TABLE
TOPIC REFERENCE CONTENT REFERENCE LIST

NO. Electroslag Weldtng ESW) ( AutomatEc,solid were electrode(s) that melt m slag pool (not an arc welding process) 1 2a 2b 5 10 13 1 2a 2b 5 10 13 1 2a 2b 5 10 13 1 2a 2b 5 10 13 1 2a 2b 5 10 13

LOCATION

Pg 41, 105, 157 Pg 13 Pg 272 Pg 2-17 Pg 13 Pg 5 5-1 Pg 41, 102 Pg 7 Pg 158 Pg 2-16 Pg 12 Pg 5 3-1 Pg 41, 102 Pg 7 Pg 110 Pg 2-16 Pg 13 Pg 5 4-2 Pg 41, 102 Pg 4 Pg 44 Pg 2-12 Pg 12 Pg 5 1-1 Pg 41, 102 Pg 5 Pg 192 Pg 2-15 Pg 13 Pg 5 2-1

Flux Cored Arc elding W (FCAW)

Sema-automatlc,with flux in core of tubular electrode

Gas Metal Arc elding W (GMAW)

Seml-automahc, sohd wire electrode with gas shleldmg

Shielded Metal ArcW e l d i n g (SMAW)

Manual,flux coated "sttck" electrode

Submerged Arc Welding (SAW)

Automabc or semi-automatic, sohd wire electrode with arc submerged m a granular flux

4. QUALIFICATION
Potations of Welds and Welding Potations Flat Honzontal Overhead Vertical Quahficahon ofPerformance (Welder) Onentatlon and hmltahons of the four positions for groove and fillet welds, and corresponding welding positions 1 5 6 Pg 51, 102, 103, 104 Pg 2-13 Pg 6-13

Requirementsfor quahficatlon tests of welders

1 2a 8 13

Pg 137 Pg 438, 455 Pg 30 Pg 11 4-1

R F R N E TABLE E E E C
TOPIC REFERENCE CONTENT REFERENCE LIST NO. Qualification of elding W Procedure Specifications Requirements for quahficaton tests for welding procedure specifications 1 2a 8 13 LOCATION Pg 102 Pg 438, 451 Pg 30 Pg 11.3-1, 6 2-1

5. FABRICATION
Arc Strikes Backing (Backing Bars) Disposton of arc strikes. 1 8 1 5 13 5 1 2a 1 13 I 5 6 1 10 13 Discontinuities and Defects Avoiding and correcting defects I 2a 10 13 Dstortlon and Shrinkage How to control and correct 1 2a 8 10 13 1 6 10 13 Environment Allowable temperature, wetness, wind 1 Pg 172 Pg 31 Pg 159 Pg 2-49 Pg 2 2-6 Pg 2-23 Pg 155, Annex M Pg 111 Pg 172 Pg 2 1-5 Pg 171 Pg 2-55 Pg 6-38 Pg 171, Annex XI(Pg263) Pg 14 Pg 6 3-17 Pg 171, 174, 175, 183 Pg 364 Pg 14, 21 S e v e r a l Iocabons Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg 164 136, 218 43 22 3 1-1

Requirements and sketch of backing Sketch of backing bar tack welds Approved base metal for structure, weld tabs, backing, and spacers Slag removal between passes and on completed weld Requirements for positioning electrode Causes and repair

Backing Bar Tack Welds Base Metal

Cleaning Welds Clearance for Welding

Cracking, Cracks

Electrodes (Consumables)

Combinationswith base metal, requirements, and classifications

Pg 41, 155, Annex M 6-7 Pg 15 Pg 4 1-1 Pg 160

REFERENCE TABLE
TOPIC REFERENCE CONTENT REFERENCE LIST

NO. Equipment for Welding and Cutting Requirements 1 2a 2b 13 7 13 1 Pg Pg Pg Pg

LOCATION 159 9 2 4 2-1, 4 3-1

Fitting Highly Restrained Welded Joints

Objecbves and inspection of placing parts together Causes and mltlgabon of restrained joints

Pg 17 Pg 4 4-1 Annex XI (Pg 266) CX12 (Pg 426) Pg 4-152 All Pg 33 Pg Pg Pg Pg 172 67 20 3 1-7

3
9

11 Peemng Reasons for and hmltatons 1 9 10 13 1 10 13 1 8 1 10 13 1 8 2a 2b 5 13 1 7 1 5 8 12

Preheat and Interpass Temperatures Preparation of Base Metal Stress Relief

Reasons for, minimum temperatures, and other requirements Edge dascontmuhes and their hmtatlons Requirements for stress rehef by heat treatment General requtrements for placement and removal Processes and capabdltles

Pg 45, 158 Pg 16 Pg 3 3-1 Pg 160 Pg 7, 8 Pg 158 Pg 16, 18 Pg 33-1 Pg 163 Pg 14 Pg 27 Pg 450, 482 Pg 2-17 Pg 13 5-1 Pg 164 Pg 50 Pg 172 Pg 2-48, 49 Pg 32 Pg B-6

Temporary and Tack Welds Thermal Cutting

Tolerance of Joint Dimensions Weld Tabs (and Weld Dams)

Joint assembly requirements including sketches Use and sketches on how to place

REFERENCE TABLE
TOPIC REFERENCE CONTENT REFERENCE LIST NO. Weldablhty Required capacltaes for steel to be welded 1 2a 5 10 13 1 8 9 10 11 13 LOCATION Annex B(Pg 284) Pg 119 Pg 2-7 Pg 11 Pg 6 1-1 All Pg 29 Pg 67 Pg 14 Pg 33 Several Iocabons

Workmanship, Techmques

Proper welding practmes.

6. INSPECTION
Inspection Checks Inspectors and Inspecbon Objectives Vanous items to check dunng welding General requirements, and objectives of welding mspecbon 7 1 2a 5 7 9 13 1 2a 7 8 10 1 2a 5 10 13 1 2a 5 13 1 2a 5 10 13 Pg 20 Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg Pg 173, 193, 403 466 2-24 20 68 11 2-1 175, 195 468 38 41 23 175, 193 473 2-24, 25 25 11 2-13 175, 193 478 2-24, 26 11 2-11 177, 195 486 2-24, 26 25 11 2-6

Nondestructive Testing (Examination)

Descnptlon, use, and requirements

Lquld Penetrant Inspection

Descnphon and requirements

Magnetic Particle Inspection

Descnptlon and requirements

Radlographm Inspection

Descnphon and requirements

REFERENCE TABLE
TOPIC REFERENCE CONTENT REFERENCE LIST NO. Ultrasonic Inspection Description and requirements 1 2a 5 10 13 1 2a 5 7 10 13 2a 12 13 LOCATION Pg 183, 204 Pg 502 Pg 2-24, 27 Pg 24 Pg 11 2-14 Pg 175 Pg 469 Pg 2-24, 25 Pg 27 Pg 24 Pg 11 2-3 Pg 360, 462 Pg E-17 Pg 11 1-1

Visual Inspect]on

Descrlpbon and requirements

Quahty Control

Quality and an example of a quahty control program

7. STUD WELDING
Repairing Stud Welds Stud Arc Welding Completion of flash by fillet weld General requfrements and description Bend test for studs that do not show full 360 flash 1 1 2b 13 1 Pg 225, 228 Pg 223 Pg 300 Pg 5 5-3 Pg 228

Visual Inspection and 15 Bend Test

8. STRENGTHENING AND REPAIRING EXISTING STRUCTURES

Strengthening and Repairing Provisions Work Plan General requirements Engineer required to prepare a comprehensive plan for the work 1 1 Pg 229 Pg 229

REFERENCE LIST
1.
2.a. 2.b.

Structural Welding Code--Steel,

ANSI/AWS D1.1-96, Miami, 1996.

Welding Handbook, 8th ed., Vol. 1, AWS, Miami, 1987. Welding Handbook, 8th ed., Vol. 2, AWS, Miami, 1991. Manual of Steel Construction: Allowable Stress Design, 9th ed., AISC, Chicago, 1989. Code of Standard Practice for Steel Buildings and Bridges, AISC, Chicago, June 10, 1992. Manual of Steel Construction, Vol. II--Connections ASD 9th ed./LRFD 1st ed., AISC, Chicago,
1992.

3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
9.

Detailing for Steel Construct/on, AISC, Chicago, 1983. Shop Inspector Training Guide, AISC, Chicago, 1985. Quality Criteria and Inspection Standards, 3d ed., AISC, Chicago, 1988.
"Commentary on Hghly Restrained Welded Connections," AISC Engineering Journal, 3d Quarter 1973/Vol. 10, No. 3, Chicago, 61-73; and "Discussion," AISC Engineering Journal, 1st Quarter 1975/Vol. 12, No. 1, Chicago, 36-68. F. Robert Preece and Alvaro L. Collin, "Structural Steel Construction in the '9Os,' Steel TIPS, Structural Steel Education Council, Walnut Creek, California, September 1991. James J. Putkey, " C o m m o n Steel Erection Problems and Suggested Solutions," Structural Steel Educational Council, Moraga, Califorma, December 1993.

10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15.

Steel TIPS,

Steel Moment Frame Connection, Advisory No. 3, SAC Joint Venture, Sacramento, 1995. The Procedure Handbook of Arc Welding, 13th ed., The Lincoln Electric Company,
1994. Cleveland,

Guidelines for Welding Procedure Spec/f/cations, SEAONC, San Francisco, October 1996.
Alvaro L. Collin, Welding Procedure Specfmatlons, Orinda, California, November 1995 (available from Structural Steel Educational Council).

Index of Steel TIPS Publications

The following is a hst of avatlable Steel TIPS Copies wdl be sent upon request Some are in very hmted quanbty Seasmac Design of Special Concentrically Braced Frames Selsmm Design of Bolted Steel Moment-Resisting Frames Structural Detads to Increase Ductdlty of Connections Slotted Bolted Connecbon Energy Dsspaters Use of Steel in the Seismic Retrofit of Hstonc Oakland Cty Hall Heavy Structural Shapes Jn Steel Tension Apphcattons Economical Use of Cambered Steel Beams Value Engineering and Steel Economy What Desagn Engineers Can Do to Reduce Fabrication Costs Charts for Strong Column Weak Grder Design of Steel Frames Sesmm Strengthemng wth Steel Slotted Bolt Connechons Sesmm Dessgn Pracbce for Eccentrically Braced Frames

INDEX OF TOPICS
Arc Stnkes, 4 Backing (Backing Bars), 4 Backing Bar Tack Welds, 4 Base Metal, 4 Cleaning Welds, 4 Clearance for Welding, 4 Cracking, Cracks, 4 DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTIONS, 1 DiscontinuJhes and Defects, 4 Distortion and Shrmkage, 4 Electrodes (Consumables), 4 Electrogas Welding (EGW), 2 Electroslag Welding (ESW), 3 Engineer's Role in Minimizing Weld Defects, 1 Environment, 4 Equipment for Welding and Cutting, 5 FABRICATION, 4 Field Instructions, 1 Fillet Welds, 2 Fitting, 5 Flat Welds, 3 Flux Cored Arc Welding (FCAW), 3 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW), 3 GENERAL REQUIREMENTS, 1 Groove Welds, 2 Highly Restrained Welded Joints, 5 Horizontal Welds, 3 INSPECTION, 6 Inspechon Checks, 6 Inspectors and Inspection ObJectives, 6 Lamellar Tearing, 1 LJquad Penetrant Inspection, 6 Magnetic Particle Inspection, 6 Nondestructive Tesbng (Exammahon), 6 Notches and Brittle Fracture, 1 Overhead Welds, 3 Peening, 5 Plug and Slot Welds, 2 Poslhons of Welds and Welding Poslhons, 3 Preheat and Interpass Temperatures, 5 Preparation of Base Metal, 5 PREQUALIFICATION OF WPSs, 2 Prequahfied Joint Details, 2 QUALIFICATION, 3 Quahficahon of Performance (Welder), 3 Qualification of Welding Procedure Specifications, 4 Quality Control, 7 Radlographac Inspecbon, 6 Repamng Stud Welds, 7 Root Layer, 2 Root Opening, 2 Safety, 1 Sequence of Joint Welding, 1 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW), 3 STRENGTHENING AND REPAIRING EXISTING STRUCTURES, 7 Strengthening and Repalnng Prowslons, 7 Stress Rehef, 5 Stringer Beads, 2 Structural Steel, Defined, 1 Stud Arc Welding, 7 STUD WELDING, 7 Submerged Arc Welding (SAW), 3 Symbols, 1 Temporary and Tack Welds, 5 Terms and Definttons, 1 Thermal Cutting, 5 Tolerance of Joint Dimensions, 5 Ultrasonic Inspection, 7 Vertmal Welds, 3 Visual Inspection, 7 Visual Inspechon and 15 Bend Test, 7 Weld Tabs (and Weld Dams), 5 Weldablhty, 6 Welded Joints (Connections), 1 Welding Procedure Speclficabons (WPSs), 2 Welding Processes, 2 Work Plan, 7 Workmanship, Techniques, 6

Note Topms m bold caps (e g, INSPECTION) refer to the eight AWS Code sechon htles

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