Cc bc thc hin vic gii 1 bi tp v ph vi cng thc tng qut cho trc.

BC 1. Tnh KHNG BO HA (degree of unsaturation - DU) t trong cng thc tng qut xem trong phn t c bao nhiu vng, bao nhiu lin kt i. Gi s ta c 1 cng thc l CnHmXi - Nu X l Halogens th coi n l H => CnHm+i - Nu X l O, S th b => CnHm - Nu X l N th tr i H tng ng => CnHm-i DU= n - m/2 + 1 VD: C5H10O => DU= 5-10/2+1=1 C8H11N => DU=8-10/2+1 = 4 NU: DU = 1 c th c 1 lin kt i hoc vng DU = 2 c th c 2 lin kt i, 2 vng, 1 lin kt ba hoc 1 lin kt i + 1 vng DU = 3 c th c 3 lin kt i, 3 vng, 1 lin kt i + 2 vng, 2 lin kt i + 1 vng, 1 lin kt ba + 1 lin kt i hoc 1 lin kt ba + 1 vng DU = 4 ngh ngay ti vng benzen DU = 5 c th l vng benzen + 1 lin kt i hoc vng benzen + 1 vng DU = 6 c th l vng benzen + 2 lin kt i hoc 2 vng hoc 1 lin kt ba hoc 1 lin kt i + 1 vng. BC 2. Nhn vo ph IR ti vng s sng ln hn 1500cm-1 Kt hp cc d kin c t cng thc tng qut, DU v ph IR: nu Nu c 1 lin kt i v nguyn t O c th ngh ti nhm carbonyl Nu khng c lin kt i m li c O th c th ngh ti ether hoc ru

BC 3. S dng ph NMR xc nh cc lin kt trong phn t T cc nhm chc xc nh t B2, vit cu trc phn t v da vo ph NMR nh gi xem cng thc hp l cha. BC 4. Kim tra s O, C, H, Hal, ... xem ph hp vi cng thc tng qut cha. Kim tra ha tr cc nguyn t xem ph hp cha Nu cha ng, vit cu trc phn t khc v kim tra li Ph 1H-NMR l mt k thut s dng xc nh cu trc ha hc ca hp cht hu c. Ph proton cho ta bit c s loi proton c trong phn t . Mi loi proton s c tnh cht khc nhau v th s c dch chuyn khc nhau trn ph proton. Ngi ta s dng TMS ( tetra methyl silan ) lm cht chun trong ph proton v dch chuyn ha hc ca proton trong TMS c chn l 0 pmm S tng tc ca cc proton (H) xung quanh s gy ra s tch vch theo quy tc (n+1): 1. singlet 2. doublet 3. triplet 4. quartet 5. pentet 6. sextet 7. septet 8. octet... dch chuyn ha hc (chemical shift) ca Hydrogen ph NMR 0,9ppm: RCH3 1 aliphatic

1,3ppm: R2CH2 2 aliphatic 1,5ppm: R3CH 3 aliphatic 2 - 2,7 ppm: nhm ti v tr ny lin kt vi nhm carbonyl 3,7 - 4,1 ppm: nhm ti v tr ny lin kt vi nhm oxygen 9 - 10 ppm: nhm aldehyde 2,2 - 3 ppm: H ca nhm gn vo Aromatic 10 - 13,2 ppm: acid

0,5 - 3 ppm: amin aliphatic 3 - 5 ppm: amin Aromatic 4 - 4,4ppm: H ca nhn gn vi NO2 4 - 12ppm: H ca ru Nu nh ph 1H-NMR cho cc tn hiu ca cc loi H th 13C-NMR cho cc tn hiu ca cc loi C v th vi cc cht hu c kt hp 2 ph ny c th xc nh c cu trc ca hu ht cc cht. Bng tm tt dch chuyn ha hc trong ph 13C-NMR

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